Pak China relation

FAILURES

 Pakistan did not accept the communist regime of China till 1951.

 The relations remained strained when Pakistan became a part of

the anti communist pacts SEATO and CENTO in 1955.

 In 1959 Pakistan condemned military action in Tibet which was a

cause of displeasure for china.

 The Chinese government did not help Pakistan on the East

Pakistan IN 1971 issue and urged the Pakistan government to
resolve the issue internally.

 The support of China on the matter was also missing as the

pressure from USSR(was supporting India) was far bigger than the
friendship with Pakistan.

 During the 1990`s China wanted Pakistan to resolve its issue of

Kashmir with India and perhaps she wanted a compromise which
caused resentment within Pakistan.

 The Chinese government was not also much pleased when

Pakistan backed out from the Kargil Hill on the US pressures
rather than banking on the Chinese support and defeating India.

SUCESSUES

 Pakistan recognized the communist government of China in 1950

and supported it in gaining the UNO membership.

 In 1963 the boundary line between the two countries was

demarcated to avoid any conflict in future.
 Pakistan accepted a $60 million interest free loan from the
Chinese government and became the worlds largest importer of
Pakistan`s cotton.

 Pakistan imported heavy industrial machinery and developed

heavy mechanical complex at Taxila.

 PIA became the first air line to start regular service to Beijing
which resulted in increased business.

 Pakistan also negotiated the talk between the Chinese and the US
government in the early 60’s.

 Pakistan became a closer friend of China when it helped Pakistan

in the war against India in 1965.

 Pakistan became an important purchaser of the Chinese arms

after the 1965 war.

 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto paid visit to China and convinced the Chinese
government to convert the loans to aid that had been given to
Pakistan in the past few years.

 Pakistan and China came closer as they announced the expansion

of the famous silk rout. The Chinese expertise and the
collaboration with Pakistan finally resulted in the Karakoram
Highway flourishing the trade in tourism between the countries.

 The relations hit the highest points when both the countries
signed the treaty for nuclear cooperation in 1986.

 Series of trade agreements were signed in 1960

  The positive stance of Pakistan on the communist regime issue of
China helped Pakistan earn a strong strategic ally and a great
support on the Kashmir issue

 China continued to extend her support for the Pakistan

government over the Afghanistan issue.

 In the 1990s, China designed and supplied the heavy water

Khusab reactor, which plays a key role in Pakistan’s production of
plutonium. A subsidiary of the China National Nuclear Corporation
also contributed in Pakistan’s efforts to expand its uranium
enrichment capabilities by providing 5,000 custom made ring
magnets, which are a key component of the bearings that
facilitate the high-speed rotation of centrifuges.

 China also provided technical and material support in the

completion of the Chasma Nuclear Power Reactor and plutonium
reprocessing facility, which was built in the mid 1990s.

 China has also launched Pakistan’s first satellite to orbit in 1990

because Pakistan had no Spaceport However, Pakistan does have
a space program. Pakistan’s Space and Upper Atmosphere
Research Commission (SUPARCO) is Pakistan’s national space
agency and was established in 1961.

 A 300-megawatt nuclear power plant, built with Chinese help in

Punjab province, is c China is helping to build a second 300-
megawatt nuclear plant due to be finished by 2010

CONCLUSION
  Conclusively, it can be said that as a whole Pakistan has
maintained cordial relations with China. The two countries have
been living in harmony. Delegations from almost all walks of life
exchanged visits. Up to 1999, there were strong economic, trade
and cultural ties between the two countries. And Pakistan
received significant military and industrial equipment from China.

PAKISTAN’S RELATIONS WITH THE SOVIET UNION

SUCESSES

 In 1962 when USA supported India in the war between India and
china over the border. Pakistan changed its foreign policy and
started to seek for the support of USSR and other communist
states.

 USSR loaned 11 million pounds to Pakistan .

 Trade agreement between both the countries was signed during

Ayyub's era.

 In 1961, the USSR as a gesture of goodwill started exploring oil

reserves in Pakistan.

 1966 USSR improved relations between Pakistan and India at

Tashkent by ending the war of 1965 this strengthened relations
between both the countries and US base in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
was closed

 1962,USSR agreed to set up steel mill in Karachi

 1999,Nawaz Sharif visited Moscow and signed trade agreements

FAILURES
 In 1965 Liaqat Ali khan was invited by the USSR to Moscow but he
chose to visit USA instead , due to this relations between soviet
union and Pakistan suffered

 In 1954-55 Pakistan joined SEATO and CENTO, this made USSR

turn against Pakistan

 The USSR now supported Indian claim over Kashmir and gave
India economic and technical assistance

 U2 incident turned USSR against Pakistan.

