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Medicinal Marine Organisms tonic against headache, giddiness and Otitismedia and ear troubles in Siddha
1. Sponges, Spongia officinalis vertigo11. Coral ash is also used as a local medicine18. The crab, Scylla serrata has
Sponges occur as a light lump of astringent in the preparation of tooth antibilious, diuretic, laxative and
porous nature and they are yellowish- powders, in preparations for the treatment haematinic properties and is a cardiac
brown, soft, elastic and irregularly shaped. of cancer of breast, lungs, stomach and stimulant21. The Santal tribals of Andaman
Divers collect them from submerged rocks uterus 14 , anaemia, and haemolytic and Nicobar Islands in India use crabs to
to which they adhere. When fresh, they jaundice 15. It is used in reducing cure vomiting in infants and puerperal
are covered with a gelatinous substance inflammation, dysuria and oligouria16. fever22.
that must be removed to prevent In Siddha system of medicine,
putrefaction. Dry sponge consists of coral is mentioned as Pavalam and Crab fossil
gelatine, albumin and iodine. Its ash is Pavalam based drugs have been claimed This consists of fossilized
obtained by burning the sponge in a closed to cure loss of appetite, polyphagia, remains of crabs available in some South
vessel and used as deobstruent and delirium, oligospermia, eye diseases, Indian localities. A calcinated residual fine
astringent. Mixed with oil it is applied to rickets, diabetes mellitus, skin diseases, powder of crab fossils is given as a specific
swollen glands (goitre). It is also given ulcers, puerperal sepsis and many diseases medicine in urinary obstructions and
internally in treating dysentery, diarrhoea for which it is used in Ayurveda17, 18. lithiasis12.
and other bowel complaints. Sponge is In Unani system of medicine,
generally used for absorbing liquids, coral is a valuable drug with multifarious 4. Molluscs
cleaning and washing, dilating cavities and uses. Root (Bikhe Marjan/Bussud) and Pearl oyster
for supporting prolapsed parts11. branch of coral (Shakh-e-Marjan) are Pearls are calcareous concretions
used separately for different medicinal formed as protection against irritation
2. Corals purposes. Internally it is constipatory, caused by foreign objects, which lodge
Corals are of varied types and are astringent, styptic, antidiarrhoeic, inside between the mantle and shell of
exclusively marine. Two types are used diuretic, urinary antiseptic, detoxicant and
pearl oysters. Pearls have been used in
commonly in medicine. One is a porous general tonic. It is useful in treating medicine by the Ayurveda and Unani
lumpy variety and the other is a slender melancholia, epilepsy, insanity, physicians from ancient times. Pearl
precious variety. Both are red in colour palpitation, enlargement of spleen, gastricoysters of marine origin belong to a single
due to a pigment. Corals contain mostly disorders, renal calculi and piles. It is genus, Pinctada. In general, pearls are
calcium and small amounts of recommended in treating stomatitis, considered to possess antacid and tonic
magnesium, iron and phosphorous. haemoptysis, cough, phthisis and asthma. properties and are mostly used in the form
Calcined corals are used in treating piles, The ash is used as a tooth powder for of pearl ash (Mukta bhasma), obtained
coughs and tuberculosis12. The lumpy strengthening gums and teeth, as surma as a result of powdering or calcining the
variety is cheaper while the slender variety for treatment of eye diseases, as eardrops pearls 22 . In combination with other
is expensive. Lumpy porous variety is with oil for alleviating ear ache and as anmedicines, they are prescribed in treating
called coral root and the slender variety, aqueous lotion in leprosy19. It is also used
tuberculosis, jaundice, dyspepsia and
coral branch in English13. In the Ayurvedic for treating anaemia, high fever and urinary complaints 23. The calx is a
system, the ash form of corals, popularly haemolytic jaundice20. stimulant, tonic, antacid and
known as Pravala Bhasma has been aphrodisiac12. The shell of Mother-of-pearl
used in treating cough, phthisis, 3. Crustaceans is used in medicine. Medicinally its flesh
pulmonary tuberculosis, asthma, chronic Crabs is acrid, demulcent, palatable and
bronchitis, fever, urinary diseases, Oil extracted from crab’s flesh is beneficial in phthisis and heart diseases.
spermatorrhoea, gleet and gonorrhoea, used as one of the ingredients in The ash (Sukti bhasma) of the Mukta-
carbuncle, scrofulous affections and as a preparations used in treating Otorrhea, Sukti (pearl oyster) a kind of shell is
beneficial in treating dyspepsia, abdominal deranged bile (pitta) such as dyspepsia, diseases, bronchial asthma and cough26.
