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Number System & Simplification

Study Material

1. NUMBER SYSTEM & SIMPLIFICATION


The ten symbols 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 are called There is no largest whole number and
digits, which can represent any number. The smallest whole number is 0.
Integers: The number system consisting of natural
Natural Numbers: These are the numbers (1, 2, 3, numbers, their negative and zero is called integers.
etc.) that are used for counting. It is denoted by N. It is denoted by Z or I.
There are infinite natural numbers and the smallest The smallest and the largest integers cannot be
natural number is one (1) determined.

Even numbers: Natural numbers which are divisible Remember


by 2 are even numbers. It is denoted by E.
 1 is neither prime nor composite
E = 2, 4, 6, 8, ....  1 is an odd integer.
 0 is neither positive nor negative.
Smallest even number is 2. There is no largest even  0 is an even integer.
number.  2 is prime & even both.
 All prime numbers (except 2) are odd.
Odd numbers: Natural numbers which are not
divisible by 2 are odd numbers.
The number line: The number line is a straight line
It is denoted by O. between negative infinity on the left to positive infinity
on the right.
O = 1, 3, 5, 7, ....

Smallest odd number is 1. -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4


Real Numbers: All numbers that can be represented
There is no largest odd number. on the number line are called real numbers.
It is denoted by R.
Based on divisibility, there could be two types of
R+: Positive real numbers and
natural numbers:
R- : Negative real numbers.
Prime and Composite. Real numbers = Rational numbers + Irrational
numbers.
a) Prime Numbers: Natural numbers which have a) Rational numbers: Any number that can be
exactly two factors, i.e., 1 and the number 𝑃
put in the form of𝑞 , where p and q are integers
itself are called prime numbers. The lowest
and q ≠ 0, is called a rational number.
prime number is 2. 2 is also the only even
It is denoted by Q.
prime number.
Every integer is a rational number.
b) Composite Numbers: It is a natural number
Zero (0) is also a rational number. The
that has atleast one divisor different from unity
smallest and largest rational numbers cannot
and itself.
be determined. Every fraction (and decimal
Every composite number can be factorized into its
fraction) is a rational number.
prime factors.
For example: 24 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3. Hence, 24 is a p (Numerator)
Q=
composite number. q (Denominator)
The smallest composite number is 4. 𝑥+𝑦
 If x and y are two rational numbers, then
Whole Numbers: The natural numbers along with 2
is also a rational number and its value lies
zero (0), from the system of whole numbers.
It is denoted by W.

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

between the given two rational numbers x and Fraction: A fraction is a quantity which expresses a
y. part of the whole.
 An infinite number of rational number can be
Numerator
determined between any two rational numbers. Fraction =
Denominator
Example 1:
Find three rational numbers between 3 and 5. Example 2:
Write a fraction whose numerator is 22 + 1 and
Solution: denominator is 32 – 1.
3 +5 8
1st rational number = = =4 Solution:
2 2
Numerator = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2nd rational number (i.e., between 3 and 4)
3+4 7 Denominator = 32 – 1= 9 -1 = 8
= = Numerator 5
2 2 ∴ Fraction = =
rd
3 rational number (i.e., between 4 and 5) Denominator 8
4+5 9
= =
2 2 TYPES OF FRACTIONS:
b) Irrational numbers: The numbers which are a) Proper fraction : If numerator is less than its
not rational or which cannot be put in the form denominator, then it is a proper fraction:
𝑝
of , where p and q are integers and q ≠ 0, is 2 6
𝑞 For example: ,
5 18
called irrational number.
b) Improper fraction: If numerator is greater
It is denoted by Q’ or Qc.
than or equal to its denominator, then it is a
2, 3, 5, 2 + 3, 3 − 5, 3 3 are irrational improper fraction.
numbers. 5 18 13
For example: , ,
2 7 13
NOTE:
NOTE:
(i) Every positive irrational number has a
negative irrational number corresponding to it. If in a fraction, its numerator and denominator are of
equal value then fraction is equal to unity i.e.1.
(ii) 2+ 3 ≠5
5− 3≠ 2
c) Mixed fraction: it consists of an integer and a
3× 2= 3×2= 6 proper fraction.
1 2 5
6 For example: 1 2 , 3 3 , 7
6÷ 2= = 3 9
2
(iii) Some times, product of two irrational numbers NOTE:
is a rational number.
For example: 2 × 2 = 2 × 2 = 2
2 2
2+ 3 × 2− 3 = 2 − 3 =4-3=1 Mixed fraction can always be changed into
improper fraction and vice versa.
 Both rational and irrational numbers can be 5 7×9+5 63+5 68
represented on number line. Thus real numbers For example: 7 = = =
9 9 9 9
is the set of the union of rational and irrational
19 9×2+1 1 1
numbers. and = =9+ =9
2 2 2 2
R = Q ∪ Qʹ
 Every real numbers is either rational or d) Equivalent fraction/Equal fractions:
irrational. Fractions with same value.

