ADJECTIVES and ADVERBS

Adjectives are words that are used to modify (identify, describe or limit) a noun. Adverbs are words that
are used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
1) ADJECTIVES - used to describe the condition of subjects.
Examples:
 The time they had together was short.
 He took all reasonable measures to mitigate the loss.
a) Comparison Adjectives – Though there are some unmodified adjectives that are used for
comparisons (i.e. best, better) many adjectives form the comparative of persons or things by
adding er or estto the word or by prefixing the adjective with words such as: more, most, less,
or least.
Comparison Adjective examples:

John is the best athlete on the team.

 Last year’s crop grew higher than this year’s.
 Her new car is better than that old one she drove.
 He was the greatest boss I ever had.
 My utilities are less expensive than yours.
 By far, he is the most successful salesperson in the company.

b) Proper Adjectives – are descriptive adjectives derived from proper nouns. Capitalize
proper adjectives.
Examples:

American history
French cuisine

c) ‘Senses’ verbs need adjectives: (look, smell, taste, feel, sound) - these adjectives indicate
the quality or condition of the subject through the senses.
Examples:

His eyes always look cheerful.

 This food tastes delicious.
 The flowers smell nice.

2) ADVERBS– are used to explain the actions of verbs.

Examples:

The siren sounded loudly, waking the troops.

 She waited by the telephone patiently.
a) Placement of Adverbs – An adverb should be placed as near as possible to the word it
modifies as the position of it affects the meaning of the sentence.
Examples:

John only nominated Bates for chairman. (...meaning he didn’t vote for him)
 John nominated only Bates for chairman (...meaning he didn’t nominate anyone else)
b) Unnecessary Adverbs – should be avoided.
Examples:

He asked her to repeat it. (not ‘repeat it again’)

 They returned home. (not ‘returned back home’)
 We will divide the proceeds at the end. (not ‘divide up the proceeds’)
Some words have the same form whether they are used as adjectives or adverbs.
Examples:

 (Adjective) - That is a fast speedboat.

 (Adverb) - He stood up so fast he knocked his chair over.
 (Adjective) - The ground was hard like a rock.
 (Adverb) - They all worked hard to meet the project deadline.
Some words have two forms and can be used as adjectives or adverbs.
Examples:

 (Adjective) - His instructions were clear to us all.

 (Adverb) - She clearly understood the instructions.
 (Adjective) - She is a slow driver.
 (Adverb) - Please go slowly around that curve.
 (Adverb) - He drove slowly up the hill.
Preposition
Prepositionis aword thatshows the connection between noun and pronoun with another word in one
sentence. The word could be adjective, noun, and verb. The following are frequently used preposition in
English:
about above across after against
along among around at before
behind below beside besides between
by despite down during for
from in into like near
next to of off on out
over since through till to
toward(s) under until up upon
with within without

Here are some examples of prepositions in sentences:

About (tentang, kira-kira)

Examples:
I tell him about my secret
She has gone about two years

For (untuk)
Examples:
This book is for you
Maybe the present is for him

After (setelah,seperti)
Examples:
I will come back after finishing this job
She is named after her grandmother

From (dari, mulai, sejak)

Examples:
I come from Surabaya
He has built his house from April 7th

To (untuk, ke, kurang, hingga)

Examples:
Happy birthday to you
I will go to market
It is seven to ten
We leave t six to six
Our room is from the right to the left corner

Into (kedalam, menjadi, sampai)

Examples:
He translates English into Indonesia
I divide my rooms into five rooms
My father will go into town
With (dengan, serta, pakai, bersama)
Examples:
I will shot the snake with my gun
I always go to school with Ani

By (oleh, dengan, dari)

Examples:
The book is bought by Ali
I go to Surabaya by bus

Of (dari, kurang, akan, karena, untuk, tentang)

Examples:
I leave the airport at a quarter to six
I have special hour of prayer
Article
An article is a word that is used with a noun to indicate the type of reference being made by the
noun. Articles specify grammatical definiteness of the noun, in some languages extending to volume or
numerical scope. The articles in the English language are the and a/an, and (in certain contexts) some.
"An" and "a" are modern forms of the Old English "an", which in Anglian dialects was the number "one"as
an indefinite article.

