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12/17/2015 Vidyarthiplus (V+) Blog A Blog for Students: Engineering Graphics Notes
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Engineering Graphics - Projections of a

Straight Line
Projections of a Straight Line
Introduction
The shortest distance between any two points is called a

"straight line". Different surfaces and planes form the
configuration or shape of any object. Revolving or
moving straight lines in different ways obtains these
surfaces and planes. Thus a straight line is the basic
conceptual
figure using which any object like a machine component

or a structural element is represented.
Thus projection of a straight line is the foundation of

Engineering Drawing. projections of two points gives the
projection of the straight line joining the two points.
http://www.vidyarthiplus.in/search/label/Engineering%20Graphics%20Notes 1/33
As per ISO convention the first angle of projection is

used.
Objectives
To Define straight line.
To Draw the projections of a straight line located at

different positions with respect to the VP and the HP.
Perpendicular to the HP and Parallel to the VP
A Line AB 25mm is parallel to the VP and perpendicular

to the HP. Point A is 35mm above the HP and 20mm in
front of the VP. B is 10 mm above the HP. Draw its
projections.
1. Draw the line XY.
2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY using a 2H pencil.
3. Mark b' 10mm above XY on the perpendicular line.
4. Mark a' 25mm above b'.

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A Line CD 30mm long is parallel to both planes. The line Subjec...
is 40mm above the HP and 25mm in front of the VP. ► July (7)
Draw its projections. ► March (54)
► February (62)
► January (101)
► 2014 (338)
2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY using a 2H pencil.
► 2013 (84)
3. Draw another perpendicular line 30mm from the ► 2012 (543)
previous line. ► 2011 (675)
4. Mark “c'” and “d' ” on the Perpendicular lines and join

them to get the front view.
5. Mark “c” 25mm below line XY; join “c” and “d” to get
the top view.
6. Erase the unwanted Lines.
Parallel to the HP and Inclined to the VP
A line PQ of length 40mm is parallel to the HP and

inclined at an angle of 35° to the VP. The end P is 20mm
above the HP and 15mm in front of the VP. Draw its
projections.
2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY using a 2H pencil
3. Mark “p'” and “p” respectively 15 mm above XY and

20mm below XY on the perpendicular line.
4. From “p” draw a line at an angle of 35° to XY and

mark
“q” such that pq = 40mm = true length.
5. pq is the top view of the given line in the I-Quadrant.
6. From “q” draw a projector (perpendicular line) to

intersect the horizontal line drawn from “p'” at “q'”.
7. p' q ' is the front view.
8. Erase the unwanted line.
Parallel to the VP and Inclined to the HP
A line PQ of length 40mm is parallel to the VP and

inclined at an angle of 30° to the HP. The end P is 15mm
above the HP and 20mm in front of the VP. Draw its
projections.
2. Draw a perpendicular line to XY using 2H pencil.
3. Mark p' & p 15mm above XY & 20mm below XY on

the perpendicular line.
4. From p' draw a line at angle of 30° to XY and mark q'.

such that p'q'= 40mm = True length
5. p' q' is the required Front View
6. From q' draw a projector (perpendicular line) to

intersect the horizontal line drawn from p at q.
7. pq is the required Top View
8. Erase the unwanted Line
Inclined to the HP and the VP
A line PQ of length 40mm is inclined to both the VP and

the HP. The Line is inclined at 300 to HP and 450 to VP.
The Point P is 20mm above HP and 30mm in front of VP.
Draw its projections.
2. Mark “p” below XY line and draw 45° line and mark q2
at
80mm
3. Mark “p'” above XY line and draw 30° line and mark
“q1' ”
at 80mm
4. Draw locus of “q1' ” and “q2”
5. Project from “q1' ” and “p” as centre rotate, it cuts

locus of “q2” at “q”
6. Joint “p” and “q” to get top view
7. Project from “q2” and “p' ” as centre rotate, it cuts

locus of “q1' ” at “q' ”
8. Joint “p’” and “q’” to get front view.
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Labels: 1st Semester Notes, Engineering Graphics,

