Professional Documents
Culture Documents
These Public Surveys are Guaranteed Table 1. 4MOST key instrument specifications.
Time Observations (GTO) that the Con- Instrument parameter Design value
sortium receives in return for building the
Field of view (hexagon) ~ 4.2 square degrees (Ø = 2.6 degrees)
facility and for supporting ESO in the
Accessible sky (zenith angle < 55 degrees) > 30 000 square degrees
operation of 4MOST. Public Surveys of
the ESO and the Chilean host country Expected on-target fibre-hours per year LRS: > 3 200 000 h yr –1, HRS > 1 600 000 h yr –1
communities will fill the other 30% of Multiplex fibre positioner 2436
available fibre-hours in the first five years Low-Resolution Spectrographs LRS (× 2)
of operation. These surveys will be cho- Resolution <R> = 6500
sen by a one-time, competitive, peer- Number of fibres 812 fibres
Passband 3700–9500 Å
reviewed selection process, similarly to Velocity accuracy < 1 km s –1
other ESO Calls for Public Surveys. Here, Mean sensitivity 6 × 20 min, mean seeing, 4000 Å: 20.2, 5000 Å: 20.4, 6000 Å: 20.4,
a fibre-hour is defined as one hour of new moon, S/N = 10 Å –1 (AB-magnitude) 7000 Å: 20.2, 8000 Å: 20.2, 9000 Å: 19.8
observing time, including overheads, with High-Resolution Spectrograph HRS (× 1)
one fibre; hence 4MOST offers 2436 Resolution <R> = 20 000
Number of fibres 812 fibres
fibre-hours every hour that it is observing.
Passband 3926–4355, 5160–5730, 6100–6790 Å
Velocity accuracy < 1 km s –1
Following this overview, which contains Mean sensitivity 6 × 20 min, mean seeing, 4200 Å: 15.7, 5400 Å: 15.8, 6500 Å: 15.8
information on instrument performance 80% moon, S/N = 100 Å –1 (AB-magnitude)
and on the procedures associated with Smallest target separation 15 arcseconds on any side
the use of 4MOST by the community, this # of fibres in random Ø = 2 arcminute circle ≥3
issue of The Messenger includes addi- Fibre diameter Ø = 1.45 arcseconds
tional articles on the 4MOST science
operations model, the survey plan of the
4MOST Consortium, and a description of
the ten Public Surveys that the Consor- The instrument is under construction Instrument
tium intends to carry out. Together these at a number of Consortium institutes,
articles are intended to prepare the ESO coordinated by the 4MOST Project The 4MOST instrument design was driven
community for the proposal process that Office located at the Leibniz-Institut für by the science requirements of its key
will commence in the second half of 2019. Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP). Once the Consortium Surveys. Within a 2-hour
The process will start with a one-off subsystems are finished at the different observation 4MOST has the sensitivity to
opportunity for the submission of Letters institutes, they will all be transported to obtain redshifts of r = 22.5 magnitudes
of Intent to apply for Public Surveys to Potsdam and extensively tested there (AB) galaxies and active galactic nuclei
be executed during the first five years of as a full system before being shipped to (AGN), radial velocities of any Gaia source
4MOST operation. Paranal. At Paranal the 4MOST instru- (G < 20.5 magnitudes [Vega]), stellar
ment will be installed, tested, and com- parameters and selected key elemental
missioned on the VISTA telescope. abundances with accuracy better than
Organisation 0.15 dex of G < 18-magnitude stars, and
The operations branch is led by the abundances of up to 15 elements of
The 4MOST project is organised along Operations Development Group, con G < 15.5-magnitude stars. Furthermore,
three branches: sisting of the leads of the different sub- in a five-year survey 4MOST can cover
1. Instrument — responsible for the systems and working groups involved in > 17 000 square degrees at least twice
development, construction, and com- observation planning and data-flow. It and obtain spectra of more than 20 million
missioning of the instrument hardware also contains the 4MOST Helpdesk sources with a resolution of R ~ 6500
and associated software; activities. and more than three million spectra with
2. Operations — for the planning, data a resolution of R ~ 20 000 for the typical
reduction, archiving, and publishing of The science programme is organised science cases proposed. The main instru-
the observations including the associ- into several surveys. The members of the ment parameters enabling these science
ated data-flow; survey teams are spread over all partici- requirements are summarised in Table 1.
3. Science — the branch that develops pating institutes and each team is led by
the different Surveys and is responsible one or more Survey Principal Investiga- Figure 1 provides an overview of the main
for science analysis and publication. tors (Survey PIs). Coordination between instrument subsystems. A new Wide
The instrument and operations branches all participating surveys is performed by Field Corrector (WFC) equipped with an
are mainly performed by the 4MOST the Science Coordination Board (SCB), Atmospheric Dispersion Compensator
Consortium and are jointly called the consisting of all Survey PIs. The science (ADC) that provides corrections to a
4MOST Facility. branch is overseen by two Project Scien- 55-degree zenith angle distance c reates
tists, one for Galactic and one for extra- a focal surface with a 2.6-degree diameter.
galactic science, who have both a science Two Acquisition and Guiding (A&G) cam-
guidance and a managerial role. eras ensure correct pointing, while four
Spectral resolution
14 000
12 000
Metrology 10 000
cameras
8000
6000
4000
Fibre 2000
positioner 0
3500 4500 5500 6500 7500 8500 9500
Wavelength (Å)
These Consortium activities are closely ity in the south with such a large field Community programmes
monitored by ESO to ensure uniform of view and multiplex capability creates
progress and data quality for all surveys. numerous unique opportunities for In designing the 4MOST operations sys-
The details of 4MOST operations are 4MOST. Of special interest are synergies tem, the aim has been to follow normal
described in the accompanying article with new southern hemisphere facilities ESO operations as much as possible.
in this edition of The Messenger (Walcher under construction such as LSST, SKA, This means that 4MOST follows the ESO
et al., p. 12). and ESO’s ELT. The southern sky is of Public Surveys sequence of programme
particular interest for Galactic archaeol- selection (Phase 1), observation prepa
ogy, with good access to the Milky Way ration (Phase 2), programme execution at
Science bulge and the Magellanic Clouds. For this the telescope, and finally data reduction,
science, the R ~ 20 000 of the HRS ena- analysis, and publication (Phase 3). How-
The 4MOST science programme formu- bles accurate abundance measurements ever, 4MOST, being a survey facility run-
lated by the Consortium has been organ- of many elements; the R ~ 6500 LRS ning typically many science programmes
ised into the ten surveys listed in Table 2. spectra also have higher spectral resolu- simultaneously in each observation, has
There are five surveys centred on stellar tion and better sampling of the spectral required some modifications to the nor-
objects to perform Galactic archaeology resolution elements than similar high- mal process, as described below.
of different components of the Milky Way multiplex, wide-field facilities, thereby
and the Magellanic Clouds, with the goal allowing better s tellar elemental abun- As highlighted earlier, 4MOST Surveys
of understanding their current structure dance determinations. 4MOST provides have a duration of five years. This ensures
and their assembly history. There are four an unprecedentedly large volume cover- that large projects can be accomplished
surveys of extragalactic objects aiming age of all Galactic components, thereby with carefully crafted completeness goals
to characterise cosmological parameters, expanding on the legacy of the ESA Gaia and well understood selection functions.
the nature of dark energy and dark matter, mission. New programmes will be selected and
and the formation history of galaxies started only once every five years and,
and black holes. Finally, there is a survey This Messenger edition contains suffi- after a short run-in period, the observing
dedicated to time domain discoveries, ciently detailed descriptions of the Con- strategy will stay as stable as possible
mainly in synergy with the LSST facility sortium Surveys and the overall observ- during each five-year survey programme.
where supernova transients and quasar ing strategy (Guiglion et al., p. 17) to All surveys on 4MOST will be Public
luminosity variations will be complemented enable the ESO community to develop Surveys, which means that the raw data
with spectroscopic observations. complementary surveys using the will be published immediately in the ESO
roughly 4.8/2.4 million LRS/HRS fibre- archive and that the science teams of
For most of these surveys, millions of hours available to them in the first 5-year the surveys have an obligation to release
spectra will be obtained, having a huge survey. The process of integrating com- higher-level data products that have
legacy value for the community and munity observing programmes into the legacy value for the community.
creating an enormous potential for seren- 4MOST survey programme is described
dipitous discoveries. Being the only facil- in the next section.
ingested into the ESO archive at the end Policies side a Code of Conduct when the Call
of each night. The raw data will be pro- for Letters of Intent is published. By sub-
cessed by the Consortium Data Manage- Given the joint use of the available fibres mitting a Participating Survey programme
ment System to remove instrumental and the corresponding mixed nature of the proposers implicitly agree to comply
effects and create one-dimensional, flux- the data products, members of the with these policies.
and wavelength-calibrated Level 1 (L1) Consortium Surveys and Participating
spectra. The L1 data will be released Community Surveys, i.e., members of For Non-Participating Surveys there
yearly through the ESO archive. For Par- the joint Science Team, have to abide by may be at most a 30% overlap in targets
ticipating Surveys, dedicated classifica- a number of policies to ensure fair use with other Surveys and they will not
tion, stellar and extragalactic pipelines of data and a fair return on investment. share exposure time with other Surveys.
run by Consortium working groups will Community Survey membership will be This means that any duplicate targets
produce Level 2 (L2) data products like limited to those on the original proposal in Non-Participating Surveys will be
object type likelihoods, stellar parameters, plus up to 15 additional members added observed twice as there is no means to
elemental abundances and redshifts, etc. at a later stage if a certain capability or coordinate the effort with other Surveys.