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material
2 4 6 8 2 Remaining homework to complete the biology
For example: , , ,
3 6 9 12 3 assignment
e) Like fractions: Fractions with same 2 2 6−2 4
= 5 − 15 = 15 = 15
denominators.
2 3 9 11
For example: , , ,
5 7 8 16 Rounding off (Approximation) of Decimals: There
f) Unlike fractions: Fractions with different are some decimals in which numbers are found upto
denominators. large number of decimal places.
2 4 9 9
For example: , , , For example: 3.4578, 21.358940789.
5 7 8 2
But many times we require decimal numbers upto a
certain number of decimal places. Therefore,
NOTE: If the digit of the decimal place is five or more than
five, then the digit in the preceding decimal place is
Unlike fractions can be converted into like increased by one and if the digit in the last place is less
fractions. than five, then the digit in the precedence place
3 4 remains unchanged.
For example: 𝑎𝑛𝑑
5 7 Example 4:
3 7 21 4 5 20
× = and × = (a) Write 21.3751 upto two places of
5 7 35 7 5 35
decimal.
(b) Write 3.27645 upto three places of
g) Simple fractions: Numerator and
decimal.
denominator are integers.
3 2 Solution:
For example: 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (a) 21.3751 = 21.38
7 5
h) Complex fraction: Numerator or denominator (b) 3.27645 = 3.276
or both are fractional numbers. Operations: The following operations of addition,
2 subtraction, multiplication and division are valid for
1 1+
7
2 23 2+ 3 real numbers.
For example: 5 , 2,
5 2 (a) Commutative property of addition:
7 3
i) Decimal fraction: Denominator with the a+b=b+a
powers of 10. (b) Associative property of addition:
2 9 (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
For example: 10 = 0.2 , 100 = (0.09)
(c) Commutative property of multiplication:
j) Vulgar fraction: Denominators are not the
a*b=b*a
power of 10.
3 9 5 (d) Associative property of multiplication:
For example: , , . (a * b) * c = a * (b * c)
7 2 193
Example 3: (e) Distributive property of multiplication with
After doing 3/5 of the Biology homework on respect to addition:
Monday night, Sanjay did 1/3 of the remaining (a + b) * c = a * c + b * c
homework on Tuesday night. What fraction of Complex numbers: A number of the form a + bi,
the original homework would Sanjay have to where a and b are real number and i = −1 (imaginary
do on Wednesday night to complete the number) is called a complex number.
Biology assignment? It is denoted by C.
Solution: For Example: 5i (a = 0 and b = 5), 5 + 3i (a = 5 and
Remaining homework on Monday night b = 3)
3 2
=1− =
5 5
1 2 2 NOTE:
Work done on Tuesday night = of =
3 5 15

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

i = −1, i2 = -1, i3 = -i, i4 = 1 255: 25 – 5 × 5 =0


∴ 294678 is completely divisible by 17.
DIVISIBILITY RULES
Divisibility by 2: A number is divisible by 2 if it’s unit Divisible by 19: We use (+2) as osculator.
digit is even or 0.
e.g., 149264: 4 × 2 + 6 = 14
Divisibility by 3: A number is divisible by 3 if the
4 × 2 +1 + 2 = 11
sum of it’s digit are divisible by 3.
1 × 2 + 1 + 9 =12
Divisibility by 4: A number is divisible by 4 if the last
2 digits are divisible by 4, or if the last two digits are 2×2+1+4=9
0’s.
9 × 2 +1 = 19
Divisibility by 5: A number is divisible by 5 if it’s unit 19 is divisible by 19
digit is 5 or 0.
∴ 149264 is divisible by 19.
Divisibility by 6: A number is divisible by 6 if it is
simultaneously divisible by 2 and 3. Divisibility by a Composite number:

