THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF SCIENCE  Despite its reach and breath, science has its limits → What

pite its reach and breath, science has its limits → What can
 Science is simply organized curiosity science describe?, informed decisions, descriptive vs.
 Heraclitus: “Nature loves to hide” prescriptive
 Shed her veil for science  Science involves taking risks and serendipity → Never complete
luck, looking at faiure, using a different perspective
 Rediscovery of something already in Nature
 Deals with a physical world where Nature exists using
 Science is not static; is it contingent more than absolute → Self-
correction, further research
the 5 senses
 Physical world experienced empirically
 Pseudoscience

 Science is:
 Not flexible and cannot be replicated

 A process
 Does not want to admit when has mistakes

 A perspective
 Is not built on testable hypothesis

 An endeavor we undertake
 Does not adhere to scientific method

 An institution we recognize
 Overgeneralizes

 Aristotle: First natural philosopher → Philosophia + epistem +

 Not open to arguments
theoria
 Science is an inclusive, collaborative social excercise: Big
problems, big solutions (p6-p7), who are the stakeholders?,
BELIEF RESEARCH citizen science
 Why should we believe in science? → To satisfy natural curiosity,
Experiential Methodical
practical applications

Personal Universal TECHNOLOGY AND THE RISE OF CIVILIZATION

 Development of any society is dependent on the technology it
Cannot be disproved → Individual Open to testing
possesses and utilizes

“Infallible fact” “Circumstantial fact”