These products will be released through expertise is needed that is not available Non-Participating Surveys are free to
the ESO archive on a schedule to be within the Science Team. Participating devise their own membership, data
agreed upon with ESO before the start Community Survey targets may overlap access, and publication policies.
of the observations. All L1 and L2 prod- by a maximum of 20% with Consortium
ucts will also be released through the targets, but will share the required “cost”
4MOST World Archive operated by the in exposure time for the overlap, allowing Further information
Consortium, which will also contain both surveys to do more in their allotted
matched catalogues from other facilities amount of fibre-hours. All data products ESO and the 4MOST Consortium are
and added value catalogues with data are shared among all Science Team jointly organising the “Preparing for
processed beyond the standard pipe- members. However, all science exploita- 4MOST” workshop, which will take place
lines. While the Consortium will take care tion shall take place in projects announced at ESO Garching on 6–8 May 2019. The
of uploading the L1 and L2 products to to the whole Science Team and restric- purpose of this workshop is to transfer
the ESO archive for the joint Science tions regarding this exploitation may be knowledge from the 4MOST Consortium
Team, Non-Participating Surveys will applied when a new project overlaps sig- to the broader ESO community, and
have to produce and upload their own nificantly with an existing PhD project or hence to prepare the community for the
L2 products to ESO. with the core science of a Survey that the exciting scientific opportunity to use
project proposer is not a member of. Full 4MOST. This will assist potential commu-
details of these Science Team policies as nity PIs to successfully respond to the
approved by ESO will be released along- Call, and will foster scientific collabora-
Table 3. 4MOST Consortium institutes and their main roles in the Project.
Legend ESO
ESO
4MOST Executive Board
Consortium
Community
4MOST Principal
Investigator
Science Team
ESO Instrument
Joint Operations Group Policies Board(s)
Scientist
Technical Infrastructure
support Working Groups Science
Proposals Proposals
s urveys. This pipeline will remove the
Survey confirmation Survey selection
instrumental signatures and calibrate
the raw data. It will produce all Level 1
Merge surveys into data products, including the 1D spectra,
Science Team their associated variances and bad pixel
masks as well as any other associated
Targets, information. The data reduction pipeline
ESO oversight scientific will also generate per-target progress
requirements information to be used by the Operations
System in its progress monitor and for
Survey parameters, target Survey programme the preparation of future observations.
catalogues, progress monitor optimisation
The Level 1 data products are primarily
used by the advanced pipelines, which
Observation preparation
produce the advanced Level 2 data prod-
ucts. Currently, there are four advanced
pipelines: the classification pipeline; the
Executable OBs (sci & cal) Galactic pipeline; the extragalactic pipe-
line; and the selection functions pipeline.
OB database These pipelines are developed in Infra-
structure Working Groups (see above).
OB to be executed The outputs from the advanced pipelines
4MOST are described in Data eXchange Unit
instrument
Observation execution (DXU) documents, which are available on
software and
Legend the 4MOST website.
hardware
Raw data (sci & cal) ESO
In brief, the classification pipeline will
Science Team provide a data-driven classification of
Science archive facility
spectra into stars, galaxies, AGN, outliers
Operations and unclassifiable objects. The Galactic
Raw data (sci & cal)
pipeline will derive effective temperatures,
Per target progress surface gravities, and element abundances
Level 1: data reduction for cool stars, hot stars, and white dwarfs.
The extragalactic pipeline will deliver
Level 1 spectra object redshifts, as well as emission line
Reduced level 1 spectra
fluxes and stellar population properties.
Level 2: Finally, the selection function pipeline
Operational repository
data analysis will compute two selection functions —
geometric and target. The geometric one
Level 1 and 2 data can be used to correct for the incom-
Level 2 products
pleteness incurred owing to the size and
Quality Control shape of the field of view, tiling, and fibre
positioner properties. The target selec-
Level 1 and 2 data Level 1 and 2 data
tion function can be used to correct for
the effects of finite exposure times and
Science Archive Facility 4MOST internal and public archive the throughput of 4MOST. Surveys can
fold both of these selection functions with
Level 1 and 2 data the specific target selection procedure
per survey, providing an incentive to use
a clean and reproducible survey selection
Scientific guidance
function.
Progress monitoring and
scientific exploitation
Worldwide science The Data Management System will
community
store all data products (Levels 1 and 2)
in a 4MOST Operational Repository. The 4MOST Helpdesk and finding further can be used in single survey mode if the
quality control of data in the repository information target density is sufficiently high. In this
will be carried out by a working group mode, special thought has to be given to
coordinated by the Quality Control Scien- The Consortium-operated 4MOST Help- the use of fibres from both Low- and High-
tist. The Science Team as a whole will desk is tasked with answering questions Resolution Spectrographs. Proposed
have access to quality controlled data from all stakeholders in 4MOST (including Community Surveys wishing to use
products in three-month intervals as potential or actual proposers, Participat- 4MOST in single survey mode are called
internal releases will be pushed from the ing Survey teams, and users of worldwide Non-Participating Surveys. They will not
repository to the 4MOST Public Archive data releases). It is reachable by e-mail1, become members of the Science Team,
maintained by the Consortium. through an online form accessible from and will not be bound by the Science
the project webpage2, and will also serve Team Policies. Their time will be allocated
As for all Public Surveys carried out at as a back office for the ESO User Sup- in named nights or half-nights to enable
ESO facilities, the raw data will become port Department in respect of 4MOST- accurate planning. The Consortium Oper-
public automatically via the ESO Science related questions. The 4MOST Helpdesk ations System will deliver the software
Archive Facility (SAF). Level 1 data prod- is operated by Consortium members necessary to produce OBs, which Non-
ucts will be submitted by the Consortium and maintains a webpage with frequently Participating Surveys will run themselves.
to the SAF and made public by the SAF asked questions. The webpages of the The Consortium Data Management Sys-
on a regular basis (nominally yearly). 4MOST Consortium complement the tem will deliver Level 1 data products to
Deliverable Level 2 data products will be white papers in this issue of The Messen- Non-Participating Surveys through the
submitted to and made public by the ger with more information. Some key Operational Repository. Non-Participating
SAF on a schedule to be agreed between documents will be made available Surveys will not have access to the
the 4MOST survey program and ESO. through the webpages, such as the Sci- advanced pipelines developed in the
Level 2 data products will naturally lag ence Team Policies and details on the 4MOST Science Team. Non-Participating
behind Level 1 spectra by some amount planned advanced data products. Surveys will have to produce and upload
of time that may also depend on the their own Level 2 products to ESO.
specific survey/data product type. All
Level 1 and deliverable Level 2 products Non-Participating Surveys: a special
will be released not only through the mode of operation Acknowledgements
ESO SAF, but also worldwide through In addition to the authors of this white paper, the
the 4MOST Public Archive operated by 4MOST has been designed to cover the support of many individuals within the 4MOST pro-
the Consortium, which in addition may southern hemisphere in a five-year survey ject and within ESO has been important for the
contain matched catalogues from other using a parallel mode of observation, development of the 4MOST operations planning.
facilities and added value catalogues enabling surveys that would otherwise
with data processed beyond the standard not be possible. All Consortium Surveys Links
pipelines (additional Level 2 products). will be carried out in the parallel mode of
1
observations. At the same time, 4MOST 4MOST helpdesk: help@4most.eu
2
4MOST webpage: www.4MOST.eu
is also a very powerful instrument that
G. Hüdepohl (atacamaphoto.com)/ESO
Guillaume Guiglion 1 11
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, programmes are merged into one survey
Chiara Battistini 2 University of Portsmouth, UK and observed simultaneously. The use of
Cameron P. M. Bell 1 12
Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, the 4MOST Guaranteed Time Observa-
Thomas Bensby 3 Estonia tions was developed around this concept
Thomas Boller 4 and constitutes the Consortium Survey
Cristina Chiappini 1 Plan presented here. The ESO community
Johan Comparat 4 The current status of and motivation is invited to participate in this joint strat-
Norbert Christlieb 2 for the 4MOST survey strategy, as egy, giving such Participating Surveys the
Ross Church 3 developed by the Consortium science added benefit that the exposure time of
Maria-Rosa L. Cioni 1 team, are presented here. Key elements targets in common with other surveys will
Luke Davies 5 of the strategy are described, such as be shared proportionately.
Tom Dwelly 4 sky coverage, number of visits and total
Roelof S. de Jong 1 exposure times in different parts of The current survey plan is subject to
Sofia Feltzing 3 the sky, and how to deal with different change due to several factors. Most
Alain Gueguen 4 observing conditions. The task of importantly, the new Community Surveys
Louise Howes 3 organising the strategy is not simple, that will be added to the overall 4MOST
Mike Irwin 6 with many different surveys that have survey programme following the pro-
Iryna Kushniruk 3 vastly different target brightnesses posal process led by ESO will most likely
Man I Lam 1 and densities, sample completeness introduce new strategy requirements.
Jochen Liske 7 levels, and signal-to-noise require- Changes can also be expected when fur-
Richard McMahon 6 ments. We introduce here a number of ther knowledge is obtained regarding the
Andrea Merloni 4 concepts that we will use to ensure all sensitivity of the instrument and its over-
Peder Norberg 8 surveys are optimised. Astronomers heads performance as it is further devel-
Aaron S. G. Robotham 5 who are planning to submit a Partici oped, built and tested. Therefore some of
Olivier Schnurr 1, 9 pating Survey proposal are strongly the information in what follows is prelimi-
Jenny G. Sorce 10,1 encouraged to read this article and any nary and subject to change. Up-to-date
Else Starkenburg 1 relevant 4MOST Survey articles in this information on 4MOST, its performance
Jesper Storm 1 issue of The Messenger such that they and Survey Strategy will be continuously
Elizabeth Swann11 can optimally complement and benefit posted on the 4MOST webpage1.
