BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010

EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010 (E)

7.3 Canopy roofs

(1) A canopy roof is defined as the roof of a structure that does not have permanent walls, such as
petrol stations, dutch barns, etc.

(2) The degree of blockage under a canopy roof is shown in Figure 7.15. It depends on the
blockage lp, which is the ratio of the area of feasible, actual obstructions under the canopy divided by
the cross sectional area under the canopy, both areas being normal to the wind direction.

NOTE: ([J 0 represents an empty canopy, and ([J 1 represents the canopy fully blocked with contents to
the down wind eaves only (this is not a closed building).

(3) The overall force coefficients, Cf, and net pressure coefficients Cp,neb given in Tables 7.6 to 7.8 for
lp = 0 and lp = 1 take account of the combined effect of wind acting on both the upper and lower
surfaces of the canopies for all wind directions. Intermediate values may be found by linear
interpolation.

(4) Downwind of the position of maximum blockage, Cp,net values for lp = 0 should be used.

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 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

(5) The overall force coefficient represents the resulting force. The net pressure coefficient represents
the maximum local pressure for all wind directions. It should be used in the design of roofing elements
and fixings.

(6) Each canopy must be able to support the load cases as defined below:

15) for a monopitch canopy (Table 7.6) the location of the centre of pressure should be defined as a
distance from the windward edge.
NOTE The location may be given in the National Annex. The recommended location is in Figure 7.16. ~

for a duopitch canopy (Table 7.7) the center of pressure should be taken at the center of each
slope (Figure 7.17). In addition, a duopitch canopy should be able to support one pitch with the
maximum or minimum load, the other pitch being unloaded.

for a multibay duopitch canopy each load on a bay may be calculated by applying the reduction
factors Ijfmc given in Table 7.8 to the Cp,net values given in Table 7.7.

For canopies with double skins, the impermeable skin and its fixings should be calculated with
and the permeable skin and its fixings with 1/3 Cp,net.

(7) Friction forces should be considered (see 7.5).

(8) The reference height Ze should be taken as h as shown in Figures 7.16 and 7.17.

7777777777777777777777777777777
Empty, free-standing canopy (<p = 0)

Canopy blocked to the downwind eaves by

stored goods (<p 1)=

Figure 7 .15 - Airflow over canopy roofs

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BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

Table 7.6 - Cp,net and Cf values for monopitch canopies

Net Pressure coefficients Cp,net

Key plan

B L
bl10

,..
Ilk
C A C b

bl10
B L
L dl10 dl10
J
d

Overall Force
Roof
Blockage rp Coefficients Zone A Zone B Zone C
angle a
Cf

Maximum all qJ + 0,2 + 0,5 + 1,8 + 1,1

00 Minimum qJ =0 - 0,5 - 0,6 - 1,3 - 1,4

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,3 - 1,5 - 1,8 - 2,2

Maximum all qJ +0,4 + 0,8 + 2,1 + 1,3

50 Minimum qJ =0 - 0,7 - 1,1 - 1,7 - 1,8

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,4 - 1,6 - 2,2 - 2,5

Maximum all qJ + 0,5 + 1,2 +2,4 + 1,6

100 Minimum qJ =0 - 0,9 - 1,5 - 2,0 - 2,1

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,4 ~-1,6 @2] - 2,6 -2,7

Maximum all qJ + 0,7 + 1,4 + 2,7 + 1,8

15 0 Minimum qJ =0 - 1,1 - 1,8 -2,4 - 2,5

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,4 - 1,6 - 2,9 - 3,0

Maximum all qJ + 0,8 + 1,7 + 2,9 + 2,1

20 0 Minimum qJ =0 - 1,3 - 2,2 - 2,8 - 2,9

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,4 - 1,6 - 2,9 - 3,0

Maximum all qJ + 1,0 + 2,0 + 3,1 + 2,3

25 0 Minimum =0
qJ - 1,6 - 2,6 - 3,2 - 3,2

Minimum qJ = 1 - 1,4 - 1,5 - 2,5 - 2,8

Maximum all qJ + 1,2 + 2,2 + 3,2 + 2,4

30 0 Minimum qJ =0 - 1,8 - 3,0 - 3,8 - 3,6

Minimum qJ =1 - 1,4 - 1,5 - 2,2 -2,7

NOTE + values indicate a net downward acting wind action

- values represent a net upward acting wind action

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 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

h h

o
h h

Figure 7.16 - Location of the centre of force for monopitch canopies

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BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

Table 7.7 - Cp,net and Cf values for duopitch canopies

Net pressure coefficients Cp,net

Key plan
B r'
b/10

Ie A D A e b

b/10
I I B U
H ~
Roof Overall
Force
angle a Blockage rp d
Coefficient
[0] Cf I Zone A Zone B ZoneC Zone D

