CE 511GL FORM 1 Undergraduate Reasearch Proposal Template v1

CE 511GL FORM-1a:
Undergraduate Research Proposal Template

Endorsement Sheet

Department of Civil Engineering Term/Academic Year:
Talamban, Cebu City First Semester/AY 2017-2018
Philippines 6000
Research Proposal Endorsement and Approval
I/we have read and agreed to the content of the research proposal entitled
ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

IN MOUNTAIN BARANGAYS:
A DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR GUBA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,
BARANGAY GUBA, CEBU CITY
Prepared and submitted by:
MARIA ELLEN A. DELGADO
LEXIEJOY D. YU
KREISHA P. ZAMBO
I/we affirm that the same complies with the standards prescribed for the research
proposal requirement.
In view thereof, I/we hereby endorse the said research proposal for review and oral
presentation.
Endorsed By:
ENGR. RICARDO L. FORNIS

Name and Signature of Adviser Date Endorsed
Name and Signature of Co-Adviser Date Endorsed
CE 511GL FORM-1b:
Approval Sheet

Philippines 6000
Research Proposal Approval
ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

A DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR GUBA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,
Proponents:
MARIA ELLEN A. DELGADO
LEXIEJOY D. YU
KREISHA P, ZAMBO
Supervisory Committee
The supervisory committee is constituted by qualified faculty members of the Department of Civil
Engineering (or coming from other departments) according to the Manual of Regulations for Private
Higher Education (MORPHE) who have ample track record in research. The committee includes at least
two senior faculty members, the thesis adviser and the co-adviser (if there is any) and a committee chair
(Institutional Guidelines for Thesis and Dissertation 2015).
CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 2 of 39

Name and Signature of Thesis Committee Chair Date Approved
Name and Signature of Thesis Committee Member Date Approved
Name and Signature of Thesis Committee Member Date Approved
Name and Signature of Thesis Adviser Date Approved
Name and Signature of Thesis Co-Adviser (if applicable) Date Approved

CE 511GL FORM-1c:
Cover Page

Philippines 6000
Title ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

A DESIGN PROPOSAL FOR GUBA ELEMENTARY SCHOOL,
Name(s) of [1] Delgado, Maria Ellen A.

Proponents [2] Yu, Lexiejoy D.
[3] Zambo, Kreisha P.
Objectives The purpose of this study is to design for the proper collection and distribution
of rainwater, considering the enhancement of existing rainwater harvesting
systems and sanitary facilities of Guba Elementary School in Barangay Guba,
Cebu City.

This study pursues to answer the following questions:
1. What are the sizes of the catchment areas?
2. How much runoff volume could be harvested in a certain
catchment area?
3. How much will be the demand surrounding a single catchment
area?
4. What would be the desired design of every system component -
gutters, pipes and tanks?
5. What would be the best configuration of the whole system?
6. How much would be the cost of the entire project?
This study aims to:

1. Provide a detailed engineering design through the use of
Rainwater Harvesting System.
2. Provide an estimate costing of the Rainwater Harvesting System
design.
Project More or less 6 months (September 2017 – March 2018)
Duration
Project Cost

I. Theoretical Background
A. Rainwater Harvesting: A Necessity
With the rapid growth of population, the concern for water supply is simultaneously growing.
According to UNICEF/WHO Water Supply Statistics 2015, an estimate of about sixty thousand
people were supplied with water during the year 1996 and it continued to increase to ninety-three
thousand people during the year 2015. The world may consist more than 70-percent of water,
yet only less than 1-percent of that water is usable and is found in lakes, rivers, reservoirs and
underground aquifer (Fryer, 2012). In order to cope up with the demand, different sources of
water such as surface and groundwater are being utilized faster than they are being recharged.
According to an international journal of innovative and research development, with the
continuous depletion of water, different methods are being used to cater to the growing demand
needs. In this regard, water storage is often necessary for mountain barangays, such as Guba,
Cebu City where water scarcity is a daily hurdle.
Propitiously, rainwater comes to us free of charge. Yet, current management of household and
community water resources does not reflect the true value of rain. Fayaz and Grover postulated
that in a place where rainwater is abundant, capturing and storing it, is a viable alternative of
good water source in the course of water shortage periods. Rainwater harvesting system (RWHS)
aims at utilizing the primary resource of water which is rainwater. The system primarily involves
the process of collecting water from surfaces where rain falls such as roofs of different
infrastructures, like schools, offices, large data distribution centers, and agricultural buildings,
filtering it, and preserving it for later use.
In Guba Elementary School, the rainwater harvesting system has been their remedy to handle the
issues on water scarcity. Three storage tanks are stationed at different parts of the school to
collect and store rainwater which serves as their primary source to gratify water needs of the
whole school. Yet, it seems insufficient to meet the growing demand eminently during long dry