 In 1950, USSR made an offer of oil exploration in Pakistan which

was refused

 In 1971, when Pakistan helped arrange china-US agreement, USSR

got angered and signed a treaty of peace and friendship with
India. They also promised to support India in any war against
Pakistan

 1979, when Pakistan opposed soviet occupation in Afghanistan

and accepted US aid to support the mujahedeen …relations
between both countries worsened

 In 1984 Zia was coldly welcomed at the funeral of Andropov in

Moscow

 Later the USSR who also disapproved of Pakistan's nuclear

programme started mass bombing on Pakistan.

 This hostile situation continued until USSR finally withdrew from

Afghanistan in 1988

PAKISTAN AND THE UNITED NATIONS

WHAT IS UNITED NATIONS?

 The United Nations is an international Organization whose stated

aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international
security. Economic development, social progress, human rights
and achievement of world peace. It was found in 1945 after the
second world war to stop wars between countries and to provide
a platform for dialogue. There are currently 193 member states
and it’s visible public figure is the Secretary General.

 The organization has 6 principal organs namely;

1) General Assembly.

2) Security Council (for deciding certain resolutions for peace and

security)

3) Economic and Social Council.

4) Secretariat (for providing studies, information and facilities

needed by UN).

5) International court of justice.

6) United nations Trusteeship Council (currently inactive).

Other prominent UN System agencies include the world health

organization (WHO), world food programme (WFP) and united
nations children’s fund (UNICEF).

WHY DID PAKISTAN JOIN UN?[7]

1) Pakistan was a newly born state which needed international

recognition as an independent country in the world. Since India
was already a member of UN, Pakistan was also keen to get it’s
 membership in order to get the support from UN. Hostile
countries like Afghanistan and India wanted to undo it. So to
secure itself, Pakistan joined the UN.

2) Pakistan was economically weak and under developed. The British

had deliberately neglected those areas which had Muslim
majorities. Pakistan needed economic assistance and
technological help to develop itself. So Pakistan joined the UN.

3) Pakistan had many disputes with India, for instance ; the canal
water dispute and the Kashmir issue. These disputes needed to
get settled and demanded international involvement to pressurize
India so that a fair and just solution could be presented.

4) Jinnah wanted Pakistan to have friendly relations with other

countries and the UN could be a platform for exchanging ides and
develop mutual cooperation. This could benefit Pakistan in the
long run.

5) By joining the UN, Pakistan could find an alternate source of

military supplies which would strengthen it’s weak military
defence.

Success:

1) In 1947, the boundary Commission awarded Firozepur to India

which contained the headwork’s of Ravi and Sutlej. In 1948, India
closed the headwork’s of these rivers stopping the flow of water
to Pakistan so the issue was taken to the World Bank which
helped India and Pakistan to sign the Indus Water Treaty. It
provided economic and technical assistance for various irrigation
projects.
 2) In 1947, the maharaja of Kashmir signed an agreement with India
giving it control over the areas, but the Kashmiri’s revolted and
they had the support of Pathan tribesmen and the Pakistan army.
This war continued for over a year. Finally, UN intervention
brought about a ceasefire between the two countries and Kashmir
was divided with line of control drawn and accepted as an
international border. This solved the problem temporarily.

3) In 1965, both countries again went to war over Kashmir and it

lasted for 17 days with no decisive victory to any side. UN
intervention forced both countries to cease fire and withdraw
troops.

4) In 1971, India and Pakistan disputed over East Pakistan and India’s
support helped Bengali’s get independence. It was finally UN
intervention which brought an end to war.

FAILURES

 Despite UN intervention, the Indus Water Treaty was not just and
fair. Pakistan lost it’s two rivers and this did not stop India from
building dams on other rivers.

 Hyderabad state was forcibly occupied by India. Matter was taken up

to the UN, but India’s stubbornness did not allow the matter to have
a fair hearing so it was left unresolved.

 In 1949, the UN resolution on Kashmir which bounded India to hold

plebiscite in Kashmir so that the issue of Kashmir could be solved
according to the will of Kashmiris was not honored by India and the
REFERNDUM was not held. So UN had failed to find a permanent
solution to Kashmir problem.
ROLE OF UN AGENCIES IN PAKISTAN:

1) UNIESCO (United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural

Organization) provides easy to read material on world heritage
sites in Pakistan and promotes eco-tourism in the northern areas.
It has also set up community learning centers to educate people.

WHO provides international assistance in achieving highest possible

health standards in Pakistan. It has eradicated polio disease through
vaccination programs, has also set up family planning centers and
has started AIDs awareness in Pakistan

) ILO (International labor Organization) has successfully eliminated

child labor from Sialkot football industry. It also gives advice to the
government in improving the working conditions of labor.

