1773.

CHEMISTRY, FROM EGYPTIAN WORD

“KEME” MEANS “EARTH” IS THE SCIENCE
CONCERNED WITH THE COMPOSITION,
STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER,
THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES DURING
CHEMICAL REACTIONS.
LESSON 3
ALCHEMY ( KHEMEIA)
- “ THE ART OF
CHANGING INEXPENSIVE
METALS INTO
EXPENSIVE ONES”
HOMOGENEOUS 
mixture has the same
uniform appearance
and composition
throughout.
( SOLUTION: SOLID,
LIQUID AND GAS)
 SOLUTION

•IS A HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE OF TWO OR
MORE SUBSTANCES.
 SOLUTE VS SOLVENT
•Solute – Substance Present In A Smaller Amount
•- The Dissolved Substance
•Solvent – Substance Present In A Large Amount
•- Dissolving Medium
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ARE CATEGORIZED
ACCORDING TO:
•1. AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN
SOLVENT.
•2. PRESENCE OF SOLUTE IN AND OUT OF A
MEMBRANE.
1. AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A
SOLVENT

•1. UNSATURATED SOLUTION ( DILUTE SOLUTION)

•2. SATURATED SOLUTION
•3. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION
 UNSATURATED SOLUTION (DILUTE
SOLUTION)
• CONTAINS LESS AMOUNT OF SOLUTE
DISOLVED IN A GIVEN SOLVENT.
• LOW CONCENTRATION
BACK
 SATURATED SOLUTION
-THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN A
GIVEN AMOUNT OF SOLVENT IS IN ITS
MAXIMUM.
- THE RATE OF DISSOLVING IS EQUAL TO THE
RATE OF CRYSTALLIZING
BACK
 SUPERSATURATED
•CONTAINS MORE SOLUTE THAN IS
PRESENT IN A SATURATED
SOLUTION. VERY UNSTABLE, THE
EXCESS SOLUTE CRYSTALLIZES.
 CRYSTALLIZATION
•IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH
DISSOLVED SOLUTE COMES OUT
OF SOLUTION AND FORMS
CRYSTAL.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO PHASE
SOLUTE SOLVENT SOLUTION EXAMPLES

GAS GAS GAS air

GAS LIQUID LIQUID carbonated drinks
GAS SOLID SOLID Hydrogen gas in
palladium( use for H2
storage)
LIQUID LIQUID LIQUID gasoline, vinegar
SOLID LIQUID LIQUID salt water, coffee in
water

SOLID SOLID SOLID Brass ( alloy)

2. PRESENCE OF SOLUTE IN
AND OUT OF A MEMBRANE.
 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
• THE CONCENTRATION OF
SOLUTION INSIDE THE CELL IS
HIGHER THAN OUTSIDE THE
OF THE CELL.
• THIS ALLOWS THE SOLVENT
WATER TO ENTER THE CELL
CAUSING THE CELL TO BURST.
 HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
• HYPOTONIC FLUIDS ARE USED
TO TREAT PATIENTS WITH
CONDITIONS CAUSING
INTRACELLULAR
DEHYDRATION, SUCH AS
DIABETIC , WHEN FLUID
NEEDS TO BE SHIFTED INTO
THE CELL.
 ISOTONIC SOLUTION
• THE CONCENTRATION
OUTSIDE THE CELL IS THE
SAME OUTSIDE THE CELL.
• THE MOVEMENT OF
WATER IN AND OUT OF
THE CELL IS BALANCED.
 HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
• HAS HIGHER CONCENTRATION
OUTSIDE THE CELL THAN THE
INSIDE ALLOWING THE
SOLVENT TO LEAVE THE CELL
CAUSING THE CELL TO SHRINK.
•.
ENERGY OF SOLUTION FORMATION
ENERGY OF SOLUTION FORMATION

•THE FORMATION OF A
SOLUTION IS FROM A
SOLUTE SOLVENT IS
A PHYSICAL PROCESS
AND NOT A
CHEMICAL PROCESS.
 SOLVATION PROCESS

• THE SOLUTE PARTICLES IS SURROUNDED BY THE SOLVENT PARTICLES.

