Dolomite Stability Sinkhole Investigation PDF

MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY:
OUTFALL SEWER PIPELINE SOUTH OF

KHUTSONG EXTENSION 3: DOLOMITE
STABILITY SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION
VGI3737 S12
Compiled by: Client:

VGIconsult Projects Merafong City Local Municipality
P.O. BOX 604 No 3 Halite Street
FOURWAYS Carletonville
2055 2500
TEL : (011) 469 0854

FAX : (011) 469 0961
FAX : 0866892847
e-mail: jhb@vgiconsult.co.za
Consulting Engineering Geologists & Engineers VGIconsult
VGIconsult Projects (Pty.) Ltd.
Registration number 2003/015042/07
MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY P.O. Box 604

No 3 Halite Street Fourways
CARLETONVILLE 2055
2500 Gauteng
Telephone
Direct : (011) 469 0854
Fax : (011) 469 0961
ATTENTION: L. MAJA Fax : 0866892847
E-mail jhb@vgiconsult.co.za
Your reference Our reference Date

VGI3737 S12 10 OCTOBER 2016
MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY: OUTFALL SEWER PIPELINE SOUTH OF
KHUTSONG EXTENSION 3: DOLOMITE STABILITY SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION
SUMMARY
This report presents the results of dolomite stability investigations and recommendations on
improvements to the subsurface and the affected outfall sewer line located south of Mzwanzwa
Street, Khutsong Extension 3 where the sewer line collapsed into a sinkhole, within the Merafong
City Local Municipality.
A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of approximately 4m occurred on the outfall

sewer line, on 21July 2016. It is presumed that subsurface erosion of highly erodible dolomite
residuum (wad) material was initially triggered by a leak on the sewer line over an extended
period of time. As a result of the initial leak, the sewerline settled and failure of the wet service
occurred, leading to the formation of a sinkhole.
The investigation area covers approximately 2800m2 (70m by 40m). The regional topography of the
area falls from 1480m AMSL in the north to 1479m AMSL in the south. Locally surface water
runoff takes place as sheetwash down the gradient in a southerly direction towards the
Mooirivierloop located 600m south of the site. Existing subsurface services located in the affected
area including a damaged northwest to southeast aligned sewer line of unknown diameter and
material type. The site is underlain by dolomite and chert of the Malmani Subgroup of the
Chuniespoort Group of the Transvaal Supergroup. The dolomite bedrock over most of the site is
blanketed by weathered soil derivatives.
The investigated area can be described in terms of one dolomite Hazard Zone:
Hazard Zone: The geotechnical data gathered during this investigation permits the dolomite
hazard of the area of the sinkhole and the directly surrounding area as largely reflecting a high
susceptibility of large to very large size (with sub-areas reflecting a medium susceptibility of large-
size) sinkhole and subsidence formation with respect to ingress of water and a low susceptibility
of all-size sinkhole and subsidence formation with respect to groundwater drawdown. Composite
Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4)//1. In the event of groundwater level drawdown the Inherent Hazard
Class remains unchanged.
Directors: D.B. Buttrick Ph. D. (Eng. Geol.), MSAIEG, Pr. Sci. Nat. ; A.A. Gerber B. Eng., Pr. Eng.
ASB: N.Y.G. Trollip M. Sc. (Eng. &Env.), Pr. Sci. Nat., AMSAIEG ; I. Kleinhans M. Sc. (Eng. &Env.), Pr. Sci. Nat.
2
This report documents recommendations and procedures on the improvement of subsurface

conditions and stabilisation, replacement of wet services, improvement of surface water run-off,
minimum standards of precautionary measures and monitoring actions.
The following option dealing with the affected area is outlined in this report, namely:
The use of the Inverted Filter Method to rehabilitate the sinkhole and a limited Compaction
Grouting (i.e. backfilling) programme to backfill voids at depth along the sewer line in the
affected area.
MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY: OUTFALL SEWER PIPELINE SOUTH OF
KHUTSONG EXTENSION 3: DOLOMITE STABILITY SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION
SUMMARY Preface
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1
2. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND SCOPE OF WORK ............................................................. 1
3. AVAILABLE INFORMATION ................................................................................................ 1
3.1. Topographic Data....................................................................................................... 1
3.2. Geological Information ............................................................................................... 1
3.3. Industry Standards ..................................................................................................... 1
3.4. Geotechnical Reports ................................................................................................. 2
3.5. Geohydrological Information ...................................................................................... 2
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................ 2
5. PROCEDURES USED IN THIS STUDY ................................................................................ 3
5.1. Site Inspection by VGIconsult..................................................................................... 3
5.2. Assimilation of Available Data -Information sources ................................................... 4
5.3. Gravity Surveys .......................................................................................................... 4
5.4. Rotary Percussion Boreholes ..................................................................................... 4
5.5. Thickness and depth concepts ................................................................................... 5
5.6. Coordinate System..................................................................................................... 6
5.7. Map production (projection, co-ordinate system and datum) ...................................... 6
5.8. Hazard Characterisation Procedure ........................................................................... 6
5.9. Dolomite Area Designation ........................................................................................11
5.10. Monitoring Designations ............................................................................................12
5.11. SANS 1936-1: Table 1, SANS 1936 Part 1 (2012) ....................................................14
6. GEOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY ...................................................................................17
6.1. General Geology .......................................................................................................17
6.2. Local Geology ...........................................................................................................17
6.3. Geohydrology............................................................................................................18
6.4. Past Sinkholes and Subsidences ..............................................................................19
7. DOLOMITE HAZARD CHARACTERISATION .....................................................................19
7.1. Site investigation and Dolomite Hazard Assessment Procedures ..............................19
7.2. Hazard Characterisation of the site ...........................................................................19
8. CONCLUSIONS ...................................................................................................................21
8.1. Results of the borehole drilling programme ...............................................................21
8.2. Dolomite Hazard Characterisation and Suitability of the site for the current land use 22
9. RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................................................22
9.1. Rehabilitation of Sinkhole Area and related wet services ..........................................22
9.2. Precautionary measures ...........................................................................................25
9.3. Stormwater Management ..........................................................................................25
9.4. Monitoring Actions.....................................................................................................25
9.5. Database of ground movement and stability conditions .............................................27
10. GENERAL ............................................................................................................................27
TABLES
SUMMARISED BOREHOLE INFORMATION AND INHERENT HAZARD

TABLE 1
CHARACTERISATION
FIGURES
LOCALITY PLAN FIGURE 1

TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET LEGEND FIGURE 1A
SITE LAYOUT WITH GROUND ELEVATION CONTOURS FIGURE 2
REGIONAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 3
GEOLOGY LEGEND FIGURE 3A
REGIONAL GEOHYDROLOGY FIGURE 4
DRAWINGS
RESIDUAL GRAVITY, BOREHOLE POSITIONS AND DOLOMITE HAZARD

VGI3737 S12/1
ZONATION
PROPOSED REHABILITATION AREA VGI3737 S12/2
APPENDICES
BOREHOLE PROFILES APPENDIX 1

1
1. INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of a dolomite stability investigation carried out in the area where
the outfall sewer pipeline, south of Khutsong Extension 3, collapsed into a sinkhole, within the
Merafong City Local Municipality. A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of
approximately 4m occurred on 21 July 2016.
The purpose of the investigation is to determine the extent of poor subsoil conditions or erosion
and to provide recommendations and procedures on subsurface and wet service improvements.
It is presumed that subsurface erosion of highly erodible dolomite residuum (wad) material was
initially triggered by a leak on the outfall sewer line over an extended period of time. As a result
of the initial leak, the sewer line settled and failure of the wet services occurred, leading to the
formation of a sinkhole.
These investigations involved field inspections, evaluation of existing gravity data, borehole
drilling programme, analysis, reporting and recommendations on subsurface soil improvements
and wet services and stabilisation procedures to be followed.
2. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND SCOPE OF WORK
VGIconsult was appointed by the Merafong City Local Municipality to conduct a dolomite
stability investigation for the sinkhole on the outfall sewer line south of Khutsong Extension 3, as
part of an Emergency investigation programme of five sinkhole areas in the Merafong City Local
Municipality, under Reference Letter ID (WS), dated August 2016. VGIconsult presented
technical and budget cost proposals on the investigation of the sinkhole in letter reference
VGI3737 S12, dated 27 July 2016.
3. AVAILABLE INFORMATION
Information sources include:
3.1. Topographic Data
Topographic Map, 1: 50 000 Scale Series: issued by the Chief Directorate: Surveys and
Mapping, Department of Land Affairs:
Sheet Name Reference

Carletonville 2627AD
3.2. Geological Information
Geological Map, 1: 250 000 Scale Series: issued by the Geological Survey of South
Africa (Council for Geoscience):
Sheet Name Reference

West Rand 2626
3.3. Industry Standards
o South African National Standard SANS 1936 Parts 1 ± 4 (2012).
o South African National Standard SANS 2001-BE3: 2012 (DSS), Construction works
Part BE3: Repair of sinkholes and subsidences in dolomite land.
o South African National Standard SANS 633: 2012 (DSS), Soil profiling and rotary
2
percussion borehole logging on dolomite land in Southern Africa for engineering

purposes.
o Environmental Earth Sciences, Springer-5HSRUW³A Performance Based Approach

to Dolomite Risk Management´E\'%XWWULFN17UROOLS5:DWHrmeyer, N Pieterse,
A Gerber, Volume 64, Issue 4, p1127 ± p1138, dated 2011.
o South African National Standards: The Application of the National Building Code:
SANS 10400, Part A: General principles and requirements and Part B: Structural
Design, (2004).
o Council for Geoscience/South African Institute of Engineering and

Environmental Geologists (2003): Guideline for engineering-geological
characterisation and development of dolomitic land.
o Council for Geoscience (2007): Consultants Guide: Approach to Site on Dolomite

Land.
o Department of Public Works (PW344), September 2010: Appropriate

Development of Infrastructure on Dolomite. Manual for Consultants.
o $QQDOV RI WKH *HRORJLFDO 6XUYH\ RI 6RXWK $IULFD ³6XEVXUIDFH VXEVLGHQFHV DQG
sinkholes caused by lowering of the dolomitic water-table on the Far West Rand
Gold Field of South $IULFD´E\5-.OH\ZHJWDQG'53LNH9ROXPHS ± p105,
dated 1982.
3.4. Geotechnical Reports
Geotechnical data pertaining to the Merafong City Local Municipality area of jurisdiction is
housed at the West Rand District Municipality (WRDM) offices and/or the Council for
Geoscience (CGS).
o VGIconsult report, referenced VGI3606, dated October 2013³Khutsong Proper and

Extensions 1-6: Feasibility Stage Dolomite Stability Investigation´
3.5. Geohydrological Information
Groundwater information is made available by the Department of Water Affairs through

theNational Groundwater Information System (NGIS) which offers read-only access to data
from:
o National Groundwater Archive (NGA);

o Water Management System (WMS); and
o Hydstra [http://www.dwa.gov.za/chart/]).
,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHSRUW³*HRK\GURORJ\*XLGHOLQH'HYHORSPHQW,PSOHPHQWDWLRQRI'RORPLWH
Guideline ± Phase 1, Activities 19 & 28: Desktop development of a Dolomite
Hydrogeological Compartment Map and explanation booklet (Report), dated November
2009, Project Number: 14/14/5/2, Authors: Martin Holland: Water Geosciences
Consulting, Frans :LHJPDQV*ROGHU$VVRFLDWHV´ZDVFRQVXOWHG
4. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
The sinkhole under investigation occurred on a northwest to southeast aligned outfall sewer line
(unknown diameter and material type) located approximately 370m south of Mzwanzwa Street,
Khutsong Extension 3 and 600m north of the Mooirivierloop, within the Merafong City Local
3
Municipality. The location of the site is displayed on Figure 1, super imposed on the topographic
map. The site layout and ground elevation contours are displayed on Figure 2.
The investigation area covers approximately 2800m2 (70m by 40m). The regional topography of
the area falls from 1480m AMSL in the north to 1479m AMSL in the south. Locally surface water
runoff takes place as sheetwash down the gradient in a southerly direction towards the
Mooirivierloop.
Existing subsurface services located in the affected area including the affected sewer line.
Existing wet service and electrical site layout plans was not made available from the Merafong
City Local Municipality for the area under investigation.
A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of approximately 4m occurred on 21 July