tumours, liver and spleen enlargements jaundice, biliousness, vomiting of bile, Pearls are one of the ingredients of
and loss of appetite. The lime obtained etc. Another preparation containing pearls Ayurvedic preparations in the treatment
by burning hard cover has the same known as Vasantakusumakara rasa of throat cancer14. In Siddha medicine,
properties as that of Sukti-bhasma11. given with sugar, honey and ghee is used preparations in the form of calx/bhasmam
Pearls from the back lip oyster, in treating urinary diseases, impotence, are used in treating of glycaemia and
Pinctada margaritifera are purified by gleets, diabetes and general debility. This glycosurea, and diabetic neuropathy27. In
boiling in the juices of Sesbania medicine is a valuable alterative tonic in the Unani system of medicine, pearl,
cannabina (Retz.) Pers. leaves or chronic gonorrhoea and spermatorrhoea known as Mervareed, is used in treating
flowers of S. grandiflora (Linn.) Poir. and is prescribed in these complaints in heart weakness, myocardial
It is then calcined in covered crucible and combination with an extract called degenerations, anaemia, neurosis,
finely powdered for medicinal use. This Kusavaleha. For seminal weakness, a palpitations, tuberculosis and habitual
powder is cleaned by rubbing it with the pill made up of Mukta bhasma and red abortions20.
juice of Rumex vesicarius Linn. and coral bhasma is used. A concoction
then transferred to a lemon and stowed made up of 29 ingredients among which Edible oyster
in a mass of paddy. After one week, it is pearl is one is used as a tonic to strengthen Ostrea gryphoides (Saccostrea
heated in a crucible and ashed. The cardiac muscles and the central nervous gryphoides Schl.) is a shell fish found
powdered ash is a stimulant and tonic and system. A powder prepared with pearl ash in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts.
acts as an aphrodisiac. Pearl ash is chiefly as one of its ingredients is used in treating It has a small, hollow, ovate excavation in
carbonated oxide of lime and acts also as general debility, leucorrhoea, diabetes, which the animal with a soft, fleshy sub
an antacid. The ash (Mukta bhasma) etc11. Pinctada margaritifera alkaline orbicular body is enclosed. The shell has
is used in treating heart-burn and bilious ash in calcined state also serves as an a hinge at one end and opens into two
affections. Mukta bhasma given twice antacid in heart burn and bilious valves; one shallow and the other deep,
a day with honey is useful in treating affections24. which is found adhering to the rock. The
cough, phthisis and asthma. Its chief use Pearls found on the southern sea shell is hard, externally grey or dark-
is in low fevers giving rise to burning coasts of India are said to be more useful brown, rough and marked with lateral
sensation in the eyes, palms and soles. It in medicinal purposes25. Pearls have also undulated streaks; internally it is white,
reduces the yellowish tinge in the been used in the Siddha system as a smooth and shining. It contains calcium
conjunctivae and in urine due to low fever treatment in all kinds of fevers, brain or carbonate (85 to 95%), phosphate and
and reduces the burning during nervous symptoms, opacity of cornea, sulphate of calcium and magnesium, iron
micturition. It is also used as a cerebral cataract, keratitis, iritis and in all kinds oxide, alumina and silica. The inner layer
tonic in nervous diseases such as chronic of eye diseases including night blindness is chiefly used in preparing the ash, called
headache, epilepsy and other convulsive and colour blindness18. The pearl powder Kalu bhasma. The ash is antacid and
attacks. It is used to treat piles, is used generally in treating urinary alterative and is used in treating cases of
leucorrhoea and spermatorrhoea and diseases, constipation and to increase diarrhoea and chronic intestinal disorders.
impotence. The powder is one of the strength, nutrition and energy24. Pearls This animal is supposed to possess
ingredients in numerous Indian have also been used in several Ayurvedic aphrodisiac properties and is therefore,
preparations used for treating impotence, preparations for the treatment of cough, eaten raw or cooked. A paste of the shell
heart disease, consumption (pulmonary phthisis, dentitional fever, weakness of is used as an absorbent for the same
tuberculosis), etc. Pittantaka rasa (a heart and mental disorders16. It is also purposes as the other shells.
preparation) made from pearl ash known to promote strength and intellect Oyster shells are used in Siddha
together with several other substances is and enhance semen production. It preparations for treating Otorrhoea,
useful in controlling diseases caused by alleviates burning sensation in eyes, eye Otitismedia and ear troubles18. The Ayurvedic
text Sushruta Samhita mentions the use is also used to treat catarrh, sore throat, magnesium, phosphate and manganese.
of shells of marine oysters and pearls in cough and asthma11. It is used in the treatment of dyspepsia,
eye-salves in ophthalmic and other ocular Conch shells are used to prepare jaundice, enlarged spleen and liver, asthma
infections28. sticks used for various ocular problems and cough. It is externally used as caustic
namely, opacity of cornea, cataract, in various forms of ointments11.