Engineering Graphics Notes, Semester 1

Engineering Graphics–Projection of Planes
PROJECTION OF PLANES
A Plane is a two dimensional entity having only length

and breadth with negligible thickness which is
considered as zero.
TYPES OF PLANES
Planes may be divided as two main types. They are
(I) Perpendicular Planes
(II) Oblique Planes.
Perpendicular Planes
Planes which are perpendicular to any one of the

principal planes of projection are called as perpendicular
planes. These planes may be inclined or parallel to the
other principal plane.
Various positions of perpendicular planes
(a) Planes perpendicular to V.P. And Parallel to H.P.
Consider a plane perpendicular to V.P. And Parallel to

H.P. The top view reveals the true shape of the plane
The front view is a line parallel to xy line.
(b) Planes perpendicular to H.P. And Parallel to V.P.
Consider a plane perpendicular to H.P. And Parallel to

V.P. The front view shows the exact shape and size of
the plane. The top view is a line parallel to xy line
© Plane perpendicular to both H.P. And V.P.
Consider a plane in space which is perpendicular to both

the H.P & V.P.
Both the front view and top view of the plane appear as a
straight lines on a single projector.
(d) Plane perpendicular to V.P. And inclined to H.P.
Consider a plane perpendicular to V.P. And inclined at

an angle to the H.P. The top view is shorter than its ture
size.
The front view is a line inclined at an angle to xy line .
(e) Plane perpendicular to H.P. And inclined to V.P.
Consider a plane perpendicular to the H.P. And inclined

at an angle to the V.P. The front view is shorter than its
true size.
The top view is a line inclined at an angle to xy line.
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Engineering Graphics - Sections of Solids
Sections of Solids
Perpendicular to the VP and Parallel to the HP:
1. Ok..! Let us imagine that a pentagonal pyramid of base 25mm
and height 55mm rests with its base on the HP such that one of its
edges is perpendicular to the VP. A section plane parallel to the HP
and perpendicular to the VP cuts the pyramid at 20mm from the
apex.
2. Draw the top view as a pentagon and name its corners.
3. Draw projectors from each corner of the top view through
XY.
4. Draw the front view as shown in the figure and name its
corners.
5. Draw the section plane in the front view at 20mm from the
apex and name the sectional points.
6. Draw projectors from each sectional point in front view so
that they cut the corresponding edges in the top view.
7. Name these points and join them.
8. Draw the hatching lines to get the sectional top view.
2. Ok ..! Let us imagine that a regular pentagonal prism of base
edge 25mm and height 60mm rests on the HP on one of the edges
of its base and with its axis inclined at 30 to the HP. A
section plane parallel to the HP and perpendicular to the VP cuts the
prism at the highest corner
of the prism's base.
2. Draw the projections of the prism placed in
the simple position (the axis is perpendicular
to the HP and parallel to the VP).
3. Rotate the front view so that the axis is inclined at
30° to XY.
4. Draw projectors from the front view through XY
and from the initial top view.
5. Draw the rotated top view as shown in the figure
and name its corners.
6. Draw the section plane in the rotated front view
through the top corner of the base and name the
sectional points.
7. Draw projectors from each sectional point of the
front view through XY to cut the corresponding
edges of the top view.
8. Name the points and join them, as shown.
9. Draw the hatching lines to get the sectional top
view.
View Online : Click Here to view Online.

Download : Click Here to download full Lectures.
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Engineering Graphics - Projections of Solids
Projections of Solids
Introduction
An object having three dimensions, i.e., length, breadth
and height is called as solid. In orthographic projection,
minimums of two views are necessary to represent a
solid. Front view is used to represent length and height
and the top view is used to represent length and breadth.
Sometimes the above two views are not sufficient to
represent the details. So a third view called as side view
either from left or from right is necessary.
Objectives
At the end of this session, you will be able to
• Classify the different types of solids
• Draw the projections of solids in various positions in
the given quadrant
Classification of Solids
Solids are classified into two groups. They are
• Polyhedra
• Solids of Revolution
Polyhedra
A solid, which is bounded by plane surfaces or faces, is

called a polyhedron. Polyhedra are classified into three
sub groups; these are

1. Regular Polyhedra
2. Prisms
3. Pyramids
Regular Polyhedra
Polyhedra are regular if all their plane surfaces are

regular polygons of the same shape and size. The regular
plane surfaces are called "Faces" and the lines
connecting adjacent faces are called "edges".
Download : Click Here to download Full Lectures.
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
Engineering Graphics - Projection of a Point
Projections of a Point
Objectives
To Draw the projections of a point in the four quadrants.