season. Notably, the school’s existing tanks lack proper conveyance network making the system
improper and faulty. One remarkable observation in their current collection scheme, is making
use of galvanized iron sheet as a replacement for pipes to convey rainwater, that falls on the roof,
down to the cistern. In this manner, rainwater quality is possibly poor for this type of material is
susceptible to rusting. Also, there exists a problem with their roofing system. Gutters are mostly
impaired due to corrosion and a few are placed incorrectly affecting the catchment and flow of
rainwater being carried. Additionally, in (year), the local government had initiated a solution to
enhance the water supply of the school by installing a water supply system that extracts from the
groundwater source by means of pumping. Unfortunately, the system can no longer draw water
from the ground attributable to the lowering of the water table; which in turn, intensified the
dependence of the school to harvesting rainwater as a pragmatic solution to the water scarcity
problem.
Known for its contribution to the society, rainwater harvesting system formerly developed solely
for existence, now receives renewed attention through various studies (Fink, D.H. and Ehrler,
W.L., 1978; Fink, D.H., et al., 1980; Frasier G.W., 1980; Pratt, R.C., 1980). For the same reason,
this lead to the involvement of the use of different techniques which have been used to cater to
the water supply needs to the people. (Oweis, 2004). Khoury-Nolde enumerated the several
factors that are taken into account when selecting rainwater harvesting systems and are as
follows: type and size of catchment area, local rainfall data and weather patterns, population size,
length of the drought period, alternative water sources and cost of the rainwater harvesting
system. Setting up a carefully planned RWHS is of great prominence hence numerous design
considerations must be taken into account, the handbook of guidelines for residential rainwater
harvesting systems (2012) includes how the design, installation and management of RWHS can
affect the quantity of water saved and the quality of rainwater harvested.
RWHS offers numerous benefits aside from augmenting water to water scarce regions. An
Assessment of Water Supply Options by Gould (1999) showed that he agreed that RWHS can be
considered as one of the best methods available for recovering the natural hydrologic cycle,

buffer extreme runoff situations in the water sources and to reduce the cost of water supply in
urban areas. This alternative solution to the unceasing issues on water shortage is an
environmentally sound approach and is economical. Harvested rainwater may be used for a
number of uses such as laundry, flushing toilets, cleaning cars, irrigation and the like (Fryer,
2012).
Sustainability development and the urgent need for the beneficiary to have better water access
lead to the instigation of this study. Furthermore, it was known that the area already uses
rainwater harvesting to have water supply but their present system has a dire need of upfront
engineering design to achieve its prime function. The research is undertaken by undergraduate
students of the Civil Engineering Department, aimed at providing ways to maximize rooftop
runoff for water collection. Moreover, this study hopes to produce significant information that
may reduce the need for groundwater usage by providing designs compatible with the selected
area.
B. Rainwater Harvesting System Components
Kinkade-Levario (2007) specified that rainwater harvesting is consists of up to six primary

components depending on the degree of water quality required. These components include;
catchment, conveyance network which consists of three main components namely external
gutters (also referred to as “eavestroughs”), downspouts and drainage piping (CMHC, 2012),
roof washing, storage, distribution and purification.
1. Catchment is defined as the area from which rainfall flows into. In this study, the whole
surface area of the roof will be the catchment area to be determined. Rainwater yields vary
with the size and texture of the catchment area. A review on literature for rainwater harvesting
discusses that even with the presence of contamination from roof materials, rainwater
harvesting can still be successful and safe for most nonpotable uses (Novak, 2014). In theory,

the Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting asserted that approximately 0.62 gallons per
square foot of collection surface per inch of rainfall can be collected. In practice, however, the
manual further added that some rainwater is lost to first flush, evaporation, splash-out or
overshoot from the gutters in hard rains, and possibly leaks. Rough collection surfaces are less
efficient at conveying water, as water captured in pore spaces tends to be lost to evaporation.
2. Conveyance is comprised of gutters and downspouts that deliver water from the roof into the
storage. Rainwater is best conveyed through a dry conveyance arrangement, which drains
water out of the pipe after runoff (Novak, 2014). There are plenty of materials commercially
available for the use of gutters and downspouts such as stainless steel, PVC pipes, vinyl,
galvanized steel, etc.
3. Kinkade-Levario (2007) prescribed that roof washing involves the reduction of debris and
other soluble pollutants. She added that gutter leaf guards, rainheads, screens and/or first-flush
devices are commonly used in this phase.
While leaf screens remove the larger debris, such as leaves, twigs, and blooms that fall on the
roof, the first-flush diverter gives the system a chance to rid itself of the smaller contaminants,
such as dust, pollen, and bird and rodent feces. The ball valve type first flush diverter consists
of a floating ball that seals off the top of the diverter pipe when the pipe fills with water (The
Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting, 2005).

Figure1. Standpipe with ball valve
The following factors can be used as a guide in determining the volume of water to be diverted.
Table 1. Pollution Factor
POLLUTION FACTOR FOR THE ROOF
Minimal Pollution – divert 0.5L per m2

Open field, no bird droppings, clean environment
Substantial Pollution – divert 2L per m2
Leaves and debris, bird droppings, various animal matter, e.g. dead insects, skinks, etc.
4. Novak (2014) indicated that the storage system components include the tank, rainwater inlet
from conveyance, calming inlet, intake (extractor), water to distribution, water level indicator,
overflow, vent and tank access.

Figure 2. Tpical Components of Storage
Above-ground storage system can be easily purchased off the shelf in most communities,
allowing for easy inspection and gravity water extraction or draining (Kinkade-Levario,
2007). According to Novak (2014) numerous factors from the building program and site
influence the most appropriate size, type, materials and location of the tank.
Gupta (2011) emphasized that the storage tank is the most expensive component of the RHS.
The sizing of storage tank needs to consider the demand of intended end uses, rainfall pattern
and reliability of supply (Begbie et al., 2015). Smaller tanks connected in series may be
preferred to reduce the scale of the tanks in relation to other architectural features. Novak
(2014) enumerated that the factors affecting type of tank include cost, connections,
aesthetics, location and function. And he further identified that the factors that affect material
of tank include cost, aesthetics, site conditions and weight constraints (for shipping). Finally,
factors affecting location of tank are: the portion of the roof that will be providing rainwater
supply, availability of exterior space, elevation, temperature conditions, aesthetics and site
constraints including conflicts with utilities or future expansion plans.

4.1. Simulation on rainwater tank yield operating rules:
4.1.1. Yield-after spill (YAS)
All inflow in this method is added and overflow is removed by limiting the tank storage
(Butler, D. et al., 2009). At the end of the time-step, the water demanded from the storage
is subtracted from the volume which by no means can exceed the tank volume. In actual
event the water in the tank could simultaneously be taken and added. Fewkes, et al. (2000)
indicated that this rule undervalues the quantity of water which can be supplied by the
tank.
Yt = m
in( Dt , Vt - 1 )
Vt = m
in(Vt -1 +
Qt − Yt , S − Yt )
(1)
where
Yt = yield (amount supplied) from the tank during time interval t
Vt = volume of rainwater in the tank at the end of time interval t
Qt = volume of rainwater that enters the tank
Dt = demand during time interval t
S = maximum storage capacity
Vt -1 =
initial volume of water in the tank before the time interval t
4.1.2. Yield before spill (YBS)

During a time period, this method does not allow storage to spill. It sums up all the
inflow, and supplies the full demand. Any excess water remains at the end of time step
will be removed. This approach overestimates the quantity of water which can be
supplied by the tank (Fewkes, et al., 2000).
Yt = min ( Dt , Vt -1 + Qt )

V
t
= min (Vt -1 + Qt − Yt , S )
(3)
(4)
where
Yt = yield (amount supplied) from the tank during time interval t
Vt = volume of rainwater in the tank at the end of time interval t
Qt = volume of rainwater that enters the tank
Dt = demand during time interval t
S = maximum storage capacity
Vt -1 = initial volume of water in the tank before the time interval t
There are two ways to assess the performance of the tank, by volumetric reliability or by
time-based reliability. The volumetric reliability is obtained by dividing the volume supplied
by the tank by the total demand during the simulation period. The timed-based reliability is
calculated by dividing the number of time step which the demand is met by the total number
of time step (Liaw, et al., 2004).
A study by Mitchell (2007) found that the yield-before-spillage operating rule overestimates
the volume of water that can be supplied by the tank while the yield-after-spill
underestimates. The author suggested using both rules and averaging the results.

