Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

This chapter includes the general statement of the problem, background of the study,

specific sub-problems, statement of hypothesis, significance of the study, definition of terms,

scope and limitations, and conceptual framework.

Background of the Study

A Sanitary landfill is a waste disposal site designed, constructed, operated and maintained

in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential environmental impacts

arising from the development and operation of the facility. This is the definition from R.A. 9003

also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, an act that ensures the proper

segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the

formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste management.

According to Philippine Statistics Authority from the 2015 Census Population, Bacolod

City is the second most populous city in Visayas after Cebu City. The city needs to maintain proper

waste disposal and to ensure the presence of a sanitary landfill for garbage collection and storage.

The absence of a sanitary landfill in Bacolod City will not only violate the law, it will create

a big impact in terms of health and pollution issues on the residents of the city especially those that

resides near the dumpsite. The Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

Undersecretary Arturo Valdez has warned mayors who are violating environmental laws.

Currently, Bacolod City is violating RA9003 of the Philippines. Its sanitary landfill is no longer

operational and is now categorized as an open dumpsite. The violations include Article 2 -

Segregation of Wastes which includes Section 21 and Section 22 or the Mandatory Segregation of

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Solid Wastes and Requirements for the Segregation & Storage of Solid Waste. It has also violated

and Section 37 which is the Prohibition Against the Use of Open Dumps for Solid Waste.

The study will investigate the market, technical, financing, financial, environmental and

management feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City. The feasibility of the study

were divided into these seven areas of focus. Each aims to contribute to the serviceability and

improvement of the new sanitary landfill.

Bacolod City built a sanitary landfill last April 19, 2013 making it among the first 5% Local

Government Unit to comply with the sanitary landfill requirement in the whole country. However,

in 2015, the landfill was turned to an open dumpsite. According to Mr. Ramel Palalon, Public

Service Officer II of Bacolod City and is in-charge of the city’s landfill, if segregation was

implemented in the landfill, it will be full by next year. The difference between the expected and

the current situation of the landfill stresses the pressing need of proper waste disposal and storage

for the city.

Civil engineers specializing in waste management have designed landfill sites that

incorporate environmental protection measures. Civil engineers specializing in geotechnical

engineering, hydrology, and environmental science are involved as soon as a landfill site is

proposed (Kielmas, 2017). The researcher's goal is to have a deeper and clearer understanding of

the landfill problems and current situation to help improve the current condition of the sanitary

landfill of the city.

Landfills present engineers with a variety of challenges, including how to manage land use,

traffic, liquids, and gases, as well as other environmental, civil, geotechnical, mechanical, and

electrical engineering issues (Galvin & Steinhauser, 2017). The researchers would like to rise up

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to the challenges by discovering methods appropriate for the feasibility of the new sanitary landfill

for Bacolod City.

The current site of the open dumpsite is in Brgy. Felisa, Bacolod City. According to

Pollution Abatement Systems Specialist, Inc. (PASSI) president Julito Pugoy, Felisa is the best

site to host the facility because it has a landfill. It is also the best barangay to host the project

because it is zonified as a heavy industrial zone, and in terms of social responsibility, the problem

is minimal.

Bacolod City should dispose its waste in a sanitary landfill to address the current situation

in compliance with the law as soon as possible. The aim of the study will be focused on the

feasibility of a new landfill for the city.

General Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

Specific Sub-problems

1. Is there a need for a new sanitary landfill in Bacolod City?

2. Is it the most advantageous than other methods of waste disposal?

3. Is it technically feasible?

4. How much will it cost if a new landfill will be constructed and operated?

5. Will the operation of the landfill be financially feasible?

6. Will it be socially and economically acceptable?

7. Can it be managed and operated effectively and efficiently?

Statement of Hypothesis

The proposed sanitary landfill for Bacolod City is not feasible; in terms of its market,

technical, financing and financial, socio-economic, environmental and management

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Significance of the Study

The following will be benefited by the study:

1. The study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary landfill for Bacolod City.

The city’s need for a new sanitary landfill is very immediate for the closure of the

existing open dumpsite being currently utilized to accommodate the daily collection

of solid wastes is targeted for closure by the Department of Natural Resources as it

violates the previsions of R.A. 9003.

2. A new sanitary landfill which can accommodate the current and future volume of solid

wastes will reduce health and environmental hazards of an open dumpsite and comply

with provisions of R.A. 9003 on sanitary landfill.

3. The result from the study can help the government of Bacolod City in their decision-

making regarding their action on how to address the current garbage situation of the

city and comply with provisions of R.A. 9003.

4. Civil Engineers and Future Researchers. The result, findings and recommendation of

the study can contribute additional knowledge especially to Civil Engineering since it

is dealing with the feasibility of a sanitary landfill, also considered to be in the area of

concern of the profession.

Definition of Terms

Project Feasibility Study

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Conceptual and Operational: Project Feasibility Study refers to the culmination of all the

preparatory work that provides a comprehensive review of all aspects of the project before a final

decision about its viability is taken. An ideal F/S contains the following modules which provide

the basis for project evaluation: (a) demand-and-supply or market module; (b) technical or

engineering module; (c) manpower and administrative support module; (d) financial module; (e)

economic module; (f) social module; (g) institutional module; and (h) environmental module.

(National Economic and Development Authority Department of Budget and Management, 2014)

Market feasibility

Conceptual: In general, a market analysis searches for the intersection of demand and supply that

will create a market for a product at a given price, and a feasibility analysis tests whether a certain

product will meet certain financial or social goals in the market. The market study will examine

comparables in the study area to see what scale and amenities will increase absorption and capture

rates. The marketability study is mainly used to describe what conditions are necessary for the

project to be successful. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: In this study market feasibility will determine the demand and supply. It will also

assess the potential return on the investment, absorption and market capture rates and the project’s

timing.

Technical feasibility

Conceptual: Technical and operational feasibility are concerned with whether the proper resources

exist or are reasonably attainable to implement a specific alternative. This includes the square

footage of the building, existing and available utilities, existing processing and material handling

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equipment, quality requirements, and skill level of employees. During this process, product

specifications and facility constraints should be taken into account. (Franchetti, 2011)

Operational: Technical feasibility will determine the design and specifications, process of

construction and equipment to be used for the proposed sanitary landfill. The technical feasibility

study will involve evaluating the engineering aspect of the project by applying the principles of

civil engineering.

Financial feasibility

Conceptual: Financial feasibility analysis is performed to test whether the project's return will

exceed opportunity costs. y combining the results of the market analysis and the cost estimates,

the feasibility analysis will estimate financial returns. Most feasibility analysis include a pro forma

which outlines expenses and incomes in a spread sheet. The feasibility study estimates value based

on market prices and the present worth of the site. Developers, investors and lenders base many of

their decisions on the feasibility study. (Novak, 1996)

Operational: Financial feasibility study will determine how much will be the cost to operate the

project. The financial feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the government to

come up with the funds needed to operate the landfill.

Financing feasibility

Conceptual: The criteria shall be used in the screening, prioritization and evaluation of the new

Feasibility Studies and Feasibility Studies updating that may be eligible for funding.

(National Economic and Development Authority Department of Budget and Management, 2014)

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Operational: Financing feasibility will determine if the budget to finance for the investment of the

project using the pre-construction and construction cost estimate will be sufficient.

Socio-economic feasibility

Conceptual: Socio-economic aspect aims to discuss and determine what are the social implications

of the study to the society, the economic implications and the environment and implications of the

study to the economy. It aims to determine the social implications of the study, to determine the

economic implications of the study and to determine the environment implications of the study.

(Gatdula, 2018)

Operational: Socio-economic feasibility will determine what will be the effect of the project to

Bacolod City and its residents.

Environmental Feasibility

Conceptual: Modification of the environment caused by the action of man or of nature. (Jaramillo,

2003)

Operational: Environmental feasibility will determine the effects of the project to the environment.