A number is divisible by a given composite number if


Divisibility by 7: We use osculator (-2) for divisibility it is divisible by all factors of composite number.
test.
99995: 9999 – 2 × 5 = 9989 Example 5:
9989: 998 – 2 × 9 = 980
980: 98 – 2 × 0 = 98 Is 2331024 divisible by 12
Now 98 is divisible by 7, so 99995 is also divisible by
7. Solution:
Divisible by 11: In a number, if difference of sum of 12 = 4 × 3
digit at even places and sum of digit at odd places is
either 0 or multiple of 11, then no. is divisible by 11. 2331024 is divisible by 3 as (2+3+3+1+2+4)=
For example, 12342 ÷ 11 15 is divisible by 3 2331024 is also divisible
Sum of even place digit = 2 + 4 =6 by 4 because last two digits (24) is divisible by
Sum of odd place digit = 1 + 3 + 2= 6 4
Difference = 6 – 6 = 0
∴ 12342 is divisible by 11. Therefore 2331024 is divisible by 12
Divisible by 13: we use (+4) as osculator.
e.g., 876538 ÷ 13
Example 6:
876538: 8 × 4 + 3 = 35 What is the value of M and N respectively if
5 × 4 + 3 + 5 = 28 M39048458N is divisible by 8 and 11, where
8 × 4 + 2 + 6 = 40 M and N are single digit integers?
0 × 4 + 4 + 7 = 11
1 × 4 + 1 + 8 = 13 Solution:
13 is divisible by 13.
∴ 876538 is also divisible by 13. A number is divisible by 8 if the number
Divisible by 17: We use (-5) as osculator. formed by the last three digits is divisible by 8.
e.g., 294678: 29467 – 5 × 8 = 29427
i.e., 58N is divisible by 8.
27427: 2942 – 5 × 7 =2907
2907: 290 – 5 × 7 = 255 Clearly, N = 4

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

Again, a number is divisible by 11 if the  Two different numbers x and y when divided
difference between the sum of digits at even by a certain divisor D leave remainder r1 and r2
places and sum of digits at the odd places is respectively. When the sum of them is divided
either 0 or is divisible by 11. by the same divisor, the remainder is r3. Then,

i.e. (M+9+4+4+8) – (3+0+8+5+N) divisor D = r1 + r2 – r3


= M + 25 – (16 + N)

= M – N + 9 must be zero or it must be Method to find the number of different divisors (or
divisible by 11 factors) (including 1 and itself) of any composite
number N:
i.e. M – N = 2
STEP I: Express N as a product of prime numbers as.
⇒M=2+4=6 N = xa × yb × zc
Hence, M = 6; N = 4 STEP II: Number of different divisors (including l
and itself)
Example 7:
= (a + 1) (b + 1) (c +1) .....
The highest power of 9 dividing 99!
completely is: Example 8:
Solution: Find the number of different divisors of 50,
besides unity and the number itself.
(c) 9 = 3 × 3 = 32
Highest power of 3 in 99! Solution:
99 99 99 99
= + + +
3 32 33 34 If you solve this problem without knowing the
= 33 + 11 + 3 +1 = 48 rule, you will take the numbers in succession
But we have 32 and check the divisibility. In doing so, you
48
highest power of 9 in 99! = = 24 may miss some numbers. It will also take more
2
time.
DIVISION ALGORITHM: Different divisors of 50are: 1,2,5,10,25,50
Dividend = (Divisor × Quotient) + Remainder
If we exclude 1 and 50, the number of divisors
where, Dividend = The number which is being divided
will be 4.
Divisor = The number which performs the division
process Quotient = Greatest possible integer as a result By rule: 50 -2 × 5 × 5 = 21× 52
of division Remainder = Rest part of dividend which
cannot be further divided by the divisor. ∴the number of total divisors = (l + 1) × (2+1)
= 2 × 3 = 6 or, the number of divisors excluding 1
Complete remainder: A complete remainder is the and 50 = 6 – 2 = 4
remainder obtained by a number by the method of
successive division. Example 9:
Complete reminder = [I divisor × II remainder] + I A certain number when divided by 899 leaves
remainder the remainder 63. Find the remainder when the
same number is divided by 29.
C.R. = d1 r2 + r1
Solution:
C.R. = d1 d2 r3 + d1 r2 + r1

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

Number = 899Q+63, where Q is quotient = 20+4 = 24 zeros.

= 31 × 29Q+ (58 + 5) =29[31Q+2] + 5 Example 12:


∴Remainder = 5 Number of zeros at the end of 126!

