WRITING A RESEARCH PAPER

This page lists some of the stages involved in writing a library-based

research paper.
Although this list suggests that there is a simple, linear process to writing such
a paper, the actual process of writing a research paper is often a messy and
recursive one, so please use this outline as a flexible guide.

DISCOVERING, NARROWING, AND FOCUSING A

RESEARCHABLE TOPIC
 Try to find a topic that truly interests you
 Try writing your way to a topic
 Talk with your course instructor and classmates about your topic
 Pose your topic as a question to be answered or a problem to be solved

FINDING, SELECTING, AND READING SOURCES

You will need to look at the following types of sources:

 library catalog, periodical indexes, bibliographies, suggestions from your

instructor
 primary vs. secondary sources
 journals, books, other documents

GROUPING, SEQUENCING, AND DOCUMENTING

INFORMATION
The following systems will help keep you organized:

 a system for noting sources on bibliography cards

 a system for organizing material according to its relative importance
 a system for taking notes

WRITING AN OUTLINE AND A PROSPECTUS FOR

YOURSELF
Consider the following questions:
  What is the topic?
 Why is it significant?
 What background material is relevant?
 What is my thesis or purpose statement?
 What organizational plan will best support my purpose?

WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

In the introduction you will need to do the following things:

 present relevant background or contextual material

 define terms or concepts when necessary
 explain the focus of the paper and your specific purpose
 reveal your plan of organization

WRITING THE BODY

 Use your outline and prospectus as flexible guides
 Build your essay around points you want to make (i.e., don’t let your
sources organize your paper)
 Integrate your sources into your discussion
 Summarize, analyze, explain, and evaluate published work rather than
merely reporting it
 Move up and down the “ladder of abstraction” from generalization to
varying levels of detail back to generalization

WRITING THE CONCLUSION

 If the argument or point of your paper is complex, you may need to
summarize the argument for your reader.
 If prior to your conclusion you have not yet explained the significance of
your findings or if you are proceeding inductively, use the end of your
paper to add your points up, to explain their significance.
 Move from a detailed to a general level of consideration that returns the
topic to the context provided by the introduction.
 Perhaps suggest what about this topic needs further research.

REVISING THE FINAL DRAFT

 Check overall organization: logical flow of introduction, coherence
and depth of discussion in body, effectiveness of conclusion.
 Paragraph level concerns: topic sentences, sequence of ideas within
paragraphs, use of details to support generalizations, summary
sentences where necessary, use of transitions within and between
paragraphs.
 Sentence level concerns: sentence structure, word choices,
punctuation, spelling.
 Documentation: consistent use of one system, citation of all material not
considered common knowledge, appropriate use of endnotes or
footnotes, accuracy of list of works cited.

ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL

WRITING
 Analysis Papers
 Grant Proposals
 Job Materials and Application Essays
 Proposals and Dissertations
 Research Papers
 Reviews
 Scientific Reports
Research paper in Marriage

1. That Reykjavik in Ice land which allows divorce and the issuance of said decree is in
conformity with their existing law. Law in Respect of Marriage No. 31 of April 14th,
1993.See attached Annex C.

2. That in the said law, Article 41 of the Marriage Law No. 31/1993 permits a Petition for
separation or divorce under other provisions may be submitted to a magistrate if the
spouses are agree mutually to do so; if not, such petition must be submitted in court. xxx.
3. Further, under paragraph 2 of Art. 26 of the Family Code it was stated that:
”xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly

celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien
spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have
capacity to remarry under Philippine law. (Emphasis supplied)”

In other words, for the divorce to be recognized in the Philippines, the

following conditions must exist: (1) the marriage was between a Filipino
and a foreigner; (2) the marriage was dissolved by a foreign divorce
decree; and (3) the divorce was obtained by the non-Filipino spouse.

4. In a landmark decision, the Supreme Court in the case of Corpuz v. Tirol Sto.Tomas
(GR 186571, August 11, 2010) ruled that:
“The legislative intent is for the benefit of the Filipino spouse, by
clarifying his or her marital status, settling the doubts created by the
divorce decree. Essentialy, the second paragraph of Article 26 of the
Family Code provided the Filipino spouse a substantive right to have his
or her marriage to the alien spouse considered as dissolved,
capacitating him or her to remarry.”