Environmental feasibility study will involve evaluating the capability of the project to secure

licenses, approvals and permits in a timely and cost effective way.

Management feasibility

Conceptual: The overall implementation plan is discussed in the organization and management

study. This aspect includes a study of the officers and key personnel, basic consideration in

forming the organization, form of ownership, organizational chart and project schedule. The

objective of the management aspect of a feasibility study is to determine the option effectiveness

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of the organizational setup and the qualifications of the individuals who will make up the

organization. (Bejo, Bio , Borras, and Gabatan, 2013)

Operational: Management feasibility will determine how the project will be managed effectively

and efficiently to achieve its purpose.

Sanitary Landfill

Conceptual and Operational: A Sanitary Landfill is a disposal site designed, constructed, operated

and maintained in a manner that exerts engineering control over significant potential

environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of the facility. In particular,

engineering of the site is undertaken to contain and regulate the uncontrolled migration of leachate

(water contaminated from contact with decomposing waste) and landfill gas. (DENR

Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998)

Leachate

Conceptual and Operational: Water that collects contaminants as it trickles through wastes,

pesticides or fertilizers. Leaching may occur in farming areas, feedlots, and landfills, and may

result in hazardous substances entering surface water, ground water, or soil. (Bailey, 2016)

Geomembranes

Conceptual and Operational: Geomembranes are also called flexible membrane liners (FML).

These liners are constructed from various plastic materials, including polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The preferred material for use in MSW and secure

landfills is HDPE. This material is strong, resistant to most chemicals, and is considered to be

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impermeable to water. Therefore, HDPE minimizes the transfer of leachate from the landfill to the

environment. The thickness of geomembranes used in landfill liner construction is regulated by

federal and state laws. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

Geotextile

Conceptual and Operational: In landfill liners, geotextiles are used to prevent the movement of

small soil and refuse particles into the leachate collection layers and to protect geomembranes from

punctures. These materials allow the movement of water but trap particles to reduce clogging in

the leachate collection system. (Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL)

Conceptual and Operational: These liners consist of a thin clay layer (four to six millimeters)

between two layers of a geotextile. These liners can be installed more quickly than traditional

compacted clay liners, and the efficiency of these liners is impacted less by freeze-thaw cycles.

(Hughes, Christy and Heimlich, 2013)

Landfill Base Liner

Conceptual and Operational: Landfill Base Liner means a continuous layer of primary

Geosynthetic membrane and a secondary compacted clayliner or Geosynthetic Clay Liner (GCL),

installed beneath and/or on the sides of a landfill footprint which acts as a barrier to vertical and

lateral leachate and landfill gas movement. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

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Landfill Cell

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Cell" means that portion of compacted MSW in a landfill

that is enclosed by cover after a designated period. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes,

2016)

Landfill cover

Conceptual and Operational: A daily cover of compacted soil or earth is applied on top of the

waste deposited in a landfill. This cover minimizes the interaction between waste and the

surrounding environment. It also reduces odours. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes,

2016)

Design Capacity

Conceptual and Operational: "Design Capacity" is the volume of airspace available for waste

within the landfill footprint. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

Landfill Gas

Conceptual and Operational: "Landfill Gas" (LFG) means a mixture of gases generated by the

decomposition of MSW. (Landfill Criteria for Municipal Solid Wastes, 2016)

Scope and Limitations

Scope

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General purpose: Specifically, the study aims to determine the feasibility of a new sanitary

landfill for Bacolod City.

Topics studied: Market Feasibility, Technical Feasibility, Financial and Financing Feasibility,

Socio-Economic, Environmental Feasibility and Management Feasibility

Study will be conducted in Bacolod City and will affect the residents of Bacolod City.

The study will cover the period: June 2017-March 2018

Limitations

The basis of the study is the historical data of Bacolod City regarding its waste collection

volume and population. The study will not include cases of increase and decrease of prices due to

inflation or deflation. The feasibility of the study will be limited to the seven aspects to be

investigated which are market, technical, financing, financial, socio-economic, environmental, and

management feasibility.

Conceptual Framework

DATA PROCESSING
INPUTS AND ANALYSIS
MARKETING DATA TO DETERMINE FEASIBILITY OUTPUT
TECHNICAL DATA MARKETING
FINANCING DATA TECHNICAL ESTABLISH FEASIBILITY OR
FINANCIAL DATA FINANCING NON FEASIBILITY
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA FINANCIAL
ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SOCIO-ECONOMIC
MANAGEMENT DATA ENVIRONMENTAL
MANAGEMENT

Figure 1. Feasibility of Proposed Landfill for Bacolod City

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 The feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill will be evaluated through the seven aspects

namely; marketing, technical, financial, financing, socio-economic, environmental and

management. All these aspects for the feasibility studies are interconnected and may affect one

another:

1) The technical feasibility will include the following factors:

a) Product / Service

b) Process

c) Technology

d) Equipment / materials, facilities

e) Production cost

2) The marketing feasibility will cover the volume produced and volume capacity.

3) The financing feasibility will cover the investment while the financial feasibility will

include the operation, maintenance and affordable management costs at the local level.

4) Management being the simple, dynamic management of the service.

5) Socio-economic feasibility will be concerned about the community and the role of the

sanitary landfill to the people.

6) The environmental factors include negative impacts on soil, water and air that should be

minimized.

Each of the seven main feasibility studies will be evaluated by data collected and data

processing procedures setting a criteria in each area.

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes concepts, ideas and researches relevant to this study and that can

provide insights for the problems discussed in the first chapter. The concepts and researches are

presented in the following order: Related Literatures, Local Studies and Foreign Studies.

Related Literature

MARKET FEASIBILITY

Quantity of Waste

In the Philippines, where the population has already exceeded 100 million in 2015, and an

average solid waste generation rate of 0.5 kg per capita per day, it can be estimated that an average

of 50,000 metric tons of garbage per day is being generated, of which only 35,000 metric tons/day

are collected. (Gilbert and Ramos, 2012)

Recycling offers some of the most pragmatic solutions to reduce the volume of generated

waste. The Philippine Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, defines recycling as “the

treating of used or waste materials through a process of making them sustainable for beneficial use

and for other purposes, and includes any process by which solid waste materials are transformed

into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity…” It is

differentiated from Reuse in which there is no alteration of the physical or chemical characteristics

of the recovered material.

Improvements in recycling, collection, and disposal will become even more critical as

garbage production continues to increase with population growth and economic development.

Though not yet quite a pervasive practice, organized recycling in the Philippines has picked up in

recent years. According to the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC),

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recycling rates have been increasing, particularly in Metro Manila, from 6% in 1997; 13% in 2000;

and 28% in 2006 (Andin, Z; NSWMC, 2007). Among the major reasons for this improvement are

the following: the implementation of RA 9003, the grassroots SWM/ recycling movement, and the

market forces. (Antonio, L. C., 2010)

Population

Based on the 2015 Census of Population, the population of the Philippines as of August 1,

2015 was 100.98 million persons.

With a total area of approximately 300,000 square kilometers, the population density of

the Philippines in 2015 was posted at 337 persons per square kilometer. This represents an increase

of 29 persons per square kilometer (9.4 percent) from the population density of 308 persons per

square kilometer in 2010. (POPCEN 2015)

Volume of Waste Generated per Year

With an average per-capita waste generation ratio of about 0.5 kg per day, the annual waste

generation in the Philippines is 12 million tons in 2012. This figure is expected to double by 2025.

The National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC) reported that the country’s solid

waste generation includes 73% of households, 26% of commercial establishments, institutions and

industries, as well as 1% of healthcare facilities. (CCAC, 2014)

Capacity of Landfill

The Designed Landfill Capacity (DLC) shall be determined by calculating the product of

the sum of planned waste to be landfilled and soil covered per year, by the number of years that

the landfill is to be operated.

Density of Compacted Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

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 The municipal solid waste is the combination of different individual waste components,

properties of the individual components controls the overall characteristics of the landfill waste.

