International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET)

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Volume 10, Issue 1, January 2019,
201 pp. 450–456, Article ID: IJMET_10_01_046
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THE DIAGONALIZATION MATRIX OF THE ⊗ ( ≡∗ , )

Dunya Mohamed Hamed
College of Education,
Education University of Mustansiriyha, Baghdad, Iraq

( ∗ T , ), where
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to determine the diagonalization of the ⊗ (≡
⊗
(≡∗ T , ) is the tensor product
of the group T , by itself n-
n times, where p, q are prime number, p> and
product of the matrix of the rational valued character table
and q | p−1.
Keywords: Tensor Product, The rational character table, the group T ,

Hamed The Diagonalization Matrix of The ⊗ (

≡
Cite this Article: Dunya Mohamed Hamed,
∗
, ), International
ernational Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology,
Technology 10(1),
2019, pp. 450–456.
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The tensor product of two matrices and the rational character table of the group T , has been
1. INTRODUCTION

given in respectively [1], [5].

In this work, we found two matrices P, Q and we give some concepts that we shall use to

group T , of n- times of itself where p, q are prime number, p> and q | p−1.
determine the diagonal matrix of the tenser product of the matrix
matrix rational character table of
−1.

Preliminaries
Some definition and basic concepts have been given in this section
Definition (2-1), [1]: Let A∈M K , B∈M K , we define a matrix A⊗ B ∈M K by :
a B a B ⋯ a B
a B a B ⋯a B
A⊗B=
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
a B a B ⋯a B
Where,
a a ⋯ a b b ⋯ b
a a ⋯a b b ⋯b
⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮ and B= ⋯ ⋮
⋮ ⋮
a a ⋯a b b ⋯b
A=

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 The Diagonalization Matrix of The ⊗ ( ≡∗ , )

Thus,
α α ⋯ α
α α ⋯α
A⊗B= ⋮ ⋮ ⋯ ⋮
α α ⋯α
Where
a b a b ⋯ a b
a b a b ⋯a b
α = ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
a b a b ⋯a b

a b a b ⋯ a b
a b a b ⋯a b
α #= ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
a b a b ⋯a b

a b a b ⋯ a b
a b a b ⋯a b
α## = ⋯
⋮ ⋮ ⋮
a b a b ⋯a b
and k=nm

3 0 0
−1 0
), B=*−1 1 0 , , then
0 2
0 2 −1
Example (2-2):Consider A=$

−3 0 0 0 0 0
/ 1 −1 0 0 0 04
. 0 −2 1 0 0 03
A ⊗ B =. 0 03
0 0 0 6
.0 0 0 −2 2 0 3
-0 0 0 0 4 −225 5

Proposition (2-3), [1]:

Let A ,Aˋ be two different matrices inM K and B , Bˋ be two different matrices inM K ,

1- A + Aˋ ⊗ B = A⊗ B + Aˋ ⊗ B .
then

2- A⊗ B . Aˋ ⊗Bˋ = AAˋ ⊗ BBˋ .

3- det A⊗ B = det A . det B .

Definition (2-4), [2]:

a mapping χ : G ⟶ F define by χ(g)=Tr( T(g) ) refers to the trace of the matrix T(g) .
Let T be a matrix representation of finite group G over a field F , then the character χ of T is

Clearly χ(1) = n , which is called the degree of χ . Also, characters of degree 1 are called
linear characters.

Example (2-5):
In symmetric group S@ =< x,y : x =y @ =1,xy= y x> , define the representation T : S@ ⟶ GL(2 , ₵ )
0 1 w 0
such that : T(x)= $ ) and T(y)= $ ) , where w = D G@ , then the character χ of T is
EF
1 0 0 w
χ (T(x) )= 0+0=0 , χ (T(y) )= w +w = −1

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 Balasem A. Al-Quraishi, Nor Zelawati Binti Asmuin, Mohammed Najeh Nemah and Salih Meri A

Definition (2-6), [2]:

The character afforded by irreducible representation is called irreducible character;
otherwise it is called compound character.
Example (2-7): Linear characters are irreducible character.

Definition (2-7), [3]:

A class function on a group G is a function f : G ⟶₵ which is constant on conjugate classes ,
that is f(x O y x ) = f(y) , ∀ x ,y ∈ G , if all values of f are in Z , then it is called Z-valued
class function .
Proposition (2-8), [3]: characters are class function.

Proof:
Let T be matrix representation and χ character of T, then

χ (x O y x ) = Tr( T (x O y x ) ) = Tr ( T (x O ) T(y ) T(x ) )

= Tr (T (x O ) T(x) T(y))
=Tr (T(y)) =χ(y)

Proposition (2-9), [5]:

Let p and q be two prime numbers such that p>q and q|p-1, then the rational character table of
the group T , is

K K K@

(≡∗ , )= g 1 1 1
g q−1 q−1 −1
g@ p−1 −1 0

Definition (2-10), [3]::

A rational valued character θof G is a character whose values are in Z,That is θ(x) ∈
Z , ∀x ∈ G .