5. Anent the same, Supreme Court held that “the starting point in any recognition of a foreign
divorce judgment is the acknowledgment that our courts do not take judicial notice of
foreign judgments and laws. This means that the foreign judgment and its authenticity
must be proven as facts under our rules on evidence, together with the alien’s applicable
national law to show the effect of the judgment on the alien himself or herself;(Corpuz vs.
Sto. Tomas, GR 186571 August 11, 2010)]

6. In Garcia v. Recio, we ruled that a divorce obtained abroad by an alien may be recognized
in our jurisdiction, provided the decree is valid according to the national law of the
foreigner. The presentation solely of the divorce decree is insufficient; both the divorce
decree and the governing personal law of the alien spouse who obtained the divorce must
be proven. Because our courts do not take judicial notice of foreign laws and judgment,
our law on evidence requires that both the divorce decree and the national law of the alien
must be alleged and proven and like any other fact. xxx

7. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized that, in our jurisdiction, the decree of divorce alone
does not automatically capacitate the Filipino spouse to remarry. It is essential for the
Filipino spouse to file first before the court a petition for the recognition of such foreign
decree of divorce, (Ando vs. Department of Foreign Affairs)

8. Perforce, the Petitioner is constrained to file the instant Petition in order to prove the
existence of the foreign judgment, its legal effect and validity, the fact that the Foreign
National spouse has been capacitated to remarry, to declare that the marriage between
the parties is now considered void ab initio, and to declare that the Petitioner Filipino
Spouse is now with legal capacity to remarry under Philippine Laws.
That it is but just and fair for the Philippine government to recognize and enforce the divorce
secured by the petitioner so as not to create a legal anomaly by allowing the foreign husband to
remarry but the Filipina wife to continue to be bound in the marriage

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 212860, March 14, 2018

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner, v. FLORIE GRACE M. COTE, Respondent.

DECISION

REYES, JR., J.:

This is a Petition for Review under Rule 45 of the Rules of Court which seeks to reverse and set aside the
Decision1 dated January 21, 2014 and Resolution2 dated June 11, 2014 of the Court of Appeals (CA) in CA-
G.R. SP No. 122313.

The Facts

As culled from the records, the antecedent facts are as follows:

On July 31, 1995, Rhomel Gagarin Cote (Rhomel) and respondent Florie Grace Manongdo-Cote (Florie) were
married in Quezon City. At the time of their marriage, the spouses were both Filipinos and were already
blessed with a son, Christian Gabriel Manongdo who was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
(USA).3

On August 23, 2002, Rhomel filed a Petition for Divorce before the Family Court of the First Circuit of Hawaii
on the ground that their marriage was irretrievably broken. This was granted on August 23, 2002 by the
issuance of a decree that states among others:
A decree of absolute divorce is hereby granted to [Rhomel], the bonds of matrimony between [Rhomel] and
[Florie] are hereby dissolved and the parties hereto are restored to the status of single persons, and either
party is permitted to marry from and after the effective date of this decree.4
Seven years later, Florie commenced a petition for recognition of foreign judgment granting the divorce
before the Regional Trial Court (RTC). Florie also prayed for the cancellation of her marriage contract,
hence, she also impleaded the Civil Registry of Quezon City and the National Statistics Office (NSO). The
Office of the Solicitor General, representing Republic of the Philippines (petitioner), deputized the Office of
the City Prosecutor to appear on behalf of the State during the trial.5

On April 7, 2011, the RTC granted the petition and declared Florie to be capacitated to remarry after the
RTC's decision attained finality and a decree of absolute nullity has been issued. The RTC ruled, inter alia,
that Rhomel was already an American citizen when he obtained the divorce decree,6viz.:
[Florie] has sufficiently established that she is a Filipino citizen and married to an American citizen. Her
husband obtained a Divorce Decree on 22 August 2002 and was authenticated and registered by the
Consulate General to the Philippines in Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. [Florie] being a Filipino citizen and is
governed by Philippine laws, she is placed in an absurd, if not awkward situation where she is married to
somebody who is no longer married to her. This is precisely the circumstances contemplated under Article
26, paragraph 2 of the Family Code which provides a remedy for Filipino spouses like [Florie].
Under the above-cited provision, [Florie] is allowed to contract a subsequent marriage since the divorce had
been validly obtained abroad by her American husband, capacitating her to remarry. In this line, the court
holds that this petition be, as it is, hereby GRANTED.