Mitchell (2007) investigated the effect of the length of the simulation period. The author
found that a 10-year simulation length gives a result within the 3% of those attained by a 50-
year simulation length. It was safe to use 10-year length without affecting the accuracy of the
results.
Mitchell (2007) suggested starting the simulation with an empty tank. It appears to be logical
since it is unlikely that the tanks will be manually filled with water after the installation.
5. Novak (2014) alleged that distribution is the element responsible for delivering water with
the appropriate quality and pressure. Stored rainwater may be conveyed or distributed by
gravity or by pumping through a series of pipe networks (Kinkade-Levario, 2007).
6. Purification phase is neglected because water is not for potable use.
II. Significance of the Research Work

This study could be highly significant and beneficial especially to the following:
School. Through this research, Guba Elementary School community - students, faculty and staff,
will be able to have more comfort and better sanitation with the new and improved designs of
RWHS.
Community. This study will help encourage our LGUs to proficiently use rainwater and engage
more on sustainable small-scale projects on water storage systems such as rainwater harvesting
to areas of critical water scarcity condition.
Environment. For as much as rainwater harvesting is considered to be an environmentally sound

approach, the system does not cause any harm to the environment. Collection of rainwater also

reduces the chances of flooding and aids in better stormwater management. Installation of the
system denotes an efficient harnessing of rainwater as an alternative water resource ergo
reducing the over-dependency on traditional patterns of extracting water that deplete our
resource-levels.
Researchers. This study prepares the student researchers in the line of designing or engineering
with proper sense of judgment and enhances their virtues, knowledge and devotion to serve the
community.
III. Scope and Limitations
A. Site/Location
This project is specifically for Guba Elementary School situated in Barangay Guba, Cebu City.
B. Catchment Area
Catchment areas wherein significant amounts of rainwater can be collected are considered in the
study. Catchment areas with relatively low runoff are negligible due to the small, insignificant
amount of rainwater that can be collected within a year.
C. Water Demand
The school population is greatly considered in estimating the water demand of the school. Data
were acquired from school records and interviews were conducted by the researchers to have
agrasp of important data.

D. Water Supply and Distribution
The study includes the analysis of the existing water distribution systems of school and provide a
RWHS design that incorporates techniques that does not require motor pumps, but instead, use
the force of gravity to distribute water collected from the system. It also requires careful planning
as to where to situate the tanks, gutters and downspouts to be able to supply water throughout
thedifferent toilet and washing facilities of the school.
E. Costing
The costing of the storage tanks, gutters, pipes (downspouts, first flush, and for water
distribution) are based on local prices of Cebu Oversea Hardware Co., Inc. found in Cebu.The
labor cost is assumed to be based on a mutual agreement between the labor party and the
implementing party. The study included the delivery costing of the material since material
delivery will be difficult due to the small roads available, which will make it harder for delivery
trucks; thus, entailing significantly large amount of money.
IV. Research/Experimental Design & Methods
A. Site Reconnaissance
The study area is within Guba Elementary School, Barangay Guba, Cebu City. Its latitude and
longitude are 10.4283° N and 23.8914° E respectively. It is typically hilly and has long been
struggling with the plight of water scarcity. The school currently has three (3) main plastic
barrels to store rainwater. However, these are inadequate in meeting their water demand most
especially on long periods of dry season.

The school consists of seventeen (17) classrooms, one (1) gymnasium and two (2) comfort room
buildings. Its current population is 1,037; for which 1,010 are students, 26 are teachers, and 1
school head.
B. Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curve
An IDF Curve was obtained from Mactan-Cebu International Airport. The curve represents
different storms of varying return periods expressed in rainfall intensities against their
corresponding durations. Each curve has an equation which can be used to get specific rainfall
intensities at a specific inlet times and return periods.
Figure. 3 IDF Curve from Mactan-Cebu Int’l Airport
C. Treatment of Data
C.3.1 Catchment Area
C.3.1.1 Plan Area
The area of the catchment area are to be calculated using the formula:
A =l xw

where
A = Roof area in the top view(sq.m)
l = length in top view (m)
w = width in top view (m)
C.3.1.2 Slant Area
The area of the catchment area using its footprint dimensions are to be calculated using
the formula:
As = ls x ws
where
As = Footprint Area (sq.m)
ls = slant width of roof (m)
ws = length of roof (m)
C.3.2 Roof Discharge

