Tractor Basics

Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
 Working of an Engine
Description Engine
The engine generates power and
provides energy for the tractor to move

Without the engine, the tractor cannot

move
PARTS
OF AN
ENGINE
Sample workingConnecting
of anRodengine

Flywheel
Turbo Charger
What is a Turbo Charger
• To increase the power of any engine, we have to burn more fuel. And to burn more fuel, we
need more air.
• Adding fuel is very easy since we use pump for the same. We can always change the amount of
fuel by changing the pump setting.
• Problem is increasing the mass of air.
• One way to increase mass of air is to add cylinders or make the cylinders bigger so that we
can have more mass of air per cylinder.
• This will increase the weight & size of the engine.
• Or another way to increase mass of air without increasing the size of engine is to have a Air
Pump in the system for air as we have Fuel Pump for the fuel.
• This Air Pump will suck the air from air cleaner, pressurised it, and then send it to cylinders.

• When this Air Pump is driven by back pressure of the exhaust gases, it is called
TURBOCHARGER.
Understanding on units
Description Power & Torque
Different engines have different
strength

Power: Denotes speed and

acceleration
(measured in HP or PS)

Torque: Denotes pulling power

(measured in Nm or Kgm)
Engine
Power
Power is the rate at which the engine does work
OR
Pic Power is the measure of how quickly work can be done

Jada power ka matlab Kam Samay me jada kaam

Engine
Torque
Torque is a measure of how much a force acting on an
object causes that object to rotate .Torque gives the
Pic vehicle it’s pulling power

When the piston is moving down on the power stroke, it

is applying torque to the engine Crank shaft through
connecting rod

Rasa kasi ke khel me jeetta wahi hai jo jada kheech

pae
Power is produced
when fuel burns

Torque is the pulling

force
Engine
Specific fuel consumption - SFC
Specific fuel consumption is the quantity of fuel being
consumed to produce 1 unit of power
Pic
The greater the fuel or fluid efficiency; that is, more work
is being done in an hour with a given amount of fuel

Click on the image to see an animated video

Engine
Cooling system
Engine operates at very high temperature due to heat
generated when fuel burns to generate power
Pic
Cooling system controls and dissipate the heat in
controlled and regular manner
Engine
Cooling system- Water cooled
The cooling system in most tractors consists of the
radiator and water pump.
Pic
Water circulates through passages around the
cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it
off.
Engine
PTO & PTO power
A power take-off is a device that is usually installed on an
tractor that provides power to attachments
Pic
It is the power available at the PTO shaft when the
engine is running at maximum rpm. The PTO generally
runs at 540 rpm and the PTO power is measured in HP
Engine
Air cleaner
Air cleaner removes any impurities from the air being
sucked into the engine from the air intake
Pic Any dust particles in the air going to the engine can
seriously hamper the performance of the engine and
even damage it in extreme cases

Dhool mitti se engine ki suraksha kare

Engine
Air cleaner- Dry type
This type of air cleaner uses paper filter to clear out any
dust particle from the air sucked by the engine.
Pic
Trends toward higher-output engines and increased
performance has also increased air-cleaning
requirements

Dhool mitti se engine ki suraksha kare

Engine
Air cleaner- Wet type
Known as a Oil Bath air filter, has 3 stage filters to
assure proper performance of the cleaner and prevent
Pic carry-over into the intake.

This type of cleaner is suitable for severe dust conditions

Dhool mitti se engine ki suraksha kare

Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
Transmission
Clutch
A clutch is a mechanism for transmitting rotation, which
can be engaged and disengaged. When the driver
Pic presses the clutch paddle, the clutch disconnects the
drive from the engine to the transmission so that gears
can be shifted smoothly
Transmission
Single plate clutch
A single-plate clutch unit consists of a friction type disc,
a pressure plate assembly, and a release bearing and
Pic operating fork. The flywheel is the clutch driving member
Transmission
Dual plate clutch
There are 2 different clutch mechanisms which combine
to function as a single unit
Pic In the first stage of engaging the clutch, only the power
reaching the transmission is cut off, whereas applying
further pressure on the clutch pedal cuts off power to
the PTO as well
Transmission
Gearbox layout- Side shift