2016. It is presumed that subsurface erosion of highly erodible dolomite residuum (wad)
material was initially triggered by a leak on the sewer line over an extended period of time. As a
result of the initial leak, the sewer line settled and failure of the wet service occurred, leading to
the formation of a sinkhole.
5. PROCEDURES USED IN THIS STUDY
5.1. Site Inspection by VGIconsult
VGIconsult (Mr Jacques Meintjes) inspected the above mentioned site on 12th January
2016 and a second time on 26 July 2016. The following was observed and recommended
on 12th January 2016:
A blockage on the sewer line was reported. At that stage no evidence of a sinkhole
could be observed.
An onsite instruction was given by Mr Jacques Meintjes of VGIconsult to the
MeUDIRQJ 2IILFLDOV GXULQJ WKH LQVSHFWLRQ ³0HUDIRQJ VKRXOG XQGHUWDNH D &&79-
camera inspection on the sewer line from manhole to manhole to determine the
integrity of the sewer line and the position of the leak or blockage. If the CCTV-
camera inspection reveal any damage or broken section on the sewer line, that
VHFWLRQRIWKHSLSHVKRXOGLPPHGLDWHO\EHUHSDLUHGRUUHSODFHG´
VGIconsult (Mr Jacques Meintjes) inspected the above mentioned site for a second time
on 26 July 2016 after a sinkhole was reported to Ms B. Ndiki of Merafong City Local
Municipality. The following was observed on 26 July 2016:
A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to an anticipated maximum depth of

approximately 4m below ground surface, with a 1m diameter size erosion tunnel at
the observed base of the sinkhole extending in a southerly direction to an unknown
depth.
A broken sewer line with strong flowing sewage at the observed sinkhole base floor.
It is presumed that subsurface erosion of highly erodible dolomite residuum (wad) material
was initially triggered by a leak on the sewer line over an extended period of time. As a
result of the initial leak, the sewer line settled and failure of the wet service occurred,
leading to the formation of a sinkhole.
The following recommendations were given in the Interim Report VGI 3737 S12, dated 26
July 2016, documenting the site inspection:
4
The affected area should be fenced off immediately and a soil berm placed around
the affected area to prevent any run-off surface water entering the affected area
causing additional subsurface soil erosion.
The broken sewer line section (with sewage flowing into the sinkhole) should
immediately be diverted around the sinkhole area by means of a pipe system,
approximately 30m away from the sinkhole.
A detailed dolomite stability investigation including a gravity survey and the drilling of
percussion boreholes is urgently required to evaluate subsurface conditions,
determine the extent of the affected area and to provide recommendations in terms
of appropriate rehabilitation.
5.2. Assimilation of Available Data -Information sources
This investigation is initiated by gathering, assimilating and reviewing existing, available

geological, geotechnical, geophysical and geohydrological data pertaining to the site.
5.3. Gravity Surveys
The existing residual gravity survey for Khutsong was obtained from VGIconsult Report
No. VGI3606 dated October 2013 and was used during this investigation. The residual
gravity is displayed on Drawing 3737 S12/1.
The gravity survey revealed a gravity low field (deep dolomite bedrock) to the southeast of
the sinkhole, with the sinkhole located on a gradual gravity gradient field.
5.4. Rotary Percussion Boreholes
A total of eleven percussion boreholes (3737 S12-01 to 3737 S12-11) were drilled in the
area surrounding the sinkhole. The eleven boreholes were drilled on 15 and 21
September 2016 by JK Developments Drilling Contractor.
The positions of the boreholes are displayed on Drawing VGI3737 S12/1. The borehole
logs are presented in Appendix 1 and summarised in Table 1.
5.4.1. Borehole Information
JK Developments Drilling Contractor was instructed by VGIconsult to undertake the

drilling programme. Current practice requires that a number of rotary percussion
boreholes should be drilled according to set specifications as outlined below:
5.4.2. Drilling equipment should comprise of the following mobile unit:
a) compressor unit with measured and calibrated constant air delivery rating at
(21,2m³/s (750 cfm) and 1600KPa (16 Bar) minimum or 26,9m³/s (950 cfm)
with 2100KPa (21 Bar) maximum; and
b) pneumatic percussion drilling rig with 165mm nominal diameter button bit
capable of drilling in all soil and rock types.
5.4.3. Drilling
a) Representative samples shall be retrieved for every 1m drilled.

b) Boreholes shall be drilled to 60m or 6m into dolomite bedrock, whichever
occurs first.
c) The depth of groundwater strikes shall be recorded.
5
d) Hammer rate, sample and air recovery must be recorded, as well as hardness
of the formations drilled.
5.4.4. Sampling
a) Samples should be taken representatively and sufficiently to allow appropriate

visual and tactile analysis.
b) Tags should be included in every bag, recording depth of sample, penetration
time and borehole number. Metres drilled where no sample return is recorded
should also be tagged and bagged.
c) Samples should be filed sequentially in plastic sleeves, with the borehole
number clearly marked on the sleeve.
5.4.5. Drilling depths
Current practice requires that:
a) Boreholes be drilled at least 6 meters into hard rock dolomite;

b) Boreholes be drilled to at least 60m if dolomite bedrock is not confirmed at
shallower depth;
c) A selection of boreholes are to be drilled into dolomite bedrock on gravity high
anomalies to determine the shallowest bedrock depth (in instances where
dolomite bedrock is anticipated to be very deep (deeper than 60m),
d) In de-watered areas, a representative selection of boreholes shall be drilled to
100m or into dolomite bedrock to obtain a perspective of subsurface
conditions below the OWL.
5.4.6. Drill contract details
Drilling work is undertaken using a down-the-hole rotary percussion rig. The drilling
machine is a Thor 5000. The compressor used is an Atlas COPCO (XRVS 476 CD)
and delivers 27,7 m³/min at a pressure of 1900 kPa to a 165 mm diameter hammer
(button bit). The drill operator was J.G. Maluleke. The boreholes drilled during this
investigation were terminated 6m into dolomite bedrock. The boreholes were
backfilled according to industry guidelines.
5.5. Thickness and depth concepts
In the context of this report the concepts of thickness and depths are used as follows:
Depths
Range in m Appellation
0-2/4 Near-surface
2/4-8/12 Shallow
8/12-16/24 Intermediate
16/24-36/44 Great Depth
More than 40 Very Great Depth
Thicknesses
Range in m Appellation
0-8/12 Thin
8/12-16/24 Intermediate
16/24-36/44 Thick
36/44 and greater Very Thick
6
5.6. Coordinate System
The X-and Y-coordinates (values) for the boreholes, as reflected in Appendix 2, conform
to the South African Coordinate System as set in the national control survey network
maintained by the Chief Directorate: Surveys and Mapping of the Department of Land
Affairs.
The X-and Y-values are given in metres latitude (7 digit value) and longitude (5 or 6 digit
value). These coordinates are projected using the Gauss Conform Projection which is the
Transverse aspect of the Mercator projection. The reference ellipsoid is the WGS84
(Hartebeeshoek 1994) ellipsoid.
The Central Meridian (longitude of origin or Lo) for this site is 27ºE, with the site as a
whole located west of the Central Meridian. In the South African coordinate system the
X coordinates are measured southwards from the equator (where x = 0) towards the
South Pole which is positive.
Y coordinates are measured from the Central Meridian (CM), increasing from the CM in a
westerly direction so that Y is positive west of the CM and negative east of the CM.
5.7. Map production (projection, co-ordinate system and datum)
The projection information of the figures and drawings in this report are reflected on each
individual figure and drawing and listed below:
Projection surface: Mercator (cylinder)
Projection orientation: Transverse aspect
Datum or reference ellipsoid World Geodetic System 84

(model for the shape of the earth): (as updated in 2004 and valid to 2010)
Central Meridian: In degrees (29 for this study)
False easting and northing: Zero degrees
Scale factor: 1
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to

define locations on the earth. A GCS includes an angular unit of measure, a prime
meridian, and a datum (based on a spheroid). Latitude and longitude values are
traditionally measured either in decimal degrees or in degrees, minutes, and seconds
(DMS). Latitude values are measured relative to the equator. Longitude values are
measured relative to the prime meridian. Data defined on a geographic coordinate system
is displayed as if a degree is a linear unit of measure.
Although longitude and latitude can locate exact positions on the surface of the globe, it is
not a uniform unit of measure. The drawings and figures are therefore presented
(coordinated) in metres latitude (7 digit value) and longitude (5 or 6 digit value).
5.8. Hazard Characterisation Procedure
New national standards (Draft SANS 1936) require use of internationally accepted
terminology. The applicable terminology and its definition (with previous term used) are
given below:
7
1. Hazard
Source of potential harm. Hazard is the function of magnitude (of the events), area,
and frequency.
2. Inherent hazard (Inherent Risk)
A reflection of the geological susceptibility of a karst area to an event (sinkhole or

subsidence). Inherent Hazard is expressed in terms of three broad categories,
namely low, medium and high, typically, but not exclusively, denoting anticipated
number of events per area over time.
3. Inherent hazard class (Inherent Risk Class)
A site is characterised in terms of eight standard inherent hazard classes,

denoting the likelihood of an event (sinkhole or subsidence) occurring as well as its
likely size (diameter). The larger the Inherent Hazard Class (IHC) number, the
greater the likelihood of the event occurring and the larger its potential size should it
occur.
4. Hazard rating
The number of events that have occurred over a 20 year period due to human
impact.
5. Tolerable hazard rating
The hazard rating is expressed as tolerable where the number of events

experienced is less than and including 0.1 events per hectare per 20 years
(preferably tending to 0 per hectare) that is exceeding the return period of 200 years
and intolerable where the number of events experienced exceeds 0.1 events per
hectare per 20 years (return period less than 200 years).
6. Return period
Known as a recurrence interval and is an estimate of the interval of time between

events of a certain size.
7. Subsidence
Shallow, enclosed depression. In past South African literature subsidence, as

defined above, is synonymous with doline. The term subsidence is substituted to
prevent contradiction with international literature.
8. Sinkhole
A feature that occurs suddenly and manifests itself as a hole in the ground. In
international literature the term sinkhole is often synonymous with doline.
9. Dolomite land
Land underlain by dolomite or limestone rock directly or at a shallow depth, typically

no more than:
a) 60m in areas where no de-watering has taken place and the local authority
has jurisdiction, is monitoring and has control over the groundwater levels over
the areas under consideration; or
8
b) 100m in areas where de-watering has taken place or where the local authority
has no jurisdiction or control over groundwater levels
10. Event
Occurrence [or change of a particular set of circumstances], in the context of this

standard referring to a sinkhole or subsidence. An event can be one or more
occurrences, and can have several causes. An event can consist of something not
KDSSHQLQJ$QHYHQWFDQVRPHWLPHVEHUHIHUUHGWRDVDQ³LQFLGHQW´RU³DFFLGHQW´
11. Potential loss of support
Refers to the removal of support below the foundation due to a nominal sinkhole or
subsidence event. In proposing suitable foundation types in D3 areas, consideration
should be given to the potential loss of support which could be anticipated for the
designated Inherent Hazard Class based on the nascent1 sinkhole size.
The philosophy to be applied to the design of the foundations is that in the event of
catastrophic loss of support, there is sufficient time for occupants to safely escape
after the occurrence of the sinkhole, and the level of expected damage associated
with soil movements unrelated to sinkhole formation in near surface horizons is kept
within reasonable limits.
7KH KD]DUG FKDUDFWHULVDWLRQ SURFHGXUH SUHYLRXVO\ UHIHUUHG WR DV ³ULVN

characterisation procedure in South African literature) is in accordance with the
peer reviewed paper referenced in Section 3.3 of this report:
The available information, geophysical data, borehole data and geohydrological

information gathered during the investigation has been pooled and reviewed permitting
the formulation of a perspective concerning the characterisation of the stability of the site.
The predominant mobilising agencies considered in this investigation are major

groundwater level fluctuations (>6m), ingress water, ground vibrations and gravity. Use is
made of a generalised list of evaluation factors to evaluate the hazard. These factors are
as follows:
- Receptacle development;
- Mobilising agencies, particularly ingress water from leaking services;
- Potential sinkhole development space;
- Nature of the blanketing layer;
- Mobilisation potential of the blanketing layer;
- Bedrock morphology.
Receptacles or disseminated receptacles refer to any voids or cavities in the dolomite

