Accepted Manuscript

Computational Prediction of Pressure Drop and Heat transfer with

Cryogen based Nanofluids to be used in Micro-Heat Exchangers

Raja Sekhar Dondapati , Vishnu Saini , Kumari Neelam Verma ,

Preeti Rao Usurumarti

PII: S0020-7403(17)31399-1
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.012
Reference: MS 3740

To appear in: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences

Received date: 25 May 2017

Revised date: 6 June 2017
Accepted date: 10 June 2017

Please cite this article as: Raja Sekhar Dondapati , Vishnu Saini , Kumari Neelam Verma ,
Preeti Rao Usurumarti , Computational Prediction of Pressure Drop and Heat transfer with Cryogen
based Nanofluids to be used in Micro-Heat Exchangers, International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
(2017), doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2017.06.012

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Highlights

 The present investigation concludes that enhancement of this thermal

conductivity which may be due to Brownian motion, agglomeration and
convection of nanoparticles in basefluid.

 Suspension of nanoparticles in LN2 exhibited desirable results thereby

asserting the feasibility of using nano cryogenic fluids in micro heat
exchangers

 Effective thermophysical properties are dependent on volume fraction of

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nanoparticles and temperature

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 The suspension of nanoparticles with 3% volume concentration in LN2 shows
increase in heat transfer and decrease in pressure drop

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 ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT

Computational Prediction of Pressure Drop and Heat transfer with Cryogen based
Nanofluids to be used in Micro-Heat Exchangers

Raja Sekhar Dondapati 1, Vishnu Saini 1, Kumari Neelam Verma1, Preeti Rao Usurumarti2
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144401, INDIA

2
PVK. Institute of Technology Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA

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Abstract

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Micro heat exchangers are the integral part of advanced technologies such as space

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technologies. However, the cooling of these micro heat exchangers encounters various
challenges due to large aspect ratios. Further, the conventional coolants could not dissipate
the heat due to limited thermal conductivity and specific heat. Hence, suspension of

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nanoparticles in such coolants would increase the efficiency of micro heat exchanges.
Nanofluids are widely used in biomedical applications, as coolants in transportation,
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industrial cooling, nuclear reactor cooling and defence applications due to their higher
stability, higher heat transfer capabilities and reduced particle clogging.
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In the present work, the thermophysical properties of Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2
nanoparticles in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) are studied with the volume concentration of 3%. It is
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observed that thermal conductivity of nanofluid is enhancing with the increase in volume
concentration of nanoparticles which result in enhancing the heat transfer rate in micro heat
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exchangers. In order to confirm this fact, a computational investigation on pressure drop and
heat transfer is performed with Liquid Nitrogen as a base fluid and CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3
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and TiO2 as nanoparticles. A computational geometry is developed in ANSYS® and the

pressure drop and heat transfer analysis is done using FLUENT®. Relevant boundary
conditions are applied to reflect the practical operating conditions of micro heat exchangers.
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It is observed from the results that the decrease in pressures drop with the suspension of CuO
nanoparticle is low. Further, the heat transfer is observed to be increasing with the addition of
Al2O3 and SiO2 nanoparticles with the concentration of 3% by volume. Finally, it can be
concluded that the dispersion of the nanoparticles in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) is beneficial to be
used in micro heat exchangers.

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Corresponding Author: email: drsekhar@ieee.org
Ph:+918427474117, Fax: +91-1824-506111
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Keywords: Thermophysical properties, Nanofluids, Micro heat exchangers, cryogenics,

pressure drop, and heat transfer.