Elmo Tempel 12,1 from the planned surveys of the 4MOST
Wing-Fai Thi 4 Consortium.
C. Clare Worley 6 Basic concepts and default strategy
C. Jakob Walcher 1
and The 4MOST Collaboration 4MOST is a new wide-field spectroscopic All 4MOST observing programmes are
survey facility to be mounted on the carried out by surveys, each of which can
4-metre VISTA telescope. Observations consist of several sub-surveys. Running
1
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam are expected to start in 2022 after which 4MOST efficiently with many surveys in
(AIP), Germany 4MOST will be running multiple survey parallel demands an observing plan that
2
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität periods, each of a five-year duration. can accommodate targets requiring very
Heidelberg/Landessternwarte, More details of the 4MOST instrument different exposure times. Some of the
Germany and proposal submission process can be brightest stars may reach their required
3
Lund Observatory, Lund University, found in the 4MOST overview paper signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios in five minutes
Sweden (De Jong et al., p. 3). For more details of using the Low Resolution Spectrograph
4
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische scientific operations, we refer the reader (LRS), whereas faint extragalactic targets
Physik, Garching, Germany to the 4MOST Scientific Operations paper or faint stars observed with the High Res-
5
International Centre for Radio Astron- (Walcher et al., p. 12). olution Spectrograph (HRS) could require
omy Research/University of Western two hours of total exposure time. The
Australia, Perth, Australia The multiplex of 4MOST is so large that operations scheme must also be able to
6
Institute of Astronomy, University of few science cases have sufficiently high adapt to different observing conditions
Cambridge, UK target densities to fill all the fibres in a (for example, sky brightness and seeing).
7
Hamburger Sternwarte, Universität 4MOST field of view on their own. There
Hamburg, Germany are many important science cases that To accommodate the different exposure
8
Department of Physics, Durham need only a few targets in each field times, the total exposure time in an area
University, UK of view but have targets spread over the on the sky is broken up into individual
9
Cherenkov Telescope Array Observa- entire sky. To efficiently fill all the fibres exposures. For each exposure, the fibres
tory, Bologna, Italy and to make low-target-density surveys are repositioned in a new configuration
10
Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de possible, it was realised early on that such that targets that can be finished in
Lyon, France 4MOST would benefit from an operations one exposure receive a fibre only once,
scheme in which most 4MOST science while other targets receive a fibre multiple
24 h 18 h 12h 6h 0h 24 h 18 h 12h 6h 0h
30° 30°
0° 0°
– 30° – 30°
– 60° – 60°
× 10 6
times in the different fibre configurations 1.2
Figure 1. The summed target densities of Consor-
tium Surveys for the HRS (upper left) and the LRS
until they reach the required S/N. To save
(upper right) sampled to the requested complete-
Number of targets per hour
– 30° Table 1. Planned special areas in the survey plan with their approximate total
area and typical total exposure time per pointing.
– 60°
Equatorial
irregular and there can be no guarantee
that all repeats will be performed at
1 2 5 10 20 the scheduled time. The schedule of
Exposure time (h) re-observation of targets is independent
of the final total S/N ratio. However, in
Figure 2. The total exposure time in various areas Table 2 lists the approximate total num- many cases there is a requirement on the
of the sky in a recent simulation with the 4MOST
bers of targets that are expected to be minimum S/N ratio to be reached for a
Facility Simulator.
observed by the individual surveys and given visit.
that were shown to be feasible in a recent
survey strategy of 4MOST foresees that 4FS simulation based on the preliminary Two Consortium Surveys require particu-
every field will be observed twice with target catalogues. While these numbers lar cadences: 1) TiDES, which aims at
Observation Blocks containing three fibre are close to the goals of each survey, fur- following up variable AGN and LSST tran-
configurations with exposure times of ther tuning and balancing between the sients, covering LSST Deep Drilling
about 20 minutes each. However, as surveys will lead to subsequent modifica- Fields; and 2) the Magellanic Clouds Sur-
mentioned before, the survey teams have tion of the final statistics. vey (1001MC) for the pulsating variables
identified the need for special survey stars. The Galactic Surveys can also ben-
areas that have higher requested target In running the 4FS it is assumed that the efit from the observing cadence as the
densities and/or have fainter targets and survey strategy remains the same over plan is to observe the whole 4MOST sky
hence require more exposure time. These the entire five-year period. In practice at least twice, and, by assuring that
regions and their approximate total expo- this may not be fully tenable and a feed- there is at least one year between revisits
sure times are listed in Table 1. To make back loop foresees that adjustments rather than a few months, a larger frac-
this possible, the current strategy avoids, may be made on about a yearly timescale tion of binary stars can be identified by
or strongly reduces, the amount of expo- to ensure that all surveys progress on a their variable radial velocities.
sure time in high extinction areas in the common scale. However, changes, espe-
Milky Way disc. In addition, some areas cially also on the target input catalogues, The planned deep fields are natural
in the – 10 < dec < 5 degree range have are expected to be kept to a minimum places to observe variable objects requir-
reduced exposure times as there are no to ensure that the calculation of selection ing repeat visits. While it will not be possi-
targets available in these areas from the functions are tractable. ble to perform timed observations, it is
X-ray eROSITA Surveys (S5 Clusters and expected that a minimum and possibly a
S6 active galactic nuclei [AGN]). A number of other key elements perti- maximum duration between repeats can
nent to 4MOST Surveys that cannot be be specified to drive the schedule. The
The colour code of the map of Figure 2 demonstrated with this high-level over- goal is for instance to observe the four
indicates the total exposure time allo- view are described in the next sections. declared LSST Deep Drilling Fields about
cated to each part of the sky. Typically, every two weeks plus or minus a few
the stellar (i.e., Galactic) surveys have days in order to perform reverberation
brighter targets while the extragalactic Cadence and time variable sources mapping of AGN. If LSST decides to
ones have many targets that cannot be define another Deep Drilling Field in the
observed when the Moon is present. As 4MOST is a multi-object survey facil- South Ecliptic Pole area, this field may
Therefore, most of the bright time is dedi- ity, it cannot deliver timed observations replace one of the currently defined four
cated to the Milky Way disc regions. for individual targets. However, using fields. Also repeat fields in the Milky Way
However, some dark/grey time will be minimal constraints on the scheduling of bulge area will be used to study variable
allocated to mostly stellar fields as well as the observations, variable sources and objects.
to enable deeper observations, for transients are part of the science cases
instance in the Milky Way bulge and the for some of the 4MOST Surveys. In order Another class of time-variable sources
Magellanic Clouds. Conversely, when the to deliver reliable scientific output for are transients. It will be possible to add
Milky Way disc is not visible bright time these targets, the 4MOST Survey needs a small number of transients, such as
will be used at higher Galactic latitude to to adopt a cadence in its observations. recently discovered supernovae, to a
observe bright targets there. The executed time sequence may be survey catalogue over the course of the
9 Acquisition & Guiding and Wave Front Sensing
2k × 2k technical cameras with pick-off prisms
10
Fibre Positioner
2436 Science spines
12 Guide spines
11 Cassegrain Cable Wrap including
master-slave and safety mechanisms
9 9 9
8 8
10
12 11 12
Surveys DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5120
Norbert Christlieb 1 will associate with their possible birth- Way halo stars show very similar trends
Chiara Battistini 1 places by means of their abundance (for example, Mashonkina et al., 2017).
Piercarlo Bonifacio 2 signatures and kinematics, allowing In ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs),
Elisabetta Caffau 2 us to test models of galaxy formation. distinctly low abundances of neutron-
Hans-Günter Ludwig 1 Our target catalogue is also expected capture elements and low [Sr/Ba] values
Martin Asplund 3 to contain 30 000 stars at a metallicity (for example, Koch et al., 2013), and the
Paul Barklem 4 of less than one hundredth that of the abundance signature of a single r-process
Maria Bergemann 5 Sun. This sample will therefore be enrichment event (Ji et al., 2016) have
Ross Church 6 almost a factor of 100 larger than cur- been observed. Therefore, these abun-
Sofia Feltzing 6 rently existing samples of metal-poor dance signatures can be used for asso
Dominic Ford 6 stars for which precise elemental ciating kinematically identified groups of
Eva K. Grebel 7 abundances are available (determined halo field stars with dSphs or UFDs. Fur-
Camilla Juul Hansen 5 from high-resolution spectroscopy), thermore, the location of the “knee” in
Amina Helmi 8 enabling us to study the early chemical the [a/Fe] vs. [Fe/H] abundance ratio dia-
Georges Kordopatis 9 evolution of the Milky Way in unprece- gram a (i.e., the value of [Fe/H] at which
Mikhail Kovalev 5 dented detail. supernovae of type Ia start to contribute
Andreas Korn 4 significantly to the chemical enrichment
Karin Lind 5 of the galaxy, thereby decreasing [a/Fe])
Andreas Quirrenbach 1 Scientific context can be used to constrain the s tellar mass
Jan Rybizki 5 of the host galaxy (for example Hendricks
Ása Skúladóttir 5 Galaxy formation simulations predict et al., 2014). With a large enough sample
Else Starkenburg 10 that the halo of the Milky Way consists of halo stars it is therefore possible to
in part of stars that formed in situ and in identify the building blocks of the Galactic
part of stars that were accreted from halo, determine their quantity and proper-
1
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität smaller galaxies (for example, Pillepich ties, and test numerical simulations of
Heidelberg/Landessternwarte, et al., 2015). The simulations furthermore galaxy formation.