bedrock or in the overburden capable of receiving mobilised materials. Receptacles are
assumed to be present as no reliable geophysical tool exists to determine the location of
these features. Consequently the information gathered from boreholes, including
penetration times, air loss, hammer action, etc., combined with geophysical and
geological information are used to formulate an impression of the degree of voids.
The potential sinkhole development space, where used, refers to the expected maximum
size sinkhole that conservatively may be anticipated to be generated if sustained ingress
of water were to occur. This factor is related to the depth of the receptacles or
disseminated receptacles. The gravity survey combined with borehole information strongly
1
Adj. beginning to develop
9
guides the appraisal of this factor.
The nature of the material covering the receptacles, be they above or in the bedrock,
determines the susceptibility of the subsurface material to erosion by ingress water. The
presence of materials such as shales or intrusives, which can act as aquitards, serve to
reduce the mobilisation potential and enhance the stability.
In the case of dramatic groundwater level fluctuations the susceptibility of the soil material
to mobilisation (i.e. consolidation settlement -subsidence formation, or ravelling and
archfailure -sinkhole formation, due to pore pressure changes in soils), is strongly
influenced by the position of the original groundwater level in the subsurface profile.
In assessing the susceptibility of a subsurface profile to sinkholes and subsidences due to
groundwater level drawdown, attention is given to the nature and extent of the material
below the groundwater level. For example in the case of compressible dolomite residuum,
as the groundwater recedes, pore pressures in the residual dolomite soils, typically
characterised by high void ratios, gradually dissipate and the effective stress on the soil
increases causing consolidation of the compressible material.
A surface depression may occur gradually due to the load of the near-surface materials on
the deeper lower density materials that settle into a denser state.
The general maximum magnitude of natural groundwater fluctuation in the Gauteng

dolomites is in the order of 5m (Hobbs, 2004; Holland, 2007). Hence artificial groundwater
level drawdown is generally defined as drawdown exceeding 6m.
Experience shows that groundwater level drawdown (beyond seasonal variations) has the
greatest negative impact on dolomite stability in areas of shallow groundwater levels (30m
or shallower) i.e. deeper (>30m) groundwater levels, pose less of a negative impact on
stability, in the event of groundwater level drawdown or dewatering. However, where
groundwater drawdown occurs in areas of deeper groundwater, the size of instability is
typically anticipated to be large to very large.
In view of the factors discussed above the following characteristics have been extracted
from the gathered information during the assessment process:
- borehole position relative to the gravity data.

- collar elevation.
- depth to dolomite bedrock.
- depth to potential receptacles.
- depth to present groundwater level.
- nature and thickness of blanketing layer i.e. material type, penetration times, etc.
- position of the bedrock with respect to the present and original groundwater level.
- thickness and nature of the soil materials above and below the present and
originalgroundwater level.
Inherent hazard is a reflection of the geological susceptibility of karst area to an event

(sinkhole or subsidence formation) and is expressed in three broad categories, namely
low, medium and high. The following reference to incidences, gives a perspective of the
magnitude of problems encountered in each of the of hazard zones in research areas. It is
important to note that these figures are largely derived from developments not effectively
and appropriately designed or maintained.
Inherent
Anticipated events per hectare over time (magnitude of problem)*
Hazard
0 up to and including 0.1 events per hectare anticipated but occurrence of events
LOW
cannot be excluded. Return Period is greater than 200 years.
10
Greater than 0.1 and less than and equal to 1.0 events per hectare. Return period is
MEDIUM
between 200 and 20 years.
HIGH Greater than 1.0 events anticipated per hectare. Return period is less than 20 years.
* that have occurred per hectare in a 20 year period in the "type" areas (statistics based on poor service
design and maintenance)
The study area is characterised in terms of eight standard Inherent Hazard Classes.
These classes denote the chance of a sinkhole or subsidence occurring as well as its
likely size (diameter).
The terminology used in terms of likely size of an event (sinkhole or subsidence) is

defined as follows:
Maximum diameter of surface

Terminology
manifestation (in metres)
<2 Small-size
2-5 Medium-size
5-15 Large-size
> 15 Very large-size
The larger the Inherent Hazard Class number, the greater the chance of a sinkhole or
subsidence occurring and the larger its potential size should it occur. The
meaning/definition of each Inherent Hazard Class is as follows:
Inherent Hazard
Characterisation of Area
Class
Areas characterised as reflecting a low inherent susceptibility of all
Class 1 Areas
sizes of events occurring.
Areas characterised as reflecting a medium inherent susceptibility of
Class 2 Areas
small-size events occurring.
Class 3 Areas
medium-size events occurring.
Class 4 Areas
large-size events occurring.
Areas characterised as reflecting a high inherent susceptibility of
Class 5 Areas
small-size events occurring.
Class 6 Areas
medium-size events.
Class 7 Areas
Areas characterised as reflecting a high inherent susceptibility of very
Class 8 Areas
NOTE: The event size reflects the predominant anticipated nascent event size.
The definitions above are summaries of the Inherent Hazard Class table presented in the
2001 paper referenced in Section 3.
Inherent Hazard is defined in terms of ingress water and groundwater level drawdown
reflected by two Inherent Hazard Class designations separated by a double forward slash,
i.e.-Inherent Hazard Class (Ingress water) // Inherent Hazard Class (groundwater level
drawdown). As an example, a designation of 1//8 indicates that the zone displays a low
Inherent Hazard with respect to water ingress but a high Inherent Hazard with respect to
groundwater level drawdown.
11
Further combinations may be appropriate:
As an example, a designation of Inherent Hazard Class 1//1/4/8 indicates that the zone
displays a low Inherent Hazard with respect to water ingress but a low to high Inherent
Hazard with respect to groundwater level drawdown.
This definition may, for example, be necessary in cases where groundwater was not
encountered or the original groundwater level is not known and dolomite bedrock could
not be confirmed.
Zones delineated on a site may be combinations of the above. In some instances, the
Inherent Hazard Classes are indicated with the primary zone description given first
followed by a suffix in brackets. The primary Inherent Hazard Class describes the
predominant characterisation of the zone and the suffix describes the characterisation of
anticipated pockets or small subareas within the zone:
As an example, a designation of Inherent Hazard Class 8(4) indicates that the zone
predominantly displays a high Inherent Hazard for up to very large-size sinkhole and
subsidence formation with anticipated pockets or small sub-areas of Class 4 i.e.
displaying a medium hazard for up to large-size sinkhole and subsidence formation.
Specific commentary should be provided on the impact that the action of ingress water may
have on the soil profile upon lowering of the ground water level or base level of erosion.
Does the susceptibility of the subsurface profile remain unchanged from an ingress of
water perspective or not, as the the groundwater level is lowered and the previously
³SURWHFWHG´ SURILOH LV H[SRVHG ([DPSOH 7KH lowering of the groundwater level and
exposure of a poor subsurface profile in an area of previously shallow groundwater level
designated as Inherent Hazard Class 3//7, results in a change in susceptibility from
medium to high and the Inherent Hazard Class from 3 to 6 i.e. the Inherent Hazard Class
3//7 will change to Inherent Hazard Class 6//7 once groundwater level drawdown has
occurred.
5.9. Dolomite Area Designation
Dolomite Area Designations must be identified on sites located on or near dolomite land
(land where dolomite is located at or near [less than 100m] ground surface). The
definitions of the Dolomite Area Designations as defined in SANS 1936 Part 1 (2012) are
as follows:
Dolomite area
Description
designation
D1 No precautionary measures are required.
General precautionary measures, in accordance with the requirements of
D2 SANS 1936-3, that are intended to prevent the concentrated ingress of water
into the ground, are required.
Precautionary measures in addition to those pertaining to the prevention of
D3 concentrated ingress of water into the ground, in accordance with the relevant
requirements of SANS 1936-3, are required.
Development may only be considered provided the following requirements are
met:
Involvement of Competence Level 4 geo-practitioner in all the categories
of the geotechnical engineering work, i.e. site characterization, analysis
D4 and design, supervision and review, supervision of execution and
management (primary geo-practitioner).
Review and acceptance of all the categories of the geotechnical
engineering work by a Competence Level 4 peer. This peer reviewer
may not be a business associate of the primary geo-practitioner(s) and
12
Dolomite area
Description
designation
may not have a vested interest in the project.
All the categories of the geotechnical engineering work to be reviewed
and accepted by the Authority who may request a further review by an
Authority designated Competence Level 4 peer, if required.
The responsible Local Authority must indicate its commitment to
maintain dolomite risk management principles in accordance with SANS
1936-4.
5.10. Monitoring Designations
According to SANS 1936 Part 4 (2012) Monitoring Designations must be identified and
delineated according to the Inherent Hazard characterisation of the site and knowledge of
problems which could impact on the infrastructure on site.The generic Monitoring
Activities considered appropriate for dolomite site are as follows:
Annotation Activity* Reaction Purpose

Visual inspections of ground,
structures and above ground
infrastructure(e.g. buildings, taps,
gardens, private and public open space
etc.):
Examine buildings for cracks.
Visual checks for outside dripping taps
A and pressure valves. Any evidence of
Visual checks for damp or moss grown cracking or
areas. ground settlement
Visual check for over-wetting of should
gardens. immediately be
Visual check for blocked drainage ports reported and
in garden walls. investigated. Any
Visual check for cracks in the ground. evidence of
blockages should Monitor, control
Visual inspection of stormwater
be reported and and prevention of
systems:
cleared concentrated
Visual checks for debris in open storm ingress of water
water channels at, for example, the immediately.
start of the rainy season and after
B heavy storms.
Visual checks for water flowing out of
stormwater manholes at the start of the
rainy season and after heavy storms.
Search for ground cracks and cracks in
lined and unlined channels.
Testing of wet-services for leaks:
Regular air and water tests on wet-
Any leaks to be
services.
reported and
C In waste water and stormwater pipes
repaired
with a diameter greater than 100mm
immediately.
wet-services to be inspected by
camera.
13
Annotation Activity* Reaction Purpose

Monitoring of structures and ground
levels:
In many instances visual inspections may
not be sufficient: It may be necessary to
Monitor the effects
undertake precision ground-surface Any evidence of
of concentrated
levelling, particularly in areas that have movement must
D ingress of water or
been rehabilitated after a sinkhole or be reported and
groundwater level
subsidence event. Such levelling must investigated.
drawdown
be undertaken by a surveyor, recorded
and stored in the databank and
appropriate actions taken when
excessive settlement continues.
Monitoring of the groundwater level:
This activity not only entails the measuring
and recording of the groundwater level, but
also the analysis and understanding of
groundwater level trends over time and the
control of excessive [beyond seasonal
fluctuations] groundwater level drawdown:
Drill and equip strategic boreholes with
the necessary equipment to measure
the groundwater level. Evidence of
lowering must be Monitor, control
Recorded groundwater level,
reported to and prevention of
E monitoring well number, date and other
Council and the groundwater level
relevant observations.
Department of drawdown
Water Affairs.
Analyse groundwater level trend over
time on a regular basis.
Report artificial/excessive groundwater
level drawdown to Council and the
Department of Water Affairs.
Investigate cause of artificial/excessive
groundwater level drawdown.
Arrest artificial/excessive groundwater
level drawdown.
*If there is no evidence of a particular problem, this result should be recorded.
The Frequency with which each Activity is to be performed is selected from the following
categories:
Annotation Frequency
()DAILY Activities to be undertaken daily.
()WEEKLY Activities to be undertaken weekly.
()¹ Activities to be undertaken once a month.
()³ Activities to be undertaken quarterly.
()6 Activities to be undertaken bi-annually.
()¹² Activities to be undertaken annually.
()24 Activities to be undertaken once every two years.
()NA NO ACTION REQUIRED
()tbd TO BE DETERMINED
Areas of µQR GRORPLWHKD]DUG¶ require no monitoring from a dolomite risk management

perspective. No action is required to lower the risk of dolomite-related instability, as these
areas are not located on dolomite land. For example, portions of sites located on granite
rock or Witwatersrand Supergroup rocks. Such areas may be designated as (ABCDE)0.
14
Areas of µORZ KD]DUG¶ for example Inherent Hazard Class 1 areas, are assigned a low
priority and require basic monitoring and maintenance activities at long intervals, for
example, where a site straddles very thick Karoo Supergroup rocks (in excess of 40
metres).
The site or portion thereof may, for example, be designated as (ABC)24D0E12 indicating
that all identified activities which control ingress water need only be undertaken once
every two years, precision structure-and ground levelling not being required and
groundwater level monitoring being required at long intervals. However, where such rocks
overlie dolomite residuum below the original groundwater level a designation of
(ABC)24D0E3 may apply, indicating that activities which control the ingress of concentrated
water remain necessary once every two years but groundwater level monitoring is critical
and should be undertaken quarterly.
Areas of µKLJK KD]DUG¶for example Inherent Hazard Class 5, 3(5), 3/6 and therefore high
priority in terms of monitoring and maintenance, should receive attention more frequently.
These areas require stringent monitoring and maintenance activities at short
intervals. Such areas are typically characterised by:
o Metastable subsurface conditions or latent sinkhole formation.