Nomenclature
A Area of cross-section of the pipe (m2) v Overall velocity vector (m/s)
 

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Cp Specific heat (J/kg-K) Volume flow rate (L/min) V  A  vavg
V
Fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to
k   model

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C2 and C1 Empirical constants for YM
the overall dissipation rate
Dh Hydraulic Diameter (m)
Greek Symbols

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
External body force (N)
F
f Friction factor  dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy (m2/s3)
Generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to
Gb k Kinetic energy per unit mass (J/kg)

Gk
buoyancy (m2/s2)
Generation of turbulence kinetic energy (m2/s2)
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p Static pressure (Pa)  Density (kg/m3) of the fluid

 eff
Effective Density of nanofluid (kg/m3)

S k and S User-defined source terms for k and  g

 Gravitational body force (N)


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Sm Source mass  k and   Turbulent Prandtl numbers for k and

Tinlet and Toutlet Temperature at inlet and outlet (K) Stress tensor (Pa)


vavg Average velocity of flow in the pipe (m/s)  wall Shear stress (Pa)
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1 Introduction
Heat exchangers are used to transfer thermal energy between two solids and liquids which are
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in thermal contact with each other at different temperatures. On the basis of their geometric
configuration, they can be classified as micro, meso, compact and conventional as shown in
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Figure 1. With the increasing demand for the higher heat transfer efficiency, small geometry,
lower weight, the development of micro heat exchangers are gaining attention in
transportation, biomedical, automobile industries and space applications such as gas turbines
[1], integrated circuits [2], micro-reactors [3], laser diodes [4], refrigeration systems [5]–[7],
Solar Collectors [8], Stirling engine [9], transformers [10], superconducting magnets [11]–
[14], Superconducting Cables [15]–[17] and Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) applications
[18]–[21]. These demands can be fulfilled by incorporation of micro heat exchangers
working with nanofluids. These nanofluids play a vital role in enhancement of
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thermophysical properties by which desired result of heat transfer rate and pressure drop can
be achieved. These nanoparticles are in form of metallic (Al, Cu, Si) and metallic oxides such
as Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2. To prepare these nanofluids, nanoparticles with
particular volume fraction is suspended uniformly in base fluid that is shown in Figure 2. It
can to be noted that volume fraction of 1 to 5% nanoparticles are considered by many authors
[22]–[24]. It was also reported by Mustafa [25] that the fluid flow would be non-Newtonian
in nature beyond 6% of volume fraction of nanoparticles. Further, the thermophysical
properties depend upon the volume fraction of nanoparticles. Dispersion of these

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nanoparticles in base fluid (coolant) enhances the thermal conductivity of resultant fluid.

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Moreover, Nanoparticles exhibit significant stability, higher heat transfer capabilities and

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reduced particle clogging.

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Figure 1 Classification of heat exchangers on the basis of hydraulic diameter

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Figure 2 Preparation of nanofluid

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Koo and Kleinstreuer [26], estimated the performance of micro-heat sinks using numerical
methods with addition of CuO nanoparticles in water or ethylene glycol with a concentration
of 1-4%. Further, Jang et al.[27], reported that the cooling performance of a micro channel
heat sink with nanoparticle suspensions increased by 10%. Furthermore, Lelea et al.[28],
investigated the numerical modeling of micro-tube heat exchanger with water and Al2O3,
observed that the heat transfer is increased in axial direction with suspension of Al2O3
nanoparticles. Later, Seyf et al.[29], numerically studied the enhancement in convective heat
transfer in micro-pin-fin heat sink by using nanofluid. Shalchi-Tabrizi et al.[30], investigated the

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effect of volume concentration and particle diameter on entropy, hydrodynamic and heat transfer

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performance of tangential micro-heat sink using numerical methods. Sohel et al.[31], reported

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that use of nanofluids enhanced the thermal performance of micro-channel heat sink to be used
as electronic heat sink. Moreover, Bianco et al.[32], reported that nanofluids (Al2O3 with
water) allows to obtain higher heat transfer coefficient in circular tubes. In addition, Lee et