Germany predict that the main external contribu-
2
GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, Université tion to the build-up of the stellar halo Additional significant contributions to
PSL, CNRS, France came from the accretion of a few massive the build-up of the Milky Way halo have
3
Research School of Astronomy & (i.e., 108 to 109 M⊙) luminous satellites been made by the accretion of stars from
Astrophysics, Australian National Uni- which merged with our galaxy more than globular clusters (for example Martell et
versity, Canberra, Australia 9 Gyr ago (for example, De Lucia & al., 2011). These stars can be identified
4
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Helmi, 2008). This has recently been con- in the halo field by their characteristic
Uppsala universitet, Sweden firmed observationally by the discovery light element abundance ratios (Bastian
5
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, of the stellar debris of the Gaia-Encela- & Lardo, 2018).
Heidelberg, Germany dus galaxy, which merged with the Milky
6
Lund Observatory, Lund University, Way 10 Gyr ago, and then had a mass Our survey will also aim to significantly
Sweden of 2.4 × 109 M⊙ (Helmi et al., 2018). Low- increase the sample of metal-poor
7
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität mass satellite accretion continues until stars (i.e., stars in which the abundances
Heidelberg/Astronomisches Rechen- the present day, especially in the outer of elements heavier than helium are
Institut, Germany halo, although at a much reduced rate. reduced by more than a factor of ten
8
Kapteyn Instituut, Rijksunversiteit These small satellites are minor contribu- relative to the Sun) in the Galactic halo.
Groningen, the Netherlands tors to the stellar mass of the halo. These stars are tracers of the early
9
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice, chemical evolution of the Galaxy (Frebel
France The remnants of such accretion events & Norris, 2015). The abundances of the
10
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam are kinematically coherent substruc- elements in their atmospheres provide us
(AIP), Germany tures in the Galactic halo. Some of them with information not only on the earliest
also remain spatially coherent, so that phases of chemical enrichment of the
they can be detected in wide-field imag- Universe, but also on the nucleosynthetic
We will study the formation history of ing surveys, and many have indeed processes contributing to the enrich-
the Milky Way, and the earliest phases been d iscovered during the last decade ment. In addition, they provide observa-
of its chemical enrichment, with a (for example, Malhan et al., 2018 and tional constraints on the physics of star
sample of more than 1.5 million stars references therein). formation processes in metal-poor envi-
at high galactic latitude. Elemental ronments and properties of the first gen-
abundances of up to 20 elements with Existing spectroscopic samples suggest eration of stars (for example, the initial
a precision of better than 0.2 dex will that at low metallicities, the a-elements, mass function and rotation speeds).
be derived for these stars. The sample Fe-peak elements and neutron-capture
will include members of kinematically elements in stars of classical dwarf
coherent substructures, which we spheroidal galaxies (dSphs) and Milky
potential origin of the stars. For example, Star type S/N per pixelb in survey All three of our sub-surveys target dwarf,
stars with [a/Fe] ~ 0.0, which are charac- Bright Faint Deep subgiant, and giant stars. The blue colour
teristic of dwarf galaxies (for example, Dwarf & subgiant 50 25 25 limit of (GBP–GRP)0 = 0.15 magnitudes
Tolstoy et al., 2009) — as opposed to Giant 30 15 15 is chosen to match the colours of 13-Gyr-
the canonical [a/Fe] = + 0.4 in the Milky old ultra-metal-poor (i.e., [Fe/H] < – 4.0)
Way halo — can be recognised reliably Table 2. Spectral success criteria. The S/N is meas- stars near the main-sequence turnoff; the
ured in the wavelength region 4261–4270 Å, which is
only at this precision in abundance ratio red limit of (GBP–GRP)0 = 1.6 magnitudes
free of strong spectral lines in the stellar parameter
measurement. The [a/Fe] ratios of the range covered by our survey. The criteria reflect the ensures that metal-poor K giant stars are
inner and outer halo are separated by different science goals of the sub-surveys, as well as included, while main-sequence stars of
only 0.1 dex (Nissen & Schuster, 2015), the different line strengths in dwarf and giant stars of spectral type M or later are removed. To
a given metallicity.
but several a-elements can be combined remove foreground K dwarf stars belong-
to increase the precision. ing to the Galactic disc populations, we
have added an absolute magnitude crite-
Information on the binary status of the Our metallicity cut ([Fe/H] < – 0.5) will rion for the stars at (GBP–GRP)0 > 1.1 mag-
targets of our survey is important for ensure that our survey will include the nitudes. With that colour limit, metal-
the interpretation of their elemental abun- interesting metallicity range – 1.5 < [Fe/H] poor G dwarf stars are still included. The
dance patterns, since it provides con- < – 0.5, over which the [a/Fe] abundance absolute magnitude criterion for giant
straints on the nucleosynthetic origin of, ratios allow us to discriminate between stars is MG < 3.5 magnitudes. A colour-
for example, the neutron-capture e lements the inner and outer halo populations magnitude diagram of the targets in a
in the atmospheres of the observed stars. (Nissen & Schuster, 2010). On the other narrow range around [Fe/H] = – 1.0 is
Therefore, we want as many targets as hand, the criterion removes stars of shown in Figure 1.
possible to be re-observed on timescales the disc populations in the Milky Way.
of months to years, so that radial velocity
variations can be detected. For harmonisation with the maximum Spectral success criteria and figure of
total exposure times per high-galactic- merit
latitude field needed by the low-resolution
Target selection and survey area surveys, we have defined three sub- Our spectral success criteria are chosen
surveys: (1) a bright survey of stars in the such that precise (i.e., s[X/Y] < 0.1–0.2 dex)
The targets for our survey will be selected range 12 ≤ G ≤ 14.5 magnitudes, allowing elemental abundances of up to 20 ele-
from the Gaia Data Release 3 catalogue, us to acquire spectra with a signal-to- ments can be determined for the targets
based on their apparent Gaia magnitude noise ratio (S/N) larger than 50 per pixel b of the bright sub-survey, while for the
(G), de-reddened GBP–GRP colour (i.e., in the continuum at 4260 Å with 4MOST fainter targets at least a rough characteri-
(GBP–GRP)0), where GBP and GRP are the in less than 2 hours; (2) a faint survey sation of the abundance patterns of
integrated Gaia Blue and Red Photome- (14.5 < G ≤ 15.5 magnitudes); and (3) a the stars will be possible by means of
ter magnitudes, respectively, and abso- deep survey (15.5 < G ≤ 17.0 magnitudes). abundances of the most important ele-
lute G magnitude (MG), determined using In the latter two sub-surveys, the S/N ments with a typical precision of s[X/Y] <
Gaia parallaxes (or upper limits). For the requirements are reduced by a factor 0.2–0.3 dex, depending on the elements
metallicity selection, we will use the best of two with respect to the bright survey. and the stellar parameters. This will
data available at the time the 4MOST The area of the deep survey will be make it possible to, for example, identify
survey starts; for example, from the Sky- aligned with the sky regions in which metal-poor stars enhanced in carbon,
Mapper survey (Casagrande et al., 2019), other 4MOST surveys will obtain longer neutron-capture elements, or combina-
Gaia BP spectra, or at dec > 0 degrees exposures, for example, the WAVES- tions thereof. Example spectra are shown
from the Pristine survey (Starkenburg et Wide and WAVES-Deep surveys. The in Figure 3, and the criteria are listed in
al., 2017). The selection criteria are sum- fainter magnitude limit in these fields will Table 2.
marised in Table 1. allow us to observe giant stars at dis-
tances of up to 25 kpc, so the fraction The current definition of the figure of
Since we are targeting halo stars, we of outer halo stars among our targets merit (FoM) of this survey increases line-
have restricted the survey footprint to is expected to be significantly higher in arly with the number of successfully
galactic latitudes of |b| > 20 degrees, these fields. observed targets, and it is 1.0 if 1.5 million
taking advantage of the fact that the stars have been observed successfully.
high-resolution fibres of 4MOST will not We note that the magnitude ranges of the However, we are considering implement-
be used by the extragalactic surveys. 4MOST high- and low-resolution surveys ing a numerical scheme that takes into
In the range 20 < |b| < 30 degrees, there of the Milky Way halo are complementary. account “partially successful” observa-
will be a significant overlap with the targets In the former, the brighter magnitude limit tions such as that outlined in the White
of 4MIDABLE-HR (Bensby et al., p. 35). will result in a sample dominated by the Paper of the 4MOST Consortium Milky
The overlap is currently estimated to be inner halo population, while the latter will Way Halo Low-Resolution Survey (see
about 440 000 stars, so a joint target focus on exploring the outer halo. Helmi et al., p. 23), for the reasons dis-
catalogue will be created and observed cussed there.
spectra will be exchanged.