The understanding of the variation in compositional characteristics is helpful to estimate properties

when MSW is subjected to spatial and temporal heterogeneity. (Tiwari, 2014)

It is of utmost importance to have reliable engineering properties of MSW in order to

evaluate and predict landfill behavior and hence for landfill operation. However, determining

engineering properties is extremely difficult as mentioned by Manasslero et al., (1997) due to the

following reasons:

1) Difficulties in sampling of MSW which simulate the in site condition

2) Lack of generally accepted sampling procedure for geotechnical characterization of

waste material

3) Variation in properties of municipal solid waste with time

4) Level of training and education of the personnel on site for basic interpretation and

understanding of the measurements

5) Heterogeneity of the MSW within the landfill and its variation with geographical

location.

The properties of MSW are determined for designing landfill, particularly bioreactor

landfill. Generally, density, hydraulic conductivity, porosity, compressibility, stiffness and shear

strength are the most important properties of any solid waste. (Dixon and Jones 2005). Density of

MSW is determined to assess volume of transportation vehicle and size of the disposal facility.

(Chandrappa & Das, 2012)

TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Technical Guidelines For Municipal Solid Waste Disposal

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 According to DENR Administrative Order No. 49 Series of 1998,

WHEREAS, the disposal of municipal solid waste in the Philippines is mostly through

open dumps that cause environmental damage and adverse impact on public health;

WHEREAS, the Department of Environment and Natural Resources as the primary

government agency in charge of environmental and natural resources management and as

Chairman of the Presidential Task Force on Waste Management is tasked with providing

appropriate guidelines in all aspects of waste management;

WHEREAS, Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Philippine Local Government

Code devolved the responsibility for the provision of basic services, such as but not limited to

general hygiene and sanitation, beautification and solid waste management to local government

units (LGUs);

WHEREAS, the DENR recognizes the value of strengthening its coordination and

cooperation with the LGUs in the planning and implementation of solid waste management

strategies;

WHEREAS, by virtue of Presidential Decree 1152 (the Philippine Environmental

Policy), Presidential Decree 984 (the Pollution Control Law) and Administrative Order no. 90

there is a need to improve the present disposal practices of municipal solid waste to make then

environmentally- sound;

Design Landfill Layout

The site layout shall be designed to satisfy all criteria including the siting criteria, and

minimize environmental impacts. (British Columbia Ministry of Environment, June 2016)

The site layout shall provide for site entrance, gatehouse, material recovery/recycling area,

structures, access roads, landfill footprint, surface water ditching and management ponds and

16
leachate and gas management infrastructure if applicable. The site layout should minimize the

potential for leachate and landfill gas impacts offsite taking into consideration groundwater flow

direction and surface water infiltration and discharge points.

Site Equipment

Basic functions to be performed by landfill equipment are:

• Waste grading and compaction; and

• Excavating and placing of daily and intermediate cover.

Typically, these functions will be performed by a landfill compactor and a wheeled loader.

A pick-up truck will also be included in the typical on-site equipment fleet (Dillon, et. al., 2007).

Other functions requiring equipment are landfill cell preparation, final cover construction, delivery

of drop-off bin wastes to the working face, road maintenance and dust control. Some of these

functions may be performed with on-site equipment, but others may require equipment to be leased

or a contractor to be hired. Routine maintenance and cleaning will be performed as necessary to

keep onsite equipment in good operating order.

Topography of the site

The method of construction of a manual sanitary landfill depends mainly on the topography

of the site, although it is also influenced by the type of soil and the depth of the water table.

The area method is used on flat terrain, abandoned quarries, depressions, and low parts of

ravines. The features of each individual site will determine whether it is possible to extract the

cover soil from the site or whether it will have to be hauled from nearby places. The area method

consists of depositing the wastes on the surface and laying them against the slope of the inclined

terrain; they are then compacted in sloping layers to form the cell that will afterwards be covered

17
with earth. The first cells are built at one end of the area to be filled and the work advances to its

completion at the other end.

The trench method is used when the water table is deep and the gradients of the terrain are

gentle. The trenches can be excavated with earthmoving equipment. This method consists of

depositing the waste at one end of the ditch, placing it against the slope; the workers then spread

and compact the waste in layers using masonry tools until a cell is formed which, at the end of the

day, will be covered with the earth from the excavation. (Jamillo, 2003)

FINANCING FEASIBILITY

Initial Working Capital

The capital investment portion of the total costs is divided between site development,

equipment purchases and construction costs. The facility development costs are preliminary costs

associated with the entire site (e.g., characterization studies, land acquisition, engineering and

design studies, and permit package fees) thereby occurring only in the first year of operation. The

construction phase typically occurs in stages as required. Only a portion of the site or “cell” is

developed with each subsequent cell being developed as the previous cell nears capacity. (Eilrich,

et. al., 2002)

Costs of Land

Costs of the land depend on the land prices which can differ for each location. The actual

use of the land is important for the price which influences the level of compensation for the owner

or actual users. The potential landfill with the lowest costs is more preferable. (Sener, 2004).

Costs for the Access of the Landfill

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 Costs for the access of the landfill depend on the condition and the presence of roads close

to the landfill. If reconstruction of actual roads is needed, the costs will increase. Because of that

road network is an important factor to locate a landfill site. (Sener, 2004).

Landfill Costs

Landfill costs fall into one of four categories: (1) initial construction, (2) cell construction,

(3) operations, and (4) closure as modeled. Initial construction costs consist of those activities that

would be completed prior to operation of the facility, which would not be repeated for each

individual cell. These costs are amortized over the facility life. Cell construction costs include all

engineering design and construction completed for each individual cell of the facility and are

amortized over the life of the cell. (Barbara Sich and Morton Barlaz July 2000)

FINANCIAL FEASIBILITY

Payback period

Landfill cost recovery potential from 8% to 106% of total sanitary landfill costs (including

the gas system), if all revenues go only to landfill cost recovery. However, usually some revenue

needs to cover private developer profit and some is allocated to community development funding

to the host municipality and surrounding neighborhood or waste picking community. No funds

are likely to be leftover for the rest of the solid waste system. When systems are small and poorly

operated, cost recovery potential can be half of the above estimates. (Cointreau, March 2008)

Operation and Closure Costs

Operation costs include all costs incurred annually to run the facility. Closure costs include

all one-time activities conducted after all cells in the facility are completed, as well as post-closure

monitoring and other long-term activities related to site maintenance after closure. The post-

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closure costs are amortized over the life of the facility so that these costs are reflected in the cost

of waste disposal. Landfill gas can be used directly or to generate electricity or steam. The

associated revenues can be sold to offset some of the costs associated with building, operating, and

maintaining a landfill. (Barbara Sich and Morton Barlaz July 2000)

Transport Costs

Transport costs are determined by the transport distances from the source of waste

generation, the way of transport and the way of collection. The other factors affecting transport

costs are the need for waste transfer stations and the possibility to use railways. (Sener, 2004).

Costs for Personnel, Maintenance and Environmental Protection

The costs for personnel will not differ so much between the different potential landfill sites.

Maintenance depends on the availability of soil needed for the daily or regular covering and for

the stability of the landfill. If the soil is not available in the area, it should be imported which

increases the maintenance costs. Technical provisions should be placed to prevent the pollution of

the soil, groundwater and surface water at the landfill. Monitoring the drainage system and the

quality of the leachate and surface water are also important factors in the maintenance costs. The

potential landfill with the lowest maintenance costs is more suitable for a landfill. (Sener, 2004).

Costs for the After-Care

The costs for after-care is not only dependent on the kind of final use but also on provisions

to monitor the groundwater quality, existence of gas, the winning of gas, the stability of the

completed landfill. Needed provisions are depending on the characteristics of the filled waste, the

kind of subsoil, the hydrogeological situation, and the kind of final use. (Sener, 2004).