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al.[33], experimented that the heat transfer coefficient increased with decreasing the channel
diameter at a given flow rate. Mustafa et al [34], investigated single and multiphase condensate
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of nanofluid considering Brownian and thermophoretic diffusion. Further, it was reported that
the enhancement of heat transfer is due to effect of slip velocities [35], [36]. Furthermore, Ray
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et al. [37] experimentally and numerically investigated the enhancement of heat performance
in compact plate heat exchangers. Salman et al.[38], reported that maximum heat transfer
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enhancement was about 22% when using the nanofluids. Solomon et al.[39], observed that
addition of nanoparticles in screen mesh pipe increased the effective thermal conductivity by
which enhancement in heat transfer is obtained. In addition, Huminic et al. [40], reviewed the
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enhancement of heat transfer using suspensions of nanofluids and heat transfer coefficient
with increasing concentration of nanoparticles. Li and Kleinstreuer [41], reported that
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nanofluids enhanced the thermal performance of micro channel with a small increase in
pumping power. Moreover, Azari et al.[42], investigated the heat transfer enhancement in
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water/Al2O3 based nano fluids using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Sakanova et
al.[43], reported that suspension of nanoparticles in coolant improved the heat transfer
performance of the micro channel heat sinks and the effect of wavy wall was unnoticeable.
Recently, Sadeghi et al.[44], analyzed that Nusselt Number is increased with Reynolds
Number and with the decrease of twist ratio of helical tape inserts by using nanofluids.
Saeedan et al.[45], evaluated the effects of Reynolds number and volume concentration on
heat transfer and pressure drop. In Table 1, review of cryogenic nanofluids is shown.
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Table 1 Review of Cryogenic Nanofluids

Author/ Nanofluid Remarks

Reference
David P. Meichle Super fluid helium and Five types of fluorescent nanoparticles ranging in size
and Daniel P. Liquid Nitrogen with from 5 nm to 1μm were imaged in liquid nitrogen and
Lathrop (2014) Flourescent super fluid helium, and were tracked at frame rates up
[46] nanoparticles to 100 Hz
Lucas Samuel Liquid Nitrogen and Cryogenic nanofluids exhibit an increase in their
Anderson (2013) Liquid Oxygen with effective thermal conductivities
[47] Carbon nano tube above the base line value of pure liquid Oxygen

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Dongsheng Wen liquid nitrogen upon An experimental study

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et al.(2008) [48] injection on the cryogenic phase change behavior of liquid
into aqueous based nitrogen upon injection into a relatively large pool of
TiO2 aqueous based titanium dioxide nanofluids under

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ambient temperatures.

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Motivated by the challenges involved in cooling of micro heat exchangers, in the present
work, as shown in Figure 3, the thermophysical properties of Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) based
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nanofluid with CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3, and TiO2 are evaluated. Further, the effect of
temperature on the thermophysical properties of nanofluid is also investigated. In addition,
Computational analysis is done to predict the pressure drop and heat transfer of these
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nanofluids in micro-heat exchangers.

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Figure 3 Schematic representation of objective of the present study

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1.1 Assumptions
In order to simplify the analysis of micro heat exchangers using computational methods using
FLUENT, there are several operating conditions and assumptions to be made. These
assumptions are summarized below.

1. Fluid enters through inlet with uniform temperature of 65K and the wall heat flux is
considered uniform.

2. Nanofluid is assumed to be single phase fluid with effective thermophysical properties

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of base fluid and the nanoparticles.

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3. Gravitational and Body forces are negligible.

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4. Thermal and hydraulic boundary layer is fully developed and flow is in steady state
condition.

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Mathematical Modeling and Computational Procedure
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In this section, discussion has been done about assumption for micro channel, modeling and
simulation of these channels and thermophysical properties of nanofluids to be used in micro
heat exchangers.
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In Figure 4, geometrical configuration of micro channel used in micro heat exchangers is

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shown and the refine mesh generation of channel is shown in Figure 5. Azari et al.[42]
Investigated laminar convective heat transfer coefficient of Al2O3 /water nanofluids in a
circular tube under uniform and constant heat flux on the wall. In table 1, the comparison
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study of present work is done with the Azari et al.