24 h 18 h 12h 6h 0h Dwarf (Teff = 6000 K/log g = 4.5) Giant (Teff = 4500 K/log g = 1.5)
30°
[Fe/H] = – 2.0 [Fe/H] = – 4.0 [Fe/H] = – 2.0 [Fe/H] = – 4.0
1.0
0°
0.8
Relative flux
– 30° 0.6
0.4
– 60°
0.2 Fe II Fe II
1989 346 targets Equatorial Mg I Mg I Mg I Mg I Mg I Mg I
0.0
5165 5170 5175 5180 5185 5165 5170 5175 5180 5185
1 10 100 1000
Object counts per degree 2
1.0
1
This work is supported by Sonderforschungsbereich Bastian, N. & Lardo, C. 2018, ARA&A, 56, 83 tellar Abundances for Galactic Archaeology Data-
S
SFB 881 “The Milky Way System” (subprojects A3, Casagrande, L. 2019, MNRAS, 482, 2770 base: http://sagadatabase.jp/
A4 and A9) of the German Research Foundation De Lucia, G. & Helmi, A. 2008, MNRAS, 391, 14
(DFG), by the German Federal Ministry of Education Frebel, A. & Norris, J. E. 2015, ARA&A, 53, 631
and Research (BMBF) through Verbundforschungs Hansen, C. J. et al. 2015, AN, 336, 665 Notes
projekt 05A17VH4, by the Observatoire de Paris, and Helmi, A. et al. 2018, Nature, 563, 85
the project grant “The New Milky Way” from the Knut Hendricks, B. et al. 2014, ApJ, 785, 102 a
[X/Y] = log10(N X /N Y )∗ –log10(N X /N Y )⊙, where N X and
and Alice Wallenberg Foundation. Ji, A. et al. 2016, ApJ, 830, 93 N Y are the number densities of the elements X and
Koch, A. et al. 2013, A&A, 554, A5 Y, respectively.
Malhan, K. et al. 2018, MNRAS, 481, 3442 b
For a conversion from S/N per pixel into S/N Å –1, a
Martell, S. L. et al. 2011, A&A, 534, A136 factor of 3.3 has to be applied (see 4MOST over-
Mashonkina, A. 2017, A&A, 608, A89 view paper by de Jong et al., p. 3).
Nissen, P. E. & Schuster, W. J. 2010, A&A, 511, L10
Pillepich, A. et al. 2015, ApJ, 799, 184
Rybizki, J. et al. 2018, PASP, 130, 074101
Starkenburg, E. et al. 2017, MNRAS, 471, 2587
Tolstoy, E. et al. 2009, ARA&A, 47, 371
Cristina Chiappini 1 9
Research School of Astronomy & the chemically and structurally defined thin
Ivan Minchev 1 Astrophysics, Australian National and thick discs, and the bulge. The area
Else Starkenburg 1 University, Canberra, Australia covered by the 4MIDABLE-LR, as well as
Friedrich Anders 2 10
Osservatorio Astronomico di Trieste, by the 4MOST MIlky Way Disc And BuLgE
Nicola Gentile Fusillo 3 INAF, Italy High-Resolution survey for brighter stars
Ortwin Gerhard 4 11
Institute of Astronomy, University of (4MIDABLE-HR) will be large enough to
Guillaume Guiglion 1 Cambridge, UK also enable a comprehensive study of the
Arman Khalatyan 1 12
Department of Physics and Astronomy, disc/bulge, disc/halo, and bulge/halo
Georges Kordopatis 5 Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia interfaces for the first time — the latter two
Bertrand Lemasle 6 in collaboration with the 4MOST Consor-
Gal Matijevic 1 tium Milky Way Halo LR Survey.
Anna Barbara de Andrade Queiroz 1 The mechanisms of the formation and
Axel Schwope 1 evolution of the Milky Way are encoded
Matthias Steinmetz 1 in the orbits, chemistry and ages of its Specific scientific goals
Jesper Storm 1 stars. With the 4MOST MIlky way Disk
Gregor Traven 7 And BuLgE Low-Resolution Survey Our main goals are:
Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay 3 (4MIDABLE-LR) we aim to study kine- – To better understand the current Milky
Marica Valentini 1 matic and chemical substructures in the Way disc structure and dynamics (bar,
Rene Andrae 8 Milky Way disc and bulge region with spiral arms, vertical structure, stellar
Anke Arentsen 1 samples of unprecedented size out to radial migration, merger history).
Martin Asplund 9 larger distances and greater precision – To study the chrono-chemo-dynamics
Thomas Bensby 7 than conceivable with Gaia alone or of the disc, which, when combined
Maria Bergemann 8 any other ongoing or planned survey. with the above will allow us to recover
Luca Casagrande 9 Gaia gives us the unique opportunity for the disc evolutionary history.
Ross Church 7 target selection based almost entirely – To better understand the formation of
Gabriele Cescutti 10 on parallax and magnitude range, hence the Milky Way bulge/bar using both
Sofia Feltzing 7 increasing the efficiency in sampling chemical and kinematical information.
Morgan Fouesneau 8 larger Milky Way volumes with well- – To study the inner disc/bulge and disc/
Eva K. Grebel 6 defined and effective selection functions. halo interfaces by covering a large area
Mikhail Kovalev 8 and ensuring high-quality chemical and
Paul McMillan 7 kinematical information.
Giacomo Monari 1 Scientific context
Jan Rybizki 8 These goals could be summarised as one
Nils Ryde 7 Observations of star-forming regions main goal — to provide a detailed chrono-
Hans-Walter Rix 8 suggest that stars are born in groups chemo-kinematical extended map of our
Nicholas Walton 11 that possess a high degree of chemical Galaxy and the largest Gaia follow-up
Maosheng Xiang 8 homogeneity. Large-scale galactic down to G = 19 magnitudes (Vega). The
Daniel Zucker 12 dynamical processes (spiral arms, the complex nature of the disc components
and the 4MIDABLE-LR Team central bar, mergers) affect these stellar (for example, large target densities and
aggregates kinematically but not chemi- highly structured extinction distribution
cally. Comparison between dynamical in the Milky Way bulge and disc area),
1
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam models of the Galaxy and the observed as well as the nature of the open ques-
(AIP), Germany velocity field for a densely populated tions addressed above, prompted us to
2
Departament de Física Quàntica i homogeneous disc area will allow us, for develop a survey strategy with five main
Astrofísica, Universitat de Barcelona, the first time, to unambiguously quantify sub-surveys that are tailored to answer
Spain the structure of the present-day bar, the main science questions, while taking
3
Department of Physics, University of spiral arms, and asymmetries across the full advantage of the Gaia data.
Warwick, UK disc mid-plane. By combining this infor-
4
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische mation with accurate elemental abun-
Physik, Garching, Germany dances and ages, we will reconstruct the The main sub-surveys are:
5
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice, enrichment of the Galaxy as a function
France of Galactic radius and time. With its high 1. E
xtended Solar Neighbourhood (ESN)
6
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität multiplex power, 4MOST will allow us to — The aim of this sub-survey is to
Heidelberg / Astronomisches Rechen- view the Milky Way as a whole. study in detail the chemistry and veloc-
Institut, Germany ity substructure in a disc volume for
7
Lund Observatory, Lund University, With the Low-Resolution Spectrographa which Gaia provides the most precise
Sweden (LRS) of 4MOST we can study the origin parallaxes (d < 2 kpc). Because we
8
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, and evolution of essentially all the domi- select stars that are fainter than those
Heidelberg, Germany nant stellar components of the Milky Way: that have been targeted for spectros-
precise spectroscopic temperatures on the basis of data from Gaia and and its uncertainty in a probabilistic
and surface gravities, which, in turn, photometric surveys from the ground approach, where stars are selected ran-
will allow us to determine accurate stel- (Geier et al., 2018). Hot subdwarfs are domly in a given HEALPix 2, b area such
lar masses and ages for all targeted the helium-burning stripped cores of that the probabilistic line-of-sight parallax
white dwarfs. red giants and are likely formed via distribution has the shape of 1/p 4, imply-
diverse close binary evolution channels ing a distance distribution of the form
8. Compact X-ray emitting binaries — such as stable mass transfer, com- d 2. The ESN is constrained to a cylinder
This sub-survey addresses the high- mon envelope ejection and mergers. of radius d = 2 kpc and height |z| = 2 kpc,
energy output of the Milky Way and They are key objects to study interac- centred on the Sun. The Dyn and Chem
the evolution of close binary stars. We tions between low-mass stars as well sub-catalogues, which share the same
aim to disentangle accreting and non- as stars and sub-stellar objects. Hot volume, are selected from a cylinder with
accreting sources, and to discriminate subdwarf binaries qualify as progeni- base 2 < d < 15 kpc and height |z| = 2 kpc.
between magnetic and non-magnetic tors of type Ia supernovae and cali- The resulting hole around the Sun is com-
binaries, both on the basis of their bration sources for gravitational wave plemented by the ESN catalogue. The
emission line spectrum in the active detectors. They are chemically pecu- BIG catalogue covers the v olume defined
state (for example, Schwope, 2018). liar and several classes of pulsators by |l| < 30 degrees and |b| < 20 degrees,
Input sources will be drawn from the have been discovered which are well and 4 < d < 15 kpc. Given the uncertain-
eROSITA point-source catalogue. suited for asteroseismic analyses. This ties in the measurements of parallaxes,
survey will allow us to perform the first leakage of targets outside these bounda-
9. C
epheids — Classical Cepheids have population study of these objects. ries is both expected and desired.
well-determined ages (~ 20–250 Myr).
They are intrinsically bright, thus allow- Our target selection thus balances the
ing studies of the recent Milky Way Science requirements need to sample the full Galactic disc, with
evolution to large Galactic radii. Type II an attempt to be as unbiased and efficient
Cepheids are old (> 10 Gyr) and trace By using the large wavelength coverage as possible. Therefore, for the main
the chemical thick disc and its interface and resolution of the LRS, this survey sub-surveys we foresee a selection based
with the bulge. Targets will be selected will deliver not only radial velocities with purely on apparent magnitude, parallax,
from the ESA Gaia data releases, the the high precision of 1–2 km s –1, but and parallax uncertainties with no addi-
Optical Gravitational Lensing Experi- also chemical information, providing indi- tional colour cuts. For some of the smaller
ment (OGLE), and VVVX. The goal is to vidual elemental abundances for iron- sub-surveys there might be colour cuts
obtain homogeneous radial velocities peak, α- and n-capture elements, C, Na, as they target specific stellar populations.
and metallicities/elemental abundances and Li (which is detectable in LR only in The faint dynamical disc includes a colour
for these unique tracers down to giants). Depending on the element, ele- selection to target red giant branch stars
fainter magnitudes than those mental abundances will have a precision similar to the selection performed in the
achieved with 4MIDABLE-HR. of 0.1–0.2 dex when sufficient S/N in 4MOST Consortium Survey Milky Way
the continuum is reached in the relevant Halo Low-Resolution Survey.