Article is divided into two; definite and indefinite articles:

Definite Article:
A definite article indicates that its noun is a particular one which is identifiable to the listener. It may be
something that the speaker has already mentioned, or it may be something uniquely specified. The
definite article in English, for both singular and plural nouns, is the.
Example:
The children know the fastest way home.
The sentence above refers to specific children and a specific way home; it contrasts with the much more
general observation that:

Example:
Children know the fastest ways home.
The latter sentence refers to children in general and their specific ways home. Likewise,

Example:
Give me the book.
refers to a specific book whose identity is known or obvious to the listener; as such it has a markedly
different meaning from

Example:
Give me a book.
which uses an indefinite article, which does not specify what book is to be given.

The definite article can also be used in English to indicate a specific class among other classes:
Example:
The cabbage white butterfly lays its eggs on members of the Brassica genus.

Indefinite Article:
An indefinite article indicates that its noun is not a particular one (or ones) identifiable to the listener. It
may be something that the speaker is mentioning for the first time, or its precise identity may be
irrelevant or hypothetical, or the speaker may be making a general statement about any such thing.
English uses a/an, from the Old English forms of the number "one", as its primary indefinite article. The
form an is used before words that begin with a vowel sound (even if spelled with an initial consonant, as
in an hour), and a before words that begin with a consonant sound (even if spelled with a vowel, as in a
European).
Example:
She had a house so large that an elephant would get lost without a map.

Demonstratives
Demonstratives, such as this, that, these and those, require a frame of reference in which an individual
can point out the entities referred to by a speaker or a writer.

Do you want this piece of chicken?

I don't want to go to that movie.
Quantifiers
Quantifiers, such as all, few, and many, point out how much or how little of something is being indicated.

He took all the books.

Few of the children wanted to go to the zoo.

Possessives
When referring to an entity that belongs to another, you can use possessives. My, your, their, and its are a
few examples.

Is this your car?

The dog growled and showed its teeth.
Transitive and Intransitive
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs—what’s the Difference?

A verb can be described as transitive or intransitive based on whether it requires an object to express a
complete thought or not. A transitive verb is one that only makes sense if it exerts its action on an object.
An intransitive verb will make sense without one. Some verbs may be used both ways.

The word transitive often makes people think of transit, which leads to the mistaken assumption that the
terms transitive and intransitive are just fancy ways of describing action and non-action. But these terms
have nothing to do with whether a verb is active or not. A better word to associate when you see
transitive is transfer. A transitive verb needs to transfer its action to something or someone—an object. In
essence, transitive means “to affect something else.”

Once you have this concept committed to memory, spotting the difference between transitive and
intransitive verbs is quite easy.

How to Identify a Transitive Verb

Transitive verbs are not just verbs that can take an object; they demand objects. Without an object to
affect, the sentence that a transitive verb inhabits will not seem complete.

Please bring coffee.

In this sentence, the verb bring is transitive; its object is coffee, the thing that is being brought. Without an
object of some kind, this verb cannot function.

Please bring.

Bring what, or who? The question begs itself because the meaning of bring demands it.

Here are some more examples of transitive verbs and their objects.

The girls carry water to their village.

Juan threw the ball.

Could you phone the neighbors?

I caught a cold.

She loves rainbows.

Lila conveyed the message.

Each of the verbs in these sentences have objects that complete the verbs’ actions. If the objects were
taken out, the results would be illogical and questions would be raised in the mind of the reader; for
example, Lila conveyed. Conveyed what?

How to Identify an Intransitive Verb

An intransitive verb is the opposite of a transitive verb: it does not require an object to act upon.