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Table 2 Comparison between the Characteristics of Nanofluid used in Micro heat exchangers

Variables Azari et al. [35] Present Work

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Basefluid Water Liquid Nitrogen

Nanoparticles Al2O3 Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2
Nanoparticles Concentration (Vol %) 2.5 3
Inlet Temperature(K) 298.15 65
Reynolds Number 1301.5 63271.83 to 88580.57
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Heat Flux(W/m ) 91313.5 91300
Flow Rate (kg/s) 0.000505 0.1 to 0.14
Channel Length(m) 0.0078 0.0078
Channel Diameter(m) 0.873 0.873
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Figure 4 Geometrical configuration of micro heat exchanger

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Figure 5 Mesh generation of micro heat exchanger

2.1 Governing Equations

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To understand the physical aspects of fluid flow, governing conservation equations of mass,
momentum and energy are to be solved either analytically or computationally. However, due
to the complexity of non-linear terms being involved in the present work, Computational
Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to solve the governing equations. In this method,
differential mathematical equations are converted in to descritized algebraic form using finite
volume method. Eventually, these algebraic equations are solved using commercial software
ANSYS-Fluent [49].
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The conservation of mass, momentum and energy equations for single phase fluid,
incompressible and turbulent flow are given in (1), (4) and (7) [49].

2.1.1 Conservation of mass

The mass of the nanofluid is conserved while flowing through the micro heat exchanger. The
equation for conservation of mass in the differential form is given by:

eff 
.(eff v )  Sm (1)
t

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where, S m is the source term for mass and eff is the effective density of nanofluid

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In the present work, there is no source of mass and the flow is considered to be steady, Hence,
the equation (1) reduces to:


.(eff v )  0 US (2)
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Hence, the expansion of equation (2) in its simplest form is given by:

(u ) (v) ( w)
  0 (3)
x y z
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where, u, v and „w‟ are velocity in x, y and z directions respectively

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2.1.2 Conservation of Momentum

The momentum of the nanofluid in the micro-heat exchanger is conserved. The equation for
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conservation of momentum is given by:


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    
( eff v )  .( eff v v )  p  .   eff g  F (4)
t
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As stated earlier, the flow is considered to be steady and the body forces, gravitational forces
are assumed to be negligible due to the convective turbulent flow conditions. Hence, the
equation (4) reduces to:



.( eff v v )  p  .  (5)

The expansion of equation (5) in three Cartesian coordinates is given by:

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  (u 2 )  (uv)  (uw)  px  xx  yx  zx

eff       
 x y z  x x x x
  (uv)  (v 2 )  (vw)  p y  xy  yy  zy
eff        (6)
 x y z  x x x x
  (uw)  (vw)  ( w2 )  pz  xz  yz  zz
eff       
 x y z  x x x x

2.1.3 Conservation of Energy

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As the energy transported while the nanofluid flows through the micro-heat exchanger, the
equation for conservation of energy is given by:

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 
.( v ( eff E))  . q

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(7)

   T    T    T 
.( v ( eff E))     keff    keff
 keff
x  x  y 
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y  z 

z 
(8)

where, „E‟ is internal energy of fluid element, „ keff ‟is the effective thermal conductivity
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2.2 Descritization and Closure of governing equations
To convert these governing equations in to algebraic (Linearized) form, Finite Volume
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Method (FVM) of descritization is used which can be solved numerically/computationally.

This FVM integrate all the governing equations in each control volume and generate discrete
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equations to conserve each quantity in the control volume. ANSYS-Fluent is used to solve
these algebraic equations to obtain numerical results without any interference of user. In this
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present work, descritization of momentum and energy equations is done using second order
upwind scheme. This scheme uses multidimensional linear reconstruction approach with
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second order accuracy to compute the scalar quantities at cell faces of the control volume.
Turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate are discretized with first order upwind
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scheme. It is to be noted that this scheme, by default, gives the first order accuracy and
assume scalar quantities at the cell centers from which the discrete values at the faces are
estimated. Pressure is discretized with standard scheme and the gradients of pressure at cell
centers can be determined using least square cell based approach. For pressure-velocity
coupling SIMPLE (semi implicit method for pressure linked equation) algorithm.