SOCIO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY

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Political Acceptance

The issues of public acceptance, changing value systems, public participation in planning

and implementation stages, and changes in waste behavior are equally as important as the technical

and economic aspects of waste management (Marshall and Farahbakhsh, 2013). Effective waste

management must be fully embraced by local authorities and the public sphere, and must include

all stakeholders in the entire waste management decision-making process. Key elements to the

success of these integrated programs are public participation and empowerment, decision

transparency, networking, cooperation and collective action, communication, and accessibility of

information (Marshall and Farahbakhsh, 2013).

According to another study (WRC, 1995), communities should be required to take

responsibility for their own waste collection and disposal. Through community self-help, waste

management costs are reduced and community self-interest is increased. The advantage of this

strategy is its emphasis on community involvement in the reuse of waste materials. The study

suggested the following steps to encourage community involvement: 1) Promotion of

environmental education, information and capacity building in communities; 2) Promotion and

provision of support for community-based initiatives to seek solutions to waste management,

sanitation, and access to resources; and 3) Creation of community forums responsible for

developing integrated environmental, developmental and spatial plans. (MaAllister, 2015)

ENVIRONMENTAL FEASIBILITY

Identification of Standards in Force

Another aspect not to be overlooked by the designer of a sanitary landfill is the need to

consult with the standards currently in force for the design and construction of the landfill and

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infrastructure works, and also for the issue of environmental impact (constraints on the project in

order to prevent or mitigate possible negative effects from the construction and operation of the

landfill). (Jaramillo, 2003)

Analysis of Environmental Impacts

Environmental impact analyses serve to anticipate the positive and negative effects that every

sanitary landfill project has during its different stages: site selection, construction, operation, and

closure. The measurement of these impacts should be interdisciplinary and should be carried out

on the natural components (water, soil and air), of the site and surrounding area as well as on the

project-related economic and social variables. (Jaramillo, 2003)

Republic Act No. 9003

According to Republic Act No. 9003 or “An act providing for an ecological solid waste

management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring

certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other

purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies wherein it is hereby declared the

policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and

encourage resources conservation and recovery;

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(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery,

green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically

sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological waste

management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and

improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of

market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and

recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote

environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

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 Section 40, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for siting a Sanitary

Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the siting of sanitary landfills:

(a) The site selected must be consistent with the overall land use plan of the LGU;

(b) The site must be accessible from major roadways or thoroughfares;

(c) The site should have an adequate quantity of earth cover material that is easily handled and

compacted;

(d) The site must be chosen with regard for the sensitivities of the community's residents;

(e) The size must be located in an area where the landfill’s operation will not detrimentally affect

environmentally sensitive resources such as aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area;

(f) The site should be large enough to accommodate the community’s wastes for a period of five

years during which people must internalize the value of environmentally sound and sustainable

solid waste disposal;

(g) The site chosen should facilitate developing a landfill that will satisfy budgetary constraints,

including site development, operation for many years, closure, post-closure care and possible

remediation costs;

(h) Operating plans must include provisions for coordinating with recycling and resource recovery

projects; and

(i) Designation of a separate containment area for household hazardous wastes.

Section 41, Article 6 of Republic Act No. 9003 states the criteria for Establishing a Sanitary

Landfill. The following shall be the minimum criteria for the establishment of sanitary landfills:

(a) Liners – a system of clay layers and/or geosynthetic membranes used to contain leachate and

reduce or prevent contaminant flow to groundwater;

24
(b) Leachate collection and treatment system – Installation of pipes at the low areas of the liner to

collect leachate for storage and eventual treatment and discharge;

(c) Gas control recovery system – a series of vertical wells or horizontal trenches containing

permeable materials and perforated piping placed in the landfill to collect gas for treatment or

productive use as an energy source;

(d) Ground water monitoring well system – wells placed at an appropriate location and depth for

taking water samples that are representative of groundwater quality;

(e) Cover – two (2) forms of cover consisting of soil and geosynthetic materials to protect the

waste from long-term contact with the environment:

(i) a daily cover place over the waste at the close of each day’s operations, and;

(ii) a final cover, or cap, which is the material placed over the completed landfill to control

infiltration of water, gas emission to the atmosphere, and erosion.

(f) Closure procedure – with the objectives of establishing low maintenance cover systems and

final cover that minimizes the infiltration of precipitation into the waste. Installation of the final

cover must be completed within six (6) months of the least receipt of wastes; and

(g) Post-closure care procedure – During this period, the landfill owner shall be responsible for

providing for the general upkeep of the landfill, maintaining all of the landfill’s environmental

protection features, operating monitoring equipment, remediating groundwater should it become

contaminated and controlling landfill gas migration or emission.

MANAGEMENT FEASIBILITY

Operational Procedures

25
 The operational procedures employed at any landfill site will have a significant bearing on

its planned development, performance and potential effects on the environment, particularly

effects on site neighbours. The procedures are the following: landfill management plan, staffing

and training, health and safety, site access,waste acceptance and monitoring, roading, visual

impacts, waste compaction, cover, nuisance control, fire prevention, water control, landfill gas

management, and closure and aftercare. (Centre for Advanced Engineering , 2000)

Staffing

The level of staffing should be adequate for environmentally-responsible and safe

management of the landfill. Staffing requirements will vary as a function of size, types of wastes,

and diversity and complexity of site operations. Landfill operators should provide adequate

staffing to ensure that during operating hours all continuous tasks (including waste reception, and

security, compaction and covering) are completed in accordance with the landfill management

plan. (Centre for Advanced Engineering, 2000)

Related Studies

Local Studies

Market Study

A Study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe and Richard B. Parilla entitled “Opportunities

and Threats to Adjacent Community in a Sanitary Landfill, Philippines” assessed the adjacent

community in Cebu City Sanitary Landfill (CCSL), Philippines. Data were gathered on April, 2011

using interview-questionnaire covering sixty three households. Areas assessed include the general

household profile, perceived opportunities, water resources and utilization, health status and

26
services, waste management practices, and perception to CCSL management and institutions.

Result showed that households perceived opportunities in CCSL as a result of employment,

resources, and security through informal workforce like scavenging. However, the adjacent

community was found to be at high risk owing to use of contaminated groundwater and unsafe

waste management practices. These threats were manifested through prevalence of

gastrointestinal, respiratory, and dermal diseases. Households also acknowledged the negative

impacts to health and environment however their major concern was accessed to employment upon

closure and relocation of CCSL. The study provided basis for policy makers and concern

institutions on identifying basic services to be made available to the adjacent community

considering the closure of CCSL. The study gave idea to the researchers on what to consider in the

formulation of the design and considerations for the new sanitary landfill in study.

Technical Study

Solid waste management remained to be a serious problem in the country. Despite the

enactment of Republic Act 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act, nothing has

improved. The volume of wastes being generated particularly in the urban centres tends to increase

with increased population growth. Improper waste disposal is not only an eyesore but has serious

environmental consequences to the soil, air, ground and surface waters and even to human health.

Groundwater contamination may be the most serious problem caused by improper waste disposal

because, as usually the case in the Philippines where dependence on groundwater for drinking

purposes is very common. Sanitary landfills are the most widely utilized method for solid waste

disposal. (Rebullida, 2000)

27
 According to Republic Act No. 9003 which states that “An act providing for an ecological

solid waste management program, creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives,

declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for

other purposes.”

Article 1, Section 2 states the declaration of policies: It is hereby declared the policy of the

State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which

shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources

and encourage resources conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source

reduction and waste minimization measures, including composing, recycling, re-use, recovery,

green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and

environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically

sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid

waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practices in ecological

waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management

and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous

and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery.

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

28
(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local

government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other

local government units, non-government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of

market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and

local integrated, comprehensive and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strengthen the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation

and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to

promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Republic Act No. 9003, Article 2, Section 21 states the Mandatory Segregation of Solid

Waste; The LGUs shall evaluate alternative roles for the public and private sectors in providing

collection services, type of collection system, or combination of systems, that best meet their

needs: Provided, That segregation of wastes shall primarily be conducted at the source, to include

household, institutional, industrial, commercial and agricultural sources: Provided, further, That

wastes shall be segregated into the categories provided in Section 22 of this Act.

