DISASTER MANAGEMENT

CONTENT :
Disaster Types
Natural Disaster / Major Disaster
 Flood

 Earthquake

 Cyclone

 Tsunami

 Man made disaster

 Fires, Accidents, Strikes
Disaster Mitigation measures
 Risk Identification
 Hazard zone

 Orientation of Building

 Fire escapes in building

 Cyclone shelters

 Warning system
Disaster Definition:
It can be defined as “A serious disruption in the

functioning of the community or a society causing

wide spread material, economic, social or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the
affected society to cope using its own resources.”
Disaster = Hazard + Vulnerability + Insufficient

capacity
HAZARD:
• Damage to property or environment
Natural hazard – Earthquake, Tsunami, Cyclone, etc.,
Manmade hazard – Industries , Pollution , wars , etc.,
VULNERABILITY :
• Impact on the environmental due to hazard
Physical vulnerability– structures, infrastructures, etc.,
Socio- economic Vulnerability – Loss of life, economy
INSUFFICIENT CAPACITY :
• Lack of resources to recover from disaster.
Physical Capacity, Socio- economic capacity.
Types of Disaster:
1. Natural Disaster / Major Disaster
 Flood

 Earthquake

 Cyclone

 Tsunami

 Volcanic Eruption

2. Man Made Disaster

 Fires

 Accidents

 Strikes
FLOOD:

Definition

Causes

Effects

Remedies
DEFINITION :
Flood is a state of high water level along a river

channel or on the coast that leads to inundation of

land.
Floods may happen gradually or happen suddenly

without any warning due to heavy rains, spill over

and breach in the embankments
TYPES OF FLOODS:
 Flash flood
 Riverine flood
 Urban flood
CAUSES:
Heavy rainfall
Heavy siltation of the river bed reduces the water

carrying capacity of the rivers.

Blockage of drains lead to flooding of the area
Landslide blocking the flow of water
Construction of dams and reservoirs
Sudden snow melts
Human activities – construction of more buildings,

dumping waste
Clearing of forest
EFFECTS:
Loss of life and Property

Structures like bridges, roads, houses etc.,

Lack of proper drinking water facilities because of

contamination of water and its leads to diseases such

as Viral fever, Malaria, etc.,
Agricultural area getting inundated as a result there is

a huge crop loss. This results in shortage of foods.

Floods may affect the soil characteristics.

Economic loss
FLOOD
ZONE
IN
INDIA:
REMEDIES:
Mapping the flood prone areas
Warning system issued by,
 Central water commission
 Irrigation and flood control department
 water resources department
Land use control
 construct the park, recreational areas in flood plain area
Construction of engineered structures
Construction of ground floor parking may reduce the loss
of life.
Decreasing the amount of runoff by,
 Protection of vegetation
 Clearing debris from streams and other water holding
areas
 Conservation of ponds, lakes

 Improvements of water storage bodies

 Proper construction of dams that is it can store water

and can release water at a manageable rate
AFTER FLOOD OCCURS:
 Measures including use of sand bags to keep water
away
 Blocking or sealing of doors and windows of houses
etc.,
Flood management – 5 years plan
EARTHQUAKE:
Definition
Causes
Characteristic
s
Effects
Zones in India
Remedies
DEFINITION:
It is a sudden

vibration caused on
the earth surface
due to the sudden
release of energy
stored in the rocks
under the earth
crust.
 CAUSES:
Plates movement
When the contact each
other stress arises e
plates in crust
The areas of stress at
plate boundaries which
release accumulated
energy by slipping or
rupture is called
“FAULTS”.
Sliding sideways relative to each other

Pushing against each other

Pulling away from each other

CHARACTERSTICS OF EARTHQUAKE:
The point of rupture is

called FOCUS

The point on the surface

directly above the focus

is termed as EPICENTER
The ground shaking is caused
by body waves and surface
waves
BODY WAVES (P and S waves):
Vibrate fast
Travel 6 km/hr = P waves
Travel 4 km/hr =S waves
SURFACE WAVES:
Vibrate the ground
horizontally or vertically
Sway of tall building
Earthquakes can be 3 types based on focal depth
Deep = 300 – 700 km

Medium = 60 – 600 km

Shallow = <60 km
MEASURING OF AN EARTHQUAKE:
Earth quake can be described in two different scales
1.Magnitude scale
2.Intensity scale
Magnitude scale
amount of energy released is

determined by seismograph
The scale developed by

charles richter.
3 Richter - smallest EQ felt

by people
> 7 Richter - vulnerable
INTENSITY SCALE

Effects of an earthquake in buildings and peoples.

This scale was developed by Mercalli.

This scale was extended and modified to suit the

modern items is called Modified Mercalli scale

Intensity value – I to XII

 < VI = People can feel EQ and small cracks on walls

 XII = Building collapse and loss of life

EFFECTS :
PRIMARY EFFECTS:
Damage occurs in,
 Human activities
 Structures such as buildings, road ways, railways,
pipelines, electrical generating , etc.,
 industries – Chemical industries
SECONDARY EFFECTS:
 Fires
 Dam failure cause flood
 Tsunami
 Landslide
Loss of life , transport and communication , water
supply
EQ
zones in
India
Zone V – very high risk
magnitude - >8

Zone IV – High risk

Magnitude up to 7.9

Zone III – Moderate risk.

Magnitude up to 6.9

Zone II – Less risk

Magnitude up to 4.9
REMIDES :
Planning
o BIS codes
o Building byelaws
Public Education
o Awareness to public
o Training program for architects, engineer, builders,
masons, etc..,
Engineered structure
o The soil types need to be analyzed before
construction
o Building construction in soft soil should be avoided.
CYCLONE:
•Definition

•Effects

•Wind zones in
India

•Remedies
DEFINITION:
Cyclone is a region of low atmospheric pressure

surrounded by high atmospheric pressure resulting in

swirling atmospheric disturbance accompanied by
powerful winds blowing in anticlockwise direction
northern hemisphere and in clockwise direction in
the southern hemisphere.

They occur mainly in the tropical and temperate

regions of the world.

EFFECTS:
Physical damage:

Structures will damaged or destroyed by the wind

force, flooding.
Light pitched roof in industries will get damage

Public health:

Contamination water supplies will leads to diseases

Ground and pipe water supply may get contaminate

Communication

Wind may affect the electricity and communication

towers , telephone poles, telephone lines, etc.,

Transport lines will get damage

Crops and food supplies:

agricultural land will get damaged this results in

shortage of food.
salt from sea water may get deposited in agricultural

area and increase the salinity

REMEDIES
Coastal belt plantation

Hazard mapping

Land use control

Engineered structures
TSUNAMI
Definition

Causes

Effects

Remedies
DEFINITION:
A Tsunami is a large wave that are generated in a

water body when the sea floor is deformed by seismic

activities.

The Term Tsunami is derived from a Japanese . The

term Tsu = Harbour, Nami = Waves

CAUSES:
The Main Causes of
Tsunami is,

Earthquake

Landslide

Volcanic eruption
EEFECTS:
Loss of life
Damage on the structures near by sea
Beaches get destroyed
Flood will occur and it affect the agricultural area
Open wells and ground water may be contaminated
by salt water and debris and sewage.
Wind may affect the electricity and communication
towers , telephone poles, telephone lines, etc.,
Transport lines will get damage
REMEDIES:
Site planning and land management

Engineering structures

Site selection – avoid the construction of buildings

within several hundred feet of the coastline.

Construct the structure in higher ground level