To Identify the position of the point in different
quadrants.
Notation
To obtain the projections of points in space, standard

notations are followed:
1. The actual points in space are denoted by capital

letters A, B, C, D, etc.,
2. The front views are denoted by the corresponding

lowercase letters with dashes like a', b', c', d', etc., and
their top views are denoted by the corresponding
lowercase letters like a, b, c, d, etc.
3. Projectors are always drawn as continuous thin lines

using a 2H pencil.
4. The visible points are drawn with a H pencil.
5. Lettering is always drawn with a HB pencil. Projection

of a Point in the I-Quadrant
Point A is 20 mm above the HP and 30 mm in front

of the VP
1. Draw the reference line XY and name it as VP and HP

respectively above and below the XY line.
2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY.
3. On the perpendicular line mark a point a 30 mm below

XY. (Top view)
4. On the perpendicular line mark a point a' 20 mm

above XY. (Front view)
5. Erase the unwanted lines.
6. The points a and a' are the projections of the point A

in the I- quadrant.
Projection of a Point in the II-Quadrant
Point B is 25 mm above the HP and 35mm behind

the VP.

3. On the perpendicular line mark a point b 35mm above

XY.(Top view)
4. On the perpendicular line mark a point b' 25mm above

XY.(Front view)
6. The points b' and b are the projections of the point B

in the IIquadrant.
Projection of a Point in the III-Quadrant
Point C 35 mm below the HP and 25 behind the VP.

3. On the perpendicular line mark a point ‘c’ 25mm

above XY. .(Top view)
4. On the perpendicular line mark a point ‘c'’ 35mm

below XY. .(Front view)
6. The points c and c' are the projections of the point C

in the III- quadrant.
Projection of a Point in the IV-Quadrant
Point D 30mm below the HP and 40 mm in front of

the VP.

3. On the perpendicular line mark a point ‘d’ 40mm

below XY.(Top view)
4. On the perpendicular line mark a point ‘d'’ 30mm

below XY.(Front view)
6. The points d and d' are the projections of the point D

in the IV- Quadrant.
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
Engineering Graphics - Dimensioning
Methods and General Rules of
Dimensioning
Line Types:
In an engineering drawing, every line has a definite

meaning. Various types of lines are used to represent
different parts or portions of an object.
Lettering in Drawing:
Lettering plays a major role in engineering drawing. It

indicates details like dimensioning, name of the
drawing, etc. The use of instruments for lettering is not
advised, as it will consume more time. Free hand
lettering should be used instead.
Rules and Features:
- Lettering in drawing must be of standard height. The

standard heights of letters used are 3.5mm, 5mm, 7mm
and 10mm.
- Generally, the height to width ratio of letters and

numerals are approximately 5:3.
- The height to width ratio of the letters M and W are

approximately 5:4.
- Different sizes of letters are used for different

purposes: Main Title - 7 or 10mm
Sub-title - 5 or 7mm
Others - 3.5 or 5mm.
Features:
The essential features of lettering used in engineering

drawing are:
• Legibility
• Uniformity
• Similarity
Single stroke letters are the simplest form of letters and

are generally used in engineering drawing.
Vertical Lettering:
Vertical lettering is upright, i.e. 90 ( to the horizontal.
Both uppercase or large and lowercase or small letters

are used.
Inclined Lettering:
Inclined lettering has letters inclined at 75° to the

horizontal and as for vertical lettering both uppercase
and lowercase letters are used.
Dimensioning Methods:
Dimensioning is used to describe a drawing in terms of

details such as the size, shape and position of the object
as per the Dimensioning Code 11669 - 1986. Expressing
these details in terms of numerical values, lines and
symbols is known as dimensioning.
Click Here to Download full Lectures.
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
Engineering Graphics–Introduction and
Drawing Instruments
Engineering Drawing
Introduction
A picture is worth saying a thousand words; hence

drawings are used to visually communicate ideas,
thoughts, and designs. Drawings drawn by an engineer
for engineering purposes is Engineering Drawing.
Drawing is the Universal Graphical Language of

Engineers, spoken, read and written in its own way.

