02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018

C A R I B B E A N E X A M I N A T I O N S C O U N C I L

CARIBBEAN ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION®

BIOLOGY

UNIT 1 - Paper 02

KEYS AND MARK SCHEME

MAY/JUNE 2018
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 1 Specific Objectives: 1.1, 1.2, 1.4

(a)

Correct structure clearly labelled to show:

1. Phosphate
2. Glycerol
3. Fatty acid tails
Each label - 1 mark

4. Hydrophilic and hydrophobic labelled correctly - 1 mark

[4 marks]

Accept labelled diagram with polar head and hydrophobic tails -2 marks
[Kink in tails not necessary, R-group not necessary and can be replaced
with an O-, CHs can replace the zig-zagged lines in the fatty acid tails].

Correct chemical structure without labels – 2 marks

Correct symbolic diagram, without/incorrect labels - 1 mark
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Examples of use of marking scheme for 1a:

A.

 correct chemical structure with three parts labelled= 3 marks

 identification of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts= 1 mark
 NOTE: if there were no labels—the structure = 2 marks

B.

 correct symbolic diagram without labels-1

 identification of hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts =1
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

C.

 Correct symbolic diagram with

all three parts labelled =2
marks

 Plus identification of
hydrophilic and hydrophobic
areas =1

D.

 1 mark for identification of areas (accept

if hydrophilic/hydrophobic areas are correct
but only 1 tail is depicted)

(b)

Orientation

1. Bilayer - composed of two layers of phospholipids

(Accept labeled diagram)
2. Polar/hydrophilic heads face outward (to the internal and
external aqueous media)

3. Tails from each layer face inward to each other (and exclude water)

Each point - 1 mark

[3 marks]
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 1 cont’d

(c) Cholesterol - 1 mark

[1 mark]

(d) Intrinsic proteins

1. Intrinsic proteins span the entire length of the lipid bilayer

2. Facilitate movement of substances across the membrane via channels (or
carriers)
3. Mechanism of facilitated movement via carriers (flip-flop mechanism)
and/or channels (water-filled)
4. Types of molecules transported: Substances that cannot pass through
the hydrophobic lipid bilayer / such as ions, hydrophilic and lipid
insoluble substances (give at least one example)
5. Passive or facilitated diffusion requires no energy (ATP) inputs
6. Active transport requires the use of ATP to move substances across
the membrane.

Any 4 points - 1 mark each [4 marks]

(Accept well-annotated diagram for points 1-3)

(e) (i) Triglyceride / triacylglyceride / triacylglycerol - 1

[1 mark]

(ii) Function

1. Energy: Because triglycerides contain three fatty acids they are

highly concentrated sources of energy. / Because the fatty acid
tails are hydrophobic, they are stored anhydrously. As a result,
more triglycerides can be packed in adipocytes.
2. Long-term storage: anhydrous state – no interference with metabolism.
3. Insulation / Protection / Buoyancy: due to lipid properties.
4. Nutrition: Triglycerides needed in body in order to absorb lipid
soluble Vitamins A, D, E and K.
5. Metabolic water: produced when fat is broken down
Feature must be linked to function to get the mark

Any 2 points - 1 mark each

[2 marks]

Total 15 marks
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 2

(a) (i) Position of alleles

1. A: RR – homozygous round-seeded variety

2. B: rr – homozygous wrinkle-seeded variety
3. C: Rr (or rR) – heterozygous variety

Each correct pair including location – 1 mark

All 3 allelic pairs correct but incorrect loci – 2 marks
2 of 3 correct pairs (locus is incorrect) – 1 mark
(Do not award marks if alleles are outside chromosomes)
[3 marks]

(ii) Punnett square

Parents Rr x rr

r r

R Rr Rr

r rr rr

Rr – round-seeded, rr – wrinkle-seeded;

Expected offspring phenotype ratio is 1:1 (phenotypes must be

stated)
1. Correct genotype of parents
2. Correct use of Punnett square (even with incorrect parents)
3. Correct expected ratio

Each point - 1 mark

[3 marks]
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 2 cont’d

(iii) Gene and allele

1. Gene – a sequence/portion/region of DNA nucleotides that

codes for a polypeptide/RNA molecule (that assigns a particular
aspect of character)/ a short piece of DNA, which is responsible
for the inheritance of a particular characteristic.
2. Allele – one of two or more alternative forms (variants) of a
gene (wild-type is the most common form)

Each point – 1 mark

[2 marks]
1 mark for partial answer

(b) (i) Scaled drawing

1. Cells drawn to acceptable relative proportions

2. Cell contents representative of cell cycle stages shown in
micrograph (prophase, anaphase, interphase)
e.g. For prophase thick short lines or crosses
representing chromosomes and for interphase thin and
diffused (or circle)
3. Neat and tidy drawing (clear, single and continuous lines)
4. Feasible magnification given (if cells are similar in size
to those in micrograph, the magnification is x600 to x800;
i f cells drawn to twice the size as in the micrograph can
be x1200 to x1600) – Accept feasible value.