o High Inherent Hazard conditions.
o Poor subsurface conditions e.g. cavities, cavernous conditions, sample or air loss.
o Previous sinkhole or subsidence formation.
o Palaeo-sinkhole or palaeo-subsidence structures.
o Geological contact areas.
o Fault zones.
o Shallow dolomite groundwater above dolomite bedrock.
o Anticipated ground settlement or
o Ponding of water, etc.
For example, an area in which various sinkholes have already been reported and where
the area is designated as high hazard or even medium to high hazard from an ingress of
water perspective a ABC3 or even (AB)daily (D)3 designation may apply, indicating the need
to undertake activities controlling ingress of water quarterly, or even daily. A further
example may be, an area in which various sinkholes have already been reported and
where the area is designated as high hazard from a groundwater level drawdown
perspective. In such a case a (ABC)12D0E3 designation may apply, indicating the need to
undertake activities to monitor groundwater fluctuations and drawdown quarterly.
5.11. SANS 1936-1: Table 1, SANS 1936 Part 1 (2012)
According to SANS 1936 Part 1 (2012) the development types suitable for the eight
standard Inherent Hazard Classes are summarised as follows:
Inherent Land Usage Permitted with Dolomite Area

Hazard Land Usage Type Designation and footprint investigation
Class requirement in terms of Deemed-To-Satisfy
C1 (D3 + FPI), C2 (D3 + FPI), C3 (D2 + FPI), C4
Commercial and miscellaneous
(D2 + FPI), C5 (D2 + DLI), C6 (D2 + DLI), C7 (D2),
non-residential usage
C8 (D2)
1 High rise dwelling units RH2 (D2 + FPI), RH3 (D2 + FPI)
Low rise dwelling units RL1 (D2 + FPI), RL2 (D2 + FPI)
Dwelling houses RN1 (D2), RN2 (D2), RN3 (D2)
C1 (D3 + FPI), C2 (D3 + FPI), C3 (D3 + FPI),
2 C4(D3 + FPI), C5 (D3 + DLI), C6 (D3 + DLI), C7
(D3+ FPI), C8 (D3)
15
Inherent Land Usage Permitted with Dolomite Area

Hazard Land Usage Type Designation and footprint investigation
Class requirement in terms of Deemed-To-Satisfy
High rise dwelling units RH3 (D3 + FPI)
Low rise dwelling units RL1 (D2 + FPI), RL2 (D2 + FPI)
Dwelling houses RN1 (D3), RN2 (D3), RN3 (D3)
Commercial and miscellaneous C1 (D3 + FPI), C2 (D3 + FPI), C3 (D3 + FPI), C5
non-residential usage (D3 + DLI), C6 (D3 + DLI), C7 (D3 + FPI), C8 (D3)
3 High rise dwelling units RH3 (D3 + FPI)
Low rise dwelling units RL2 (D3 + FPI)
Dwelling houses RN2 (D3), RN3 (D3)
Dwelling houses RN2 (D3), RN3 (D3)
Dwelling houses RN3 (D3 + FPI)
Commercial and miscellaneous C2 (D3 + FPI), C3 (D3 + FPI), C6 (D3 + DLI) , C7
non-residential usage (D3 + FPI), C8 (D3)
6 High rise dwelling units NA
Low rise dwelling units NA
Dwelling houses NA
C6 (D3 + DLI)
Dwelling houses NA
NA
Dwelling houses NA
Land
Use Definitions
Class
Commercial and miscellaneous non-residential usage
C1 Places of detention, police stations, and institutional homes for the handicapped or aged
C2 Hospitals, hostels, hotels
&RPPHUFLDO GHYHORSPHQWV VWRUH\V LQFOXGLQJ UDLOZD\ VWDWLRQV VKRSV ZKROHVDOH
stores, offices, places of worship, theatrical, indoor sports or public assembly venues,
C3 other institutional land uses, such as universities, schools, colleges, libraries, exhibition
halls and museums, light (dry) industrial developments, dry manufacturing, commercial
uses such as warehousing, packaging, electrical sub-stations, filling stations
Commercial developments > 3 storeys, including railway stations, shops, wholesale
stores, offices, places of worship, theatrical, indoor sports or public assembly venues,
C4 other institutional land uses, such as universities, schools, colleges, libraries, exhibition
halls and museums, light (dry) industrial developments, dry manufacturing, commercial
uses such as warehousing, packaging, electrical sub-stations
16
Land
Use Definitions
Class
C5 Fuel depots, processing plants or any other areas for the storage of liquids, waste sites
C6 Outdoor storage facilities, stock yards, container depots
C7 Parking garages
C8 Parking areas
High rise dwelling units
RH1 > 10 storeys
RH2 !VWRUH\VZLWKDSRSXODWLRQRISHRSOHSHUKHFWDUH
!VWRUH\VZLWKDUHVLGHQWLDOFRYHUDJHUDWLRRI 0,4, no higher than 10 storeys, and a
RH3
SRSXODWLRQRISHRSOHSHUKHFWDUH
Low rise dwelling units
VWRUH\VZLWKWRXQLWVSHUKHFWDUHDQGDSRSXODWLRQQRWH[FHHGLQJSHRSOH
RL1
per hectare
VWRUH\VZLWKXSWRXQLWVSHUKHFWDUHDQGDSRSXODWLRQQRW exceeding 400 people
RL2
per hectare
Dwelling houses
2
Up to 60 dwelling houses per hectare with stands larger than 150m , and a population of
RN1
SHRSOHSHUKHFWDUH
2
Up to 25 dwelling houses per hectare with stands no smaller than 300m , and a
RN2
SRSXODWLRQRISHRSOHSHUKHFWDUH
2
Up to 10 dwelling houses per hectare with 1 000 to 4 000m stands, and a population of
RN3
60 people per hectare
Infrastructure and social facilities Inherent hazard class determined in accordance

with the requirements of SANS 1936-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Designation Description
Dolomite area designation
IN1 Trunk roads (national and
regional roads which
facilitate intercity travel) and
primary distributor roads
(major arterial roads forming
the primary network for an D2 D3 D4
urban area as a whole),
railway lines, power lines,
runways, bulk pipelines,
including water, sewer, fuel
and gas lines, pump stations
IN2 Reservoirs and public
swimming pools, water care
works, attenuation and
D2 D3 D4
retention ponds for
stormwater management
and artificial lakes
IN3 Cemeteries D3 D4
IN4 Dams, slimes dams D3 D4
IN5 Solid waste disposal
D3 D4
facilities
17
6. GEOLOGY AND GEOHYDROLOGY
6.1. General Geology
The site is underlain by chert and dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup of the Chuniespoort
Group, Transvaal Supergroup with the possibility of intrusive materials in the form of
dykes. The various lithological units and their weathered derivatives, recorded on the site
are as follows:
Lithostratigraphic Unit Lithology

Intrusive Syenite and associated soil derivatives.
Malmani Subgroup, Chuniespoort Group,
Dolomite, chert and associated soil derivatives.
Transvaal Supergroup
Unconsolidated materials deemed to be various recent deposits (most likely 24 Ma

[Miocene Epoch] and younger) are anticipated to mantle the hard rock geology (and
residual product thereof). The material varies in thickness, sedimentological- and
geotechnical properties:
Post-Gondwana Deposits
Colluvium Soils of sandy, silty or clayey composition or gravels
6.2. Local Geology
A summary of the material intercepted in boreholes drilled on the site is reported here for
ease of reference (explanations of letters, symbols and abbreviations are given in Table
1):
Blanketing Layer (m) ± (m)
Chert Residuum Dolomite Residuum
Ferroan Soils
BH No. (Collar Elev.

Highly Dolomite Bedrock
Manganiferous
m AMSL)
weathered
Fines dolomite
Fines subordinate
Soils
dominant (m) ± (m)

(m) ± (m) (mAMSL)
3737 S12/1 32-38

0-3 3-6 6-9 9-24 24-32
(1480) (1448)
3737 S12/2 24-30
0-2 2-4 4-12 12-20 20-24
(1480) (1456)
3737 S12/3 34-40
0-2 2-4 - 4-23 23-34
(1480) (1446)
3737 S12/4 24-30
0-6 - 6-10 10-21 21-24
(1480) (1456)
3737 S12/5 24-30
0-3 - 3-9 9-15 15-24
(1480) (1456)
3737 S12/6 4-12 24-30

0-4 - - 12-18
(1480) 18-24 (1456)
3737 S12/7 8-12 24-30

0-3 3-5 5-8 12-22
(1480) 22-24 (1456)
3737 S12/8 24-30
0-6 - 6-10 10-22 22-24
(1480) (1456)
3737 S12/9 38-44
0-6 - 6-9 9-28 28-38
(1480) (1442)
3737 S12/10 24-30
0-6 6-18 - - 18-24
(1480) (1456)
3737 S12/11 39-45
0-6 6-13 - 13-30 30-39
(1480) (1441)
18
o Chert residuum
Chert residuum is typically intercepted from near surface. The horizons are thin (2m
to 6m), the exceptions are Boreholes 3737 S12-10 and 3737 S12-11 comprising of
an intermediate thick (13m to 18m) horizon.
o Dolomite residuum (ferroan and manganiferous material)
Dolomite residuum (ferroan material) is intercepted from near surface to a shallow

depth or absent. The horizons are thin (3m to 8m).
Dolomite residuum (manganiferous material /wad) is intercepted from a shallow to

intermediate depth. The horizons are thin to intermediate thick (6m to 19m).
o Problematic conditions in the overburden above the groundwater level:
The OWL of 56m (or 1424m AMSL) is located within dolomite bedrock. Problematic
conditions (sample and/or air loss) were encountered during the drilling programme
within the chert residuum, dolomite residuum, highly weathered dolomite and
dolomite bedrock.
Cavernous conditions including disseminated voids are intercepted in nine of

the boreholes drilled, i.e. 3737 S12/01 (9m to 18m), 3737 S12/03 (4m to 18m), 3737
S12/04 (10m to 17m), 3737 S12/05 (9m to 12m), 3737 S12/06 (12m to 18m), 3737
S12/07 (12m to 20m), 3737 S12/08 (20m to 22m), 3737 S12/09 (9m to 24m) and
3737 S12/11 (13m to 23m) all within dolomite residuum (manganiferous soils).
o Dolomite bedrock conditions:
Dolomite bedrock is considered to be the depth at which hard, unweathered

dolomite rock is confirmed (i.e. no less than 6m of unweathered rock). Dolomite
bedrock is confirmed at intermediate to great depths (24m to 39m).
Highly weathered soft rock dolomite is intercepted from near surface to great depths
(from 4m to 30m) typically above hard rock dolomite. The horizons are thin (2m to
11m).
6.3. Geohydrology
A desktop hydrogeological investigation and situation assessment was undertaken by