29
Financing Study

Cost Estimates /Financial Aspects

The Solid Waste Management Program of San Carlos City is being financed through the 20%

Development Fund (20% of the Internal Revenue Allotment or IRA) as source of fund. The yearly

budget is being deliberated annually (which usually falls on the 3rd quarter of the year) under the

auspices of the Local Finance Committee.

Investment cost

30
Financial Study

In the study “Final Report on Consulting Services for Solid Waste Management

(Environmental Management) Within Project Micropolis in Metro Manila, Republic of the

Philippines” last April 2007 provided a breakdown of the costs. The table includes a schematic

calculation for a Barangay in Metro Manila with 10,000 inhabitants of mixed population. The

Barangay has initially eight (8) hauling trips per week to collect the Solid Waste. The Barangay

has initially no Eco Aids designated to the Solid Waste Management System. Each item can
31
naturally be discussed and modified, but the ambition of the table is to show the orders of

magnitude and where the critical costs and revenues are found.

The investments can naturally vary a lot depending on the starting conditions in the specific

Barangay, the level of ambition, stepwise implementation of the new schemes, etc. However, the

order of magnitude, 1,000,000 – 2,000,000 pesos, is a good estimate for a Barangay of 10,000

inhabitants. An investment of this magnitude is very hard for a typical Barangay to handle in one

step. However, with a good planning of budget allocations over the years and a stepwise

implementation it would be possible to build up a well-functioning Solid Waste Management

System within just a few years. Experience from various other projects also shows that there are

other sources of funding than only the Barangay budgets.

Waste Management Fund as a part of the Property Tax allocations;

Savings and funding;

Soft Loans / Concessionary credits;

Donations from companies and individuals; and

Various “politically” allocated funds

are some examples of funding used in other projects.

The use of part of the Property Tax to the Waste Management Fund seems to be supported

by law. Savings and funding are sometimes difficult due to administrative rules and regulations

where a “saving” from one budget year can not be transferred to the following. However, it seems

as if such transfers can be done given one of the basic rules: “If there is a will there is a way”.

32
Countries that are engaged in various kinds of support to developing countries sometimes provide

so called Soft Loans (or Concessionary Credits) at favorable conditions. Naturally, a single

Barangay cannot get involved in such a financing scheme, but with a good coordination between

Barangays and the City Level or at the Central Government Level (like the DILG, Department of

Interior and Local Government), such financing would bring down the costs and increase the

implementation pace.

The latter two types of funding are available especially during election periods. This kind

of sources can, of course, not be utilized in every Barangays when a full scale Solid Waste

Management work is started. The interest on the investment should be included as a cost in a

complete budget estimate. However, since the budgets for investments in a Barangay are provided

on an annual basis by City / Municipality, the interest is of no significance on the Barangay level.

Another study entitled, “Funding Solid Waste Disposal: A Study from the Philippines” by

Antonia Corinthia C. Naz and Mario Tuscan N Naz , talks about the treatment of solid waste as a

major priority in countries across Southeast Asia. Economic development and population growth,

particularly in the region's mega-cities, have made the challenge more acute. This is particularly

true in the Philippines, where the legacy of dangerous open dump sites such as 'Smokey Mountain'

have kept the issue high on the political agenda. This study looks at how a municipal government

in one of the Philippines's provinces should organize its solid waste management plans to meet

strict new national targets. It recommends that the local government charge user fees for its waste

collection & disposal services and recommends a level of service that will reflect people's

preferences, However, even with this level of charges, the study warns of a funding gap and says

that the local government may have to divert as much as 25% of its development fund to pay for

it.

33
In the study “A Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines” by

Rhea Abigail Navarro last November 2003, he indicated the following assumptions:

 SWM expenses include personnel services, landfill aftercare, maintenance and operation

costs, wastewater treatment, landfilling costs (tipping fee) and collection and

transportation costs. Except for transportation and collection, all costs are deducted from

MMDA’s SWM budget. Transportation and collection costs are borne by the individual

LGUs themselves.

 All initial prices of expenses are worked out from the 2002 SWM budget of MMDA.

Maintenance and operation cost Php34.17/m2 of controlled dump area. Wastewater A

Systems Approach on Solid Waste Management in Metro Manila, Philippines Rhea

Abigail Navarro, LUMES 2002/2003 8 treatment costs Php8.68/m2 while the tipping fee

is initially Php600/ton. Landfill aftercare is paid yearly after a controlled dump is closed

up to 10 years at the same rate as wastewater treatment. All rates double for each new

controlled dump opened. Php2.35 million is spent annually for total personnel services.

(MMDA, 2002)

 Collection and transportation costs are priced at Php785.7/ton. This is derived from a

weighted average of costs spent by Marikina, Valenzuela and Muntinlupa (WB, 2001).

 Total SWM allocation is composed of the share of SWM from the government plus the

individual expenses of LGUs in collection and transportation. The government allocated

share for SWM is set as 0.13% of the GRDP, based on the approved 2002 budget (MMDA,

2002). LGU contribution, on the other hand, varies yearly depending on the amount of

waste collected.

34
Socio-Economic Study

A study by Van Ryan Kristopher R. Galarpe entitled, “Socio-Demographic Assessment of

Surrounding Community to a Material Recovery Facility (MRF) and a Dumpsite: The Case of

Lapu-Lapu City, Philippines” published on November 2015 states that, The Philippines urgency

for comprehensive solid waste management under the monitoring and implementation of the

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) and the National Solid Waste were

given emphasis for the last years through the establishment of the following facilities; compost,

landfill (38), open dumpsites (640), and material recovery (7327) (NSWMC, 2001). It has become

a common practice elsewhere that these facilities tend to attract informal settlers because of the

available economic option and livelihood (Sia Su, 2007; Paul et al., 2012; Afon, 2012; Galarpe

and Parilla, 2014). The community surrounding disposal sites seeks employment through

scavenging, collecting, and as middlemen agents (Asim et al., 2012; Sia Su 2007; Rankokwane

and Gwebu, 2006; Nzeadibe, 2009), which becomes an integral part of the informal sector of solid

waste management (Dhokhikah and Trihadiningrum, 2012). This typically exists since dumped

waste potentially becomes a profitable resource through recycling or converting it into an

intermediate product (Galarpe and Parilla, 2014; Nzeadibe, 2009).

Environmental Study

A study by Paz B. Reyes, Mabelle V. Portu entitled, “Greening of the Solid Waste

Management in Batangas” can also help improve design the new sanitary landfill. Management of

solid wastes in the Philippines has long been a responsibility of the Local Government Units in the

country since the enactment of Republic Act 9003 also known as the Ecological Solid Waste

Management Act of 2002. In support to the local government of Batangas City, this study was

35
conducted to propose a plan of action that will enhance the level of implementation of solid waste

management in the city, lessen the harmful effects to the environment and health of the people and

find solutions to problems encountered in its implementation. The descriptive survey method was

used with 204 respondents taken by stratified sampling from selected 69 barangays. A Likert scale

instrument was used to measure the level of implementation of solid waste management practices

of the residents and the problems encountered by the residents in the implementation of solid waste

management practices. A checklist determine the effects of the implementation of solid waste

management practices to the environment and health of the people Data analysis made use of

frequency distribution, weighted mean and ANOVA. From the findings gathered on the level of

implementation of solid waste management and the observed effects to the environment and health

of the people including the problems encountered in its implementation, a plan of action was

proposed with the hope of enhancing the level of implementation of solid waste management

thereby lessening its harmful effects and problems to health and environment.