Side shift: The gear lever is located to one side of the

Pic driver’s platform
Transmission
Gearbox layout – Centre shift

Centre shift: The gear lever is located at the center of

Pic the driver’s platform
Transmission
Steering- Power
A hydrostatic power steering system comprising a fluid
motor which receives pressurized fluid from a controller
Pic in response to the rotation of a vehicle steering wheel.
Transmission
Transmission- Sliding
The power comes from the engine to the clutch shaft and
then to the clutch gear which is always in mesh with a
Pic gear on the lay shaft

All the gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it and as such
they are all the time rotating when the engine is running
and the clutch is engaged
Transmission
Transmission- Constant mesh
In this system all or most of the gears are always in mesh
with one another
Pic
Gear ratios are selected by small Clutches that connect
the various gear sets to their shafts so that power is
transmitted through them. It comes with both side shift
and center shift
Transmission
Transmission- Synchromesh
The main shaft are in constant mesh with the
corresponding gears on the lay shaft. The gears on the
lay shaft are fixed to it while those on the main shaft are
Pic free to rotate on the same

The parts which ultimately are to be engaged are first

brought into frictional contact which equalizes their
speed, after which these may be engaged smoothly
Transmission
Differential
While taking a turn, each wheel travels a different
distance through the turn. The inside wheels travel a
Pic shorter distance than the outside wheels. Since speed is
equal to the distance travelled divided by the time it takes
to go that distance, the wheels that travel a shorter
distance travel at a lower speed
Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
Hydraulics
PC/DC Levers
It is used for lifting / lowering the implements and
maintaining their position and height during operations
Pic
While operating soil-engaging implements it helps to
maintain an even pull on the tractor and reduce wheel
slippage

Position control and direction control levers

Hydraulics
Hy-tech hydraulics
This advanced new system gives you precise control and
error free positioning of the implement along with
Pic ergonomically placed control
Hydraulics
Lifting capacity
It is the maximum implement weight which the tractor
can lift at it’s 3 point hitch.
Pic
Hydraulics
Draft force
It is the force needed to overcome an implement’s
resistance to cut through the soil, based on the type of
Pic soil and depth of cut.
Hydraulics
Quick lift & Quick coupler
It is a system used for lifting the implement at headland
turn & subsequently lowering it without disturbing the set
Pic original position

It allows hitching of heavy implements simply by sliding

the lower link in an hassle free manner
Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
Brakes
Dry disc brake
It consists of a brake pad & a disc. When the brakes are
applied, the pads press on the disc and reduce the speed
Pic of the vehicle
Brakes
Oil immersed brakes
In this system the brake liners are immersed in oil to
reduce friction between the components when braking.
Pic The oil also dissipates the heat generated from this
friction more efficiently than conventional dry disk brakes.
Main aggregates of a tractor

Engine Transmission

Hydraulics Brakes

Tyres
Tyres
Tyre size- front
Front Tyre size: 6.00 x16- 8PR
6.50 x 20- 8PR
Pic 7.50 x 16- 8PR

6.00”- tyre width, 16” – Rim diameter, 8PR- Ply

rating(Strength of the tyre)
Tyres
Tyre size- rear
Rear tyre size : 12.4 x 28 – 12 PR
13.6 x 28 – 12 PR
Pic 14.9 x 28 – 12 PR
16.9 x 28 – 12 PR

12.4”- tyre width, 28” – Rim diameter, 12PR-

Ply rating(Strength of the tyre)
Tyres
Ballasting
It is a process of increasing the weight of the
tractor by adding weights at the front and/or
Pic rear tyres. Alternatively water can be filled in
the rear tyre upto 75%, for increasing the
overall weight of the tractor.
 Tyres
Width

Section
Nomenclature
height
It is a process of increasing the weight of the
Outer diameter

Rim tractor by adding weights at the front and/or

Pic Diameter rear tyres. Alternatively water can be filled in
the rear tyre upto 75%, for increasing the
overall weight of the tractor.
Tractor dimensions
exhaust pipe

exhaust pipe
Ground
clearance
Overall length
 Rear wheel track
Overall width
Wheel base
Tractor dimensions

Front wheel track

Implements
Implements
Implements are the set of changeable tools
which can be attached to the tractor via its 3
Pic point linkage.
Implements are attached to the PTO to
provide power to them during their functioning
in field