10. A
steroseismology targets — A follow- wavelength regime.
up will be performed of all targets in We intend to use the latest Data Release
the survey footprint with asteroseis- from the Gaia mission at the time of final
mic information from the CoRoT, K2, Target selection and survey area 4MOST catalogue submission; the pre-
TESS and PLATO missions, allowing liminary catalogue that we present here
a much more precise determination A careful target selection with a selection is based on the currently available DR2
of elemental abundances, stellar function that can be well modelled is cru- (Gaia Collaboration, Brown et al., 2018).
parameters, distances, and ages for cial for our survey. A large down-sampling An overview of the magnitude range per
these stars (for example, Valentini et is necessary to select ~ 15 million targets sub-survey is given in the second column
al., 2018). These stars are, therefore, from over 300 million Gaia targets in of Table 1.
also key targets for survey calibration. the magnitude range we will explore in
With the exception of TESS, objects 4MIDABLE-LR. Should targets just be Unless otherwise mentioned in the first
will be distributed in specific fields picked randomly, we would predominantly column of Table 1, all sub-surveys cover
(from 2.5 square degrees for CoRoT, select nearby disc stars, which would an area that is all-sky as observed by
to 100 square degrees for K2, and greatly hamper the effectiveness of our 4MOST, restricted in declination from
2250 square degrees for PLATO). The survey to research the Milky Way as a – 80 < dec < 20 degrees. The areas of
brightest of these targets will function galaxy. dec > 5 degrees and dec < – 80 degrees
as a bad weather programme. are outside the fiducial survey area and
To ensure a homogeneous volume distri- may not get completed (see Guiglion et
11. Hot subdwarfs — The goal of this bution for the main disk coverage, for the al., p. 17). As expected, the density of
sub-survey is to compile, classify and sub-catalogues defined in the ESN, Dyn, targets is larger along the disc plane (see
analyse the first unbiased all-sky sam- Chem, and BIG sub-surveys above we Figure 1). Areas with extinction so large
ple of hot subdwarf stars pre-selected use the parallax (p) measured by Gaia that the target density is less than the
1 10 100 1000
Object counts per degree 2
Y (kpc)
2 2
101
ESN
3 3
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
X (kpc) X (kpc)
Y (kpc)
5 2
available LRS 4MOST fibres will be
Z (kpc)
Z (kpc)
Table 1. This table provides key information for each – Mgb: 5140–5200 Å; Action (CA16117), supported by COST (European
of the sub-surveys. Although the information given Cooperation in Science and Technology). Else
– MgCa: 5140–6450 Å;
here reflects the philosophy of the sub-surveys, the S tarkenburg gratefully acknowledges funding
exact numbers are subject to change as the target – Li: 6670–6740 Å; by the Emmy Noether program from the Deutsche
selection advances further in preparation for 4MOST – CaT: 8350–8850 Å. Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Bertrand
operation. All sub-surveys target the full sky observed Lemasle acknowledges support from the Sonder-
by 4MOST, unless specific limits are given in the first forschungsbereich SFB 881 “The Milky Way System”
The figure of merit (FoM) for each sub-
column in Galactic longitude (l) and latitude (b). The (sub-projects A5) of the German Research Founda-
second column lists the magnitude range for targets survey is described by the ratio of the tion (DFG). Sub-survey #7 is funded under the
in Gaia G-band. The next three columns show the number of targets successfully observed European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and inno-
requested minimum S/N per Å for a successfully (Nobs) relative to the minimum number vation programme no. 677706 (WD3D).
observed target and the wavelength region(s) — up
of targets and the goal (Nmin and Ngoal
to three — where this is measured (abbreviated; see
text for details). The final two columns list the mini- respectively; see Table 1). Up to Nmin the References
mum number of targets successfully observed to relation is linear such that it reaches a
reach a FoM of 0.5 for the sub-survey, and the goal figure of merit of 0.5 when Nmin targets Barbuy, B., Chiappini, C. & Gerhard, O. 2018, ARAA,
number of targets, defining a FoM of 1.0. 56, 223
are successfully observed. Thereafter it
Gaia collaboration, Brown, A. et al. 2018, A&A, 616, 1
follows a square root function until it Geier, S. et al. 2018, arXiv:1810.09321
homogeneous disc coverage of targets reaches a value of 1 when Nobs equals Miglio, A. et al. 2017, Astronomische Nachrichten,
in our Dyn, Chem, and BIG input cata- Ngoal. The input catalogues all contain a 338, 644
Minchev, I. 2016, Astronomische Nachrichten,
logues using distances obtained with the larger density of targets than Ngoal, to
337, 703
Bayesian Star Horse code (Queiroz et al., provide operational flexibility. We addi- Minchev, I., Chiappini, C. & Martig, M. 2013, A&A,
2018; Anders et al., in preparation), as the tionally require a relatively homogeneous 558, A29
targets are too far out to rely on d = 1/p coverage of the footprint for our sub- Schwope, A. 2018, A&A, 619, A62
Valentini, M. et al. 2018, arXiv:1808.08569
only to calculate distances. However, we surveys, not allowing for any holes in the
stress that these Star Horse distance footprint that exceed a few square
values are not used in the selection itself. degrees. Links
1
ESA-Gaia mission: http://sci.esa.int/gaia/
Where possible, we favour an observa- 2
HEALPix: https://healpix.jpl.nasa.gov/
Spectral success criteria tion strategy that allows each field to be
observed at least twice with at least a
The spectral success criteria are defined year in between the two observations. Notes
by the median S/N ratio per Å in the con- This will provide additional information a
R > 5000 (typically R ~ 6500; see de Jong et al.,
tinuum over a wavelength interval. For on which stars are in binary systems p. 3) is mid-resolution, giving more than twice
the different sub-surveys, different wave- with detectable radial velocity variability the spectral resolution of other large low-resolution
length regions are used for this calcula- on these timescales. However, in fields spectroscopic surveys, for example, the Sloan
D igital Sky Survey extension for Galactic Under-
tion, depending on the spectral features with many faint Cepheid targets this
standing and Exploration (SEGUE) and the Large
that are important for the science case. strategy is not favourable, since these Area Multi-Object fibre Spectroscopic Telescope
The spectral criteria per sub-survey are variable stars will need to be observed (LAMOST).
given in Table 1; a maximum of three consecutively. b
HEALPix is an acronym for Hierarchical Equal
Area isoLatitude Pixelization of a sphere, a
spectral success criteria can be used per
pixelisation procedure that produces a subdivision
sub-survey, as given in the subsequent of a spherical surface in which each pixel covers
columns. The wavelength regions are as Acknowledgements the same surface area as every other pixel.
follows: Cristina Chiappini acknowledges support from
– Blue: 4500–4700 Å; DFG Grant CH1188/2-1 and from ChETEC COST
4
Thomas Bensby 1 the Milky Way requires large observa- galaxy formation suggest that galaxies
Maria Bergemann 2 tional datasets of stars via which these like the Milky Way may experience various
Jan Rybizki 2 M I D A B L E quantities can be determined accu- evolutionary histories, with or without
HR
ion
igh esolut
3
Bertrand Lemasle rately. This is the science driver of the multi-model structures arising in the ele-
Louise Howes 1 4MOST MIlky way Disc And BuLgE mental abundance plane (for example,
Mikhail Kovalev 2 High-Resolution (4MIDABLE-HR) survey: Grand et al., 2018). On the other hand,
Oscar Agertz 1 to obtain high-resolution spectra at radial migration of stars (for example,
Martin Asplund 4 R ~ 20 000 and to provide detailed Schönrich & Binney, 2009) might have a
Paul Barklem 5 elemental abundances for large samples strong impact on the disc morphology
Chiara Battistini 6 of stars in the Galactic disc and bulge. and on the observable distributions, such
Luca Casagrande 4 High data quality will allow us to pro- as the age-metallicity relationships and
Cristina Chiappini 7 vide accurate spectroscopic diagnos- spatial distribution of elemental abun-
Ross Church 1 tics of two million stellar spectra: precise dances. The mere presence and the size
Sofia Feltzing 1 radial velocities; rotation; abundances of the elemental abundance trend gap,
Dominic Ford 1 of many elements, including those that its position in the age and abundance
Ortwin Gerhard 8 are currently only accessible in the planes, and its relationship to stellar
Iryna Kushniruk 1 optical, such as Li, s-, and r-process; motions, are decisive constraints on the
Georges Kordopatis 9 and multi-epoch spectra for a sub- models of secular evolution and heating
Karin Lind 2, 5 sample of stars. Synergies with comple- of the disc, as well as on the gas accre-
Ivan Minchev 7 mentary missions like Gaia and TESS tion and merger history of the Milky Way
Paul McMillan 1 will provide masses, stellar ages and (for example, Rix & Bovy, 2013).