Theorem (2-11), [6]:

Let M be anm × n matrix with entries in a principal domain R, then thereexist matricesP,Q, D
such that:
1- P and Q are invertible
2- QMP O =D
3- D is diagonal matrix
4- If we denoted D`` by d` , then there exists a natural number r , 0 ≤ r ≤ min(m ,n)
such that j>r implies dd = 0 and j≤ r implies dd ≠ 0 and 1 ≤ j ≤ r implies dd
divides ddf .

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 The Diagonalization Matrix of The ⊗ ( ≡∗ , )

Definition (2-12), [6]:

Let M be a matrix with entries in a principal domain R , be equivalent to a matrixD= diag{ d
, d , ......., dh ,0 ,0 , ......., 0} such that dd ∕ ddf for 1 ≤ j ≤ r , we call D the invariant factor
matrix of M and ij , ik , ......., il the invariant factor of M .
Theorem (2-12), [6]:Let Mbe a matrix with entries in a principal domain R, thenthe invariant
factor areunique.

Theorem (2-13), [4]:

Let A, B are two matrices nonsingular matrices of degree n, m respectively over principal
domain R, and let
P A Q = D(A) =Diag { d (A), d (A), ⋯, d (A)},
P B Q = D(B) =Diag { d (B), d (B), ⋯, d (B)}, be the invariant factor matrices of A and B,
Then, (P ⊗P ).(A⊗B). ( Q ⊗Q ) =D (A)⊗D (B)
And, from this the invariant factor matrices of A⊗ B can be written down
Let H and L be P and P −groups respectively, where P and P are distinct primes, we
know that:
≡(H×L)= ≡(H) ⊗ ≡(L) ,since gcd(P , P )=1 , we have
≡∗(H×L) = ≡∗ (H) ⊗≡∗ (L).

The Diagonal Matrix of The ⊗( ≡∗ , ):

In this section, we found two matrices P and Qto determine the diagonal matrix of the⊗
(≡∗ T , ), where ⊗ (≡∗ T , ) denote to the tenser product of the matrix rational character
table of groupT , by itself n- times. Where p, q are prime number, p> and q | p−1.
We apply theorem (2-13) to determine the diagonal of ⊗(≡∗ T , ).
1 0 0 1 p 1
Let p=*−1 −1 0 ,and Q=*−1 0 −1,
−1 0 −1 −p −p 0
be two matrices which is the invariant factor matrix for ≡∗ T , where
1 1 1
≡ T
∗
, =* q − 1 q − 1 −1 ,
p − 1 −1 0
Hence, by theorem (2-13) we get
−p 0 0
P. (≡∗ T , ).Q = * 0 −qp 0,
0 0 −p
Hence, by Theorem (2-13) ⟹ D( (≡∗ T , ) )= diag {−p , −qp , −p }

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 Balasem A. Al-Quraishi, Nor Zelawati Binti Asmuin, Mohammed Najeh Nemah and Salih Meri A

Now, we consider explicitly the case n=2, then

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
/−1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 04
.−1 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 03
. 3
.−1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 03
P⊗P=. 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 03 ,
. 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 03
.−1 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 03
. 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 03
- 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 12o×o
1 P 1 P P P 1 P 1
/ −1 0 −1 −P 0 −P −1 0 −1 4
. −P 3
. −P 0 −P −P 0 −P −P 0 3
. −1 −P −1 0 0 0 −1 −P −13
Q⊗Q=. 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 13
. P P 0 0 0 0 P P 03
. −P −P −P −P −P −P 0 0 03
. P 0 P P 0 P 0 0 03
-P P 0 P P 0 0 0 0 2o×o
And, (≡∗ T , )⊗(≡∗ T , )=⊗ (≡∗ T , )=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 14
/ −1 −1 − 1 − 1 −1 − 1 − 1 −1 3
.
p−1 0 p−1 −1 0 p − 1 −1 0 3
.
. −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 3
. ( − 1) 1− ( − 1) ( − 1) 1 − 1 − 1 − −1 3
.( − 1)(p − 1) 0 ( − 1)(p − 1) 1 − 0 1−p 1 1 3
. p−1 p−1 −1 0 0 3
−1 −1 0
. 3
.( − 1)(p − 1) 1 − p 1− 1− 1 0 0 0 3
. (p − 1) 0 1−p 1 0 0 0 0 3
- 2o×o
So, we obtain
p 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
/ 04
0 qp 0 0 0 0 0 0
. 03
p 0 0 0 0 0
.0 0 3
.0 0 0 qp 0 0 0 0 03
(P⊗P). (⊗ (≡∗ T , )) . (Q⊗Q)=. 0 0 0 0 q p 0 0 0 03
.0 0 0 0 0 qp 0 0 03
.0 0 0 0 0 0 p 0 03
.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 qp 03
-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 p 2o×o
Hence, by Theorem (2-13) ⟹ D ( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))= diag {p , qp ,p , qp ,q p , qp ,p , qp
,p }