Counting Number of Zeros Solution:

Sometimes we come across problems in which 126 126 126


+ + +.......
we have to count number of zeros at the end of 5 52 53
factorial of any numbers. for example- ⇒integral value will be
Number of zeros at the end of 10!
= 25 + 5 + 1 = 31 zeros.
10! = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 ×1
Example 13:
Here basically we have to count number of
fives, because multiplication of five by any Number of zeros at the end of90!
even number will result in 0 at the end of final
product. In 10! we have 2 fives thus total Solution:
number of zeros are 2.
90 90 90
+ + +....... = 18 + 3 = 21 zeros
5 52 53
Short cut:-
Power of a number contained in a factorial
Counting number of zeros at the end of n!
value will be Highest power of a prime number P in N!
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 N N N N
+ + + + ...... = + + + ⋯+ where [x]
5 52 53 54 P P2 P3 Pr
denotes the greatest integers less than or equal
The integral value of this number will be the to x and is a natural number such that Pr< n.
total number of zeros.
Example 14:
Example 10:
Find highest power of 7nin 50!
Number of zeros at the end of 10!
Solution:
10 10
Solution: + +....... Integral value
5 52 The highest power 7 in 50!
=2+0 50 50
= + =7+1=8
7 72
So, number of zeros in 10! = 2.
10 Example 15:
Note:- Here is less than 1 so will not count
52
it. Find highest power 15 in 100!

Solution:
Example 11:
Here given number 15 is not a prime number
Number of zeros at the end of 100!
so first convert 15 as product of Primes 15= 3×
100 100 100 5 therefore we will find the highest power of 3
Solution: + + +....... and 5 in 1001 Highest power of 3 in 100!
5 52 53
100 100 100 100
integral value will be =[ ]+[ ]+[ ]+ ]
3 32 33 34

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

= 33 +11 + 3 + 1 = 48 required power of 15 is 24, which is actually


the power of the largest prime factor 5 of 15,
Highest power of 5 in 100! because power of largest prime factor is away
100 100 equal to or less than the other prime factor of
= + = 20+4 = 24 any number.
5 52

So 100! contains (3)48× (5)24. Hence it


contains 24 pairs of3 and5.Therefore,

TO FIND THE LAST DIGIT OR DIGIT ATTHE UNIT’S PLACE OF an.


(i) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 1,5 or 6, whatever be the value of n, it will have the same
digit at unit’s place, i.e,

(.....1)n = (......1)

(.....5)n = (......5)

(.....6)n = (......6)

(ii) If the last digit or digit at the units place of a is 2,3,5,7 or 8, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of
n and follows a repeating pattern in terms of 4 as given below:
n last digit of (....2)n last digit of (....3)n last digit of (....7)n last digit of (....8)n
4x + 1 2 3 7 8
4x + 2 4 9 9 4
4x + 3 8 7 3 2
4x 6 1 1 6

(iii) If the last digit or digit at the unit’s place of a is 4 or 9, then the last digit of an depends upon the value of n
and follows repeating pattern in terms of2 as given below.
n Last digit of (...4)n Last digit of (...9)n
2x 6 1
2x+1 4 9

Example 16:
Find unit digit of2323. Example 18:
Solution: Here, 2,4,8,6 will repeat after every four Find unitdigitof96363× 7373.
interval till 320 next digit will be 2,4, 8 , so Solution: Unit digit of96363 = 7
unit digit of 2323 will be 8. Unit digit of 7373=3
So unit digit of96363× 7373= 7 × 3 = 21.
Example 17: i.e. 1.
Find unit digit of 133133.
Solution: Example 19:
Cycle of 3 is 3,9,7,1 which repeats after every Find Unit digit of 1717× 2727× 3737
fourth interval will 133132, so next unit digit Solution: Unit digit of 1717 = 7
will be 3. Unit digit of2727 = 3