The hypothesis
 No amount of data will prove a hypothesis to be true,
researchers can only faiil to disprove it
 Facts → See if there are patterns we can describe, see if
hypothesis can be tentative answer to research question → after
time and testing can be a theory
 Death of the hypothesis: the disruption of recognized thinking
brings forth unexpected new iess encompassing old and new
data, birthing a new paradigm
Old framework → CRITICAL ANOMALIES → paradigm shifts → new
framework
 Contradictory data
 Preuction failure
 Inadequate or non-encompassing
 Simpler, more elegant model exists
 Ex. Earth is the center of the universe, from Aristotle to Nicholas
Copernicus
Pillars of scientific orthodoxy
 Science must assume that things in the universe are real
 Universe contains an order that can be percieved by the senses
we possess
 Sciences presupposes that the principles that allow natural
process to happen are the same princ. That can be used to
explain consistently, through careful study, whichever
phenomena is being examined
 Explanation and prediction of any branch of science must be
logical and based on eidence
 Any scientific explanation is limited and probabilistic (due to
humans n tools)
 Science is not performed in isolation, it is a universal social
endeavor
 The goal of science is to contribute meaningfully to the world
Some characteristics of science
 Science deals with phenomena, and must make assumptions to
further comprehension → Key ideas: p1-5, approximation,
reductionism
 Science uses no strict method and draws from many disciplines
→ Scientific methods, creative flexibility, interdisciplinarity in
problem solving
 Science can lead to the developmen tof technology →
Application and articulation of science, tools expand reach of
science, human comfort
 Science and technology are mutually independent, obligate
dancers where you can’t see the separation; sometimes science
comes first before technology
 Science = theory; technology = practice
 Science → Publication of information, processes, and protocols
in academic journsla, manuscripts, and other media
Technology → Pproducion, maintenance, and inention of
machines, materials, systems, and strutures
 Applied scientists and theoretical engineers
Ancient science
 Nonformulated, fluid, dynamic: observation, explanation,
prediction, experimentation
 Observations formed “common senses”: predictive power of
verifiable observations
 Hinging on survival: response to environmental changes
Ancient Technology
 Making tools: One of the first cultural adaptations expanded our
diets with better nourishment, we could develop bigger, more
complex brains
 Mastery of fire: Cook food and vary our diet, defend ourselves
against predators, and socialize more— which may have refined
language
 Bigger brains: Gather into larger social group, developed along
with complex communication and problem-solving
 Domestication: Animal and plant domestication, probably
spreading hand in hand, led to permanent settlements and later
to cieites and civilizations
 Early humans → Landscape alteration → early settlements
Early human development
 Dependent on the environment and technological development
 Knowledge development of bountiful land, beneficial flora and
fauna, useful tools
 Later, gradual shift from sustenance in mobility to sedentary
subsistence strategies
Sedentism and Agriculture
 First technological wave
 Early Civilizations
 Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, Indian subcontinent
 Freshwater sources; crucial for agricultural shift
 Focus on food production
 Technologies developed were geared towards food
producion
 Environment was altered to cater to enhanced food
yields
Societal Emergence
  Rise of crop comlexes over millenia  Rice cultivation and boat building as main activities
 Identification of suitable crops and domesticable  Own writing system, weights, and measures
animals  Innovations were not prominent due to
 Practice over vast tracts of land  Natural resources were bountiful
 Led to food surplus and animal husbandry  No threats came from environment
 Population increase and job diversification  Population was small
 Decrease in population pressure, increase in resources S&T During the Spanish Regime
 Not all became farmers— others forucsed on animals,  Ateneo de Manila University
some on toolmaking, others on shelter  University of Santo Tomas, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy
 Continuing Social Emergence  Manila Observatory
 Cooperative and competitive actions S&T During the American Regime
 Exchange of surplus goods leading to trde  Extensive public education system
 Conquest and invasion of other communities over  Scholarships for higher education in science and engineering
coveted goods  Establishment of science research agencies and professional
 Rise of military forces organisations
 Formation of social hierarchy  Implementation of science based public services
 Rise of landowner class  University of the Philippines
 Expendable labor from lower classes  Lack of coordination between science and educational policies
Defining moment: technological pressure and economic policies → Delayed industrial of the physical
 Human survival was diffrentiated by the ressure to deleop better science/industrial research
technoloy to aid in survival S&T since Independence
 Better technlogical devlopment transformed humanity as a  Education and training of scientist and engineers, and
species government support for scientific research and development
remained unchanged
 Technology defined drastic chganges in human civilizations over
the last three centuries  Private college and universities provide education for the
majority of the college population
THE ROBOTS ARE COMING  Lack of support, planing and coordination for scientific work in
Toeffler’s Waves of Technology government (low budget for research and low salaries of
1. Nomadic Era → Millennia scientists)
2. Agricultural Era → Centuries  Bureau of Science → Institute of Science → Institute of Science
3. Industrial Era → Decades and Technology → National Science Development Board &
4. Information Era National institute of science and technology → National science
Major Transitions or Industrial Revolutions and technology authority → Department of science and
 First: Late 18th century, mechanization of industries powered technology
by steam Current Status of S&T in the Philippines