Water Geoscience Consulting (WGC) on a number of dolomitic areas in 2009. According
to the WGC Dolomite Hydrogeological Compartment Map (2009) the site is located in the
Boskop-Turffontein Dolomite Groundwater Management Area.
The regional groundwater level (OWL), as recorded in the SCTC archives, is anticipated
at a depth of 1424m AMSL to 1425m AMSL (or 56m) within this portion of the Boskop-
Turffontein Dolomite Groundwater Compartment, taking the average ground elevation on
the site as 1480m AMSL. The regional dolomite groundwater information is presented in
Figure 4.
A groundwater level of 1424m AMSL (or 56m) is considered for the dolomite hazard
DVVHVVPHQWRIWKHVLWH$OOWKHERUHKROHVZHUHUHFRUGHGDV³GU\´KRXUVDIWHUGULOOLQJDQG
the groundwater level is located within dolomite bedrock (1441m ASML to 1456m AMSL).
19
6.4. Past Sinkholes and Subsidences
No past sinkholes or subsidences are indicated in a radius of 50m around the current
sinkhole.
7. DOLOMITE HAZARD CHARACTERISATION
7.1. Site investigation and Dolomite Hazard Assessment Procedures
The site investigation procedures are presented in Sections 5.1 to 5.4 of this report. The
dolomite hazard assessment procedures are presented in Section 5.8. Summarised
information concerning the hazard characterisation of the site is provided in Table 1 of this
report and the dolomite hazard zonation is displayed on Drawing VGI3737 S12/1.
7.2. Hazard Characterisation of the site
Based on the current data gathered, the site is characterised in terms of one primary
Inherent Hazard Class area, namely:
Dolomite Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4)//1 defined as an area characterised as

largely reflecting a high susceptibility of large to very large-size (with sub-areas
reflecting a medium susceptibility of large-size) sinkhole and subsidence formation
with respect to ingress water and a low susceptibility of all-size sinkhole and
subsidence formation with respect to groundwater drawdown. In the event of
groundwater level drawdown the Inherent Hazard Class remains unchanged.
a) Blanketing layer
Refer to Section 6.2.
b) Dolomite Bedrock
Dolomite bedrock is considered to be the depth at which hard, unweathered

dolomite rock is confirmed (i.e. no less than 6m of unweathered rock).
Dolomite bedrock is confirmed at intermediate to great depths (24m to 39m).
Highly weathered soft rock dolomite is intercepted from near surface to great depths
(from 4m to 30m) typically above hard rock dolomite. The horizons are thin (2m to
11m).
c) Hazard Characterisation
The site is characterized by the following conditions:
i. Blanketing layer
The blanketing layer consists typically of chert residuum underlain by dolomite

residuum (ferroan and manganiferous soils) and highly weathered soft rock
dolomite. The chert residuum and dolomite residuum horizons exhibit rapid
penetration times during drilling and a high manganese content (wad) within
the dolomite residuum horizon with sample and air loss. Disseminated
receptacles are recorded above the OWL within dolomite residuum in
Boreholes 3737 S12/01 (9m to 18m), 3737 S12/03 (4m to 18m), 3737 S12/04
(10m to 17m), 3737 S12/05 (9m to 12m), 3737 S12/06 (12m to 18m), 3737
S12/07 (12m to 20m), 3737 S12/08 (20m to 22m), 3737 S12/09 (9m to 24m)
20
and 3737 S12/11 (13m to 23m). Prolonged ingress of water (leaking wet
services) did lead to subsurface erosion and the formation of a 5m diameter
size sinkhole extending to a depth of 4m.
Groundwater drawdown will occur at a great depth (56m below ground surface
or 1424m AMSL) within dolomite bedrock (24m to 39m depth).
ii. Potential Development Space
The depth to the groundwater level (56m) and potential receptacles

characterises the Potential Development Space (PDS) as mainly large to very
large.
iii. Hazard Classification (with Ingress of Water as a Triggering Mechanism)
The typical subsurface profile consists of a thin to intermediate thick (2m to

18m) horizon of chert residuum, typically characterised by moderate to good
internal drainage characteristics. The thin (3m to 8m) dolomite residuum
(ferroan soils) horizon intercepted from near surface to shallow depth (absent
in Boreholes 3737 S12/03, 3737 S12/06, 3737 S12/10 and 3737 S12/11) and
the underlying thin to intermediate thick (6m to 19m) dolomite residuum
(manganiferous soils) horizon intercepted from shallow to intermediate depths
(absent in Borehole 3737 S12/10) is anticipated to have a high mobilization
potential. Cavernous conditions including disseminated voids are intercepted
within the blanketing layer dolomite residuum (manganiferous soils) in nine of
the eleven boreholes drilled, sample and air losses were recorded. The
subsurface conditions are characterised as largely reflecting a high
susceptibility of large to very large-size (with sub-areas reflecting a medium
susceptibility of large-size) sinkhole and subsidence formation with respect to
ingress water, i.e. Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4).
iv. Hazard Classification (with Groundwater Drawdown as a Triggering

Mechanism)
Groundwater is anticipated at a depth of 56m or an elevation of 1424m AMSL.

The groundwater level is therefore confirmed within dolomite bedrock within all
the boreholes drilled.
The susceptibility to sinkhole and subsidence formation with respect to

groundwater level drawdown is therefore considered to be low as the
groundwater level is within dolomite bedrock. Consequently the study area is
designated as an Inherent Hazard Class 1 with respect groundwater level
drawdown.
v. Impact of Lowering of the Groundwater Level/Base of Erosion on the

Action of Water Ingress
In the event of groundwater level drawdown the Inherent Hazard Class

remains unchanged i.e. IHC 7/8(4).
vi. Composite Hazard Classification
The composite hazard classification is Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4)//1,

defined as an area characterised as largely reflecting a high susceptibility of
large to very large-size (with sub-areas reflecting a medium susceptibility of
large-size) sinkhole and subsidence formation with respect to ingress water
and a low susceptibility of all-size sinkhole and subsidence formation with
21
respect to groundwater drawdown.
In the event that the groundwater level is drawdown significantly (6m or more),
the hazard classification with respect to ingress of water remains the same i.e.
Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4).
d) Design Hazard Class for rehabilitation works
The provisional Design Hazard Class is 7.
8. CONCLUSIONS
8.1. Results of the borehole drilling programme
The boreholes drilled on site intercept thin to intermediate thick (2m to 18m) horizons of
chert residuum, thin horizons (3m to 8m) dolomite residuum (ferroan soils) intercepted
from near surface to shallow depth (absent in Boreholes 3737 S12/03, 3737 S12/06, 3737
S12/10 and 3737 S12/11) underlying by thin to intermediate thick horizons (6m to 19m)
dolomite residuum (manganiferous soils) intercepted from shallow to intermediate depths
(absent in Borehole 3737 S12/10) and anticipated to have a high mobilization potential.
Disseminated voids are intercepted within the blanketing layer dolomite residuum
(manganiferous soils) in nine of the eleven boreholes drilled. Sample and air losses are
recorded in the chert residuum, dolomite residuum, highly weathered dolomite rock and in
dolomite bedrock.
Disseminated receptacles and cavernous conditions are recorded above the OWL within
dolomite residuum (wad) in Boreholes 3737 S12/01 (9m to 18m), 3737 S12/03 (4m to
18m), 3737 S12/04 (10m to 17m), 3737 S12/05 (9m to 12m), 3737 S12/06 (12m to 18m),
3737 S12/07 (12m to 20m), 3737 S12/08 (20m to 22m), 3737 S12/09 (9m to 24m) and
3737 S12/11 (13m to 23m).
Dolomite bedrock is intercepted at 24m to the east and west of the sinkhole, at 24m to
39m to the north of the sinkhole and at 24m to 38m to the south of the sinkhole.
The dolomite groundwater level at 56m (or 1424m AMSL) is within dolomite bedrock.
A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of approximately 4m occurred on the

outfall sewer line south of Mzwanzwa Street, Khutsong Extension 3, on 21 July 2016. It is
anticipated that subsurface erosion of highly erodible dolomite residuum (wad) material
was initially triggered by a leak on the sewer line over an extended period of time (6
months). As a result of the initial leak, the sewer line settled and failure of the wet service
occurred, leading to the formation of a medium to large size sinkhole.
Sewage expelled from a leaking sewer line over a prolonged period of time will typically
cause the erosion of highly erodible and compressible dolomite residuum (wad) and the
formation of a cavity or erosion tunnel. Disseminated voids were intercepted in nine of the
eleven boreholes during the drilling programme. An additional contributing factor is run-off
surface water originating during heavy rains entering the sinkhole area further eroding
subsurface materials.
It should be noted that continuous and prolonged leaking wet services and surface water
run-off water into the highly susceptible sinkhole area will aggravate the situation,
including the enlargement of the sinkhole laterally and vertically potentially affecting a
larger portion of the outfall sewer line.
22
8.2. Dolomite Hazard Characterisation and Suitability of the site for the current land use
The geotechnical data gathered during this investigation permits the dolomite hazard
characterisation of the site in accordance with SANS 1936 (2012). Accordingly, the
following Inherent Hazard Class area had been identified on the site:
Area characterised as largely reflecting a high susceptibility of large to very large-size

(with sub-areas reflecting a medium susceptibility of large-size) sinkhole and subsidence
formation with respect to ingress water, and a low susceptibility of all-size sinkhole and
subsidence formation with respect to groundwater drawdown. Composite Inherent Hazard
Class 7/8(4)//1. In the event of groundwater level drawdown the Inherent Hazard Class
remains unchanged.
9. RECOMMENDATIONS
The measures and recommendations outlined below are aimed at reducing the likelihood of a
re-occurrence of a sinkhole or a subsidence in the affected area. Recommendations are based
on experience gained during the investigation and rehabilitation of more than 100 instability
features (sinkholes and subsidences) in the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality (EMM), City of
Tshwane and West Rand District Area.
9.1. Rehabilitation of Sinkhole Area and related wet services
Based on the problematic profile intercepted during these investigations, improvement of

the subsurface conditions will require the use of the Inverted Filter Method and a limited
Compaction Grouting (i.e. backfilling) programme to rehabilitate the affected area,
including a sinkhole and erosion voids at depth. The proposed rehabilitation area is
displayed on Drawing VGI3737 S12/2.
All services, including wet services (sewer, water) and electrical will need to be located
prior to commencement of works. These services will need to be relocated beyond the
area of works.
9.1.1. Safety precautions and site establishment
The following procedures are recommended:
Construct a temporary 1,8m high diamond fence around the proposed

rehabilitation site and construction camp. Provide lockable access gates for
each. The site shall be safe guarded by a 24-hour security service.
Establish base camp and security services.
Provide temporary chemical toilets for workers.
Determine the locality, depth, diameter and material type of all affected
services (i.e. sewer and possibly water). Relocate affected services to outside
the area of works if practically feasible. The affected sewer line will need to be
diverted above ground via a pipe system, pumping sewage from manhole to
manhole before and during the period of rehabilitation.
Obtain wet services layout plans from Merafong Local Municipality for the
proposed rehabilitation area. Obtain way leaves from the various service
providers for the affected area, before any work commence (if applicable).
23
Ensure that the safety file is in order before any work commences. The Safety
Officer will be permanently on site during the period of rehabilitation. Personnel
and construction crews are to be informed of the hazardous conditions
pertaining to working in and around the sinkhole area.
The personnel and construction crews are to be made aware of the need to
report new surface cracks, voids, any ground movement or sudden changes in
soil conditions. If such features are reported, the Resident Engineer should
immediately clear the site and inspect the conditions. If uncertain of the
implications of the reported conditions the Engineer should request inspection by
a dolomite specialist.
Personnel and construction workers executing work in and around the sinkhole
are to be strapped in harnesses and safety ropes secured away from the
sinkhole and excavation area or suspended from a crane or excavator parked in
a safe position away from the feature.
All mandatory safety procedures and requirements pertaining to working in

excavations are to be applied. Use of independently attached harnesses is
mandatory when workers are in the excavation. The Engineer is to as certain
the need for shoring and identify those areas of the Works where shoring is to
be provided to ensure the safety of workers and equipment. An inspection of the
bulk excavated area shall be conducted by the Engineer each day before
workers enters the excavated area as part of the safety precautionary
measures.
Place a soil berm around proposed area of rehabilitation to the north and east
to prevent any surface runoff water entering the sinkhole area.
9.1.2. Soil improvements
Improvement of subsoil conditions by means of the Inverted Filter Method and

replacement of sub-surface services (sewer)
Improvement of the affected area (sinkhole) will require the use of the Inverted Filter
Method.
The recommended rehabilitation procedure will be to remove all material to a

maximum depth of 6m below ground surface, covering a surface area of 25m by
25m. Over-excavate a 5m by 5m area, with the sinkhole central to the over-
excavated area down to a depth of 10m. Benching may be required at a depth of 6m
creating a 2m wide terrace. Create a lip or bench 1m wide and 1m deep around the
margin of the final excavation to create a protective umbrella over the contact zone
between made earth and the virgin soil during backfilling. Excavation should start
from the west of the sinkhole area extending towards the east. Excavation slopes
from ground surface to 6m depth should be 1:1 (V:H) and from 6m to 10m vertical.
An access ramp should be provided from the west.
All mandatory safety procedures and requirements pertaining to working in

excavations are to be applied as outlined in Section 9.1.1 7KH &RQWUDFWRU¶V
Engineer must be satisfied with safety at all times.
Backfilling of the excavation should involve blocking of the throats (if intercepted)
with large boulders and stones filled with soilcrete compacted with an impact roller in
1m lifts up to 6m from ground surface. This should be followed by backfilling with
low plasticity material: Cobbles/sandy gravels in 300mm thick layers up to a depth of
1,5m below ground surface (the first three layers should be stabilized with 3%
24
cement), followed with silty/gravely sand (G5-quality material) in 150mm thick layers
up to ground level. Compaction should at least be 95% of Modified AASHTO
maximum dry density at optimum moisture. The upper two 150mm layers should be
compacted at least to 98% of Modified AASHTO maximum dry density at optimum
moisture content and extending 1m beyond the excavated area. Provision should be
made in the bill of quantities for testing of layer works to determine if the required
compaction has been reached.
Replace the existing broken sewer line from manhole to manhole with a butt welded
HDPE pipe. All subsurface services can be placed during the backfilling of the
excavation. A trench excavation (unknown depth, as no information on the depth of
the affected sewer line was made available) will however be required from manhole
to manhole and backfilled at 93% of Modified AASHTO maximum dry density at
optimum moisture content.
Reconnect all new wet services. Landscape the area to promote surface water run-
off.
Improvement of subsoil conditions by means of a backfill grouting