Engineers must have perfect drawing skills and excellent
working knowledge of engineering concepts. An
inaccurate drawing may misguide the workman and
ultimately affect
the production.
Objectives
In this, the first session, you'll be looking at drawing

instruments and the typical accessories used in drawing.
On completion of the session, you should be able to:
• Identify various types of drawing instruments and their

uses.
• Classify drawing sheets and the different grades of

drawing pencils.
• Draw the layout and title block on a drawing sheet.
• Use the lettering and dimensioning techniques in

common practice.
Drawing Instruments
The Drawing Board
The D2 or D3 drawing boards are usually used in

polytechnics and engineering colleges. Drawing boards
are made of well-seasoned softwood such as Oak or Pine.
The standard sizes of drawing boards as per BIS (1444-
1977) are given in the table.
The Drawing Sheet
The standard sizes of drawing sheets as per BIS (10711-

1983) are given in the table. The ratio of the width of a
drawing sheet to its length is 1: !2.
The drawing sheet should be tough and strong and its

fibers should not disintegrate when an eraser is used on
its surface.
Minidrafter:
A minidrafter is a device with two scales set at right

angles to each other. It combines the functions of a T-
square, setsquares, scales and a protractor. It can be
easily and quickly moved to any location on the drawing
sheet without altering the scales.
The T-Square
A T-square is mainly used together with setsquares for

drawing horizontal lines, angles and perpendicular lines.
There are two essential parts of a T-square, namely the
stock and the blade. The blade is fitted with ebony or a
plastic piece to form the working edge of the T-square.
The stock and the blade of a T-square are held together
at right angles to each other. T-squares are made of hard
quality wood such as teak or mahogany, etc.
Instrument Box
The instrument box contains the following instruments

and accessories.
• Compasses-Large compasses and Bow compasses
• Dividers-Plain Dividers and Bow Dividers
• An Inking pen
• A lead case
• A Small Screwdriver
The instruments in an instrument box are made of nickel

coated steel or brass.
The Compasses
A pair of compasses are used to draw circles and arcs.

Compasses are used in conjunction with scales (rulers).
Large compasses
Large compasses are used to draw circles up to 100 mm

diameter. For drawing circles of more than 100 mm
diameter, a lengthening bar is used.
Bow compasses
Bow compasses are used for drawing small circles up to

25 mm diameter.
The Dividers
Dividers are used in conjunction with scales.
Plain Dividers
Plain dividers are used to divide straight or curved lines

into a prescribed number of equal parts, for transferring
dimensions and for setting of distances from a scale to

drawings.
Bow Dividers
Bow dividers are used to hold precise distances for

dividing or transferring.
Inking Pen
An inking pen is used to draw straight or curved lines in

tracing ink.
Lead Case
A lead case is used to store pencil leads.
Small screwdriver
A screwdriver is used to tune the screws in the

instruments.
The Setsquares
Setsquares are used to draw parallel and perpendicular

lines. Setsquares are made of transparent celluloid or
acrylic and may also contain French curves.
The Procircle
A procircle is circular in shape. Its periphery is divided

into 0.5° graduations that are used to mark and measure
angles. It also has circular holes of different sizes that
may be used to draw circles of specific diameter.
The Scales
Scales or rulers are devices with precise graduations

marked on their straight edges for precise
measurements.
Scales are made of celluloid or cardboard. Eight types of

scales are used (M1, M2,..,M8) as per
BIS 10713 - 1983.
Scale of a Drawing
The drawing of an object is usually produced to a

definite proportion with respect to the actual size of the
object. This ratio is called the "scale of drawing".
Drawing to Full scale: When a drawing is produced to a

size equal to that of the object, the drawing is said to be
drawn to "full scale".
Drawing to a reduced scale: When a drawing is

produced to a size smaller than that of the object, the
drawing is said to be drawn to a "reduced scale".
Drawing to an enlarged scale: When a drawing is

produced to a size greater than that of the object, the
drawing is said to be drawn to an "enlarged scale".
DrawingPencils
Drawing pencils are of different grades.
The HB pencil is a soft grade used for drawing thick

lines, borderlines, lettering and arrowheads. The H
pencil is used to draw finishing lines, visible lines and

hidden lines.
The 2H pencil is a hard grade pencil used for drawing

construction lines, dimension lines, centre lines and
section lines.
Other grades are used for artistic application.
Eraser
An eraser is a good quality rubber that is used to erase

unwanted lines, arcs etc., from a drawing.
Clips
Drawing clips are used to fix the drawing sheet on the

drawing board. They are made of nickel- coated steel.
Cello tape (Adhesive tape) may also be used in place of