Another study by Leonora E. Ngilangil entitled, “Assessment of Groundwater and

Leachate Quality from Balaoan Sanitary Landfill in La Union, Northern Philippines” could be very

helpful as well. The study emphasizes that landfills are point sources of pollution. In this study, it

seeks to assess the groundwater and leachate quality in Balaoan sanitary landfill using physico-

chemical and biological characteristics and to compare the results to quality standards. Proper

coordination with authorities, ocular visits and surveys and final evaluation on the study site were

made to ascertain the presence of a leachate pond and deep/tube wells within or near the facility.

Groundwater and leachate samples were collected through grab sampling during the

months of February and April and sent for laboratory analyses .Except for the Total coliform and

E.coli counts, the physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples such as pH,

36
turbidity,total dissolved solids, and nitrate were found to conform to the Philippine National

Standards for Drinking Water (PNSDW). Leachate water samples in terms of chemical oxygen

demand were found to conform to the regulatory limit while toxic metals such as cadmium,

chromium, copper, lead and mercury showed very low concentration based on DAO 35, series of

1990 class C waters.

Management Study

A study by Gia Golda D. Dela Corte entitled “Establishment of Municipal Solid Waste

Management Guidelines for Bais City Using Leachate Analyses and Wastes Characterization”

published on December 2005 states that although landfilling is a part of solid waste management,

environmental management practices should also be of concern. These practices can be

summarized in a comprehensive and integrated form such as a waste management plan. Waste

management plans are formed by performing waste characterization through inventory of the

volume of incoming solid wastes. Aside from determining the volume of solid wastes through

inventory, evaluation of effluent parameters may be used to formulate solid waste management

plans or guidelines. Analysis of effluent parameters may reveal which parameter is critical.

Foreign Studies

Market Study

A study in India is entitled “Modified Landfill Design for Sustainable Waste Management”

by Sudhakar Yedla states that waste management, being one of the most important aspects of urban

development, is gaining importance among developing nations. Landfills, which were initiated for

hazardous waste management and subsequently transformed into sanitary landfills, have been the

37
most widely adapted practice for municipal solid waste management worldwide. However, the

conventional design of landfills not only fails to fulfil the needs of waste management but also

fails to target optimal resource recovery and energy generation. In the present study, modified

design was proposed for partially engineered landfill system based on theoretical considerations.

Its potential for energy generation and resource utilization was analyzed with a case study of

Mumbai municipal solid waste. It was found that the system with modified design could yield

0.157 million tons of landfill gas (0.145 million tons of coal equivalent) out of one year of solid

waste. Further, this could recover resource valued at US$2.49 million per year.

“The Normandy Landfill: A Case Study in Solid Waste Management” is a study by S.

Sadek* and M. El-Fadel in Lebanon and was published in 2000. As in most developing countries,

municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal has been a chronic problem, particularly in areas with high

population density, high production of refuse, and scarcity of land adequate for landfills. In such

settings, uncontrolled waste dumping along the seashore has been an unfortunate, yet common

practice for solid waste disposal in major urban centers. These practices along the Mediterranean

coast resulted in serious sea pollution problems. Random disposal activities began around 1975

and were suspended in 1994. Initially, the waste was limited to household wastes and later included

inert fill and construction material. The site currently covers about 360000m2 and extends about

600 m beyond the original shoreline. During the period 1975 to 1982, the material dumped was

mostly municipal waste with some construction rubble. At that point 30 000m2 land area had been

deposited into the sea. Between 1982 and 1983, large quantities of demolition debris were dumped

into the sea north of the existing waste piles. In addition, the years of war resulted in significant

damages to the city infrastructure, including sewage and wastewater disposal, resulting in the

discharge of large volumes of untreated wastewater at the edge of the fill.

38
Technical Study

Based on the “Technical Guidelines on Specially Engineered Landfill” published by Basel

Convention in 2002, a number of technical measures which are interdependent should be taken to

mitigate the impacts of landfill operations on the environment and human health, they concern:

a. Site selection. Landfills should be sited, where possible to avoid the possibility of ground

water pollution. Where this is not possible, landfills should be designed and constructed to

prevent the migration of leachate from the fill to ground water.

b. Design of operations. Landfills can be designed and operated in ways that minimize the

generation of leachate, by for example tipping vertically rather than horizontally, and by

the prompt application of appropriate intermediate cover over the deposited waste, graded

to encourage run-off rather than infiltration. Effective compaction of the deposited waste

is also important.

c. Design of landfill and its proper engineering

d. d. Control on incoming waste. The amounts of waste that directly increase leachate

volumes (e.g. wet wastes) should be reduced to a practical minimum.

e. Landfill closure. The final closure cover for the landfill can be designed and laid in such a

way that infiltration of rainfall into the fill will be greatly reduced.

f. Careful construction and operation are essential.

g. Monitoring. A comprehensive programme of monitoring will be required for all landfill

sites. It should cover inputs to, contents of and emissions from the site and the surrounding

environment. It should be designed to provide advanced warning of any unexpected

39
 problems and guidance on remediation possibilities. It should also indicate the point at

which the landfill has become stable.

Financing Study

The study “Municipal Solid Waste Landfills: Economic Impact Analysis for the Proposed

New Subpart to the New Source Performance Standards” by staff from the Office of Air and

Radiation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency last June 2014 had given insights about costs

and revenue streams for landfills. Landfill costs are site specific and vary based on factors such

as terrain, soil type, climate, site restrictions, regulatory issues, type and amount of waste disposed,

preprocessing, and potential for groundwater contamination. Landfill costs fall into the following

categories: site development, construction, equipment purchases, operation, closure, and post-

closure.

Construction costs encompass building the landfill cells as well as development of

permanent on-site structures needed to operate the landfill. Cortland County, New York estimated

that the cost for site development and cell construction (not including on-site building

construction) for a 224.5-acre site would be approximately $500,000 per acre (EnSol, 2010). In

2005, a series of articles was written that estimated costs for a hypothetical landfill based on known

market conditions and cost data. The theoretical landfill had a design capacity of 4 million cubic

yards and a footprint of 33 acres. The study determined that the cost of constructing a landfill of

this size would be between $300,000 and $800,000 per acre. For the hypothetical landfill in the

study, total building and additional structure costs could total between $1.165 million and $1.77

million. The cost of each building structure varies depending on its functions and could range from

40
$10 to $100 per square foot. Office buildings cost more while maintenance buildings and tool

sheds cost less. (Duffy, 2005a).

Operating costs of the example landfill include staffing, equipment, leachate treatment, and

facilities and general maintenance. Landfill operations and maintenance activities are performed

using a variety of heavy construction equipment with operating costs dependent on fuel, repairs,

and maintenance. Operating costs are relatively small when compared to the capital costs;

estimated annual operating costs from this study are:

• Operations (equipment, staff, facilities and general maintenance): $500,000.

• Leachate collection and treatment (assumes sewer connection and discharge cost of

$0.02/gallon): $10,000.

• Environmental sampling and monitoring (groundwater, surface water, air gas,leachate):

$30,000.

• Engineering services (consulting firms and in-house staff): $60,000.

Financial Study

The collection, transportation, and disposal of solid waste in Fiji’s cities and towns are the

responsibilities of individual municipal councils, under the country’s Local Government Act. In

the capital city, Suva, solid waste management is carried out by the Suva City Council (SCC).

Household waste is collected by the SCC, using its fleet of compactor trucks. The SCC

believes that its collection system is cost-effective and customer-friendly. It does not plan to

outsource these services to the private sector. The cost of compactor trucks is seen by the SCC as

a barrier to private sector participation, although Port Moresby has shown that this can be

overcome by councils leasing trucks to private contractors.

41
 Green waste collection in Suva is outsourced, as part of municipal cleaning and

maintenance contracts, which also include grass-cutting, clearing of drains, and street-sweeping.

Suva is divided into 10 sectors, tendered separately through the SCC tender process, which

encourages local contractor participation and an equitable distribution of economic opportunities.