Hans-Walter Rix 2 multiplicity, forming a multi-dimensional
Nils Ryde 1 dataset that will allow us to explore and Further complexities are connected to
Gregor Traven 1 constrain the origin and structure of the our present understanding of the inner
Milky Way. Galaxy. It has been established that it
contains a boxy peanut-shaped bar that
1
und Observatory, Lund University,
L impacts the dynamical properties of the
Sweden Scientific context disc. Spectroscopic observations sug-
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, gest that the bulge comprises a very
Heidelberg, Germany One of the key questions in astrophysics complex pattern in the age-abundance
3
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität is to understand the assembly history plane, ranging from metal-rich young
Heidelberg / Astronomisches Rechen- and evolution of the Milky Way, as our α-poor to metal-poor and very old α-rich
Institut, Germany understanding of galaxy formation in the stellar populations (for example, Ness
4
Research School of Astronomy & Universe — be it using observations or et al., 2013; Bensby et al., 2017). It is not
Astrophysics, Australian National models — is only as good as our knowl- clear whether the bulge and the α-rich
University, Canberra, Australia edge of our own Galaxy. This requires component of the disc share the same
5
Department of Physics and Astronomy, large datasets that provide reliable physi- origin, or if this similarity is the conse-
Uppsala universitet, Sweden cal characterisation of stars across the quence of high star formation efficiencies,
6
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität full Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, includ- but separate formation scenarios. Analy-
Heidelberg / Landessternwarte, ing precise velocities, ages, multiplicity, sis of the photometric colour-magnitude
Germany rotation, and elemental abundances for diagrams suggests that the bulge has
7
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam all nucleosynthesis channels. This is the temporal properties (for example, Renzini
(AIP), Germany main goal of the 4MIDABLE-HR survey. et al., 2018) different from those revealed
8
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische by spectroscopic observations of micro-
Physik, Garching, Germany It has been established from star counts lensed dwarf stars (Bensby et al., 2017).
9
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, Nice, that the Galactic disc has two compo- How much room is there for a classical
France nents, the thin and thick discs (Gilmore & bulge component made by mergers (for
Reid, 1983). This morphological dichot- example, Barbuy et al., 2018)? A major
omy could be related to the distinct ele- challenge is to explain how all these con-
The signatures of the formation and mental abundance trends observed in stituents fit together and how they link
evolution of a galaxy are imprinted in the solar neighbourhood, as well as in the to the chemo-dynamical structure of the
its stars. Their velocities, ages, and inner and outer regions of the Galactic Galactic disc and halo.
chemical compositions present major disc (for example, Bensby et al., 2014;
constraints on models of galaxy forma- Hayden et al., 2015). Other studies, how- Disentangling all of these building blocks
tion, and on various processes such ever, either find no clear separation in the and the role that the different physical
as the gas inflows and outflows, the local volume of about 1 kpc or place it ingredients play in the formation of the
accretion of cold gas, radial migration, at a different location in elemental abun- Milky Way is hard. It requires a densely
and the variability of star formation dance space (for example, Bergemann sampled homogeneous sample of stars
activity. Understanding the evolution of et al., 2014). Cosmological simulations of with accurate elemental abundances,
kinematics, and ages, requiring not only Gaia-ESO (South, 0.1 × 10 6 stars)
Figure 1. Magnitude
distributions of our main
elemental abundances of α-elements,
GALAH (South, 0.8 × 10 6 stars) bulge and disc sample
but also of all major nuclear channels: Li, and our two deep fields,
C, N, O, the α-elements, the iron-group, WEAVE (North, 1.0 × 10 6 stars) one towards the bulge
and the neutron-capture r- and s-process and one towards the
4MOST WAVES fields.
elements. Only such a dataset will pro- APOGEE (North, 0.5 × 10 6 stars)
The horizontal lines in
vide the requisite combination of con- 10 7 the upper panel mark
straints on the gas flows, star formation, Bulge and disc (4.1 × 10 6 stars) the magnitude ranges of
and detailed chemical evolution of the 10 6 TESS overlap (0.44 × 10 6 stars) selected high-resolution
spectroscopic surveys,
Milky Way. Deep bulge (0.072 × 10 6 stars)
as indicated.
Deep disc (0.065 × 10 6 stars)
10 5
These are the observed quantities that
Number of stars
Number of stars
–4
Y (kpc)
Z (kpc)
MG
0 0 10 2
–2
0
–5 5
2 101
–10 10 4
6 10 0
−5 0 5 10 15 20 –5 0 5 10 15 20 0 2 4
X (kpc) X (kpc) G BP – G RP
Figure 2. The left-most and middle plots show the Science requirements and would allow us to resolve about 100
distribution of the targets in the Galactic Cartesian
different points in angular momentum
x-y-z coordinate system of our input catalogue (with
a bin size of 100 × 100 pc). The right-most plot With 4MIDABLE-HR we aim to distinguish space or physical position space. We
shows a colour-magnitude diagram, using the Gaia stellar populations in the elemental abun- also want to map the age-velocity disper-
G magnitudes and GBP -GRP colours (not corrected dance plane over three quadrants of the sion relation at different points in elemen-
for extinction).
Galactic disc, probing as deep as 10 kpc tal abundance space and physical posi-
from the Sun. For this we need a sample tion space to shed light on the heating
and background stars in the Milky Way size of more than two million stars with mechanisms in the Galactic disc in order
(Bergemann et al., 2018). elemental abundances that are accurate to differentiate between possible high
to well within 0.1 dex. The sample size i velocity dispersion at birth for older stars,
– Why does the Milky Way disc have such s necessary because a detailed under- secular heating by disc structure (for
distinct abundance structure patterns? standing of the Milky Way requires resolv- example, the Galactic bar, or spiral arms)
Are the thin and thick Galactic discs ing the full kinematic and chemical dis or giant molecular clouds, and merger
separate or are they a manifestation of tributions in all stellar populations at induced heating. To detect a merger, we
observational biases? Could it be that different positions in the Galaxy. To char- can roughly estimate that we need to
the Milky Way only has one disc, but that acterise the moments of the kinematic precisely track an increase of 5 km s –1
radial migration has rearranged stars distributions of a single population at a in the velocity dispersion over the course
to create a sub-structure in the chemical given location, one needs of order 100 of roughly one billion years. This would
and kinematic spaces? Can we confirm stars to get a statistically robust mean require 5000 stars in each age bin or
or rule out the hiatus in star formation down to 10% of sigma (√N). The precision about 50 000 stars in total. These need
between the two components? To in elemental abundances allows us to cut to be sampled at 10 to 20 different
address these important questions, we the sample in 0.1-dex width in abundance Galactocentric radii and altitudes dis-
need large and unbiased samples of space. Sampling the abundance plane sected in metallicity to pinpoint the radial
stars beyond the solar neighbourhood in [α/Fe] versus [Fe/H] meaningfully would pattern of heating. With these estimates,
that cover a broad range of distances, thus require on the order of 50 abundance one would need on the order of 2.5 million
from the inner to the outer regions of the groups times 100 stars. The total sample stars to comprehensively address the
Galactic disc. size in this survey thus allows us to map formation of the Galactic components.
out these populations at about 400 loca-
– What is the Galactic bulge? tions. This will enable us to distinguish
The Galactic bulge was for a long time the separation of elemental abundance Target selection and survey area
considered to be a single population trends between the α-poor and α-rich
with fast formation and metal enrichment. discs, and between the halo and the metal- The Bulge and Disc field star
However, recent studies have found that poor disc, and to trace the position of sub-survey
the bulge stars span a wide range of the [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] “knee” from the solar
metallicities and ages. How much of the neighbourhood, through the inner disc, The 4MIDABLE-HR selection function
bulge could still be a classical bulge and into the bulge (Hayden et al., 2011). has been designed to be simple and
and not a buckled bar (pseudo-bulge)? reproducible. The magnitude limit is set
What mass fraction in the bulge can be To resolve waves in the Galactic disc as to G = 15.5 magnitudes, which allows us
ascribed to halo stars? Can we explore seen by, for example, Antoja et al. (2018), to obtain a high-quality spectrum with the
the prominent X-shape of the bar and one needs to resolve the mean velocity of required S/N = 100 per Å in a two-hour
can we conclude — on the basis of ages the stars to better than 0.3 km s –1, which, exposure. To avoid cool main sequence
and metallicities of the stars — when the at the velocity dispersion of 50 km s –1, stars an upper limit on the absolute mag-
buckling event happened? requires 20 000 stars for each data point nitude is set to MG < 5 magnitudes. Gaia
Alexis Finoguenov 1, 2 clusters of galaxies so as to perform (DESI) and the 4MOST Cosmology
Andrea Merloni 1 dynamical estimates of the total mass Redshift Survey, provide geometrical
Johan Comparat 1 and to measure the properties of the cosmological constraints, which are
Kirpal Nandra 1 member galaxies. The survey aims to complementary; together they can con-
Mara Salvato 1 obtain p recise redshift measurements strain a larger variety of cosmological
Elmo Tempel 3, 4 of the photometrically identified bright- models.
Anand Raichoor 5 est cluster galaxies at redshift z > 0.7.