WHEREFORE, in view of the foregoing, judgment is hereby rendered declaring [Florie] capacitated to
remarry pursuant to Article 26 paragraph 2 of the Family Code, in view of the Divorce Decree which had
been validly obtained abroad by her American spouse, dissolving their marriage solemnized on 31 July 1995
in Quezon City, Philippines.7
Petitioner filed a Notice of Appeal on May 17, 2011. However, the RTC, believing that the petition was
covered by A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC or the Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void Marriages and
Annulment of Voidable Marriages, applied Section 20 of said Rule and denied the appeal because the notice
was not preceded by a motion for reconsideration.8

Petitioner then filed a petition for certiorari with the CA claiming that the RTC committed grave abuse of
discretion.

In a Decision9 dated January 21, 2014, the CA denied the petition. The pertinent portions read as follows:
The fact that even the Solicitor General and private respondent were confused as to the true nature of the
petition and the procedure that must be followed only shows that We cannot attribute a whimsical and
capricious exercise of judgment to the RTC.

xxxx

Besides, petitioner's omission, by itself, is a ground for dismissing the petition. The last paragraph of Section
3, Rule 46 of the Rules of Court allows the dismissal of a petition for certiorari if the material parts of the
records were not attached to the petition. "Certiorari, being an extraordinary remedy, the party seeking it
must strictly observe the requirements for its issuance." Although it has been ruled that the better policy is
for petitioner to be accorded, in the interest of substantial justice, "a chance to submit the same instead of
dismissing the petition" We cannot allow petitioner to benefit from this rule because the need to submit the
transcript of stenographic notes and all other pieces of evidence is quite obvious for petitioner which is
questioning the sufficiency of the evidence presented. Hence, it would be bending the rules too far if We still
allow petitioner to be excused from this lapse.10
Hence, this present petition.

The Issues

I. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE TRIAL COURT JUDGE DID NOT COMMIT GRAVE
ABUSE OF DISCRETION IN APPLYING THE PROCEDURAL RULES FOR NULLITY OF MARRIAGE
PROCEEDINGS UNDER A.M. NO. 02-11-10-SC IN A PROCEEDING FOR RECOGNITION OF
FOREIGN DECREE OF DIVORCE;

II. THE CA GRAVELY ERRED IN RULING THAT THE STATE HAS NO PERSONALITY TO
INTERVENE IN PROCEEDINGS FOR RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DECREE OF DIVORCE;

III. THE CA ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE FAILURE OF THE PETITIONER TO APPEND COPIES OF
THE TRANSCRIPT OF STENOGRAPHIC NOTES OF FLORIE'S DIRECT EXAMINATION AND HER
JUDICIAL AFFIDAVIT IS FATAL, NOTWITHSTANDING THAT THE VERY SAME DOCUMENTS
WERE INCORPORATED AND QUOTED BY FLORIE IN HER COMMENT; and

IV. THE CA ERRED IN AFFIRMING THE TRIAL COURT'S DECISION DATED APRIL 7, 2011
GRANTING FLORIE'S PETITION FOR RECOGNITION OF FOREIGN DECREE OF DIVORCE
DESPITE LACK OF SHOWING THAT HER FORMER FILIPINO HUSBAND WAS ALREADY AN
AMERICAN CITIZEN AT THE TIME HE PROCURED THE DECREE OF DIVORCE.11

Ruling of the Court

The core issue for the Court's resolution is whether or not the provisions of A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC12 applies
in a case involving recognition of a foreign decree of divorce.
It bears stressing that as of present, our family laws do not recognize absolute divorce between Filipino
husbands and wives. Such fact, however, do not prevent our family courts from recognizing divorce decrees
procured abroad by an alien spouse who is married to a Filipino citizen.

Article 26 of the Family Code states:

Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the country
where they were solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those
prohibited under Articles 35(1), (4), (5) and (6), 36, 37 and 38.

Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is
thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the
Filipino spouse shall likewise have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.
The wordings of the second paragraph of Article 26 initially spawned confusion as to whether or not it covers
even those marriages wherein both of the spouses were Filipinos at the time of marriage and then one of
them eventually becomes a naturalized citizen of another country.