4) WFP (World food Programme) has provided food aids to refugees

and famine stricken areas of Balochistan and Thar desets.

5) IMF (International Monetary Fund) provides loans to the Pakistani

government on it’s request for various projects. Most of the
years, Pakistan borrows loams from IMF to fill the gap of negative
balance of payment.

World Bank has also sanctioned loans to Pakistan for the

constructions of dams and barrages. It has frequently provided
financial assistance

PAKISTAN’S RELATION WITH MUSLIM COUNTRIES

Pakistan’s sharing of religious and cultural heritage with Turkey,

Middle East, Saudi Arabia and Gulf States made mutual support
between them a natural factor.
These countries had no major disputes with Pakistan, and supported
Pakistan in its relations with the wider world. It is also true that
Pakistan hoped to follow a foreign policy based on creating unity
amongst Muslim nations.

This has not been possible. A reason for this is that although the
Islamic ideology of all Muslim countries is the same, they sometimes
disagree on political matters.

For example, Egypt and Saudi Arabia did not like Pakistan signing the
Baghdad Pact, and Egypt was particularly annoyed that Pakistan did
not support it during the Suez Crisis of 1956. It also objected to
Pakistan’s association with USA, since American support was the
reason the hated Israel could survive against Arab opposition.

Pakistan remained a keen supporter of the Palestinian cause. The

Pakistani people identify themselves with Palestenians who are a
Muslim community fighting against oppression. In 1969 Pakistan
joined with 24 other Muslim nations to form the Organization of
Islamic Countries (OIC). The first meeting was called in Morocco.

It was decided that permanent headquarters would be set up in

Jeddah until Jerusalem was liberated from Israeli control.

In 1971, one of the OIC meetings was held in Karachi and an Islamic
Summit was held in Lahore in February 1974.

As a member of the OIC, Pakistan supports the agreement that the

Palestenian problem is a matter of concern for all Islamic countries.
Israel’s occupation of the land has been condemned many times by
the OIC.
After the 1971 war, Bhutto toured many Islamic countries to ensure
that relations remained cordial. His tour covered Central Asia,
Muslim Africa, the Gulf States and his Islamic neighbors. Pakistan
was unable to defeat India in war, but he was still keen enough to
prove that his country was still a major power in the Islamic world.

The 1973 Arab-Israeli war led to an Islamic Summit hosted in Lahore

from 22-24 September 1974. The heads of 35 Muslim countries
attended along with the leader of the Palestine Liberation
Organization (PLO). This proved that Pakistan had many allies all over
the Muslim world. One of the success of these talks was that the
wealthy allies offered aid to Pakistan. Within two years, Pakistan was
receiving more financial aid from the Muslim countries than from
the West. For example Iran gave a loan of about $730 million, the
UAE a 100 million pounds, and from Libya, about $80 million

THE GULF STATES

With large revenues from their oil sales, the Muslims states of the
Gulf were able to financially support Industrial development in
Pakistan. Libya, Qatar, and the UAE all invested heavily in boosting
the Pakistan economy in areas such as oil refining, shipping and
banking. Saudi Arabia was one of the first countries to accept
Pakistan as an independent country. As it grew richer, it sent more
aid to Pakistan and also invested in Pakistan industry. After the
Soviet invasion of Afghanistan it sent funds to help Afghan rebels
and refugees. It is estimated that Pakistan’s second largest source of
foreign exchange in the early 1980s were the remittances sent by
three million Pakistani workers in the Middle East.
The friendship between Pakistan and other Muslim nations provided
Pakistan to export its military expertise. Pakistan provided military
expertise for many Gulf countries and had about 50, 000 military
personnel operating in other countries. Military agreements with the
Gulf countries were signed with Muslim States in the 1970s.

Pakistan joined in the international coalition which sought to end the

Iraqi invasion of Kuwait during the 1900-1901 Gulf War. Some
elements in Pakistan, especially the Jamaat-i-Islami opposed this
policy since they feared that if Iran Iraq would be defeated the
Shi’ite government in Iran will have increased strength.

PAKISTAN RELATION WITH TURKEY

Turkey was an ally of Iran, hence maintained friendly relations with

Pakistan during this period. The Turks also never forgot how the
Muslims of the sub-continent had strongly supported the Khilafat
Movement in 1918. Mutual support was a natural factor, since
Turkey and Pakistan shared a religious and cultural heritage.

 In February 1955, Turkey and Iraq were the first to join the
Baghdad Pact which was later also signed by Pakistan.

 Turkey was also part of RCD, which established close ties between
Iran, Turkey and Pakistan.

 Turkey supported Pakistan in it’s wars against India, but it

remained unsuccessful in gaining aid for Pakistan from other
countries. It is also true that the only Muslim country to support
India against these wars was Malaysia.