Maximum all ([J +0,7 + 0,8 + 1,6 + 0,6 + 1,7

20 Minimum ([J= ° - 0,7 - 0,9 - 1,3 - 1,6 - 0,6

Minimum ([J 1 - 1,3 - 1,5 -2,4 -2,4 - 0,6

Maximum all ([J + 0,5 + 0,6 + 1,5 + 0,7 + 1,4

-15 - 0,6 - 1,3
Minimum
Minimum
([J

([J
°1 - 1,4
- 0,8
- 1,6 - 2,7
- 1,6
- 2,6
- 0,6
- 0,6

Maximum all ([J +0,4 + 0,6 + 1,4 + 0,8 + 1,1

-10 Minimum ([J= ° - 0,6 - 0,8 - 1,3 - 1,5 - 0,6
Minimum ([J= 1 - 1,4 - 1,6 - 2,7 - 2,6 - 0,6

Maximum all ([J + 0,3 + 0,5 + 1,5 + 0,8 + 0,8

5 - 0,5 -0,7 - 1,3 - 1,6 - 0,6
Minimum
Minimum
([J

([J
°1 - 1,3 - 1,5 -2,4 -2,4 - 0,6

Maximum all ([J + 0,3 + 0,6 + 1,8 + 1,3 +0,4

+5 - 0,6 1,4
Minimum
Minimum
([J

([J=
°1 - 0,6
1,3 - 1,3 2,0
- 1,4
- 1,8
- 1,1
1,5

Maximum all ([J +0,4 + 0,7 + 1,8 + 1,4 +0,4

10 Minimum ([J= ° -0,7 - 0,7 - 1,5 - 1,4 - 1,4
Minimum ([J= 1 - 1,3 - 1,3 - 2,0 - 1,8 - 1,8

Maximum all ([J +0,4 + 0,9 + 1,9 + 1,4 +0,4

15 Minimum - 0,8 - 0,9
Minimum
([J

([J
°1 - 1,3 - 1,3
- 1,7
- 2,2
- 1,4
- 1,6
- 1,8
- 2,1

Maximum all ([J + 0,6 + 1,1 + 1,9 + 1,5 +0,4

+ 20 Minimum ([J= ° - 0,9 - 1,2 - 1,8 - 1,4 2,0
Minimum ([J= 1 - 1,3 - 1,4 2,2 1,6 - 2,1
i I

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 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

Table 7.7 - continue

Net pressure coefficients cp,net

plan
B ~r

bl10

C A 0 A C b

I b/10
I B ~'-

Roof

angle a Blockage rp
Overall
Force
Coefficient
r
I
I
d/10

d
d110~

[0] Cf Zone A Zone B ZoneC Zone D

Maximum all rp +0,7 + 1,2 + 1,9 + 1,6 + 0,5

+ 25 Minimum rp 0 - 1,0 1,4 1,9 - 1,4 - 2,0

Minimum rp 1 - 1,3 - 1,4 2,0 - 1,5 - 2,0

Maximum all rp + 0,9 + 1,3 + 1,9 + 1,6 +0,7

30 Minimum rp - 1,0 - 1,4 - 1,9 - 1,4 - 2,0
Minimum rp
°
1 - 1,3 - 1,4 - 1,8 - 1,4 - 2,0

NOTE + values indicate a net downward acting wind action

values represent a net upward acting wind action

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BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

1 ~
"t < 0 Cf < 0
---------+--Cf< 0

:-11171777777771 77///77777771111 : 1
77177171171777

Cf> 0 Cf> 0

~
h (\1 Il/4:1 d

h
--f-----t-
Cf < 0 Cf < 0

Figure 7.17 - Arrangements of loads obtained from force coefficients for duopitch canopies

(9) Loads on each slope of multibay canopies, as shown in Figure 7.18, are determined by applying
the reduction factors If/mc given in Table 7.8 to the overall force, and net pressure coefficients for
isolated duo-pitch canopies.

Table 7.8 - Reduction factors 'f/mc for multibay canopies

'f/mc factors for all fJJ

on maximum
Bay Location on minimum (upward)
(downward)
force and pressure
force and pressure
coefficients
coefficients

1 End bay 1,0 0,8

2 second bay 0,9 0,7
3 third and subsequent bays • 0,7 0,7

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 BS EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1:2010
EN 1991-1-4:2005+A1 :2010 (E)

1 2 3 3 3 2 1 h

777777777777777777777777777777777777777

Figure 7.18 - Multibay canopies

61