In the landmark case of Republic v. Orbecido III,13 the Court ruled that the reckoning point is not the
citizenship of the parties at the time of the celebration of the marriage, but their citizenship at the time a
valid divorce is obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating the latter to remarry. 14

Although the Court has already laid down the rule regarding foreign divorce involving Filipino citizens, the
Filipino spouse who likewise benefits from the effects of the divorce cannot automatically remarry. Before
the divorced Filipino spouse can remarry, he or she must file a petition for judicial recognition of the foreign
divorce.

The starting point in any recognition of a foreign divorce judgment is the acknowledgment that our courts do
not take judicial notice of foreign judgments and laws. Justice Herrera explained that, as a rule, "no
sovereign is bound to give effect within its dominion to a judgment rendered by a tribunal of another
country." This means that the foreign judgment and its authenticity must be proven as facts under our rules
on evidence, together with the alien's applicable national law to show the effect of the judgment on the alien
himself or herself. The recognition may be made in an action instituted specifically for the purpose or in
another action where a party invokes the foreign decree as an integral aspect of his claim or defense. 15

To clarify, respondent filed with the RTC a petition to recognize the foreign divorce decree procured by her
naturalized (originally Filipino) husband in Hawaii, USA. By impleading the Civil Registry of Quezon City and
the NSO, the end sought to be achieved was the cancellation and or correction of entries involving her
marriage status.

In Corpuz v. Sto. Tomas, et al.,16 the Court briefly explained the nature of recognition proceedings vis-a-
vis cancellation of entries under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court, viz.:
Article 412 of the Civil Code declares that no entry in a civil register shall be changed or corrected, without
judicial order. The Rules of Court supplements Article 412 of the Civil Code by specifically providing for a
special remedial proceeding by which entries in the civil registry may be judicially cancelled or corrected.
Rule 108 of the Rules of Court sets in detail the jurisdictional and procedural requirements that must be
complied with before a judgment, authorizing the cancellation or correction, may be annotated in the civil
registry. It also requires, among others, that the verified petition must be filed with the RTC of the province
where the corresponding civil registry is located; that the civil registrar and all persons who have or claim
any interest must be made parties to the proceedings; and that the time and place for hearing must be
published in a newspaper of general circulation. x x x.

We hasten to point out, however, that this ruling should not be construed as requiring two separate
proceedings for the registration of a foreign divorce decree in the civil registry one for recognition of the
foreign decree and another specifically for cancellation of the entry under Rule 108 of the Rules of Court.
The recognition of the foreign divorce decree may be made in a Rule 108 proceeding itself, as the object of
special proceedings (such as that in Rule 108 of the Rules of Court) is precisely to establish the status or
right of a party or a particular fact. Moreover, Rule 108 of the Rules of Court can serve as the appropriate
adversarial proceeding by which the applicability of the foreign judgment can be measured and tested in
terms of jurisdictional infirmities, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or
fact.17
The RTC, in its Decision18 dated January 21, 2014 ruled that Florie had sufficiently established that she is
married to an American citizen and having proven compliance with the legal requirements, is declared
capacitated to remarry.

The confusion arose when the RTC denied petitioner's appeal on the ground that no prior motion for
reconsideration was filed as required under Section 20 of A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC. Petitioner posits that A.M.
No. 02-11-10-SC do not cover cases involving recognition of foreign divorce because the wording of Section
1 thereof clearly states that it shall only apply to petitions for declaration of absolute nullity of void
marriages and annulment of voidable marriages, viz.:
Section 1. Scope - This Rule shall govern petitions for declaration of absolute nullity of void
marriages and annulment of voidable marriages under the Family Code of the Philippines. [Underscoring
Ours]
Rule 41 of the Rules of Court applies; Motion for Reconsideration not a condition precedent to the
filing of an appeal

The CA is correct when it ruled that the trial court misapplied Section 20 of A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC.

A decree of absolute divorce procured abroad is different from annulment as defined by our family
laws. A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC only covers void19and voidable20marriages that are specifically cited and
enumerated in the Family Code of the Philippines. Void and voidable mmTiages contemplate a situation
wherein the basis for the judicial declaration of absolute nullity or annulment of the marriage exists before
or at the time of the marriage. It treats the marriage as if it never existed. Divorce, on the other hand, ends
a legally valid marriage and is usually due to circumstances arising after the marriage.