5. Gastropods ophthalmic, keratitis, iritic and granular
Conch lids. In Siddha medicines, it is also used 6. Cephalopods
Conch is the empty shell of in all kinds of eye diseases including night The internal shell of Sepia
Turbinella rapa or Xanchus pyrum, blindness and colour blindness18. Conch officinalis is often found floating in sea
a marine gastropod. It is a source of shell is also useful in treating itching of water. The shell (cuttle fish bone) is an
calcium salts 12. Conch is known as eyelids and chronic conjunctivitis with oblong, elliptical or oval, flat substance
Sankha in Indian medicine and Sankha mucous discharge, especially in of whitish colour, porous and brittle. It is
bhasma prepared by incinerating the children29. Sankha is a good antacid and an antacid like chalk, used as astringent
conch shell is used in treating dyspepsia, as such is used in gastritis and peptic and a local sedative. When powdered, it
digestive impairment, malabsorption ulcer26. Shankha bhasma is used for is used as a dusting powder to relieve the
syndrome, enlargement of liver- treatment of hyperpyrexia-high fever. Eye- ear pain or in otorrhoea and medicated
hepatomegaly, hyperacidity and duodenal salves and pastes prepared using burnt oil prepared by boiling fine scraping of
ulcer16. The flesh of this animal, used as conch shells are used in ophthalmic and the bone in sweet or sesame oil is used as
an anodyne, is nutritious and is a cardiac other ocular infections in Ayurveda15. drops for same purpose. Its paste made
stimulant. It is also used in asthma, with lime-juice is used in treating itches
phthisis and tumours. Sankha bhasma Cowries and other skin diseases. It is also used
(Conch shell ash) is used for earache, Cowry is the name given to small, with rose water to control prickly heat.
ulcers, and eye troubles and is indicated convolute glossy shells of variegated The powder is an ingredient of various
internally in case of dyspepsia, colours of oblong, oval shape varying in tooth-powders. A thin paste made of
gonorrhoea, colic, dysentery, jaundice, size. Three varieties of cowries — white, cuttle-fish bone and rock salt in rose water
tympanitis and flatulence. A pill called red and yellow are used in medicine. The is used to control conjunctivitis11. The
Sankhavati made from conch shell is ash form of Cypraea moneta known powder is also given internally to control
used in dyspepsia, acid urine, diarrhoea as Cowrie bhasma contains phosphate, sprue and dysentry12.
and chronic dysentery. Sankha bhasma fluoride and carbonate of calcium,
7. Fishes coloured oily liquid with a fish odour and success of this 156 year old traditional
In Ayurveda, different properties taste like cod liver oil but more strongly medicine is a closely-guarded secret by
have been ascribed not only to different marked and more disagreeable when left one family. A yellow-paste (the ingredients
fishes, but also to same fish living and for some times. It deposits a white granular of which are kept secret by the family) is
growing in different waters. Fish from substance stearin which is called Squalin. stuffed into the mouth of a two-to-three-
different sources are also recommended It is richer in iodine and phosphorous inch long "murrel" fish and this is then
to be taken in different seasons11. The than cod liver oil but contains less forced down the gullet of the patient. It is
Materia Medica of Ayurveda mentions bromine and sulphur. As an emulsion it claimed that the movement of the fish
that a sea fish is heavy, unctuous and sweet. is used daily as a nutrient, demulcent and clears the phlegm in the patients windpipe
The fish and its eggs are sweet and have alterative. It is given to treat cachexia, as it makes its way down to the stomach,
aphrodisiac properties30. It increases stool pulmonary consumption, atrophy, where the medicine is digested31.
and semen and is an excellent promoter scrofulous affections of the joints and
of strength because the sea fish are mostly bones especially rickets, scrofulous 8. Turtles
carnivorous. Fish liver oil derived from ophthalmic and scrofulous abscesses, Oil extracted from the turtle,
liver of shark, skate and sand fishes are suppurating glands, ulcerations and Chelonia mydas is nutritious and
beneficial in debilitating diseases and in discharges from the nose or ears and skin used as an alterative and demulcent. The
malnutrition. Clarias batrachus Linn. diseases. It is also used in treating turtle fat is given to control scrofula,
is used in the treatment of diarrhoea. The mesenteric affections of children with rickets, anaemia and pulmonary
flesh of Saccobranchus fossilis is a tumefied belly with loose and clayey stools, infections19. Turtles shell is used in Siddha
demulcent, a cardiac stimulant, in their obstinate constipations and in preparations to treat opacity of cornea,
aphrodisiac, galactagogue and also used stricture of the rectum, chronic cataract, ophthalmic, keratitis, iritis,
in treating jaundice. Oil of hydrocephalus, the advanced stages of granular lids and in all kinds of eye
Scomberomorus commersoni Lacep. spasmodic coughs such as whooping diseases including night blindness and
(Seer Fish) is used as a substitute for cod cough and other lung affections and colour blindness18.
liver oil. The flesh of Trichogaster cholera, epilepsy, neuralgia especially Tio
fasciatus has astringent and constipating Doulouroux, chronic rheumatism causing 9. Sea mammals
properties21. atrophy, some form of paralysis and Sea Cow, Halicore dugong
Squalus carcharius (White leprosy11. (Dugong dugon) Erxleben.
Shark) is found along the Indian coasts. The oil of the sea cow, Halicore
The oil extracted from its liver is called Live fish dugong Erxleben. known as Dugong oil
Oleum Squalae which is extracted by In the Indian city, Hyderabad, live or oil of Sen Hog is used as a substitute
boiling fresh liver in water. It is an amber fish is used as a cure for asthma. The for cod liver oil21.