clips to fix the drawing sheet on the board.
Sharpener and Emery Paper
A pencil sharpener is used to give pencils with good

drawing tips. Emery paper (120 grade) is used to obtain a
conical or chisel tipped pencil.
French curves
French curves are used for drawing irregular curves that

cannot be drawn by compasses.
BIS & ISO Drawing Conventions
The International Standards Organization (ISO) Geneva

has formulated International standards for Engineering
Drawing. The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)
previously known as Indian Standards Institution (ISI)
has adopted the ISO standards. The ISO standards are

applicable to the following topics:
• Layout of Drawing sheet
• Line Types
• Lettering in Drawing
• Dimensioning Methods
• Arrows
Layout of Drawing Sheet
Engineering students generally use A2 or A3 size

drawing sheets. After fixing the drawing sheet on to the
drawing board, the "Border lines" and the "Title block"
are first drawn.
The Borderlines:
An ideal working space for drawing is obtained by

drawing the borderlines. The following steps are
involved in drawing the borderlines:
Draw a filing margin of 30 mm width at the left-hand

edge of he drawing sheet.
Provide margins of a minimum of 10 mm each at the top,

bottom and right side of the drawing sheet. Use an HB
pencil for drawing the borderlines.
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
Engineering Graphics - Unit 1
DIMENSIONING- Lecture Notes
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12/17/2015 Vidyarthiplus (V+) Blog ­ A Blog for Students: Engineering Graphics Notes

Showing posts with label Engineering Graphics

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Engineering Graphics - Projections of a

The shortest distance between any two points is called a

figure using which any object like a machine component

Thus projection of a straight line is the foundation of

As per ISO convention the first angle of projection is

To Define straight line.

To Draw the projections of a straight line located at

Perpendicular to the HP and Parallel to the VP

A Line AB 25mm is parallel to the VP and perpendicular

1. Draw the line XY.

2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY using a 2H pencil.

3. Mark b' 10mm above XY on the perpendicular line.

4. Mark a' 25mm above b'.

7. Erase the unwanted Lines. Results

colleges April / May 2012

Perpendicular to the VP and Parallel to the HP Anna

3. Mark "a" 10mm below XY on the perpendicular line. Anna Uni...

Anna University - B.E.

B.E Civil - Semester 5 -

--------- B.E Civil 5th

3. Draw another perpendicular line 30mm from the ► 2012 (543)

previous line. ► 2011 (675)

4. Mark “c'” and “d' ” on the Perpendicular lines and join

6. Erase the unwanted Lines.

Parallel to the HP and Inclined to the VP

A line PQ of length 40mm is parallel to the HP and

1. Draw the line XY.

2. Draw a line perpendicular to XY using a 2H pencil

3. Mark “p'” and “p” respectively 15 mm above XY and

4. From “p” draw a line at an angle of 35° to XY and

“q” such that pq = 40mm = true length.

5. pq is the top view of the given line in the I-Quadrant.

6. From “q” draw a projector (perpendicular line) to

7. p' q ' is the front view.

8. Erase the unwanted line.

Parallel to the VP and Inclined to the HP

A line PQ of length 40mm is parallel to the VP and

1. Draw the line XY.

2. Draw a perpendicular line to XY using 2H pencil.

3. Mark p' & p 15mm above XY & 20mm below XY on

4. From p' draw a line at angle of 30° to XY and mark q'.

5. p' q' is the required Front View

6. From q' draw a projector (perpendicular line) to

7. pq is the required Top View

8. Erase the unwanted Line

Inclined to the HP and the VP

A line PQ of length 40mm is inclined to both the VP and

1. Draw the line XY.

4. Draw locus of “q1' ” and “q2”

5. Project from “q1' ” and “p” as centre rotate, it cuts

6. Joint “p” and “q” to get top view

7. Project from “q2” and “p' ” as centre rotate, it cuts

8. Joint “p’” and “q’” to get front view.

Labels: 1st Semester Notes, Engineering Graphics,

A Plane is a two dimensional entity having only length

Planes may be divided as two main types. They are

(I) Perpendicular Planes

(II) Oblique Planes.

Planes which are perpendicular to any one of the

Various positions of perpendicular planes

12/17/2015 Vidyarthiplus (V+) Blog A Blog for Students: Engineering Graphics Notes