They jumped.

The dog ran.

She sang.
A light was shining.

None of these verbs require an object for the sentence to make sense, and all of them can end a sentence.
Some imperative forms of verbs can even make comprehensible one-word sentences.

Run!

Sing!

A number of English verbs can only be intransitive; that is, they will never make sense paired with an
object. Two examples of intransitive-only verbs are arrive and die. You can’t arrive something, and you
certainly can’t die something; it is impossible for an object to follow these verbs.

Transitive or Intransitive? Some Verbs Can Be Both

Many verbs can be classified as both transitive and intransitive depending on how they are used in a
sentence.

Urged by the others, she sang. (I)

She sang the national anthem at the hockey game. (T)

After he cleaned up, he left. (I)

He left the gift on the table. (T)

To decide whether the verb is being used transitively or intransitively, all you need to do is determine
whether the verb has an object. Does she sing something? Does he leave something? The verb is only
transitive when the answer is yes.

When in doubt, look it up. In the dictionary, verbs will be listed as transitive, intransitive, or both right
under the pronunciation key, and any possible differences in meaning between the two uses will be given
as well.

Phrasal Verbs and Transitivity

Phrasal verbs can also be classified as transitive or intransitive.

Cindy has decided to give up sweets while she diets.

I hope Cindy doesn’t give up.

Give up is just one of many phrasal verbs that can be transitive or intransitive. Whether give up has an
object or not will alter the meaning it conveys. The first sense of give up means “to forgo something,”
whereas the second sense means “to stop trying.”

If we refuse to learn about transitivity, the Grammar Police will blow up our building.

When the Grammar Police confronted her about her verbs, she blew up.

The first sense of to blow up means to explode, whereas the second sense means “to express rage.”

Transitive or intransitive is just one of the many classifications a verb can have. Perhaps you will be
inspired to read about more about the fascinating qualities of verbs.
Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verbs are formed with a verb plus a preposition or adverb and function as a single unit. They can
be either transitive or intransitive and either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. One test you can use to
determine if you are using an idiomatic or non-idiomatic phrasal verb is to see if you can move the
preposition to the start of a sentence and form a grammatical and logical question. If the resulting
question is grammatical and logical, you have a non-idiomatic phrasal verb. Here’s an example of a
phrasal verb that is non-idiomatic adhering to the movement test because moving the preposition creates
a grammatically and logically correct question:

It might make them think about using a lot of water.

About what might people think?

Here’s an example of an idiomatic phrasal verb that violates the movement test because it transforms into
an ungrammatical and illogical question:

I took out an unnecessary and confusing sentence.

Out what did I take?

What follows are general rules for using phrasal verbs; however, check a more comprehensive guide for
any exceptions.

Idiomatic Non-idiomatic
Yes Yes

# Example: I think that the # Example: The governor is using these

Can be transitive new one is better because I
took out an unnecessary and
confusing sentence.
Yes
water restrictions to make people and their
communities think about how much they
are going to have to pay if they pass the
water limit.
No

# Example: I grew up
learning history from giant, old
Can be intransitive textbooks from high school
that often only shared the
American perspective of how
the United States came to be.

Only transitive forms No

# Example: I think that the

Can be separated by new one is better because I
an object took an unnecessary and
confusing sentence out.

No Yes

Can be separated by # Example: The governor is using these

an adverb water restrictions to make people and their
communities think twice about how much
they are going to have to pay if they pass
the water limit.
 Some Examples of Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal Verb Meaning Example