Contracts have a 3-year term. They include a lump sum component and a fee for each load of waste

transported to the Naboro landfill. Current contractors include eight incorporated companies, a

youth group, and a church group. Performance is monitored daily through physical inspections,

and penalties are applied for non-performance. Fiji’s Office of the Auditor General recommended

in 2014 that the SCC enter into legally binding contracts with contractors. The SCC reports that

standardized contract documents are now being used, and that improvements in contract

management and monitoring have led to improvements in service delivery.

The SCC also has a 2-year contract with a waste disposal company to provide skip bins at

informal settlements and council facilities (about 28 sites in total). The contract includes fixed

rental and haulage fees. Commercial and industrial wastes in Suva are collected by private

companies.

The city’s waste is disposed of at a sanitary landfill at Naboro, which also serves the towns

of Lami, Nasinu, and Nausori, as well as Navua and Korovou. The Government of Fiji owns the

landfill, and the Department of Environment (DOE) is responsible for its operation.

Since the landfill opened in 2005, its management has been contracted out to a private

operator from New Zealand. Until 2010, a 5-year contract provided a lump sum payment to the

company for the disposal of 100,000 tons of waste per year. Since 2010, the company has been

awarded two weight-based contracts with 2-year terms, following competitive tenders. There has

since been a number of contract extensions and interim contracts due to delays in the process for

42
tendering and awarding of contracts. The most recent 2-year contract has expired, and is expected

to be extended until a new, longer-term contract is awarded.

In the absence of a longer-term contract, there has been insufficient investment in

equipment by the contractor, which is impacting services at the facility. Delays in the development

of the landfill’s second stage, which is the government’s responsibility, have resulted in additional

strain and overload at the existing site.

In February 2016, the DOE called for expressions of interest for a waste-to-energy facility

at Naboro. However, amid uncertainty about key project parameters and the tender process, it is

unlikely that any contract that might be awarded would maximize value for money for the

government. Further, the absence of an integrated solid waste management strategy for the Greater

Suva area means that there are uncertainties about the future quantity of solid waste, landfill

requirements, and waste-to-energy potential.

Socio-Economic Study

“Environmental and Socio-Economic Impacts of Landfills” is a study by Danthurebandara

M., Passel S. V., Nelen D., Tielemens Y, and Acker K. V. and was published on the year 2012.

Socio-economic impacts of landfills include risks for public health derived from surface or

groundwater contamination by leachate, the diffusion of litter into the wider environment and

inadequate on-site recycling activities. Nuisances such as flies, odors, smoke and noise are

frequently cited among the reasons why people do not want to reside close to landfills. Various

researches conclude that landfills likely have an adverse negative impact upon housing values

depending upon the actual distance from the landfill. The present paper reviews the environmental

and socio-economic impacts related to landfills and presents existing modeling approaches to

43
assess these impacts. Furthermore, this review is complemented with suggestions to minimize the

environmental burden of landfills and to re-introduce the buried resources to the material cycle.

Environmental Study

“Landfill site suitability assessment by means of geographic information system analysis,”

is a study by M. Yazdani1, S. M. Monavari, G. A. Omrani, M. Shariat, and S. M. Hosseini in Iran

and was published last July 30, 2015. Open dumping is the common procedure for final disposal

of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Iran. Several environmental pollution and soil degradation

problems were found as a consequence of poor planning of landfills.

So recognition of the MSW landfill state is required to prevent environmental problems.

The objective of this research was to study the suitability of existing municipal landfill sites using

geographic information system methods. Tonekabon city in the west area of Mazandaran province,

northern Iran, along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea, was chosen as a case study. In order to

carry out this evaluation, two guidelines were used: Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA)

and regional screening guidelines. The results indicate that the landfills were not located in suitable

sites and also that there are few suitable locations to install the landfills.

The study entitled “The Challenge Of Future Landfill: A Case Study Of Malaysia” by

Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail and Latifah Abd. Manaf focuses on Toxicology and

Environmental Health Sciences published last May 16, 2013. Landfilling is the most frequent

waste disposal method worldwide. It is recognized as being an important option both now and in

the near future, especially in low- and middle-income countries, since it is the easiest and the

cheapest technology available. Owing to financial constraints, landfills usually lack of

environmental abatement measures, such as leachate collection systems and lining materials. As a

44
result, a lot of contamination is inflicted upon the environment. Importantly, even with proper

abatement measures in landfills, there is no guarantee that contamination will be prevented.

Another major concern is the appropriate location for landfills to ensure the impact towards the

environment are minimized. This paper highlights the challenge to find suitable place for future

landfill in Malaysia. There is a tendency of landfill to be built on unsuitable area such as near to

residential area or on agricultural land where most of the land are grading as high prospect value

to be developed as business or industrial area that are more profitable.

The situation in Sweden, relates a lot in the current situation in the city in sanitary landfills

turning into open dumpsites. Mohammad Aljaradin and Kenneth M Persson elaborates in their

study entitled “Design of Sanitary Landfills in Jordan for Sustainable Solid Waste Management”

that Municipal solid waste (MSW) is one of the major environmental problems in Jordan. World

Bank visibility study (2004) showed that the rate of production of solid waste in Jordan was

estimated annually of about 1.46 million ton, and is expected to reach 2.5 million ton by year 2015

with generation of 0.9/kg/capita/day. This solid waste volume is still increasing at high rates due

to the rapid increase of populations and change in living standards and the consumption

patterns. The Majority of landfills in Jordan are practicing open dumping and thus cause various

environmental problems such as health hazards, surface water and ground water contamination,

odors, etc. Sanitary landfills offer a viable option for the Common Service Councils (CSCs) which

are responsible for operation and management of disposal sites in the country, to deal with the

environmental hazards caused by open dumps practice within its financial constraints. If sanitary

landfills are conducted properly, the negative environmental impacts can be kept to a minimum

level.

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Management Study

The study “Understanding Waste from a Climate Change Perspective: Municipal Solid

Waste Management in Canada” by Rathan Kumar Bonam published on May 2009 states that

current waste management practices are unsustainable requires that we look for alternative waste

management practices to help us stop and, eventually, reverse the steady increase in our waste

production. Although usable materials are now being salvaged from landfills in many locations,

there are easier ways to cycle resources (Van der Zee et al., 2004). Significant environmental

pressures are currently resulting from our rising waste generation levels and our improper disposal

of waste; these behaviours lead to the unsustainable consumption of natural resources and energy,

and contribute to the pollution of air, land, and water. In awareness of these environmental risks,

Canada adopted a 50% waste reduction target from 1988 levels by 2000 to increase waste diversion

(i.e., recycling, composting, etc.) (PWGSC, 2005). However, contrary to this goal, the amount of

waste disposed in landfills in Canada actually increased by 25% 2between 1990 and 2000

(Thompson et al., 2006).An average person in Canada currently generates about 2.66 kg of waste

each day and most of it ends up in a landfill (Thompson et al., 2006).

SYNTHESIS

MARKET STUDY

The estimation and analysis of the capacity and volume of waste of the new sanitary landfill

study can be based on the historical information about the amount of population, average volume

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of garbage collected in a certain amount of time and other processes necessary for the landfill from

cities in the country or in the Philippines as a whole. The aim is to come up with a capacity that

can hold the amount of volume of garbage collected to be disposed in the landfill. A study was

cited about the market aspects of a landfill in Cebu City in terms of its market feasibility. Foreign

studies cited, also based their landfill capacity from market studies conducted to provide a feasible

supply from the demand.

TECHNICAL STUDY

This related literature provides insights for determining the equipment, facilities, materials

and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary landfill. It provided ideas on the

method of construction of the landfill. Also, the technical study cited governing laws (R.A. 7169 and

P.D. 1152) and the government department liable of ensuring that the technical guidelines are met as

well as the impact of the technical aspect of the sanitary landfill.

FINANCING STUDY

This study provides estimates for total cost of landfill. Results indicate that volume

significantly impacts feasibility. Additional information is required to localize the estimate to a specific

site. However, this study provides useful information to assist community and county decision-makers

as they attempt to evaluate their alternatives.