• IF THE SOLVENT IS WATER, THE PROCESS IS CALLED HYDRATION.
• IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH AN ION OR MOLECULE IS SURROUNDED BY
SOLVENT MOLECULES ARRANGED IN A SPECIFIC MANNER.
SOLVATION PROCESS
WHAT AFFECTS RATE OF SOLVATION?

•TEMPERATURE, CONCENTRATION, SURFACE

AREA OF SOLUTE, CONCENTRATION OF
SOLVENT, AND STIRRING.
ENTHALPY – IS A STATE FUNCTION( IS A
THERMODYNAMIC QUANTITY WHOSE VALUE
DEPENDS ONLY ON THE STATE OF THE
SUBSTANCE; THE TEMPERATURE , PRESSURE ,
VOLUME ETC.
 ENTHALPY CHANGE
• THE QUANTITY OF HEAT SUPPLIED TO A
SYSTEM OR GIVEN OUT FROM A
SYSTEM UNDER THE CONDITION OF
CONSTANT PRESSURE IS CALLED
ENTHALPY CHANGE (ΔH)
• USEFUL ENERGY
Concentration Units And Its
Comparison
CONCENTRATION

• IS DEFINED AS THE AMOUNT OF A

SUBSTANCE DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL VOLUME
OF A MIXTURE.
 CONCENTRATION OF UNITS
• a. percent by mass
• b. Percent by volume
• c. Percent by mass/volume
• D, mole fraction
• e. molality
• f. molarity
• g. normality
• h . parts per million.ppm
A. PERCENTAGE BY MASS ( % BY MASS) OR PM
•IS DEFINED AS THE MASS OF SOLUTE DIVIDED BY THE MASS OF
SOLUTION

PM   =   mass of solute   x 100%
   mass of solution  (solute + solvent)             
 SEAT WORK: PERCENTAGE BY MASS

•24 G OF NaCl (S) IS DISSOLVED IN 152 G H2O (L). 
CALCULATE THE % MASS OF THE SOLUTION.

Pm NaCl =     24 g     x 100 = 24  x 100 = 14%
          24g + 152g            176
B. PERCENT BY VOLUME ( % BY VOL OR PV)
• IS DEFINED AS THE QUOTIENT BETWEEN VOLUME OF SOLUTE
AND VOLUME OF SOLUTION MULTIPLIED BY 100%
• USED WHEN TWO OR MORE LIQUIDS MAKE UP THE SOLUTION
– EASIER TO MEASURE VOLUMES THAN MASSES

PV     = Volume of solute   x 100 % 
    Volume of solution back
 
 SEAT WORK : PERCENT BY VOLUME
( % BY VOL OR PV )

• 80 ml of methyl alcohol and water are mixed to a given solution 
 

that has a fixed volume of 154 ml. what is the concentration of 
the solution expressed as percentage by volume methyl alcohol.
 Volume/volume % = Volume of solute   x 100 %  
                            Volume of solution

Pv= 80ml x 100% = 51.95%

154 ml
c. Percent by mass / volume(P m/v)
•is defined as the quotient between the mass of the solute
and the volume of solution multiplied by 100%.
•This concentration is used for preparing antibiotics for
infants in suspension form.
•PM/V= MASS OF SOLUTE X 100%
• VOLUME SOLUTION
• MASS OF SOLUTE = MASS/VOLUME %  X VOLUME OF SOLUTION (IN ML)
100 %
EXAMPLE 1 •A PHARMACIST ADDS 2.00 ML OF DISTILLED
WATER TO 4.00 G OF A POWDERED DRUG. THE
FINAL VOLUME OF THE SOLUTION IS 3.00 ML.
WHAT IS THE PERCENT (M/V) OF THE SOLUTION?

Solution:
PM/V = mass of solute (in g)x 100% = 4.00 g x 100% = 133 %
Volume of solution (in mL) 3.00 mL