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

Unit digit of3737= 7 br is remainder when b, is divided by n, and


So unit digit of 1717× 2727× 3737=7 × 3 × 7 cr is remainder when c is divided by n.
=147
i.e., unit digit = 7
Example 23:
Find remainder of 15 × 17 × 19 when
Example 20: divided by 7.
Find unit digit of 1818 × 2828× 288288.
Solution:
Solution: 15×17×19
Unit digit of 1818 is 4. Remainder of Expression will be
7
Unit digit of 2828 is 6. equal to
Unit digit of 288288 is 6 1×3×5 15 1
= = 2 i.e. 1
So unit digit of 1818× 2828× 288288 7 7 7
= 4 × 6 × 6 = 144 i.e.,4 On dividing 15 by 7, we get 1 as remainder.
On dividing 17 by 7, we get 3 as remainder.
On dividing 19 by 7, we get 5 as remainder.
Example 21:
Find unit digit of 1111 + 1212+1313+1414 + 1515
And combined remainder will be equal to
Solution: 15
Unit digit of 1111 = 1 remainder of i.e. 1.
7
Unit digit of 1212 = 6 Example 24:
Unit digit of 1313 = 3 19×20×21
Unit digit of 1414 = 6 Find the remainder of expression
9
Unit digit of 1515 = 5 Solution:
So unit digit of given sum will be 1×2×3
Remainder of given expression = =
1+6+3+6+5=21 i.e., 1 9
6
equal to 6.
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Example 22:
Find unit digit of POLYNOMIALTHEOREM
2121 × 2222 × 2323 × 2424 × 2525.
Solution:
2525 will give 5 in unit place, when This is very powerful theorem to find the
multiplied by an even number i.e. reminder.
0,2,4,6,8. It will give zero at unit place. So, According to polynomial theorem.
zero will be at the unit digit of given question. 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑛𝑐1 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑎1 + 𝑛𝑐2 𝑥 𝑛−2 𝑎2 +
𝑛𝑐3 𝑥 𝑛−3 𝑎3 + ⋯ 𝑛𝑐𝑛 −1 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑎𝑛 ......... (i)
𝑥+𝑎 𝑛
∴ =
𝑥
REMAINDERTHEOREM 𝑥 𝑛 +𝑛 𝑐 1 𝑥 𝑛 −1 𝑎 1 +𝑛 𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑛 −2 𝑎 2 +𝑛 𝑐 3 𝑥 𝑛 −3 𝑎 3 +⋯𝑛 𝑐 𝑛 −1 𝑥 1 𝑎 𝑛 −1 +𝑎 𝑛
𝑥

𝑎×b×c
remainder of expression (ii) will be equal to
Remainder of expression [i/e. a × b × c when 𝑎𝑛
𝑛 remainder of because rest of the term
divided by n] is equal to the remainder of 𝑥
a r ×b r ×c r
contains x are completely divisible by x.
expression [i.e. ar × br × cr when divided by
n
n], where Example 25:
ar is remainder when a is divided by n. 999
Find the remainder of .
8

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material

Solution: 25 100
Find remainder of .
999 (8 + 1)99 7
= Solution:
8 8 25 100 (3×7+4)50 4 50
According to polynomial theorem remainder = =
7 7 7
will be equal to remainder of the expression 2100 (23 )33 ×2 (7+1)33 1×2
199 1 = ⇒ ×2⇒
= ,1 7 7 7 7
8 8 ⇒Reminder is 2.

Example 26: Example 31:


899
Find the remainder of 350
7 Find remainder of .
7
Solution: Solution:
899 (7+1) 199 25
⇒ = i.e. 1 350 32 (7+2)25
7 7 7 = ⇒
7 7 7
25 3 8
2 2 ×2
Example 27: = 7 =
11×13×17 7
Find remainder of 8
(7+1) ×2 1×2
6 = 7
= 7
Solution:
⇒Reminder is 2.
11 × 13 × 17 5 × 1 × 5
=
6 6 Example 32:
1
⇒1 3250
6 Find remainder of .
7
Solution:
125
Example 28: 32 (7+2)125 2125
= =
9100 7 7 7
Find remainder of . 3 41 2
7 2 ×2 1×4
Solution: = 7
= 7
9100 (7+2)100 ⇒Reminder is 4.

7 7
2100 299 ×2 23×33 ×2 833 ×2
= = = = LAW OF SURDS
7 7 7 7 𝑛
(7+1)33 1
= ×2=
1×2
= i.e. 2
2  =𝑎
7 7 7 𝑎𝑛
1 1 1
 = ab n
an bn
Example 29: 1
1 1
950 m
Find remainder of .  = amn
7 an
Solution:
16
950 (7+2)50 250 23 ×22 816 ×4 LAW OF INDICES
= = = =
7 7 7 7 7  am × an = am+n
16
(7+1) ×4 1×4
⇒ 7
= 7
i.e., 4  am ÷ an = am−n
 am n = amn
1 m
Example 30:  = a
am

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Number System & Simplification
Study Material
1
 a−m =
am
n
 am/n = am
 a0 = 1

Addition and subtraction of Surds


Example: 5 2 + 20 2 – 3 2 = 22 2
Example: 45 − 3 20 + 4 5 = 3 5 − 6 5 + 4 5 = 5

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