5.

0 PROCEDURE

No. Instructions Pictures

1. Switched on monitoring screen, control panel

and supply power to pilot scale water treatment
system. They are connected each other
through Didaktik software in diagram form on
monitoring screen.

2. Raw water transferred from raw water tank into

coagulation tank (TK-2) when the pump (P-01)
switched on at control panel.

3. While TK-2 achieved water level required then

by turned on metering pump soda ash (MP-01)
and metering pump alum (MP-03) from control
panel it was dropped certain amount of dosage
into TK-2.

4. Next, TK-2 mixed well with chemical by turned

ON Mixer 1 (M-1).

5. After that, initial sample was taken at sampling

point valve 1 (SPV-01) as much three times.

6. Then, the sample were taken three times at one

time at sampling point valve 2 (SPV-02) after 5,
15 and 30 minutes from initial sample taken
and data analysis was recorded at provided
table.
7. Let the water overflow to the flocculation tank
(TK-3).

8. In addition, TK-3 also was added with chemical

polymer (cation) by turned on the metering
pumping polymer (cation) (MP-04) and mixed
well by turned on mixer 2 (M-2).

9. Then, take three (3) initial samples at SPV-02.

10. Next, the sample were taken three times at one

time at sampling point valve 3 (SPV-03) after 5,
15 and 30 minutes from initial sample taken
and data analysis was recorded at provided
table.

11. Lastly, the pH, turbidity, dissolve oxygen, and

conductivity measured using a portable
measurement device.
6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

Results

Table 6.1: Water quality parameters at coagulation and flocculation process

Water quality parameters

Time
Sample Turbidity DO Conductivity
(minutes) pH
(NTU) (mg/L) (µS/cm)

1 7.63 4.90 7.19 269

2 Initial 7.85 4.71 7.18 268

reading
3 7.95 4.68 7.15 273

Avg. 7.81 4.763 7.173 270

1 5.94 5.15 7.60 624

2 5.88 2.75 7.63 620

5
3 5.87 2.59 7.65 622
Coagulation Avg. 5.897 3.497 7.627 622
tank 1 5.50 212 7.59 1674

2 5.49 214 7.58 1702

15
3 5.48 212 7.57 1700

Avg. 5.49 212.67 7.58 1692

1 6.05 336 7.60 2527

2 6.02 352 7.63 2570

30
3 6.03 266 7.63 2572

Avg. 6.0333 318 7.62 2556.3

1 6.59 2.26 7.54 509

2 Initial 6.68 1.86 7.59 504

reading
Flocculation 3 6.76 1.40 7.59 522
tank
Avg. 6.6767 1.84 7.5733 511.67
1 6.02 62.0 7.67 980
5
2 5.99 71.0 7.67 979
 3 5.99 72.0 7.68 978

Avg. 6 68.333 7.6733 979

1 6.52 3.20 7.60 631

2 6.54 3.39 7.60 635

15
3 6.53 3.57 7.58 632

Avg. 6.53 3.3867 7.5933 632.67

1 6.21 65.0 7.61 1032

2 6.27 53.5 7.62 968

30
3 6.30 39.1 7.58 955

Avg. 6.26 52.533 7.6033 985

Calculations

Average:

7.63+7.85+7.95
pH (Initial reading) = =7.72
3
5.15+2.75+2.59
Turbidity (5 minutes) = = 3.497 NTU
3
7.59+7.58+7.57
DO (15 minutes) = = 7.58 mg/L
3
2527+2570+2572
Conductivity (30 minutes) = = 2556.3 (µS/cm)
3
7.0 QUESTION AND DISCUSSION

Graph:

WATER QAUALITY PARAMETERS VS TIME IN

COAGULATION TANK
2556.3
1692
1000
622
270
100 212.67 318
7.58
7.627 7.62
7.173
10
7.81
5.897 5.49 6.033
4.763 3.497
1
Initial reading 5 15 30
TIME (MINUTES)

pH Turbidity (NTU) DO (mg/L) Conductivity (µS/cm)