For closure of the equations (1), (4) and (7), k   transport equations are used [49]. These
equations are given by:
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    t (eff )  keff  (9)

(  k )  ( eff keff u j )        G  G    Y  S
t eff eff t xi  eff  k  xi  k b eff M k
 

    t (eff )    2 
( eff  )  ( eff  u j )   eff     eff C1S   C2  C1 C3 Gb  S (10)
t x j x j     x j  keff  v keff

where C1  max 0.43,

   and  Sk
   5  

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In these equations, Gk represents the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to the mean

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velocity gradients, Gb is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy, YM

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represents the contribution of the fluctuating dilatation in compressible turbulence to the
overall dissipation rate, C2 and C1 are constants. S k and S are user-defined source terms.

2.3 Thermophysical Properties of Base Fluid and Nanofluids

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In order to evaluate the performance of micro-heat exchangers, it is essential to study the
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thermophysical properties such as density, viscosity, thermal conductivity and specific heat of
nanofluids. In this present section, thermophysical properties of liquid Nitrogen (LN2) as base
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fluid [50] are presented. Later, the thermophysical properties of nanofluid with LN2 as base
fluid along with nanoparticles CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3 and TiO2 are presented. Figure 6 shows
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the thermophysical properties of LN2 as function of temperature from 65 to 83 K at a

pressure of 2 bar. It is observed that density, viscosity and thermal conductivity decreases
with increase in temperature and specific heat increases with increase in temperature.
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Figure 6 Thermophysical properties of LN2 (base fluid)

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Later, Nanoparticles such as CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3 and TiO2 with 3% volume concentration
are dispersed in LN2 (basefluid) to obtain the nanofluid to be used in micro heat exchangers.
Theoretical and experimental correlations are available in the literature to estimate the
thermophysical properties of nanofluids [40],[51]. However, these correlations are applicable
for water, oil and ethylene glycol as base fluids with suspension of nanoparticles. These
correlations implied approximate desired results with 3% of volume fraction nanoparticles
suspended in base fluid (LN2).

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2.3.1 Density of Nanofluid based on LN2

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The density of the nanofluid based on LN2 can be estimated using equation (11) [52].

NF  (1 )BF  NP

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(11)

where  NF is the effective density of Nanofluid,  volume fraction of nanoparticle (NP) and
 is the density of base fluid (BF).
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Figure 7 Density of nanofluid with different nanoparticles as a function of temperature at 3%

volume concentration

Figure 7 shows the density of LN2 with 3% volume concentration of different nanoparticles
from 65 to 83 K at 2 bar pressure. It is observed that density of nanofluid increases with
addition of nanoparticles whereas the same decreases with temperature. Moreover, density of
nanofluid is found to be higher with the suspension of CuO in LN2. Hence, it may be noted
that density is function of volume concentration and temperature.
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2.3.2 Specific Heat of Nanofluid based on LN2

The Specific Heat of nanofluid based on LN2 can be estimated using equation (12) [53].

(1   )(  C p ) BF   (  C p ) NP
C pNF  (12)
(1   )  BF   NP

where C pNF is the effective specific heat of Nanofluid,  volume fraction of nanoparticle (NP)

and C p is specific heat and  is density of base fluid (BF).

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Figure 8 shows the specific heat of nanofluid with 3% volume concentration of nanoparticles

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from 65 to 83 K at 2 bar pressure. It is observed that specific heat of nanofluid decreases with

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addition of nanoparticles whereas increases with temperature [54],[55]. Shahrul et al. [56]
reported that if the specific heat of nanoparticles is less than the base fluid, then the specific
heat of nanofluid would be decreased. Hence, it may be noted that specific heat is function of
volume concentration and temperature.
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Figure 8 Specific heat of nanofluid with different nanoparticles as a function of

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temperature at 3% volume concentration

2.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluid based on LN2

Thermal conductivity of present nanofluid is estimated as function of temperature from 65 K
to 83 K using both the experimental and theoretical correlations as shown in Table 3. These
correlations are applicable for water, oil and Ethylene Glycol as a base fluid with Al2O3,
SiO2, SiC, TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles. However, to compute the effective thermal
conductivity of nanofluid based on LN2, Maxwell (theoretical) [57] and Li and Peterson [58]
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(experimental) correlations are considered. These correlations resulted in desired

enhancement in thermal conductivity for better heat transfer of nanofluid with 3% of volume
fraction nanoparticle suspended in base fluid (LN2).