Varying roof discharges shall be determined through the rational formula with a runoff
coefficient of 0.95 for roofs and differing rainfall intensities. Time of concentration is to
be calculated through various methods including:
Kinematic Wave and Manning Equation
where
𝑛 = Manning’s coefficient
𝐿 = overland length (𝑚)
ie = intensity (𝑚𝑚/ℎ𝑟)
S o = ground slope
Velocity Method

L
Tt = V
where
𝐿 = length of flow (𝑚)
V = flow velocity (𝑚)
Kerby-Hathaway
where
𝐿 = overland flow length (𝑚)
k =0.826 if L is in English system
k =1.439 if L is in SI
r= overland retardance factor
S= overland flow slope
C.3.3 Gutter and Downspout Sizing

3.3.1. Gutter Sizing
A single size gutter shall be used for all catchment areas. Gutters shall be of
rectangular shape for easier installation and availability in depots. There shall be an
assumption of width and the depth shall be calculated with the use of the derived
formula from Manning’s Equation:
Using an assumed ratio of gutter depth (d) to width (b) of:
d = 34 b
8 2 1
Q = 34 b 3 ( 1n )( 10
3 3 2
)S
where:
d = depth of gutter (m)
b = width of gutter (m)

Q = roof discharge ( m3 /s )
n = Manning’s coefficient
s = slope of gutter
3.3.2. Downspout sizing

Discharges to be used in calculating each downspout diameter are dependent on
the spacing of downspouts - which determines the specific gutter area that contributes
water to a specific downspout.
Maximum spacing of downspouts shall be calculated as follows:

smax = ( Qroof
Qroof /m )
where:
smax = maximum spacing of downspouts (m)
Qroof = discharge capacity of gutter - roof discharge ( m3 /s )
Qroof /m = roof discharge per 1 meter length ( m3 /s )
Roof discharge per meter length is computed as follows:
Qroof /m = ciL
3,600,000
where:
Qroof /m = roof discharge per 1 meter length ( m3 /s )
c = runoff coefficient
i = rainfall intensity at specific return period (mm/hr)
L = length of the roof edge (m)

Diameter of pipes shall be calculated from the energy equation, incorporating the
influence of the major and minor losses caused by the changes along the conveyance.
Energy equation:
V1 2 P1 V2 2 P2
2g
+ γ
+ Z1 = 2g
+ γ
+ Z 2 + HL1−2
Manning’s Head loss Formula for major head loss:

10.29n2 LQ2
HL = D16/3
where:
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient
L = total length of pipe from inlet to outlet (m)
D = diameter of pipe used (m)
A = cross-sectional area of pipe used ( m2 )
g = gravitational acceleration ( m/s2 )
Q = discharge of water in the outlet ( m3 /s)
Minor head loss is calculated through the formula:

2
= ΣK AQ2 2g
v 2
HL(minor) = ΣK 2g
Table “n”. Loss Coefficients for Pipe Components (Kudela, 2015)

C.3.4 First Flush Diverter Sizing
3.4.1. Volume of First Flush
The total volume of water to be diverted can be calculated by multiplying the
slant area of the roof to 2 Litres/sq.m.
V = As(2)
where:
V = volume of water to be diverted (L)
As= Slant area of the roof (m2)
2 = volume of water to be diverted per sq.m. (L/m2 )
3.4.2 Length of pipe
The following formula shall be used to compute for length of standpipe:

L = V Apipe
where:
L = length of standpipe (m)
V = volume of water to be diverted (m3)
Apipe = area of selected pipe commercially available (m2)
C.3.5 Tank Sizing
To determine the appropriate rainwater storage tank capacity, simulation to different
setups will be used to achieve practicable water tank size.
3.5.1
3.5.2.
3.5.3.
C.3.6 Tank Frame
Steel members for the tank frame will be designed adequately so as to support the
entire weight of the water tank which is assumed to be in full condition. Steel design
concepts and principles will aid in the design of steel frame elements suitable for the
tank frame. Moreover, selection of frame elements will also be based on its
availability in the local market.
C.3.7 Piping for Distribution
A comparison between the Darcy-Weisbach equation and Manning’s equation shall

be used to determine the pipeline water flow distribution assuming a full-flow
circular pipe. Two (2) points shall be assigned such that the first point will be the
water level in the tank and the second point will be the outlet or the faucet.
To determine the discharge of the faucet, the computations for the major and minor
head losses will be considered. The values for the minor head losses will be

determined using the coefficients placed in Table 3.2.
The computations for the major head losses will differ depending on the equation used.
Using Darcy Weisbach equation
f LV 2
hLmajor = D2g
where f = friction factor