We, consider explicitly the case n=3, then we obtain

@
(P⊗P⊗P). ( ⊗ (≡∗ T ,
@
) ) . (Q⊗Q⊗Q)=D( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))=

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 The Diagonalization Matrix of The ⊗ ( ≡∗ , )

− q
/ 4
. − q
3
. − q
3
. − q 3
. − k q 3
. 3
− q
. 3
. − q
3
. − q
3
. − q 3
. − q 3
. 3
. − k q
3
. − q
3
. − k q 3
. − q q 3
. 3
− k q
. 3
. − q
3
. − k q
3
. − q 3
. − q 3
. 3
− q
. 3
. − q
3
. − q
3
. − k q 3
. − q 3
. 3
. − q
3
. − q
3
- − q 2kr×kr

Hence, by Theorem (2-13) we get:

@
D( ⊗ (≡∗ T ) )= diag {−p3 ,−qp@ ,− p@ ,−qp@ ,−q p@,−qp@ ,− p@ ,−qp@ ,−p@ ,−q p@ , −q p@,
,
−qp@ , −q p@, −q@ p@ − q p@ ,−qp@ , −q p@ , −qp@ , −p@ ,−qp@ ,− p@ , qp@ ,−q p@,−qp@ ,− p@ ,−qp@
,−p@ } .

We, consider explicitly the case n=4, then we obtain

s
(P⊗P⊗P⊗P). ( ⊗ (≡∗ T ,
s
) ). (Q⊗Q⊗Q⊗Q)=D( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))=
(−p
/ 4
. , 3
. − p 3
. , 3
. −p ) 3
. ⊗ 3
. 3
. (⊗
q
3
. ( −p 3
. , 3
. 3
. − p 3
. , 3
- −p )2t ×t

Therefore, (P⊗P⊗P⊗P). ( ⊗ s
(≡∗ T , ) ). (Q⊗Q⊗Q⊗Q)=D( ⊗ s
(≡∗ T , ) )= diag
{ ps , qps , ps ,qps ,q ps , qps ,ps ,qps ,ps ,q ps , q ps , qps , q ps ,q@ ps q ps , qps ,q ps , qps ,
ps , qps , ps ,qps ,q ps , qps ,ps ,qps ,ps ,q ps , q ps , qps , q ps ,q@ ps , q ps , qps ,q ps , qps , q ps ,
q@ ps ,q ps ,q@ ps , qs ps ,q@ ps , q ps , q@ ps ,q ps , ps ,q ps , ps ,,q ps ,q@ ps , q ps , qps ,q ps , qps ,
ps , qps , ps ,qps ,q ps , qps ,ps ,qps ,ps ,q ps , q ps , qps , q ps ,q@ ps q ps , qps ,q ps , qps ,
ps , qps , ps ,qps ,q ps , qps ,ps ,qps ,ps }.

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 Balasem A. Al-Quraishi, Nor Zelawati Binti Asmuin, Mohammed Najeh Nemah and Salih Meri A

The general case for p, q are prime number, p>u and q | p−1 given by the following
proposition.
Proposition: If p> and q | p−1, then

(⊗P). ( ⊗ (≡∗ T , )). (⊗Q)=diagv(−p , − p , −p) ⊗ wxOj

⊗
(−p, −qp, −p)yz= D( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))
Proof: By an inductive argument, the statement is certainly true for k=1
#
Assuming it holds for an arbitrary k, then (⊗ #
P). ( ⊗ (≡∗ T ,
#
) ) . (⊗ #
Q) = D( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))
By theorem (2-13), we obtain

( #f
⊗
(≡∗ T ,
#
))= ( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))⊗( (≡∗ T , ))

Hence, D( #f
⊗
(≡∗ T ,
#
))=D( ⊗ (≡∗ T , ))⊗D((≡∗ T , )). □

REFERENCES
[1] Hill,V.E.; "Groups Representation and Characters"; Haener Press,A Division of Mac Mil
and Publishing Co.Inc, New York, 1976.
[2] Isaacs, I.M; "Character Theory of Finite Groups"; Academic Press., New York, 1976.
[3] James. G, Liebeck .M," Representation and Characters of Groups", Cambridge .Univ
.Press .London, New York, 1993.
[4] Kirdar. M. S; "The Factor of the Z-Valued Class Function Module the Group of the
Generalized Characters", Ph.D. Thesis .University of Birmingham, 1982.
[5] Shabani H , Ashrafi A.R and Ghorbani M , ; " Rational Character Table of Some Finite
Groups " ; Journal of Algebra System , Vol.3 , No.2 , 2016 .
[6] Singler.L.E, "Algebra", Springer – Verlag , 1976 .

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