Figure 9 (a) and (b) depicts the experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity of LN2 with
3% volume fraction of nanoparticles from 65 to 83 K at 2 bar respectively. It is observed that
thermal conductivity of nanofluid reduces with the increase in temperature while the same
increases with increase in volume fraction. Figure 9 (c) and (d) shows the experimental and

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theoretical thermal conductivity of LN2 with different volume concentrations. It is concluded

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that thermal conductivity of nanofluid increase with increase in volume fraction of
nanoparticles.

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Figure 9 Thermal conductivity as a function of Temperature with 3% volume concentration

(a) Li and Peterson [58] experimental model (b) Maxwell theoretical model [57] (c) Thermal
conductivity as a function of volume fraction Li and Peterson experimental model [58] (d)
Thermal conductivity as a function of volume fraction Maxwell theoretical model [57]
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Table 3 Theoretical and Experimental correlations for thermal conductivity

Model Reference correlation Relevant information

Maxwell [57]- keff k p  2k f  2 (k p  k f )

Theoretical  Liquid and solid suspension
1881 kf k p  2k f   ( k p  k f )

keff  k f
Li and  0.764  0.0187(T  273.15)  0.462 Al2O3/water Nanofluid
kf

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Experimental Peterson[58]-
keff  k f
 3.761  0.0179(T  273.15)  0.307 CuO/water Nanofluid

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2006 kf

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Maxwell model [57] shows 9 % enhancement whereas Li and Peterson model [58] shows 6%

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enhancement in thermal conductivity of LN2 with 3% volume fraction of nanoparticles.
Hence, enhancement in thermal conductivity will be helpful to increase the heat transfer rate
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[59], [52] of micro heat exchangers. It may be noted that thermal conductivity is function of
volume fraction and temperature. It might be concluded that due to increase in Brownian
motion of nanoparticles [24], [60], [61], [58] at high temperatures, an enhancement in the
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thermal conductivity of base fluid is observed. Moreover, at high temperatures, conduction

among the nanoparticles and convection between base fluid and nanoparticles takes place.
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2.3.4 Viscosity of Nanofluid based on LN2

Table 4 shows both experimental and theoretical correlations for effective viscosity of
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nanofluid ( eff ) with  as volume fraction of nanoparticles and  f as viscosity of the base
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fluid. These correlations are derived for water, oil and Ethylene Glycol base fluid with Al2O3,
SiO2, SiC, TiO2 and CuO nanoparticles. However, to compute the effective viscosity of LN2,
Einstein [62] and Drew and Passman [63] correlations are considered. These correlations
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resulted in accurate results with 3% of volume fraction of nanoparticles suspended in base

fluid (LN2).

Viscosity of nanofluid is computed as function of temperature from 65 to 83 K with 3%

volume concentration of nanoparticles in base fluid (LN2). Figure 10 (a) and (b) depicts the
theoretical and experimental viscosities of LN2 respectively with 3% volume fraction of
nanoparticles from 65 to 83 K at 2 bar. It is observed that viscosity of LN2 reduces with the
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increase in temperature while the same increases with increase in volume fraction. It can be
noted that viscosity is function of volume fraction and temperature.