L= total length of the pipe from tanks to faucet (m)
V =velocity of the water in the pipe (m/s)
D = diameter of the pipe (m)
m
g = gravitational acceleration ( 9.81 s2
)

Reynold’s Number
The Reynold’s number will be one of the parameters needed to determine the
friction factor f in Colebrook-White’s equation.
ρDV
Re = μ
Swamee-Jain Equation
The Swamee-Jain equation will be used to determine the friction factor f .
0.25
f= A2
A = log( 3.7εD + 5.74

Re0.9
)
h
where:
f = friction factor
ε = pipe relative roughness
Dh = inside diameter of pipe (m)
Re = Reynold’s number
The pipe roughness coefficients for commercial pipes are listed in Table 3.3

The type of pipe that will be used will still be determined depending on the following
factors:
1. Availability of the pipe with the supplier
2. Cost
3. Susceptibility to damage
Manning’s Equation
hL(total) = hL(major) + hL(minor)
In the distribution of water, pipes will vary in length leading to different outlets. In
this case, the greatest length shall be used in the calculation in order to ensure the pipe’s
capability to deliver water at the least velocity generated in the longest pipe.
V. References
(2005). The Texas Manual on Rainwater Harvesting 3rd edition. Texas Water Development
Board.

(2013). Rainwater Harvesting- A Review. International Journal of Innovative Research and
Development: Vol 2
(2016). Rain-water Harvesting Techniques for Climate Change Adaptation, Mitigation. News
Day Zimbabwe
Butler, D., Makropoulos, C., & Rozos, E. (2009). Urban Water Modelling and the Daily Time
Step: Issues for Realistic Representations.
CMHC. (2012). Guidelines for Residential Rainwater Harvesting Handbook. Canadian
Cataloguing in Publication Data.
Fayaz, A. M., & Grover, S. (2017, 05). Rainwater harvesting: A potential solution to the water
erra Green.
scarcity challenge. T
Fewkes, A., & Warm, P. (2000). The Modelling and Testing of a Rainwater Catchment System in
the UK. Building Services Engineering Research and Technology
Fink, D.H., & Ehrler, W.L. (1978). Salvaging wasted waters for desert-household gardening. In
Hydrology and water resources in Arizona and the southwest (Vol. 8, pp 125-131). Proc.
1978 Meet. Ariz. Sect. Am. Water Resour. Assoc.-Hydrol. Sect. Ariz. Acad. Sci., Flagstaff,
AZ.
Fink, D.H., Frasier, G.W., & Cooley, K.R. (1980). Water harvesting by wax-treated soil
surfaces: Progress, problems and potential. Agricultural Water Management, 3 , pp. 125-134.
Frasier, G.W. (1980). Harvesting water for agricultural, wildlife, and domestic uses. Journal of
Soil and Water Conservations, 3 5, pp 125-128.
Fryer, J. (2012). The Complete Guide to Water Storage. Texas: Atlantic Publishing Group, Inc.
Gillesania, E. (1997). Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics 4th Edition.
Gould, J., Lane, J, Lambert, A., Ttyrton, P., Dickson, M., & Preston, G. (2000). Assessment on
Water Supply Options. World Commission on Dams.
iley-Blackwell
Gupta, S.K. (2010). Modern Hydrology and Sustainable Water Development. W
Kennedy, M., & Male, J. (2006). Reliability of Rainwater Harvesting. Eco-Architecture:
Harmonisation between Architecture and Nature.