Calculation: Not necessary to show

Each point – 1 mark
[4 marks]
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 2 cont’d

(ii) Cell cycle stages

1. Cell D – (Mitosis) Prophase

2. Cell E – (Mitosis) Anaphase
3. Cell F – Interphase

1 mark each
(Do not accept any meiosis [3 marks]
stages e.g. Anaphase 1 or II)
Total 15 marks
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

Question 3

(a) (i) Bar graph

Number of maternal amalgam fillings and concentration of mercury in maternal and foetal blood.

1. Correct labels on X and Y-axis

2. All bars plotted correctly (Maternal and foetal bars drawn next
to each other for comparison)
3. Key for identification of maternal and foetal mercury
concentration bars (or bars labelled correctly)

1 mark each
[3 marks]

(ii) Conclusions based on Comparison

1. The concentration of mercury in foetal blood is higher than

in the maternal blood (or vice versa)
2. As the number of maternal amalgam fillings increase, the
concentration of mercury increases in both maternal and
foetal blood.

Each point – 1 mark

[2 marks]
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

(iii) Movement of mercury from mother to foetus

1. Active process
2. The foetal blood always has a higher concentration of
mercury than that of the mother
3. This implies that mercury has to be pumped across the
placenta from the mother against a concentration gradient to
the foetal blood supply.
4. If it were passive, the concentration of mercury would have
been equal in both mother and foetus (or concentration in
foetus will be lower than in the mother).

Any 3 points – 1 mark each

[3 marks]

(b) Labels

A – intine (Accept: cytoplasm - since the line seems to be touching

the cytoplasm just beneath the intine)
B – exine
C – tube nucleus
D – generative nucleus / generative cell

3-4 points correct – 2 marks

(1-2 correct – 1 mark) [2 marks]

(c) (i) Double fertilization

1. Pollen grain germinates to form pollen tube / On descent, the

generative nucleus divides by mitosis producing two male
haploid gametes.
2. Once in the embryo sac of the ovule, one male haploid gamete
fuses with ovum nucleus (to form the diploid zygote).
3. The other haploid male nucleus fuses with the
diploid/secondary/endosperm nucleus in the embryo sac (to form
the triploid endosperm).

Each point – 1 mark

[3 marks]

(ii) Significance of double fertilization

In some crop seeds such as rice, wheat and maize, the endosperm
remains after the embryo has matured and provides the main source
of nutrition for human consumption / In some crops the nutrients
in endosperm is transferred to the maturing embryo (cotyledons)
and this is used for human consumption.

Complete explanation – 2 marks

Comment: endosperm should be [2 marks]
identified to obtain the two
marks. Total 15 marks

1 mark for partial outline

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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 4

(a) Competitive and non-competitive inhibition of enzyme activity

1. Enzymes are globular proteins / 3-D shape / tertiary structure

2. Enzymes have active site on the 3-D structure to which a
specific substrate attaches for reaction to occur
3. Competitive inhibitors have a similar shape to the substrate
molecule
4. Competitive inhibitors fit temporarily onto the active site
and compete with substrate for entry to the active site
5. Effect of competitive inhibitors decrease as the substrate
concentration is increased / effects are reversible
6. Non-competitive inhibitors bind to another part of the enzyme
molecule (allosteric site) / or binds permanently to active
site
7. Distortion of the (3-D) structure of enzyme can occur if the
inhibitor binds to other part (non- active site) of enzyme
molecule
8. Distortion of the enzyme structure can prevents the substrate
from binding
9. Effects of non-competitive inhibitors are not reversed if
substrate concentration is increased / irreversible
10. Non-competitive inhibition can be reversible if inhibitor
binds briefly to the enzyme/ nonreversible if it binds
permanently
11. Competitive inhibition has no effect on Vmax but increases Km
12. Non-competitive inhibition has no effect on Km but lowers
Vmax.

Any 7 points that include or suggest highlighted phrase – 1 mark

each
[7 marks]

(b) Role of tissues in supporting the function of the root

1. Epidermis – outermost layer of root can offer some protection

as a physical barrier / Some cells have root hair extensions.
Provide larger surface area for the uptake of water and
nutrients (minerals)
2. Parenchyma – beneath the epidermis (Cortex). These cells
are relatively unspecialised. They have thin cell walls and
facilitate the movement of water. They provide support when
cells are turgid. They may also serve for storage of starch
(energy reserve)
3. Endodermis – single layer of cells surrounding the stele /
vascular tissue. Cell walls are waterproofed to form the
Casparian strip. Controls the movement of water and mineral
salts into the vascular tissue.
4. Pericycle – layer of cells just beneath the endodermis.
Cells remain capable of dividing during plant growth. Gives
rise to branches in root – increasing surface area and
providing better anchorage
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