Table 4 Theoretical and Experimental correlations for Viscosity

Model Reference Correlation Relevant information

eff
Theoretical Einstein [62]-1906  1  2.5 Infinitely dilute suspension of spheres
f

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Drew and Passman eff
Experimental  1  2.5 Concentration is than less 5 vol %
[63]-1993 f

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Figure 10 Viscosity as a function of Temperature with 3% volume concentration of

nanoparticles using (a) Einstein theoretical model (b) Drew and Passman experimental model
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2.4 Boundary Conditions

At inlet of micro heat exchanger, the mass flow rates of 0.1 to 0.14 kg/s were considered in
the present work to reflect practical conditions. Further, the temperature at the inlet of the
micro heat exchanger is assumed to be 65 K. Uniform heat flux of 91300 W/m2 is imposed on
micro heat exchanger. In addition, no slip conditions were considered on the wall. At the
outlet, flow is assumed to be fully developed.
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2.5 Solution
The mesh generated in FLUENT [49] using ANSYS for further analysis. To solve the
governing equations, 3D double precision solver with pressure based Navier-Stokes equations
is used. The turbulence model is used in conjugation with standard wall function where the
flow is enclosed by wall boundaries for appropriate approach of the problem and accurate
results.

3 Results and Discussions

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The dissipation of heat from the electronic devices is significant. Hence, cooling of these

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devices is essential which can be achieved by incorporation of micro heat exchangers.
However, with increase in demand for the higher efficiency of the micro heat exchanges, the

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need for the better working coolants is required. This can be accomplished by dispersing
nanoparticles in working fluid. Hence, we have used 3% volume concentration of Al2O3,

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SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) for better cooling purpose. In
this section, the results obtained from the simulation of micro heat exchangers using
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Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is presented. Pressure drop and Nusselt number at
different mass flow rates are estimated.
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3.1 Pressure Drop Analysis

In this section, velocity profiles in the micro heat exchangers for different nanofluids is
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presented. Figure 11 (a) and (b) show the velocity profiles of fully developed flow at outlet of
circular pipe with Maxwell theoretical [57] and Li and Peterson experimental model [58]
respectively with 3% volume concentration of Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2 nanoparticle
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in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) at 0.13 kg/s mass flow rate. It is observed that the velocity for
theoretical model is greater than the experimental model and the same decreases with the
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suspension of nanoparticles in base fluid.

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In Figure 12, Pressure drop of nanofluids different are shown with 0.10 to 0.14 kg/s mass
flow rates. It depicts that pressure drop increases with increase in mass flow rate whereas the
same decreases with suspension of nanoparticles. Moreover, Pressure drop is low for CuO
nanoparticles with 3% of volume concentration in LN2. Friction factor is computed from
equation (13) for turbulent flow in micro channel.

8 wall (13)
f
 vavg
2
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Reynolds Number is can be calculated as

DhVavg  (14)
Re 


Figure 13 (a) and (b) show the friction factors for Maxwell theoretical [57] and Li and
Peterson experimental model [58] with dispersion of 3% of nanoparticles. It is observed that
friction factor decreases with increase in Reynolds Number and with dispersion of
nanoparticles. Moreover, Fiction factor is found to be low for Al2O3 nanoparticles with 3% of

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volume concentration in LN2.

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Figure 11 Velocity profiles with different nanoparticles at 0.13 kg/s mass flow rate (a) Li and
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Peterson experimental model [58] (b) Maxwell theoretical model [57]

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Figure 12 Pressure drop for different nanofluids with respect to different mass flow rates
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Figure 13 Friction factors with different nanoparticles (a) Maxwell theoretical model [57] (b)
Li and Peterson experimental model [58]

3.2 Pumping Power

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To pump the nanofluids through micro heat exchangers, Pumping power at various mass flow
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rates with 3% volume concentration of nanoparticles is calculated as


W  P V (15)
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In Figure 14, pumping power has been shown for various mass flow rates. It is observed that
pumping power increases with increase in mass flow rate whereas decreases with the
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dispersion of different nanoparticles at 3% volume concentration. This is due to decrease in

friction factor and wall shear stresses. Moreover, pumping power is significantly lower for
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CuO dispersed nanofluid.