Khoury-Nolde, N. (2016). Rainwater Harvesting. Retrieved from
http://www.rainwaterconference.org/uploads/media/Rainwater_Harvesting_-an_everview_
.pdf.
Kinkade-Levario, H. (2007). Design for Water: Rainwater Harvesting, Stormwater Catchment,
and Alternate Water Reuse. New Society Publishers.
Mitchell G. (2007). How important is the selection of computational analysis method to the
accuracy of rainwater tank behaviour modelling? Hydrological Processes.
Liaw, C., & Tsai, Y. (2004). Optimum Storage Volume of Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting Systems
for Domestic Use. Journal of the American Water Resources Association
Novak, C., Giesen, E., & DeBusk, K. (2014). Designing Rainwater Harvesting Systems. John
Wiley & Sons Inc.
Pratt, R.C. (1980). Water harvesting: An alternative irrigation method for desert gardeners.
Desert Plants, 2 (2). Pp. 131-134.
Sharma, A., Begbie, B., & Gardner, T. (2015). Rainwater Tank Systems for Urban Water Supply.
UN-HABITAT, (2006). Rain water Harvesting and Utilisation. Bluedrop Series Book 3
UNICEF-WHO. (2015). Water Supply Statistics. Retrieved from
https://knoema.com/WHOWSS2014/who-unicef-water-supply-statistics-2015?
V.G., M. (2007). How important is the selection of computational analysis method to accuracy
of rainwater tank behavior modeling? Hydrological Processes.
VI. Cost Estimates (NOTE: In making the cost estimates please include contingency which is about 20% of the
total cost.)
6.1 Proposed Budget for Materials

Item Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
[1]
[2]
[3]

Total
6.2 Proposed Budget for Laboratory Equipment/Apparatus Use

Item Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
Total
6.3 Room Rental Costs

Room No. of hours Cost/hour Subtotal
[1] Cafeteria 6-8 75 php 600 php per visit

[2]
Total 600 php per visit
6.4 Miscellaneous Costs

Manpower/Overtime Costs
Name of Person Position Rate/Fee No. of Hours Subtotal
[1] Manpower (Overtime)

Total
External Analysis
Description No.of Samples/ Analysis Fee Subtotal
Frequency
[1]
Total
Documentation Costs
Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
Printing 200 2 php 400 php

Total 400 php
Transportation and Accommodation Costs
Description No. of persons Rate/person Subtotal
Car rental 3 170 php 510 php per visit

Motorcycle 3 100 php 300 php per visit
Jeepney 3 10 php 30 php per visit
Total 840 php per visit
Incidental Costs
Description Quantity Cost/Unit Subtotal
Total
VII. Workplan and Expected Output
June Person(s)
Activity/Task Expected Output
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Responsible
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
June Person(s)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Responsible
June/July Person(s)
27 28 29 30 1 2 3 Responsible

Consultations with experts x Possible research topics Researchers
July Person(s)
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Responsible
Consultation with adviser X Topic Proposal Researchers
July Person(s)
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Responsible
[1]Compilation of literature x x X x x x x Theoretical background Researchers
readings
[2]Seeking for project x Project AQUARIA Researchers
partnerships collaboration
[3]
[4]
July Person(s)
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Responsible
Compilation of literature x x X x x x x Theoretical background Researchers
readings
July Person(s)
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Responsible
Seeking for beneficiaries x x X x x x x Guba Elementary School Researchers

August Person(s)
Site visit x Agreement with school Researchers
head
Formulation of problem x X x Statement of the Problem Researchers
Conception of the essence of x x Significance of the Study Researchers
the study
Further discussions about the x x x x x x x Scope and Limitations of Researchers
research area Study
August Person(s)
8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Responsible
[1] Process Deliberation x x x x x x x Methodology of the study Researchers
[2]
[3]
[4]
August Person(s)
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Responsible
Process Deliberation x x x x x x x Methodology of the study Researchers
Site visit x School Data (Student and Researchers
Teacher Population,
Number of School
Buildings and Facilities)
August Person(s)
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Responsible
Process Deliberation x x x x x x x Methodology of the study Researchers

August/September Person(s)
29 30 31 1 2 3 4 Responsible
September Person(s)
[1] Proposal paper finalization x x x Final proposal paper Researchers
[2]
[3]
[4]
September Person(s)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Responsible
September Person(s)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Responsible
Research Proposal x x x x x x x Research Approval Researchers

September/October Person(s)
26 27 28 29 30 1 2 Responsible
Research Proposal x x x x x x x Research Approval Researchers
Design Period x x x x x x x Project Design Researchers
Consultation x Preliminary assessments Researchers
Site visit x Data Acquisition Researchers
October Person(s)
[1] Design Period x x x x x x x Project Design Researchers
[2]
[3]
[4]
October Person(s)
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Responsible
October Person(s)
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Responsible
Consultation x Further Design Reviews Researchers
October Person(s)
24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Responsible
Site visit with IE Council x Data Acquisition Researchers