It was error for the RTC to use as basis for denial of petitioner's appeal Section 20 of A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC.
Since Florie followed the procedure for cancellation of entry in the civil registry, a special proceeding
governed by Rule 108 of the Rules of Court, an appeal from the RTC decision should be governed by Section
321 of Rule 41 of the Rules of Court and not A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC.

As culled from the records, petitioner received a copy of the RTC Decision on May 5, 2011. It filed a Notice
of Appeal22 on May 17, 2011, thus complying with the 15-day reglementary period for filing an appeal.

An appeal is a statutory right that must be exercised only in the manner and in accordance with the
provisions of law. Having satisfactorily shown that they have complied with the rules on appeal, petitioners
are entitled to the proper and just disposition of their cause. 23

This now brings the Court to the issue whether or not the RTC's denial of petitioner's appeal is tantamount
to grave abuse of discretion. The Court rules in the negative.

No grave abuse of discretion

Although the Court agrees with petitioner that the RTC erroneously misapplied A.M. No. 02-11-10-SC, such
error does not automatically equate to grave abuse of discretion. The Court has ruled time and again that
not all errors attributed to a lower court or tribunal fall under the scope of a Rule 65 petition for certiorari.

Jurisprudence has defined grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in this wise:
Grave abuse of discretion is defined as capricious or whimsical exercise of judgment as is equivalent to lack
of jurisdiction. The abuse of discretion must be patent and gross as to amount to an evasion of a positive
duty or a virtual refusal to perform a duty enjoined by law, or to act at all in contemplation of law, as where
the power is exercised in an arbitrary and despotic manner by reason of passion and hostility.24
After a careful consideration of the evidence presented and Florie having sufficiently complied with the
jurisdictional requirements, judgment was rendered by the lower court recognizing the decree of foreign
divorce. It likewise declared Florie legally capacitated to remarry citing the second paragraph of Article 26 of
the Family Code. Thus, the CA is correct in denying the Rule 65 petition for certiorari, notwithstanding the
RTC's dismissal of petitioner's appeaL The dismissal, albeit erroneous, is not tainted with grave abuse of
discretion.

The Court finds no indication from the records that the RTC acted arbitrarily, capriciously and whimsically in
arriving at its decision. A petition for certiorari will prosper only if grave abuse of discretion is alleged and
proved to exist. The burden is on the part of the petitioner to prove not merely reversible error on the part
of private respondent, but grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction.
WHEREFORE, premises considered, the petition is hereby DENIED. The Decision dated January 21, 2014
and Resolution dated June 11, 2014 of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. SP No. 122313 are
hereby AFFIRMED.

SO ORDERED.

Carpio,*(Chairperson), Peralta, Perlas-Bernabe, and Caguioa, JJ., concur.

Endnotes:

*
Designated as Acting Chief Justice per Special Order No. 2539 dated February 28, 2018.

1
Rollo, pp. 65-72.

2
Id. at 73.

3
Id. at 65.

4
Id.

5
Id.

6
Id.

7
Id. at 115.

8
Id. at 65.

9
Id. at 65-72.

10
Id. at 13-15.

11
Id. at 36-37.

12
Rule on Declaration of Absolute Nullity of Void Mariages and Annulment of Voidable Marriages.

13
509 Phil. 108 (2005).

14
Id. at 115.

15
Corpuz v. Sto. Tomas, et al., 642 Phil. 420, 432-433 (2010).

16
642 Phil. 420 (2010).

17
Id. at 436-437.

18
Rollo, pp. 65-72.

19
The void marriages are those enumerated under Articles 35, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 44, and 53 in relation to
Article 52 of the Family Code.

20
The voidable marriages are those enumerated under Article 45 of the Family Code.

21
Section 3. Period of ordinary appeal. - The appeal shall be taken within fifteen (15) days from notice of
the judgment or final order appealed from. Where a record on appeal is required, the appellant shall file a
notice of appeal and a record on appeal within thirty (30) days from notice of the judgment or final order.

The period of appeal shall be interrupted by a timely motion for new trial or reconsideration. No motion for
extension of time to file a motion for new trial or reconsideration shall be allowed.
22
Rollo, p. 116.

23
Republic of the Phils. (rep. by the Phil. Orthopedic Center) v. Spouses Luriz, 542 Phil. 137, 137 (2007).

24
Ganaden, et al. v. The Hon. CA, et al., 665 Phil. 261, 267 (2011).