5. Xylem tissue – vascular tissue - contains dead, empty cells

with lignified side walls and no end walls (vessel element).
Lignin gives strength to the organ for anchorage. Vessel elements
arranged end to end to form continuous tube for water transport
throughout the plant
6. Phloem tissue – vascular tissue – contains phloem sieve
elements. Living cells with perforated end walls arranged end to
end. Allows sucrose solution to flow to root and other parts of
plants to supply energy and building materials.
7. Exodermis - found under the epidermis, has suberin. protection
against microorganisms, prevents water loss from plant.
8. Meristematic tissue - found in root tips, for growth/mitosis

Any four tissues well discussed (linking structure/location to role) –

2 marks each
Partial discussion – 1 mark each
[8 marks]

Total 15 marks
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BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 5

(a) Synthesis of RNA

1. The information stored in the gene is in the form of a sequence of

bases which is used to sequentially arrange amino acids to
synthesize a protein.
2. RNA /mRNA is the molecule which is used as the template to
organize the primary structure of proteins.
3. Process by which DNA is used to synthesize RNA is called
transcription / producing mRNA with a complimentary base sequence
to one strand of DNA
4. DNA strand unzips so that both strands separate (catalyzed by DNA
helicase / RNA polymerase)
5. One strand is used as the template strand.
6. Complementary bases (ribonucleotides) are added to strand being
copied (in 3’to 5’ direction, catalyzed by RNA polymerase).
7. Base pairing: A with U; C with G
8. Condensation reactions occur (phosphodiester bonds form) between
bases (in a 5’to 3’ direction)to form mRNA
9. mRNA strand is identical to the coding/sense strand
10. Three bases (triplet codon)on the strand code for 1 amino acid

Any 7 points - 7 marks

Alternative diagram

Diagram: 3 marks

[10 marks]
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
(b) How proteins are responsible for phenotype

1. Phenotype is the external observable characteristics of an

organism.
2. Phenotype is determined by the kind of proteins produced in the
body
3. Proteins are expressions of genes / a particular gene codes for a
particular protein.
4. Cells of a similar phenotype form tissues (different tissues form
organs, organs form organ systems), which compose the organism.
5. For example, the protein haemoglobin is packed into an
erythrocyte giving it its characteristic red colour. (Accept any
appropriate example e.g. sickle cell anemia).

[5 marks]
Any 5 points – 1 mark each

Total 15 marks
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME
Question 6

(a) Steps in plant tissue culture and key scientific principle

1. Removal of small group of cells from plant (called explant)

2. Disinfection of the explant immediately after removal from plant
3. Immerse explant in sterile aerated solution/culture medium
containing hormones and nutrients
4. Undifferentiated cells of explant divide repeatedly to form callus
– can be maintained indefinitely in culture
5. Callus cells sub-cultured on sterile medium and induced to form
shoots and roots by varying plant growth substances
6. Plantlets transplanted to sterile soil once they are large enough

Any 5 points – 1 mark each

7. Key scientific principle underlying this technique: Plant tissues

are totipotent – Each cell contains all the information required
to produce the entire plant (totipotency)

Principle well explained – 2 marks

Partial explanation – 1 mark [7 marks]

(b) Structural features of the sperm cell and secondary oocyte in humans
related to function

Feature Structure and function of Structure and function of

human sperm cell human secondary oocyte
Overall Head, mid piece, flagellum Spherical cell surrounded
structure (Smaller, Length = 60 µm, by zona pellucida /
and size Size of head 4 µm) follicle cells OR
Larger (Width =120-140 µm)
- provides motility - Limited motility / store
nutrients / sperm access
Nucleus Haploid (23 chromosomes)/ Haploid (23 chromosomes) /
has completed meiosis II has not completed meiosis II
(contains highly condensed
DNA/histones -reduce mass) – provide set of
– delivers paternal/male maternal/female
chromosomes/genetic material chromosomes/genetic
material
Cell Glycoproteins complementary Microvilli
membrane to proteins on oocyte (zona
pellucida) membrane - to absorb nutrients /
– facilitate union with has proteins that bind to
oocyte proteins on sperm cells
Mitochondria Many (arranged spirally (Many) mitochondria
around axial filament) - to provide energy
- to provide energy for (for development,
swimming/movement metabolism etc.)
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02107020/CAPE/KMS 2018
BIOLOGY
UNIT 1 – PAPER 02
KEY AND MARK SCHEME

There are 4 components of each listed feature:

Sperm cell Secondary oocyte
1. Structure 3. Structure
2. Function 4. Function

Any 3-4 components correct – 2 marks

Any 2 components correct – 1 mark
[8 marks]

Total 15 marks