WATER QAUALITY PARAMETERS VS TIME IN

FLOCCULATION TANK
1000 979 985
511.67 632.67

68.333 52.533
100
7.5933
7.5733 7.6733 7.6033
10
6.6767
6 6.53 6.26
1.84 3.3867
1
Initial reading 5 15 30
TIME (MINUTES)

pH Turbidity (NTU) DO (mg/L) Conductivity (µS/cm)

Based on both graph, we know that the parameters value of conductivity and
turbidity had a drastic changes. Where for conductivity at coagulation process
started with average value is 270 µS/cm for initial reading and rose until 30 minutes,
which is last sample of coagulation process taken with average value 2556.3 µS/cm.
Meanwhile, the average conductivity value at flocculation process shown the graph
almost in straight line where the value at 5 and 30 minutes of sample taken were 979
and 985 µS/cm. This happened because the soda ash and alum react with
substances in raw water to form colloid. During coagulation process, the Na2CO3 in
coagulation tank are conductor as salt so that the conductivity value is high. At the
same time, zeta potential process occur where the ion positive and negative interact
each other to form colloid. In flocculation process, the polymer cation added to form
floc by subunit the colloid from coagulation tank. So that, the substance more easily
settle to the bottom of tank.

Next, for the turbidity was read in nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) to detect
presence of substance. At coagulation process, the higher average value is 318 NTU
at 30 minutes at the time sample taken. While in flocculation process, the higher
average value is 68.333 NTU at 5 minutes at the time sample taken. If the NTU is
higher then the more translucent the water will be. This happen because of the
substance in raw water become colloid then it will appear in coagulation tank and we
could see by naked eye. However, it has become transparent again in flocculation
process because the colloid become floc and easily settle in the tank.

Lastly, the parameter of DO and pH were constant for both process with the higher
average value for coagulation process was 7.627 mg/L for DO and average pH value
was 7.81. Then, at flocculation process shown data of DO was 7.673 mg/L at time 5
minutes sample taken and 6.677 the value of pH. So that, the pH value in both tank
were neutral.

Differences between coagulation and flocculation process.

Coagulation Flocculation

Coagulation means a process where Flocculants facilitate the agglomeration

the dispersed colloidal particles and, therefore, make larger floccules.
agglomerate

Coagulants with charges opposite those Flocculation, a gentle mixing stage,

of the suspended solids are added to
the water to neutralize the negative
charges on dispersed nonsettlable
solids such as clay and colour
producing organic substances.
increases the particle size from
submicroscopic microfloc to visible
suspended particles. The microflocs are
brought into contact with each other
through the process of slow mixing.
Collisions of the microfloc particles
cause them to bond to produce larger,
visible flocs called pinflocs.

Coagulations means a process where Flocculants are also added to facilitate

the dispersed are usually very small in the settling of suspended particles in a
size, and they may have electrical solution. Flocculants facilitate the
charges on them or between particles. agglomeration and, therefore, make
Usually these are negative charges, larger floccules. These tend to settle
which cause them to repel each other.
Coagulants are used to neutralize the
repulsize electrical charges between the
small particles by surrounding them.
This allows the particles to come
together and form larger clumps.
Cationic coagulants are largerly used
for this. After coagulants are added, the
mixture should be rapidly mixed in order
to disperse the coagulants throughout
the liquid. Coagulants can be metallic
salts such as alum or polymers.
Polymers can be cationic, anionic or
nonionic.
down due to gravitational force.
Flocculants try to bridge the molecules
forming clumps. For example, an
anionic flocculent will react with a
positively charge polymer and will
adsorb those particles. This may cause
destabilization due to charge
neutralization or bridging. In
flocculation, flocculants are added
slowly and mixing gently. Therefore,
small flocs can agglomerates into larger
particles.