programme
The dolomite bedrock is encountered at a depth of 24m to 39m below natural

ground level around the sinkhole.
Disseminated receptacles and cavernous conditions are recorded above the OWL
within dolomite residuum (wad) in Boreholes 3737 S12/01 (9m to 18m), 3737
S12/09 (9m to 24m) and 3737 S12/11 (13m to 23m).
Based on the above findings, improvement of the subsurface conditions will require
a limited grouting programme aimed at ensuring that voids intercepted in the above
mentioned nine boreholes and immediate surrounds are backfilled. It is
recommended that four boreholes be drilled around the position of each of the nine
boreholes where voids were encountered i.e. within 3m and to the east, west, north
and south. The position of the nine problematic boreholes should also be re-drilled
RQLW¶VRULJLQDOSRVLWLRQ
The grouting of each point will be carried out from the bottom up, which is referred to
as upstage grouting, or a combination of methods may be required also including
downstage grouting. The pumping rates and pressure induced to inject the grout
should be selected carefully and monitored throughout the grouting process as
excessive pressure will cause fracturing of the overburden resulting in ground heave
and potentially more damage. The grouting mixture generally used with a slump of
between 25mm and 75mm, does not need to meet any strength requirements as the
objective is not to form a structural element in the ground but to backfill voids and
compact problematic zones.
As a point of departure provision should be made for 45 grouting points extending to

a depth of 28m to 43m below ground surface, in the bill of quantities. It should be
noted that the recommended grouting depths are an estimate based on existing
borehole information.
All the grouting boreholes should be drilled into at least 4m of solid dolomite
bedrock. The injection of grout should not exceed 0,1 MPa (or 10 Bar). Provision
should be made in the bill of quantities for 1m3 per meter drilling 2MPa strength
grout. Clear and landscape (contouring) of the site will be required after completion
25
of the grouting programme. Provision should be made in the bill of quantities for 1
concrete cube test per day.
The field report on the grouting programme, should include the applied pressure per
meter (bar) and volume of grout (litre/metre) pumped at each grouting point. Also
record any voids and their height. Care should be taken during the grouting
programme to ensure that no damage is caused to surrounding structures. A crack
survey is recommended before grouting work commences (both of the structures
and the ground).
9.1.3. Monitoring of rehabilitated area
Monitoring of the rehabilitated area is required on a daily basis the first three months
after completion of works and thereafter on a monthly basis for the period three to
six months after rehabilitation; and after six months on a three month interval to
record any stability problems. These visual inspections and observations should be
recorded in a log book and signed by the inspecting official. Any deterioration must
immediately be reported to the City Engineer for appropriate action.
9.2. Precautionary measures
Water is a triggering mechanism, in the majority of cases, of distress in

dolomitic/limestone areas. It is therefore imperative that the concentrated ingress of water
into the ground be avoided at all times.
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except where more stringent requirements are specifically required by the local authority.
In accordance with SANS 1936, Part 3 (2012) all subsurface wet services should comprise
of HDPE butt-welded pipes.
It is recommended that all subsurface sewer lines (including manholes) around the
affected sinkhole area be replaced with HDPE butt-welded pipes as specified by SANS
1936 Part 3 for areas underlain by dolomite. All subsurface stormwater pipes should also
be HDPE butt-welded pipes.
9.3. Stormwater Management
Absolutely no ponding of water should be permitted on the site. An essential component

of risk management is ensuring that stormwater is efficiently and effectively removed from
the proximity of infrastructure and safely distributed or deposited into either the municipal
stormwater system or natural river courses.
Where stormwater canals are proposed on the site and carry large quantities of water, the
canal should be lined.
9.4. Monitoring Actions
Immediate Monitoring Actions before rehabilitation takes place
The procedure in the designation of monitoring activities and frequencies on site is

described in Section 5. During the period before rehabilitation the designation for the site is
as follows:
26
Inherent HazardClass Area Monitoring Designation

7/8(4)//1 (ABC)Daily DDailyE0
Explanation
Visual inspections of ground, structures and above ground infrastructure
A
(e.g. roads, storm water canals, ditches) daily.
Visual inspection of stormwater systems crossing the site for blockages
B
daily.
C Testing of wet-services for leaks daily.
D Monitoring of structures and ground levels required daily.
* Although not applicable to the site, any substantial lowering of the
groundwater level may induce ground subsidence events in the general
area. The groundwater level should be maintained within natural seasonal
fluctuation limits i.e. dewatering resulting from the artificial drawdown of the
groundwater level cannot be permitted.
E
The Department of Water Affairs should be notified if monitoring
detects groundwater level drawdown beyond that which represents natural
seasonal fluctuations. In such an instance the Department of Water Affairs
should immediately be requested to investigate the cause and every effort
made to cease further lowering of the groundwater level.
Long Term Monitoring Actions
The long term designation for the site is presented as follows:
Inherent HazardClass Area Monitoring Designation

7/8(4)//1 (ABC)3 D3E0
Explanation
Visual inspections of ground, structures and above ground infrastructure
A
(e.g. roads, water supply lines, storm water canals, ditches) quarterly.
Visual inspection of stormwater systems crossing the site for blockages
B
quarterly.
C Testing of wet-services for leaks quarterly.
D Monitoring of structures and ground levels required quarterly.
* Although not applicable to the site, any substantial lowering of the
groundwater level may induce ground subsidence events in the general
area. The groundwater level should be maintained within natural seasonal
fluctuation limits i.e. dewatering resulting from the artificial drawdown of the
groundwater level cannot be permitted.
E
The Department of Water Affairs should be notified if monitoring
detects groundwater level drawdown beyond that which represents natural
seasonal fluctuations. In such an instance the Department of Water Affairs
should immediately be requested to investigate the cause and every effort
made to cease further lowering of the groundwater level.
The rehabilitation works proposed are only an element of the mitigation and risk
management measures required on the site. Ongoing risk management (SANS1936 (2012)
Part 4) is essential.
27
9.5. Database of ground movement and stability conditions
It is recommended that the sinkhole that occurred on the outfall sewer line south of
Mzwanzwa Street, Khutsong Extension 3 and all repair, upgrade and soil improvement
work conducted is added to the 0XQLFLSDO¶V database of ground movement events.
Detailed historical records of this nature are most useful in developing a clearer
perspective on the stability situation on site and management of a pro-active maintenance
strategy.
10. GENERAL
These findings are based upon our interpretation of the data recovered during these
investigations. While every effort has been made, within the limits of the project budget, time
and present-day insight, to determine overall ground conditions on this site, poorer sub-areas
may have been missed.
VGIconsult Projects (Pty.) Ltd.

P.O. BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL : (011) 469 0854

FAX : (011) 469 0961
FAX : 0866892847
e-mail: jhb@vgiconsult.co.za
TABLES
SUMMARISED BOREHOLE INFORMATION AND INHERENT HAZARD
TABLE 1
CHARACTERISATION
TABLE 1: BOREHOLE DATA AND DOLOMITE INHERENT HAZARD CHARACTERISATION
Blanketing Layer (m) ± (m) Hazard Characterisation

Chert Residuum Dolomite
Ingress Water Groundwater Drawdown
Residuum Ground-
BH No. (Collar water Rest
Dolomite Cavernous
Elev. Highly Level Air &
Bedrock Conditions
m AMSL) weathered Sample
Fines Fines sub- dolomite (m) Losses Subsidence Sinkhole Subsidence Sinkhole
dominant ordinate (m AMSL) Formation Formation Formation Formation
(m) ± (m)
(m) ± (m) (m)±(m)
Ferroan Soils
(mAMSL) (m)±(m)
Mangani-
OWL
ferrous Soils
(m AMSL)
Dry
3737 S12/1 32-38
0-3 3-6 6-9 9-24 24-32 56 9-38 9-18 High High Low Low
(1480) (1448)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/2 24-30
0-2 2-4 4-12 12-20 20-24 56 12-30 - High High Low Low
(1480) (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/3 34-40
0-2 2-4 - 4-23 23-34 56 0-40 4-18 High High Low Low
(1480) (1446)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/4 24-30
0-6 - 6-10 10-21 21-24 56 6-30 10-17 High High Low Low
(1480) (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/5 24-30
0-3 - 3-9 9-15 15-24 56 6-30 9-12 High High Low Low
(1480) (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/6 4-12 24-30
0-4 - - 12-18 56 12-30 12-18 High High Low Low
(1480) 18-24 (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/7 8-12 24-30
0-3 3-5 5-8 12-22 56 12-30 12-20 High High Low Low
(1480) 22-24 (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/8 24-30
0-6 - 6-10 10-22 22-24 56 10-30 20-22 High High Low Low
(1480) (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/9 38-44
0-6 - 6-9 9-28 28-38 56 6-44 9-24 High High Low Low
(1480) (1442)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/10 24-30
0-6 6-18 - - 18-24 56 - - Medium Medium Low Low
(1480) (1456)
1424
Dry
3737 S12/11 39-45
0-6 6-13 - 13-30 30-39 56 13-45 13-23 High High Low Low
(1480) (1441)
1424
FIGURES
LOCALITY PLAN FIGURE 1
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET LEGEND FIGURE 1A
SITE LAYOUT WITH GROUND ELEVATION CONTOURS FIGURE 2
REGIONAL GEOLOGY FIGURE 3
GEOLOGY LEGEND FIGURE 3A
REGIONAL GEOHYDROLOGY FIGURE 4
23500 26000 28500 31000 33500 36000 38500 No. DATE AMENDMENT D.P.W.
-2908500
-2908500
±
!
(
-2911000
-2911000
Welverdiend
.
!
co-ordinate system
Transverse Mercator False Northing = 0°
Central Meridian = 27° Scale Factor = 1
False Easting = 0° Datum = WGS 84
as-built drawings
certified as-built drawings as per Centralised Drawing

Archive AS-BUILT DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
name:
-2913500
-2913500
date:
professional registration no.:
cad file name page type

A3
VGI3737: S12.1
!
(
-2916000
-2916000
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
E-mail: vgijhb@mweb.co.za
discipline
GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
OUTFALL SEWER SINKHOLE
-2918500
-2918500
Project Number
VGI3737
drawing title
LOCALITY PLAN
(REF.: MAP 2627AD CARLETONVILLE
1:25 000)
ref.no.VGI3737 designed N.T.

LEGEND
scale 1:50 000 drawn AR.G.
GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS date OCTOBER 2016 checked N.T.
0 500 1 000 1 500 2 000 2 500
!
( Drawing number
metres
FIGURE 1
-2921000
-2921000
23500 26000 28500 31000 33500 36000 38500

No. DATE AMENDMENT D.P.W.
co-ordinate system
as-built drawings

name:
date:

A3
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
Project Number
VGI3737
drawing title
TOPOGRAPHICAL SHEET LEGEND
(REF.: MAP 2627AD CARLETONVILLE
1:25 000)

scale drawn AR.G.
date OCTOBER 2016 checked N.T.
Drawing number
FIGURE 1A
-2914600
-2914600
14
08
co-ordinate system
as-built drawings
-2914625
-2914625

name:
date:
VGI3737: S12.1 cad file name page type
SINKHOLE A3
2016/09
WELVERDIENDSUB DIVISION NR. 00052
Oberholzer NU ID: T0IQ00000000009700052
VGI3737: S12
CAVITY
-2914650
-2914650
2016/01/12
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
-2914675
-2914675
GEOTECHNICAL
LEGEND service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
GROUND ELEVATION CONTOURS (mAMSL) OUTFALL SEWER SINKHOLE
ROADS
!
( GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS
GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS: SINKHOLES

Project Number
VGI5066 MERAFONG SINKHOLES AND SUBSIDENCES VGI3737
drawing title
STANDS SITE LAYOUT WITH
GROUND ELEVATION CONTOURS
SUBURBS
-2914700
-2914700
FARMS
scale 1:500 drawn AR.G.
AREA OF INVESTIGATION date OCTOBER 2016 checked N.T.
0 5 10 15 20 25
Drawing number
metres
FIGURE 2
31000 31025 31050 31075 31100 31125 31150
-2906000
-2906000
co-ordinate system
as-built drawings
-2911000
-2911000

name:
date:

A3
VGI3737: S12.1
!
(
-2916000
-2916000
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
-2921000
-2921000
GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
Project Number
VGI3737
drawing title
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
(REF.: MAP 2626 WEST RAND 1:250 000
GEOLOGICAL SERIES)

LEGEND
-2926000
-2926000
scale 1:100 000 drawn AR.G.

GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS date OCTOBER 2016 checked N.T.
0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000
!
( Drawing number
metres
FIGURE 3
16000 21000 26000 31000 36000 41000 46000
No. DATE AMENDMENT D.P.W.
co-ordinate system
as-built drawings

name:
date:

A3
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
Project Number
VGI3737
drawing title
GEOLOGY LEGEND
(REF.: MAP 2626 WEST RAND 1:250 000
GEOLOGICAL SERIES)

scale drawn AR.G.
date OCTOBER 2016 checked N.T.
Drawing number
FIGURE 3A
LEGEND LEGEND LEGEND

QUATERNARY CATCHMENTS GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS (WMA) DOLOMITE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS GENERAL LEGEND
C23F
DOLOMITE GROUNDWATER COMPARTMENTS
GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS
BOSKOP - TURFFONTEIN
0
0
N14 N14
!
(
RIVERS
R50
R50
-2906000
-2906000
-2906000
-2906000
±
-2913500
-2913500
! C23E !
( (
-2916000
-2916000
-2916000
-2916000
BOSKOP - TURFFONTEIN
R501
Upper Vaal R501
Turffontein !
(
OWL: 1424 - 1425m AMSL
C23G
R5
R5
00
00
co-ordinate system
-2926000
-2926000
-2926000
-2926000
as-built drawings

C23J Archive AS-BUILT DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
-2916000
-2916000
Loop Loop name:

s pruit s pruit
date:
u it u it
pr pr professional registration no.:
o ps o ps
Lo Lo
1:200 000 1:200 000 1:24 000
C23K 2 2 cad file name page type
N1 N1
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS (WMA) DOLOMITE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT AREAS AND DWA REPORTS
QUATERNARY CATCHMENTS A2
-2936000
-2936000
-2936000
-2936000
26000 36000 46000 26000 36000 46000 31000
28500 31000 33500 28500 31000 33500 28500 31000 33500
LEGEND LEGEND LEGEND

DOLOMITE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT UNITS (GMU) DOLOMITE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE UNITS (GRU) !
( NGIS HYDSTRA: STATUS UNKNOWN
INLAND WATER AREAS INLAND WATER AREAS !
( NGIS HYDSTRA: DISCONTINUED
DAM DAM
!
? MONITORING BOREHOLES (IR863 MW)
LARGE RESERVOIR LARGE RESERVOIR
-2911000
-2911000
-2911000
-2911000
-2911000
-2911000
MARSH VLEI MARSH VLEI
consultant
VGIconsult
2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
-2913500
-2913500
-2913500
-2913500
-2913500
-2913500
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
!
( !
( !
( GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
MMW4 OUTFALL SEWER SINKHOLE
IR863MW
!
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W298
!
( W180
C2N0107 !
( MMW2
-2916000
-2916000
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-2916000
-2916000
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C2N0188
!
? IR863MW
!
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Mooirivierloop Mooirivierloop Mooirivierloop

Project Number
VGI3737
drawing title
REGIONAL GEOHYDROLOGY
(REF.: MAP 2627AD CARLETONVILLE 1:25 000)
MMW1
IR863MW
!
?
ref.no. VGI3737 designed I.K.
W266 scale drawn AR.G.
!
(
1:50 000 1:50 000 C2N0103 1:50 000 date OCTOBER 2016 checked I.K.
-2918500
-2918500
-2918500
-2918500
-2918500
-2918500
Drawing number
GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT UNITS (GMU) GROUNDWATER RESOURCE UNITS (GRU) NATIONAL GROUNDWATER INFORMATION SYSTEM
FIGURE 4
28500 31000 33500 28500 31000 33500 28500 31000 33500
DRAWINGS
RESIDUAL GRAVITY, BOREHOLE POSITIONS AND DOLOMITE HAZARD VGI3737
ZONATION S12/1
VGI3737
PROPOSED REHABILITATION AREA
S12/2
31000 31025 31050 31075 31100 31125 No. DATE AMENDMENT D.P.W.
-2914600
-2914600
co-ordinate system
3737 S12.1-10 Transverse Mercator False Northing = 0°
!
( False Easting = 0° Datum = WGS 84
-0.2
-2914625
-2914625
-0.4 as-built drawings

3737 S12.1-11 Archive AS-BUILT DRAWING REQUIREMENTS
!
( 3737 S12.1-01 3737 S12.1-06
name:
!
( !
(
date:
-0.3 3737 S12.1-05 cad file name page type

VGI3737:S12.1 !
( A3
7/8(4)//1 5m x 5m DIA, 4m DEEP
2016/09
3737 S12.1-02 3737 S12.1-04
!
( !
(
-2914650
-2914650
3737 S12.1-03
!
(
3737 S12.1-09
!
(
consultant
3737 S12.1-07
!
( VGIconsult
3737 S12.1-08 2 MULBERRY HILL
!
( OFFICE PARK
BROADACRES DRIVE
DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
FOURWAYS
2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
FAX: (011) 469 0961
discipline
GEOTECHNICAL
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
-2914675
-2914675
LEGEND
!
( BOREHOLES
Project Number
REGIONAL RESIDUAL GRAVITY (mGals) VGI3737
drawing title
GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS: SINKHOLES REGIONAL RESIDUAL GRAVITY WITH
BOREHOLE POSITIONS AND
VGI5066 MERAFONG SINKHOLES AND SUBSIDENCES DOLOMITE HAZARD ZONATION

DOLOMITE STABILITY ZONATION
0 5 10 15 20 25
Drawing number
metres
DRAWING VGI3737 S12.1/01
31000 31025 31050 31075 31100 31125
31025 31050 31075 31100 No. DATE AMENDMENT D.P.W.
3737 S12.1-10
!
(
-2914625
-2914625
co-ordinate system
D
as-built drawings
3737 S12.1-11
D D
!
( D
D D 3737 S12.1-01 3737 S12.1-06
!
( D ! certified as-built drawings as per Centralised Drawing
D D D D
( D
D D name:
D date:

D
3737 S12.1-05
D
D !( D A3
VGI3737:S12.1
5m x 5m DIA, 4m DEEP D
2016/09
3737 S12.1-02 3737 S12.1-04
!
( !
(
D
-2914650
-2914650
D
3737 S12.1-03
!
( D
DD consultant
D
D 3737 S12.1-09 VGIconsult
!
( 2 MULBERRY HILL
OFFICE PARK
D D D BROADACRES DRIVE
D
3737 S12.1-07 DAINFERN VALLEY
PO BOX 604
D
D D !
( D D FOURWAYS
3737 S12.1-08 2055
TEL: (011) 469 0854
D !
(
D D FAX: (011) 469 0961
D
discipline
GEOTECHNICAL
D
service
VGI3737 S12.1
KHUTSONG EXT 3:
LEGEND
D GROUTING POSITIONS
Project Number
!
( BOREHOLES VGI3737
drawing title
AREA OF REHABILITATION PROPOSED REHABILITATION AREA
-2914675
-2914675
GROUND MOVEMENT INCIDENTS: SINKHOLES

VGI5066 MERAFONG SINKHOLES AND SUBSIDENCES
0 5 10 15 20 25
Drawing number
metres
DRAWING VGI3737 S12.1/02
31025 31050 31075 31100
APPENDICES
BOREHOLE PROFILES APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1
BOREHOLE PROFILES
MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-01 MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-01
KHUTSONG: OUTFALL SEWER LINE SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION Sheet 1 of 2 KHUTSONG: OUTFALL SEWER LINE SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION Sheet 2 of 2
JOB NUMBER: 3737 S12.1 JOB NUMBER: 3737 S12.1
3.02
Scale 0.00
0.27 1:150 Brown silty SAND minor angular white to NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as hard
1445
3.04 35
brown and translucent blue grey highly rock dolomite
0.25
weathered chert fragments; CHERT RESIDUUM 3.07
0.23
3.00 3.00
0.26 Angular translucent blue grey highly 3.05
weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty 38.00
1475
0.22 5 sand; CHERT RESIDUUM
0.24 NOTES
6.00
0.46 Brown clayey SILT with minor subangular 1) Driller reports solid conditions between 32 m
brown grey highly weathered dolomite to 38 m
0.50
fragments; DOLOMITE RESIDUUM
0.59 2) No groundwater intercepted
9.00
1470
0.03 10 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as 3) Groundwater rest level recorded as Dry on
dolomite residuum 2016/09/16
0.05
0.03 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
0.06 (OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.03 5) Boskop-Turffontein Groundwater

0.05 Compartment
1465 15
0.03 6) No water added
0.02
7) Driller reports slight air loss between 20m to
0.04 38m, medium air loss between 18 m to 20 m,
total air loss between 9 m to 18 m and total
0.15 sample loss from 9 m to 38 m.
1460
0.19 20 8) Projection Information: CM 27 degrees,
0.23 Transverse Mercator, WGS 84
0.42
0.37
0.46
1455
0.59 25 25.00
1.02 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft
rock dolomite
1.33
1.46
1.55
1450
2.07 30
12 3
2.40 REDUCED Penetr Air SampleHammer
LEVEL time return recov rate
2.44 min:s/m
32.00
CONTRACTOR : J.K. DEVELOPMENTS INCLINATION : 90 DEGREES ELEVATION : 1480 m AMSL
3.09 MACHINE : THOR 5000 DIAM : 165mm X-COORD : 2914635
3
1 23.02 DRILLED BY : J.G MALULEKE DATE : 2016/09/15 Y-COORD : -31057
REDUCED Penetr Air SampleHammer PROFILED BY : J.MEINTJES DATE : 2016/09/21
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-01
LEVEL time return recov rate TYPE SET BY : J.MEINTJES DATE : 11/10/16 14:24
min:s/m
SETUP FILE : SETUP.SET TEXT : ..C:\DOTFILES\201610~1.TXT
D055 DBB dot.PLOT 5006 J&W
Scale 0.00
0.25 1:150 Brown silty SAND minor angular white to
brown and translucent blue grey highly NOTES
0.22
weathered chert fragments; CHERT RESIDUUM
0.20 2.00 1) Driller reports solid conditions between 24 m
Angular translucent blue grey highly to 30 m
0.26 weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty
0.21 sand; CHERT RESIDUUM 2) No groundwater intercepted
1475 5 4.00
0.24 Brown clayey SILT with minor subangular 3) Groundwater rest level recorded as Dry on
brown grey highly weathered dolomite 2016/09/16
0.46
fragments; DOLOMITE RESIDUUM
(OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.31
1470 10 Compartment
0.21
6) No water added
0.20
12.00
0.10 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as 7) Driller reports slight air loss between 19m to
dolomite residuum 30m, medium air loss between 12 m to 19 m
0.12 and total sample loss from 12 m to 30 m.
1465
0.11 15
8) Projection Information: CM 27 degrees,
0.13
0.10
0.19
1460
0.43 20 20.00
rock dolomite
1.37
1.43
1.56
24.00
1455
3.04 25 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as hard
rock dolomite
3.06
3.08
3.02
3.07
1450
3.01 30 30.00
12 3
REDUCED Penetr Air SampleHammer
min:s/m
MACHINE : THOR 5000 DIAM : 165mm X-COORD : 2914646
12 3 DRILLED BY : J.G MALULEKE DATE : 2016/09/15 Y-COORD : -31060
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-02
min:s/m
2.13
Scale 0.00 34.00
1445
brown and translucent blue grey highly
0.15 rock dolomite
0.14 2.00
3.11
Angular translucent blue grey highly
0.16 weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty 3.08
0.03 sand; CHERT RESIDUUM
1475 5 4.00 3.00
0.02 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as
1440
3.05 40
dolomite residuum 40.00
0.07
0.05 NOTES
0.06 1) Driller reports solid conditions between 34 m

0.03 to 40 m.
1470 10
0.03
3) Groundwater rest level recorded as Dry on
0.13 2016/09/16
0.12 (OWL) 1424m AMSL
1465 15
0.02 Compartment
0.02 6) No water added

0.16
0.20 40m, medium air loss between 0 m to 4 m, 12
1460 20
m to 15 m, 18 m to 19 m, total air loss
0.35 between 4 m to 12 m, 15 m to 18 m and total
0.47 8) Projection Information: CM 27 degrees,

24.00
1455
1.27 25 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft
rock dolomite
1.35
1.40
1.43
1.36
1450
1.40 30
12 3
1.56 min:s/m
3
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-03
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.26
to 30 m.
0.25
1475 5
0.25 3) Groundwater rest level recorded as Dry on
6.00
2016/09/16
0.15 Dark brown clayey SILT with minor translucent
blue grey highly weathered chert fragments 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
0.13
and black silt ( WAD); DOLOMITE RESIDUUM (OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.15
1470 10 10.00 Compartment
dolomite residuum 6) No water added
0.05
0.09 7) Driller reports slight air loss between 19m to
30m, medium air loss between 6 m to 10 m,
0.03 17 m to 19 m, total air loss between 10 m to
0.02 17 m and medium sample recovery between 6
1465 15
m to 7 m, 8 m to 10 m, poor sample recovery
0.05 between 7 m to 8 m, total sample loss from 10
0.06 m to 30 m.