Abide by Accept or follow a decision or We have to ABIDE BY what the court says
rule
Account for To explain They had to ACCOUNT FOR all the money
that had gone missing
Act on To take action because of The police were ACTING ON a tip from an
something like information informer and caught the gang red-handed
received
Act on Affect The medicine only ACTS ON infected tissue
Act out Perform something with They ACTED OUT the story on stage
actions and gestures
Act up Behave badly or strangely My computer's ACTING UP; I think I might
have a virus
Act upon To take action because of The police were ACTING UPON a tipoff
something like information
received
Add on Include in a calculation You have to ADD the VAT ON to the price
they give
Add up To make a mathematical total We ADDED UP the bill to check it was
correct
Add up to Have a certain result Trains delays are getting worse and with
the high fares, it all ADDS UP TO misery for
the commuters
Add up to Come to a certain amount or The total costs ADD UP TO several million
figure euros
Agree with Affect- usually used in the I feel terrible- that food didn't AGREE WITH
negative to show that my stomach
something has had a negative
effect, especially is it makes
you feel bad
Aim at Intend to achieve They're AIMING AT reducing costs by ten
percent
Allow for Include something in a plan or You should ALLOW FOR delays when
calculation planning a journey
Ask for To provoke a negative reaction You're ASKING FOR trouble
Auction off Sell something in an auction They AUCTIONED OFF their property as
they were heavily in debt
Back out Fail to keep an arrangement or He BACKED OUT two days before the
promise holiday so we gave the ticket to his sister
Back up Make a copy of computer data You should always BACK UP important
files and documents so that you won't lose
all your work if something goes wrong with
the hardware
Bank on Count or rely on I'm BANKING ON your help; I can't do it
alone
Bargain on Expect something to happen I hadn't BARGAINED ON him coming
(usually negative)
Be cut out for Be suitable, have the necessary She's not CUT OUT FOR this kind of work
qualities
Belong to Be a member He BELONGS TO a secret society
Belong to Be connected to a time, place, Their ideas BELONG TO the nineteenth
belief, thing, etc. century and seem old-fashioned now
Belong with Be in the correct or Does this disc BELONG WITH those on the
appropriate location shelf?
with other items
 Black out Lose light Everything BLACKED OUT when the
power supply failed
Block out Stop light from entering or The trees BLOCK the sun OUT most of the
leaving day
Blow away When the wind moves The flag BLEW AWAY in the storm; we'll
something from a place have to buy a new one
Blow down When the wind forces A tree was BLOWN DOWN in the storm
something to fall
Bring back Return He took the calculator home yesterday and
hasn't BROUGHT it BACK yet
Brush up Improve a skill quickly She took a two-week course to BRUSH UP
her Spanish before she went travelling
around South and Central America
Call in Stop and visit I CALLED IN on Jenny on my way home
because she's not very well at the moment
and I wanted to see if she needed anything.
Call on Ask for help The President CALLED ON the wealthy
countries for financial aid after the floods.
destroyed much of the country's agriculture
Carry out Perform a task The government is CARRYING OUT test on
growing genetically modified crops
Clear up Cure or recover from an I took the antihistamines and the rash
infection CLEARED UP right away
Close up Completely close something They CLOSE UP the building after everyone
has left
Come off Be successful I was surprised when the plan CAME
OFF so easily
Come round Change your opinion At first she didn't like the idea, but she
CAME ROUND to our way of thinking in the
end
Come through Arrive (messages and News is COMING THROUGH of a major
information) accident on the M25, where freezing fog has
been making driving conditions extremely
dangerous
Dig out Find something you haven't I DUG OUT my old university essays
used, seen, etc, for a long time
Dive in Start doing something, usually When we saw what was happening, we all
without planning DIVED IN to help
Embark on Start a project or venture Pierre EMBARKED ON an MBA at Insead
last autumn
End up with Get as a result of something. He tried hard but ENDED UP WITH a
poor grade championship but weren't good enough
Fall over Fall on the ground I slipped on the ice and FELL OVER
Fall into Start doing something I just FELL INTO my job when an
unplanned opportunity came up
Kinds of Sentences

1. ASimple sentence is a sentence consists of a group of words that forms a complete thought. A simple
sentence is different from other sentence types because it contains only one independent clause and has
no dependent clauses. Simple sentences are called 'simple' because they contain only one subject and one
verb, or predicate. What's a predicate? A predicate is the main verb in a sentence and any additional
components related to the subject's actions.

