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CHAPTER 1
PLANT ANATOMY AND
PHYSIOLOGY
Lecture 1
Lecture 1
Structure of Plants
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
To identify the plant body organization and
functions (including root, stem, and leaf).
To define the tissues and cell types of plants.
To differentiate the monocot and dicot
plants.
To understand the function of meristem
tissue.
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Three basic organ
Angiosperms
• Roots (Flowering Plants)
• Leaves
• Flowers
• Vascular tissue
• Seeds
Monocots Dicots
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Structure is used in classification.
Monocots have one cotyledon (seed leaf)
e.g. grasses, lilies, palms, orchids, banana
Dicots have two cotyledons (seed leaves)
e.g. roses, mango, peas, oaks, maples
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Roots
Monocots: fibrous root system with no main tap
root
Dicots: main tap root, with smaller side roots
branching off.
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Leaves
Monocots: parallel veins in leaves
Dicots: network of veins in the leaves
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Flowers
Monocots: floral parts usually in 3’s or
multiples of three.
Dicots: floral parts usually in 4’s or 5’s, or
multiples of four or five.
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Stems
Monocots: small vascular bundles scattered
throughout the stem.
Dicots: large vascular bundles arranged in a
ring around the stem.
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
Seeds
Monocots: single cotyledon; endosperm and
cotyledon are separate.
Dicots: two cotyledons; endosperm is contained
in the cotyledon.
IN REVIEW . . .
1.1 PLANT BODY ORGANIZATION
divided into a
root system and
a shoot system.
connected by
vascular tissue
that is
continuous
throughout the
plant.
Strawberry
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
2) Rhizomes
horizontal stems similar to stolons except
that they grow underground.
Ginger
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
3) Tubers
the swollen ends of rhizomes specialized
for storing food.
Potato
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
4) Bulbs
vertical, underground shoots consisting
mostly of the swollen bases of leaves that
store food.
Onion
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
b) Leaves
main photosynthetic organs of most plants,
(although green stems also perform
photosynthesis)
Parts of the leaf:
Blade
Petiole
Stipule
Small leaf-like
appendages at the
base of the petiole
Not all plants have
them
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
c) Flowers
Reproductive part of
angiosperms
Male organ – Stamen -
produces pollen
Female organ – Pistil -
receives pollen and
forms seeds
1.1.2 SHOOT SYSTEM
Complete – Flower containing sepals, petals,
stamens, and pistil
Incomplete – Flower lacking sepals, petals, stamens,
and/or pistils
Incomplete,
imperfect flower
1.1.3 FUNCTIONS OF ROOT SYSTEM
Anchor plant.
Absorb water and
minerals.
Store sugar as starch.
Transport materials
Produce some
hormones.
Interact with soil
microbes.
1.1.4 FUNCTIONS OF SHOOT SYSTEM
Photosynthesis
(primarily in leaves)
Transport of materials
(water, minerals, sugars,
and hormones among
leaves, flowers, fruits,
and roots)
Reproduction
Hormone synthesis
1.1.5 INTERDEPENDENT SYSTEMS
Both systems depend
on the other
roots depend on sugars
produced by
photosynthetic leaves
shoots depend on water
& minerals absorbed
from the soil by roots
1.2 PLANT TISSUE SYSTEMS
Plant body – root,
shoot, leaf - make up
of 3 major tissue
systems
Ground tissue
Vascular tissue
Dermal tissue
Cambium - a layer
of meristem cells -
divide to make new
xylem and phloem
1.2.4.4 VASCULAR TISSUE IN STEM
1.2.4.4 VASCULAR TISSUE IN LEAF