Transverse Mercator, WGS 84
0.17
1460
0.43 20
0.53
21.00
rock dolomite
1.50
1.46
24.00
1455
rock dolomite
3.08
3.05
3.00
3.02
1450
3.06 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-04
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.31
3.00 to 30 m.
blue grey highly weathered chert fragments 2) No groundwater intercepted
1475
0.22 5 and black silt ( WAD); DOLOMITE RESIDUUM
6.00
2016/09/16
0.18 Brown clayey SILT with minor subangular
brown grey highly weathered dolomite 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
0.16
fragments; DOLOMITE RESIDUUM (OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.17
9.00
0.05 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as 5) Boskop-Turffontein Groundwater
1470 10 Compartment
dolomite residuum
0.02
6) No water added
0.04
0.21 7) Driller reports slight air loss between 12m to
30m, medium air loss between 6 m to 9 m,
0.47 total air loss between 9 m to 12 m and total
1465 15 15.00
1.06 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft 8) Projection Information: CM 27 degrees,
rock dolomite Transverse Mercator, WGS 84
1.16
1.20
1.22
1460
1.26 20
1.39
1.40
1.44
1.33
24.00
1455
rock dolomite
3.00
3.03
3.05
3.06
1450
3.10 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-05
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.27
to 30 m
0.28
4.00
1475 5 Subangular brown grey highly weathered soft
rock DOLOMITE.
2016/09/16
1.00
(OWL) 1424m AMSL
1.10
1470 10 Compartment
1.18
6) No water added
1.20
12.00
dolomite residuum 30m, total air loss between 12 m to 18 m and
0.03 total sample loss from 12 m to 30 m.
1465
0.07 15
0.08
0.06
0.56
19.00
1460
1.01 20 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft
rock dolomite
1.49
1.42
1.53
1.56
24.00
1455
rock dolomite
3.01
3.04
3.00
3.03
1450
3.07 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-06
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.31
3.00 to 30 m
0.47 Angular translucent blue grey highly
weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty 2) No groundwater intercepted
1475
0.50 5 sand; CHERT RESIDUUM
0.46 5.00 3) Groundwater rest level recorded as Dry on
Dark brown clayey SILT with minor translucent 2016/09/16
0.34 blue grey highly weathered chert fragments
0.42 and black silt ( WAD); DOLOMITE RESIDUUM 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
8.00 (OWL) 1424m AMSL
1.40 Subangular brown grey highly weathered soft
1.31 rock DOLOMITE. 5) Boskop-Turffontein Groundwater
1470 10 Compartment
1.23
6) No water added
1.20
12.00
dolomite residuum 30m, medium air loss between 21 m to 22 m,
0.06 total air loss between 12 m to 21 m and total
1465 15
0.09
0.06
1460
0.07 20
0.09
0.10
22.00
rock dolomite
1.56
24.00
1455
rock dolomite
3.08
3.10
3.09
3.15
1450
3.17 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-07
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.28
to 30 m
0.36
1475 5
6.00
2016/09/16
blue grey highly weathered chert fragments 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
0.22
and black silt ( WAD); DOLOMITE RESIDUUM (OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.23
1470 10 10.00 Compartment
dolomite residuum 6) No water added
0.13
0.09 7) Driller reports slight air loss between 22 m to
30 m, medium air loss between 10 m to 12 m,
0.07 16 m to 20 m, total air loss between 12 m to
0.08 16 m, 20 m to 22 m and total sample loss from
1465 15
10 m to 30 m.
0.09
0.15
0.17
1460
0.13 20
0.07
0.06
22.00
rock dolomite
1.40
24.00
1455
rock dolomite
3.11
3.14
3.08
3.03
1450
3.10 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-08
min:s/m
1.49
Scale 0.00
1445
1.50 35
0.30
0.31
2.00
0.47
2.15
38.00
1475
0.45 5 3.05 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as hard
0.53 rock dolomite
6.00 3.02
1440 40
0.16 Dark brown clayey SILT with minor translucent 3.06
blue grey highly weathered chert fragments
0.15
and black silt ( WAD); DOLOMITE RESIDUUM 3.09
0.15
9.00 3.11
1470
0.03 10 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as 3.16 44.00
dolomite residuum
0.05
0.02 NOTES

to 44 m
0.03
1465 15
0.05 2016/09/22

0.09 (OWL) 1424m AMSL
1460
0.07 20
5) Boskop-Turffontein Groundwater
Compartment
0.09
0.09 6) Water added between 6 m to 9 m, 21 m to 22
m, 23 m to 24 m, 25 m to 26 m, 27 m to 28 m,
0.03 29 m to 31 m, 32 m to 34 m, 35 m to 36 m, 37
0.07 m to 38 m, 39 m to 40 m, 41 m to 42 m and 43
m to 44 m
1455
0.16 25
0.25 7) Driller reports slight air loss between 25 m to
44 m, medium air loss between 6 m to 9 m, 24
0.30 m to 25 m, total air loss between 9 m to 23 m
and medium sample recovery between 7 m to
0.48
9 m, total sample loss from 9 m to 44 m.
0.56
29.00
1450
1.00 30 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft Transverse Mercator, WGS 84
rock dolomite 12 3
1.39 min:s/m
3
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-09
min:s/m
Scale 0.00
0.28
to 30 m
0.25
1475 5
6.00
2016/09/22
0.44 Angular translucent blue grey highly
weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty 4) Original Dolomite Aquifer Groundwater Level
0.48
sand; CHERT RESIDUUM (OWL) 1424m AMSL
0.53
1470 10 Compartment
0.58
6) Water added between 13 m to 15 m, 24 m to
0.56
25 m, 26 m to 27 m and 28 m to 30 m
0.59
7) Driller reports no air or sample loss
1.02
1465 15
1.03
1.01
1.00
18.00
1.05 Subangular brown grey highly weathered soft
rock DOLOMITE.
1460
1.09 20
1.07
1.11
1.15
1.13
24.00
1455
3.07 25 Subangular blue grey unweathered hard rock
DOLOMITE.
3.00
3.09
3.11
3.15
1450
3.13 30 30.00
12 3
min:s/m
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-10
min:s/m
1.36
Scale 0.00
1445
1.42 35
0.20
0.21
2.15
0.23
2.33
1475
0.22 5 2.43
39.00
0.25
6.00 3.15 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as hard
1440 40
0.30 Angular translucent blue grey highly rock dolomite
3.11
weathered CHERT fragments with minor silty
0.38
sand; CHERT RESIDUUM 3.04
0.40
3.00
1470
0.32 10 3.05
0.43 45.00
1435
3.06 45
0.40
NOTES
0.39
13.00
1) Driller reports solid conditions between 39 m
0.05 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as to 45 m
dolomite residuum
1465
0.02 15
2) No groundwater intercepted
0.02
2016/09/22
0.02
(OWL) 1424m AMSL
1460
0.03 20
5) Boskop-Turffontein Groundwater
0.08
Compartment
0.05
6) Water added between 4 m to 5 m, 6 m to 7 m,
0.07 8 m to 9 m, 10 m to 11 m, 12 m to 13 m, 25 m
0.09 to 27 m, 28 m to 29 m, 30 m to 31 m, 32 m to
33 m, 35 m to 36 m, 37 m to 38 m and 39 m to
1455
0.10 25 45 m
0.12
0.11 45m, medium air loss between 24 m to 30 m,
total air loss between 13 m to 24 m and total
0.13
sample loss from 13 m to 45 m.
0.10
1450
0.16 30 Transverse Mercator, WGS 84
12 3
31.00 LEVEL time return recov rate
1.25 NO SAMPLE RETURN; interpreted as soft min:s/m
rock dolomite CONTRACTOR : J.K. DEVELOPMENTS INCLINATION : 90 DEGREES ELEVATION : 1480 m AMSL
3
HOLE No: 3737 S12.1-11
min:s/m
MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY LEGEND
KHUTSONG: OUTFALL SEWER LINE SINKHOLE INVESTIGATION Sheet 1 of 1
JOB NUMBER: 3737 S12.1
SAND {SA04}
SILT {SA06}
SILTY {SA07}
CLAYEY {SA09}
DOLOMITE {SA13}
CHERT {SA21}
WAD {SA22}
CONTRACTOR : INCLINATION : ELEVATION :

MACHINE : DIAM : X-COORD :
DRILLED BY : DATE : Y-COORD :
PROFILED BY : DATE :
LEGEND
TYPE SET BY : J.MEINTJES DATE : 11/10/16 14:25 SUMMARY OF SYMBOLS

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MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY:

OUTFALL SEWER PIPELINE SOUTH OF

Compiled by: Client:

TEL : (011) 469 0854

MERAFONG CITY LOCAL MUNICIPALITY P.O. Box 604

Your reference Our reference Date

A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of approximately 4m occurred on the outfall

This report documents recommendations and procedures on the improvement of subsurface

SUMMARISED BOREHOLE INFORMATION AND INHERENT HAZARD

LOCALITY PLAN FIGURE 1

RESIDUAL GRAVITY, BOREHOLE POSITIONS AND DOLOMITE HAZARD

BOREHOLE PROFILES APPENDIX 1

2. TERMS OF REFERENCE AND SCOPE OF WORK

Information sources include:

3.1. Topographic Data

Sheet Name Reference

3.2. Geological Information

Sheet Name Reference

3.3. Industry Standards

o South African National Standard SANS 1936 Parts 1 ± 4 (2012).

percussion borehole logging on dolomite land in Southern Africa for engineering

o Environmental Earth Sciences, Springer-5HSRUW³A Performance Based Approach

o Council for Geoscience/South African Institute of Engineering and

o Council for Geoscience (2007): Consultants Guide: Approach to Site on Dolomite

o Department of Public Works (PW344), September 2010: Appropriate

3.4. Geotechnical Reports

o VGIconsult report, referenced VGI3606, dated October 2013³Khutsong Proper and

3.5. Geohydrological Information

Groundwater information is made available by the Department of Water Affairs through

o National Groundwater Archive (NGA);

4. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA

A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to a depth of approximately 4m occurred on 21 July

5. PROCEDURES USED IN THIS STUDY

5.1. Site Inspection by VGIconsult

 A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to an anticipated maximum depth of

5.2. Assimilation of Available Data -Information sources

This investigation is initiated by gathering, assimilating and reviewing existing, available

5.3. Gravity Surveys

5.4. Rotary Percussion Boreholes

5.4.1. Borehole Information

JK Developments Drilling Contractor was instructed by VGIconsult to undertake the

5.4.2. Drilling equipment should comprise of the following mobile unit:

a) Representative samples shall be retrieved for every 1m drilled.

a) Samples should be taken representatively and sufficiently to allow appropriate

5.4.5. Drilling depths

Current practice requires that:

a) Boreholes be drilled at least 6 meters into hard rock dolomite;

5.4.6. Drill contract details

5.5. Thickness and depth concepts

5.6. Coordinate System

5.7. Map production (projection, co-ordinate system and datum)

Projection surface: Mercator (cylinder)

Projection orientation: Transverse aspect

Datum or reference ellipsoid World Geodetic System 84

Central Meridian: In degrees (29 for this study)

False easting and northing: Zero degrees

A geographic coordinate system (GCS) uses a three-dimensional spherical surface to

5.8. Hazard Characterisation Procedure

2. Inherent hazard (Inherent Risk)

A reflection of the geological susceptibility of a karst area to an event (sinkhole or

3. Inherent hazard class (Inherent Risk Class)

A site is characterised in terms of eight standard inherent hazard classes,

5. Tolerable hazard rating

o Environmental Earth Sciences, Springer-5HSRUW³A Performance Based Approach

o VGIconsult report, referenced VGI3606, dated October 2013³Khutsong Proper and

A 5m diameter size sinkhole extending to an anticipated maximum depth of

Dolomite Inherent Hazard Class 7/8(4)//1 defined as an area characterised as