For example:

I will shop at the store this weekend.

In this sentence 'I' is the subject, and 'will shop' is the predicate. The verb 'shop' is helped by the auxiliary
verb 'will,' and together they form the predicate.

Compound Subject, Compound Predicate, Simple Sentence

Understand that 'simple' doesn't always mean short, or even uncomplicated for that matter, when it
comes to simple sentences and their subjects and verbs. A simple sentence can be long and have
compound subjects and compound verbs or predicates.

A compound subject has more than one noun performing the action of the predicate. In contrast, a simple
subject has only one noun performing the action. A compound predicate has more than one verb using the
same subject. In contrast, a simple predicate has only one verb using a subject. Compound subjects and
predicates are joined by conjunctions like 'and' and 'or.' So, the subject and verb/predicate of a simple
sentence can be compound and still be considered a sentence with one subject and one verb.

See the following examples, which may offer some clarity on the subject:

Mary chuckled.

This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'Mary,' and a simple predicate, 'chuckled.'

America's greatest actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters will appear on the awards show tonight.

This is a simple sentence with a compound subject, 'actors, actresses, directors, and screenwriters,' and a
simple predicate, 'will appear.'

David seasoned and roasted the turkey with the skill, flair, and passion of a true chef.

This is a simple sentence with a simple subject, 'David,' followed by a compound predicate, 'seasoned and
roasted.'

2. A compound sentence is a sentence that has at least two independent clauses joined by a comma,
semicolon or conjunction. An independent clause is a clause that has a subject and verb and forms a
complete thought.

An example of a compound sentence is, 'This house is too expensive, and that house is too small.' This
sentence is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses, 'This house is too expensive'
and 'that house is too small' separated by a comma and the conjunction 'and.' is a sentence that has at
least 2 independent sentences.
3.A complex sentenceis a sentence that combines one independent clause with at least one dependent
clause. A clause is a group of words that has both a subject and a verb. An independent clause forms a
complete thought. A dependent clause, also called a subordinating clause, does not form a complete
thought and is dependent upon an independent clause for meaning.

Here are some examples of complex sentences:

Although Denise had some doubts, she found the courses very useful.

The above example is a complex sentence: it has a dependent clause (a subject 'Denise' and a verb 'had'),
followed by an independent clause (subject 'she' and a verb 'found') and forms a complete thought.

Computers have come a long way since they first came on the market.

This example begins with an independent clause (subject 'computers' and verb 'have come') that forms a
complete thought, followed by a dependent clause (subject 'they' and a verb 'came').

4.A Compound complex sentenceis made from two independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
Compound-complex sentences are very common in English, but one mistake that students often make is
to try to write them without having mastered the simple sentences, compound sentences, and complex
sentences first.

Examples of compound complex sentence

Although I like to go camping, I haven't had the time to go lately, and I haven't found anyone to go with.

Independent clause: "I haven't had the time to go lately"

Independent clause: "I haven't found anyone to go with"
Dependent clause: "Although I like to go camping... "

Writing Practicebased on Grammar Rules

Make a short essay (5 to 10 sentences in length) using some grammatical rules above based on the
following topics (choose one);
1. The effects of pesticides on Agriculture
2. Energy and Industrialized Agriculture
3. Government Intervention in Agriculture Industry in Indonesia
4. Jember’s Agriculture Sector
5. Sustainability of Agriculture
6. Soundness of Biotechnology Advancements in Agriculture
7. Water Conservation
8. Agriculture in Developing Countries
9. The Technology of Agriculture in Indonesia
10. Agriculture and Food Production in Indonesia
11. Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Indonesia
12. The Effect of Corn Monoculture on Soils
13. Organic Agriculture
14. Food and Agriculture: Root Crops