October/November Person(s)
[2]
[3]
[4]
November Person(s)
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Responsible
November Person(s)
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Responsible
November Person(s)
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Responsible
Consultation for design x Final Design Output Researchers
approval
November/December Person(s)
28 29 30 1 2 3 4 Responsible

[1] Project Design Presentation x Design Approval Researchers
to Project AQUARIA
[2]Analysis of Results x x x Discussion of Data and Researchers
Results
[3]
[4]
December Person(s)
Analysis of Results x x x x x x x Discussion of Data and Researchers
Results
December Person(s)
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Responsible
Results
December Person(s)
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Responsible
December/January Person(s)
26 27 28 29 30 31 1 Responsible
[1]
[2]
[3]

[4]
January Person(s)
Results
January Person(s)
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Responsible
Results
January Person(s)
16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Responsible
[1] Formulation of general x x x x x x x Conclusion Researchers
findings
[2]Consultation x Revisions Researchers
January Person(s)
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Responsible
[1] Formulation of general x x x x x x x Conclusion Researchers
findings
[2]
[3]
[4]

January/February Person(s)
[1] Looking into further x x x x x x x Recommendations Researchers
research improvements
February Person(s)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Responsible
[1] Looking into further x x x x x x x Recommendations Researchers
research improvements
February Person(s)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Responsible
[1]
February Person(s)
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Responsible
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
February/March Person(s)

March Person(s)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Responsible
March Person(s)
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Responsible

CE 511GL FORM 1 Undergraduate Reasearch Proposal Template v1

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CE 511GL FORM 1 Undergraduate Reasearch Proposal Template v1

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CE 511GL FORM-1a:

Undergraduate Research Proposal Template

Research Proposal Endorsement and Approval

ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM FOR ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS

Prepared and submitted by:

MARIA ELLEN A. DELGADO

ENGR. RICARDO L. FORNIS

Name and Signature of Co-Adviser Date Endorsed

Research Proposal Approval

ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

MARIA ELLEN A. DELGADO

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 2 of 39

Name and Signature of Thesis Committee Member Date Approved

Name and Signature of Thesis Committee Member Date Approved

Name and Signature of Thesis Adviser Date Approved

Name and Signature of Thesis Co-Adviser (if applicable) Date Approved

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 3 of 39

Title ROOF RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEM

Name(s) of [1] Delgado, Maria Ellen A.

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 4 of 39

This study aims to:

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 5 of 39

A. ​Rainwater Harvesting: A Necessity

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 6 of 39

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 7 of 39

B. ​Rainwater Harvesting System Components

Kinkade-Levario (2007) specified that ​rainwater harvesting is consists of up to six primary

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 8 of 39

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 9 of 39

Minimal Pollution – divert 0.5L per m​2

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 10 of 39

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 11 of 39

4.1.1. Yield-after spill (YAS)

4.1.2. Yield before spill (YBS)

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 12 of 39

Y​t = min ( ​Dt​ ​ , ​Vt​ ​ -​1​ + ​Q​t​ )

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 13 of 39

6. Purification phase is neglected because water is not for potable use.

II. Significance of the Research Work

Environment. For as much as rainwater harvesting is considered to be an environmentally sound

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 14 of 39

III. Scope and Limitations

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 15 of 39

IV. Research/Experimental Design & Methods

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 16 of 39

Figure. 3 IDF Curve from Mactan-Cebu Int’l Airport

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 17 of 39

C.3.2 Roof Discharge

Kinematic Wave and Manning Equation

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 18 of 39

C.3.3 Gutter and Downspout Sizing

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 19 of 39

3.3.2. ​Downspout sizing

Maximum spacing of downspouts shall be calculated as follows:

Roof discharge per meter length is computed as follows:

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 20 of 39

Manning’s Head loss Formula for major head loss:

Minor head loss is calculated through the formula:

Table “n”. Loss Coefficients for Pipe Components (Kudela, 2015)

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 21 of 39

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 22 of 39

C.3.7 Piping for Distribution

A comparison between the Darcy-Weisbach equation and Manning’s equation shall

CE 511GL FORM-1 Page 23 of 39

A. Rainwater Harvesting: A Necessity

B. Rainwater Harvesting System Components

Kinkade-Levario (2007) specified that rainwater harvesting is consists of up to six primary

Minimal Pollution – divert 0.5L per m2

Yt = min ( Dt , Vt -1 + Qt )

3.3.2. Downspout sizing

[1] Manpower (Overtime)