 Second: 20th century, mass prod through moving assembly line  Human Resources in R&D
using electrical power  Increase in research and development personnel
 Third: 20th century, digitalization and improvement in computer  Mostly from public higher education but an increase
proces from the private industry
 Fourth: Digital analytics enables a new level of operational  Financial resources in R&D
productivity
 Increase in the funds given to research and
o Advantage development
 Free humans from time intensive
repetitive manual labor
 Decline in gross domestic product
 More time and freedom to pursue their  Funds came from the government
passion and hone their creativity Philippines S&T vs other countries
o Disadvantage  Weak performance of the Philippines in science, technology, and
 Lead to greater dispariy between those innovation (STI)
who can afford technology and those who  Weak STI culture
cannot  Low government spending on STI
 Result to more sobs lost due to  Inadequate S&T human resources engaged in STI
automation research and development
 Require new skills for jobs  Difficulty in increasing employment opportunities and
21st Century Skills retaining S&T human capital
 Collaboration and team work  Absence of vibrant intellectual property culture
 Creativity and imagination  Weak linkages among players in the STI ecosystem
 Critical thinking  Restrictive regulations that hamper the
 Problem solving implementation of R&D programs and projects
 Problem solving  Inadequate STI infrastructure
 Flexibility and adaptability Future of S&T in the Philippines
 Global and cultural awareness  AMBISYON 2040 = Matatag, Maginhawa at Panatag na buhay
 Leadership
UNIVERSITY AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: MORE THAN MEETS
 Citizenship THE EYE
 Communication skills  IP commercialization leads to national development only if the
 Initiative players play it right: Academe, Industry, Entrepreneurs,
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES Government
Precolonial S&T Filipino Scientist
 Use of stones in making weapons, sawing, and drilling  Have many thigs to do
 Animal raising and crop planting  Strangled by thickest of archaic laws and policies
  Tp 6 universities operte with only 20% budget of ASEAN  International recognition of intellectual property - Dates back to
neighbors 1886 in Berne, Switzerland
Why researchers dont engage  International agreement on intellectual property rights - 1994,
 No interest in business start-ups Uruguay
 Delay in publications due to patenting requirements  Interpretation of intellectual property provisions - 2001 in Doha,
 Patenting and commercializtion are “evil” Qatar (Doha Declaration)
Philippines is #1 in Asia Absence of intellectual property protection
 #1 in business opened  Free riding problem - inventions are opened for copying →
Incentive issues
 #1 in businesses closed
Two types of investors  Secrecy problem - Methods or principles of inventions are
undisclosed → Cost-effectiveness concerns
 Angel investors
Intellectual poperty rights
 CEOs or children of CEOs
 Solution to the free-riding and secrecy problems
 Invest for additional revenue or or service to the
 Encouraging new technology, novel artistic expressions, and
community
innovatinve invetions while promoting economic growth
 Investment considered more as a debt than equity Enforcement problems
 Venture capitalists  Varying legislative and judicial capabilities
 Entrusted to invest money from ceo or partners  From enactment to implementation
 Investment considered as equity  Evolving information technology
2 types of founders
 From printing to copying to digitalization
 Tech founders: Young, usually students, riisk takers
 Conflcting IPR coverage among countries → From process to
 Academic founders: Aged 30+, scientists, academicians. risk- products
averse Criticisms against IPR
Progress in the Philippine Government
 Hinders transfer of technology from developed countries to
 Technology Transfer Act of 2009 developing countries
 IPOPHIL placed 90 ITSOs throughout the country  Exploits access and transmission of traditional knowledge,
 Start up bill folklore, indigenous lit, and customary practices
 Equity crowd funding bill  Misconstrues discovery as similar to invention (i.e. life -
Technology transfer process patenting)
 Research and innovation geneatrion Undesirable impact on economic development
 IP and market evaluation  Widening gap between developed countries and developing
countries
 IP protection
 Start up / licensing
 IPR as an instrument for maximizing profits and imposing
economic trade sanctions
 Post deal managemnt Undesirable impact on public health → Patent injustice on population
Options for commercialization→ Sale, License, Startup health: IPR as a barrier to the promotion of public health and access to
Knowledge Triangle → Academe, Industry, Government affordable drugs
Undesirable impact on innovations
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
 Stagnation of technology
 Copyrights → Exclusive rights granted to authors and
 IPR as a threat to innovativeness
composers; on the printing and marketing of literary works or
Undesirable impact on human rights → Political obstruction of civil actions:
musical composition
IPR as machinery for suppressing civil dissent
 Patents → Exclusive rights granted to inventors on both Alternatives for continuing creative endeavors
manufacture use, and marketing of inventions
Intellectual Property Rights - Exclusive rights of created on the products of
 Creative common licences
their intellect  Attribution
 Consumer or material goods  Non-commerical
 Ideas  No derivative work
 Designs  share-alike
 Plants  Copyleft - Less restrictive copyright protection than the original
 Literary artistic and scientific works
 Performances
 Inventions in all fields
 Scientific discoveries
 Trademarks, service marks, ad commercial names and
designation
 Protection against unfair competition
 All other rights resulting from any intellectual activity in the
scientific, industrial, literary, n artistic fields
Exemption
 Pharmaceuticals for public health protection
 Compulsory license to their companies to manufacture the
needed drug
 Parallel importation of drugs from other sources regardless of
existing patents
Copyrights, patents, and rights
 Early concept of protecting intellectual property - Dates back to
the 1300s in Englans
 Formal statutes of protecting intellectual property - Dates back
to the late 1700s n the united states