FINANCIAL STUDY

The financial feasibility highlights the operation and maintenance cost of sanitary landfills. It generally

involve transport cost, cost for personnel, maintenance and environmental protection. Local and

foreign related studies are cited regarding financial information on the operation of sanitary landfills.

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SOCIO ECONOMIC STUDY

The public is also very important in considering the feasibility of the new sanitary landfill

because they will be greatly affected. Also, a study suggested that without the cooperation and

help of the public in the implementation of a new landfill, the overall feasibility will be affected.

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY

Environmental related literature stresses the importance of negative effects during site

selection, construction, operation, closure. R.A. 9003 that regulates the protection of public health

and environment information about the environmental risks of landfills. Also, some procedures

stated could be applied in the environmental feasibility of the new sanitary landfill in Bacolod

City.

MANAGEMENT STUDY

This study aims to provide guidelines in how an organization manages a landfill. It provides

different functions of an organization that needed to be fulfilled properly so that the landfill would

serve its purpose well. This could help us in creating a project schedule for the construction of the

landfill.

Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design, data gathering and analyses procedures of

marketing, technical, financial, financing, management, environmental and socio-economic

study.

Methodology

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 The study aims to determine the feasibility of the proposed sanitary landfill of Bacolod

City. The type of research that will be used for this study is descriptive research, this kind of

research focuses on the current issues or problems done by a process of data collection that enables

them to describe the situation completely than without using this method. To describe the aspects

of the phenomenon, descriptive research are used. And also, descriptive research is used to

described characteristics and/or behavior of the sample population. The most important trait of

descriptive research that more researchers use this kind of study is that it can employ a number of

variables, however only one variable is required to conduct the study.

The descriptive research has its three main purposes: describing, explaining and validating

research findings. The kind of study is also closely related with observational studies but not just

limited for observation data collection method and case studies. Descriptive study also has surveys

as a popular data collection method.

An effective method to analyze non-quantified topic and issues, possibility to observe the

phenomenon in a completely natural and unchanged natural environment, and its opportunity to

integrate the qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection are some of the reasons why

descriptive research is used for this study.

The study aims to determine the feasibility of marketing, technical, financing, financial,

socio-economic, environmental, and management. The method of descriptive research is most

closely practical for determining the feasibility of the said studies. Collecting data by historical

method, surveys, observations, interviews, and taking it from a reliable source, are used in the

descriptive research.

The procedure for the conduct of a project feasibility study are the following:

1. Market Study

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 2. Technical Study

3. Management Study

4. Environmental Study

5. Socio-Economic Study

6. Financing Study

7. Financial Study

1. Market Study

1.1 Service: The “Proposed Sanitary Landfill of Bacolod City” aims to come up with a sanitary

landfill that is designed and constructed in a manner that exerts engineering control over

significant potential environmental impacts arising from the development and operation of

the facility.

1.2 Volume of Wastes:

1.2.1 Data Gathering:

1.2.1.1 Secure weight per capita per day of solid wastes in Bacolod City.

1.2.1.2 Secure data of the number of inhabitants and population in Bacolod City for

the next 5 years using the rate of population growth from the City Government.

1.2.2 Data Processing:

1.2.2.1 Project the volume of the solid waste for the next 5 years.

1.2.2.2 Determine the volume and weight capacity of the proposed sanitary landfill.

1.2.2.3 Estimate the volume/weight produced by the population.

ppc = DSr / (Pop x 7 x Cov)

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 DSd = Pop x ppc

ppc = Production per capita per day (kg/cap/day)

DSr = Quantity of MSW collected in one week (kg/wk)5
Pop = Total population (inhab)
Cov = Coverage of the urban cleaning service (%)
Cov = Population served (inhab) / Pop
DSd = Quantity of MSW produced per day (kg/day

Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.2.2.4 Estimate the projected total volume.

1.3 Capacity of Landfill:

1.3.1 Data Gathering:

1.3.1.1 Create criteria for capacity.

1.3.1.2 Visit current site and check for area condition.

1.3.2 Data Processing:

1.3.2.1 Determine if current landfill is still operational or there is a need to design

for the new landfill.

1.3.2.2 Estimate required volume capacity of the landfill.

Volume of Solid Waste:

Vdaily = DSp / Dmsw

Vcompacted annually = Vdaily x 365

Volume of the Cover Material:

c.m = Vcompacted annually x (0.20 or 0.25).

Volume of the Sanitary Landfill:

VSL = Vstabilized annually + c.m

Vdaily = Volume of MSW to be disposed of in one day (m3/day)

Vannual = Volume of MSW in one year (m3/year)
DSp = Quantity of MSW produced (kg/day)

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 365 = Equivalent to one year (days)
Dmsw = Density of the recently compacted MSW (400-500 kg/m3) and
of the stabilized landfill (500-600 kg/m3)
c.m = cover material equivalent to 20 or 25% of the volume of the recently
compacted wastes.
VSL = Volume of the sanitary landfill (m3/year)
Source: Jaramillo, 2003

1.3.2.3 Estimate/Compute the landfill land area for the next 5 years.

1.4 Volume Capacity

1.4.1 Data Gathering:

From the processed Market Feasibility Analysis on the average volume per day that

solid waste in Bacolod City have and the volume capacity of the sanitary landfill.

1.4.2 Data Processing:

Determine design specification of new landfill.

2. Technical Study

The determination of engineering layout and design and its corresponding equipment,

facilities, materials and process involved in creating the design for the new sanitary landfill.

2.1 Data Gathering:

2.1.1 Create criteria for feasibility on technical aspect of landfill.

2.1.1.1 Site visit and determination of technical violations of current landfill.

2.1.2 Secure common type of soil, permeability coefficient, and the allowable side-

slope of the landfill requirement of the landfill.

2.1.3 Determine average depth of the water table of the Bacolod City.

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 2.1.4 Identify different kinds of construction method for a sanitary landfill.

2.1.5 Identify the necessary facilities required for the sanitary landfill

2.2 Data Processing:

2.2.1 Identify compliance and non-compliance of the current site to the technical

criteria.

2.2.2 Use the data from 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 for the design of the landfill.

2.2.3 Select construction method that is suitable for the project study.

2.2.4 Prepare vicinity, location and site development plan.

2.2.5 Selection and computation of structural configuration of landfill

2.2.6 Prepare landfill Layout and facilities drawings and specifications

3. Management Study

3.1 Data Gathering:

3.1.1 Identify the functions involved in setting up the organization for the

construction and operational phase of the landfill

3.1.2 Identify the activities needed for the construction of the landfill

3.2 Data Processing:

3.2.1 Set up the organization for construction and operational phase

3.2.2 Set up project schedule for the construction phase

 Gantt Chart

 PERT-CPM

4. Environmental Feasibility

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 4.1 Environmental Provisions

Determine environmental requirements set forth by R.A. 9003 or the Ecological Solid

Waste Management Act of 2000 and the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC)

from DENR pursuant to P.D. 1586. Compile in a checklist as environmental criteria.

4.2 Site Investigation

Visit current site at Brgy. Felisa and check for environmental criteria.

4.3 Data Processing

Identify mitigating measures to counteract violations from environmental criteria.

5. Financing Study

5.1 Data Gathering:

5.1.1 Identify the source of financing.

5.1.2 Listing of project cost which will include the following:

 Equipment

 Machinery

 Materials

 Supplies Requirements

 Labor

5.2 Data Processing:

5.2.1 Compute project cost considering the following:

 Equipment

 Machinery

 Raw Materials

 Supplies Requirements

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  Labor

5.2.2 Determine the total investment cost needed for the construction of the

landfill.

6. Financial Study

6.1 Data Gathering:

6.1.1 Listing of operation cost for the landfill

6.1.2 Determine the labor requirements taking into consideration the following:

 Labor types (Direct, Indirect and Administrative)

 Pay scale

6.2 Data Processing:

6.2.1 Determine the total operating cost

6.2.2

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