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Figure 14 Pumping power of liquid nitrogen and nanofluids with respect to mass flow rates
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3.3 Heat Transfer Analysis

To dissipate the heat from the engineering devices, micro heat exchangers with LN2 based
nanofluids can be used. This results in temperature difference between outlet and inlet
sections of the micro heat exchanger. Figure 15 shows the temperature difference for different
flow rates. It is found that temperature difference decreases with increase in mass flow rate
and increase with the dispersion of nanoparticles. Moreover, temperature difference is more
for suspension of CuO in Liquid Nitrogen.

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Figure 15 Temperature difference with respect to mass flow rate for different nanoparticles
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Figure 16 Nusselt Number Vs Reynolds Number of LN2 with different nanoparticles (a)
Maxwell theoretical model [57] (b) Li and Peterson experimental model [58]

Figure 16 (a) and (b) show variation of Nusselt Numbers with Reynolds Numbers for
Maxwell theoretical model [57] and Li and Peterson experimental model [58] respectively. It
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is detected that Nusselt Number increases with increase in Reynolds Number and with the
suspension of different nanoparticles. Moreover, Nusselt Number is higher with dispersion of
Al2O3 nanoparticles for Maxwell theoretical model and with dispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles
for Li and Peterson experimental model. Furthermore, increase in Nusselt Number indicates
the increase in the heat transfer.

3.4 Cooling Capacity

Cooling capacity of nanofluids is estimated as

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
Qcc  V C p Tinlet  Toutlet 

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(1)

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Figure 17 shows the cooling capacity of LN2 with different nanofluids at various mass flow
rates. It is observed that cooling capacity decrease with increases in mass flow rate and also

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with the suspension of different nanoparticles.
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Figure 17 Cooling capacity of LN2 and different nanofluids with respect to mass flow rate
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4 Conclusions
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In this present study, nanoparticles such as CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3 and TiO2 suspended in LN2
with volume fraction of 3%. It is observed that density, viscosity and thermal conductivity of
nanofluid increase with the volume fraction of nanoparticles whereas specific heat decreases.
Moreover, the density, viscosity and thermal conductivity decreases with the increase in
temperature while specific heat increases with the increase in temperature. Hence, these
effective thermophysical properties are dependent on both the volume fraction of
nanoparticles and temperature. Moreover, it can be concluded that the heat transfer increases
and pressure drop decreases with the suspension of nanoparticles in LN2. Higher heat transfer
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is achieved with the suspension of Al2O3 and SiO2. Moreover, lower pressure drop is
observed with the suspension of CuO nanoparticles in LN2. Further, pumping power and
cooling capacity of nanofluids decrease with dispersion of 3% nanoparticles. The present
investigation also concludes that enhancement of thermal conductivity may be due to
Brownian motion, agglomeration nanoparticles in base fluid. It can be concluded that
suspension of nanoparticles in LN2 exhibited desirable results thereby confirming the
feasibility of using nano cryogenic fluids in micro heat exchangers.

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Graphical Abstract

In the present work, the thermophysical properties of Al2O3, SiO2, SiC, CuO and TiO2
nanoparticles in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) are studied with the volume concentration of 3%. It is
observed that thermal conductivity of nanofluid is enhancing with the increase in volume
concentration of nanoparticles which result in enhancing the heat transfer rate in micro heat
exchangers. In order to confirm this fact, a computational investigation on pressure drop and
heat transfer is performed with Liquid Nitrogen as a basefluid and CuO, SiO2, SiC, Al2O3 and

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TiO2 as nanoparticles. A computational geometry is developed in ANSYS® and the pressure

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drop and heat transfer analysis is done using FLUENT®. Relevant boundary conditions are
applied to reflect the practical operating conditions of micro heat exchangers. It is observed

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from the results that the decrease in pressures drop with the suspension of CuO nanoparticle
is low. Further, the heat transfer is observed to be increasing with the addition of Al2O3 and

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SiO2 nanoparticles with the concentration of 3% by volume. Finally, it can be concluded that
the dispersion of the nanoparticles in Liquid Nitrogen (LN2) is beneficial to be used in micro
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heat exchangers.
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Schematic representation of objective of the present study

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Thermophysical properties of LN2 (base fluid)