Johan Richard 6 At lower redshifts (z < 0.7) the pro- Spectroscopic identification of galaxy
Jean-Paul Kneib 5 gramme aims to sample over 15 member clusters has been a cornerstone of all
Annalisa Pillepich 7 galaxies per cluster and enable dynami- galaxy cluster surveys. Recently, this field
Martin Sahlén 8 cal mass measurements to calibrate the has expanded due to developments on
Paola Popesso 9 clusters for cosmological experiments. measurements of dynamical and caustic
Peder Norberg 10 At z < 0.2, eROSITA will also detect mass and the availability of precise mem-
Richard McMahon 11 X-ray emission from galaxy groups and berships of cluster galaxies. In the last
and the 4MOST collaboration filaments. 4MOST spectroscopic data few years, a number of large-area galaxy
from the survey will be used for optical cluster surveys have been carried out.
identification of galaxy groups down The pioneering work on this has been
1
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische to eROSITA’s mass detection limits of done within the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Physik, Garching, Germany 1013 M⊙, as well as the detection of the SDSS-IV survey (Clerc et al., 2016), with
2
University of Helsinki, Finland largest filaments for pioneering studies a goal to follow up on 4000 clusters. A
3
Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, of their X-ray emission. much larger demand on cluster follow-up
Estonia is set by the eROSITA survey, and the
4
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam goal of the 4MOST cluster survey is to
(AIP), Germany Scientific context follow up as many as 40 000 groups and
5
Laboratoire d’astrophysique, École clusters of galaxies, the precise details
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, The experimental measurement of the depending on the performance of the
Switzerland precise values of the cosmological eROSITA survey. In addition to the larger
6
Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de parameters is the accepted way to pro- number of systems, eROSITA will detect
Lyon, France gress the field of cosmology. These clusters to higher redshifts than before,
7
Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, observational measurements include: reaching beyond z = 1, which requires a
Heidelberg, Germany measuring the fluctuations of the cosmic deeper optical survey than SDSS-IV. The
8
Department of Physics and Astronomy, microwave background, which describe survey will constrain the physics of the
Uppsala universitet, Sweden the inhomogeneities of the Universe at warm baryons, which in turn traces the
9
Physics Department, Technische a redshift of 1100; geometric tests of the evolution of the cosmic feedback. In
Universität München, Germany expansion of the Universe (using Super- addition to the properties of warm inter-
10
Department of Physics, Durham novae and Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations); galactic gas in groups and clusters, X-ray
University, UK and the growth of large-scale structure emission traces the state of the warm
11
Institute of Astronomy, University of throughout cosmic time. As outlined in the gas in the filaments, which completes
Cambridge, UK Dark Energy Task Force report (Albrecht the picture of warm baryons in the Uni-
et al., 2006), no single method can con- verse and complements similar studies
strain the cosmological parameters pre- using absorption techniques (Nicastro et
Groups and clusters of galaxies are a cisely and a combination of methods is al., 2018).
current focus of astronomical research required.
owing to their role in determining the
environmental effects on galaxies and The performance of a particular survey Specific scientific goals
the constraints they provide to cosmol- is judged by its ability to constrain the
ogy. The eROSITA X-ray telescope on dark energy equation of state. The 4MOST The primary scientific goal of the survey
board the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma spectroscopic survey will provide the vali- is to provide a spectroscopic study of
observatory will be launched in 2019 dation of the cluster catalogue produced 40 000 groups and clusters of galaxies
and will have completed eight scans of by the eROSITA survey, which tests cos- within the German eROSITA sky (for
the full sky when 4MOST starts operat- mology through the growth of structure details of the eROSITA survey, see Merloni
ing. The experiment will detect groups as reflected in the mass function of gal- et al., 2012), reaching a redshift of 1.4
and clusters of galaxies through X-ray axy clusters, and it belongs to the highest to maximise the expected cosmological
emission from the hot intergalactic tier of dark energy experiments. The performance of the survey (for details of
medium. The purpose of the 4MOST 4MOST eROSITA Galaxy Cluster Redshift the cosmological forecast, see Pillepich
eROSITA Galaxy Cluster Redshift Sur- Survey is the only currently planned et al., 2018). The primary uses of the
vey is to provide spectroscopic red- large-scale programme of this kind. Other 4MOST spectroscopic observations per-
shifts of the optical counterparts to the redshift survey experiments, such as the formed for the eROSITA Galaxy Cluster
X-ray emission from 40 000 groups and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument Redshift Survey are:
Andrea Merloni 1 the spectroscopic capabilities of a standing of how the relationship between
David A. Alexander 2 4-metre-class telescope, allowing us to AGN and their host galaxies evolves as
Manda Banerji 3 reach completeness levels of ~ 80–90% a function of redshift, AGN luminosity,
Thomas Boller 1 for all X-ray selected active galactic nuclear obscuration, host galaxy mass,
Johan Comparat 1 nuclei with fluxes f 0.5–2 keV > 10 –14 erg s –1 star formation properties, and large-scale
Tom Dwelly 1 cm –2; this is about a factor of 30 deeper environment. A complete AGN sample
Sotiria Fotopoulou 2 than the ROSAT all-sky survey. With of hundreds of thousands of sources with
Richard McMahon 3 these data we will determine the physi- spectroscopic redshifts and classifica-
Kirpal Nandra 1 cal properties (redshift, luminosity, tions is required to fully sample this multi-
Mara Salvato 1 line emission strength, masses, etc.) of dimensional parameter space. The syn-
Scott Croom 4 up to one million supermassive black ergy between eROSITA (Merloni et al.,
Alexis Finoguenov 1, 5 holes, constrain their cosmic evolution 2012), complemented by VISTA near-IR
Mirko Krumpe 6 and clustering properties, and explore and WISE mid-IR AGN selection, and
Georg Lamer 6 the connection between active galactic 4MOST will allow this to become a reality.
David Rosario 2 nuclei and large-scale structure over
Axel Schwope 6 redshifts 0 ≲ z ≲ 6. The 4MOST AGN survey will provide
Tom Shanks 2 spectroscopic identification for up to
Matthias Steinmetz 6 one million AGN out to redshifts of z ~ 6
Lutz Wisotzki 6 Scientific context over an area of about 10 000 square
Gabor Worseck 7 degrees (see Figure 1). The well under-
The presence of a supermassive black stood X-ray and mid-IR AGN identification
hole (SMBH) at the centre of virtually approaches, combined with the uniform
1
ax-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische
M every massive galaxy in the nearby and well characterised selection functions
Physik, Garching, Germany Universe is a robust observational fact. of the eROSITA and WISE all-sky surveys,
2
Department of Physics, Durham However, their formation, growth, and will ensure a highly complete AGN selec-
University, UK connection to the evolution of galaxies tion, largely independent of the presence
3
Institute of Astronomy, University of and large-scale structure remain largely of nuclear obscuration. We will aim for a
Cambridge, UK a mystery (for example, Alexander & high level of spectroscopic completenessa
4
Sydney Institute for Astronomy, Hickox, 2012). There is strong indirect for the 4MOST AGN survey to keep sta-
University of Sydney, Australia evidence that the formation and growth tistical uncertainties to a minimal level. The
5
University of Helsinki, Finland of SMBHs and their host galaxies are WISE-selected AGN will include a sample
6
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam closely related, but it is unclear what of luminous dust-obscured quasars, which
(AIP), Germany physical mechanisms are responsible for may be responsible for powerful AGN-
7
Institut für Physik und Astronomie, this close coupling. In order to discrimi- driven feedback (for example, Banerji et
Universität Potsdam, Germany nate between the varieties of different al., 2012) and may escape detection by
model predictions proposed in recent eROSITA given its predominantly soft
years, sizeable samples of active galactic X-ray response. Such a complete 4MOST
X-ray and mid-infrared emission are nuclei (AGN) over different periods and AGN sample will serve as a benchmark
signposts of the accretion of matter phases in their evolution are needed. To against which to test competing models
onto the supermassive black holes that this end, X-ray and mid-infrared (mid-IR) of SMBH formation and growth, and their
reside at the centres of most galaxies. AGN searches are less biased by obscu- connection to galaxies and large-scale
As a major step towards understanding ration effects than optical ones and pro- structure in the Universe.
accreting supermassive black holes vide a solid foundation for the most com-
and their role in the evolution of galaxies, prehensive SMBH evolutionary studies.
we will use the 4MOST multi-object X-ray selected AGN are also more com- Specific scientific goals
spectrograph to provide a highly com- plete at the low end of the AGN luminos-
plete census of active galactic nuclei ity function, where optical and mid-IR Our science goals are set out below.
over a large fraction of the extragalactic selection approaches are more affected
sky observed in X-rays by eROSITA that by host galaxy light dilution. Evolution of the most massive and
is visible to 4MOST. We will systemati- powerful SMBHs
cally follow up all eROSITA point-like Unfortunately, the current samples of X-ray The X-ray luminosity function (XLF) of
extragalactic X-ray sources (mostly and mid-IR selected AGN with spectro- moderate- and low-luminosity AGN (L X ≲
active galactic nuclei), and complement scopic redshifts are relatively small (a few 1044 erg s –1) is relatively well constrained
them with a heavily obscured active thousand; see Figure 2) compared to the as a result of extensive studies following
galactic nuclei selection approach using optically selected AGN samples available up on deep Chandra and XMM-Newton
mid-infrared data from the Wide-field from large-area surveys like the Sloan small- and medium-area surveys (see Fig-
Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Consequently, ure 2 and, for example, Aird et al., 2015).
X-ray and mid-infrared flux limits of the modest source statistics of X-ray and In contrast, the eROSITA- (and WISE-)
eROSITA and WISE are well matched to mid-IR selected AGN hamper our under- selected samples in the 4MOST AGN
– 30°
– 60°
44
and the Euclid mission); (3) radio galaxies
(and jet-dominated AGN of various
classes, as delivered by future deep and
wide-area radio surveys); and (4) large- 43
scale structures such as voids, filaments,
groups, clusters (from synergy with
SZ surveys, CMB lensing, and X-ray clus-
42
ter surveys, including eROSITA itself).
Given the excellent source statistics, the
EoR
4MOST AGN survey will also allow for the
most comprehensive measurements to –1.0 –0.5 0.0 0.5 10 0 101 10 2 10 3 104 10 5
date of the accretion rate distribution of log z # of sources
AGN as a function of redshift, luminosity, statistics, and differences in luminosi- – To cover an overall area of ~ 10 000
and host-galaxy properties. ties. The large area and the sample square degrees.
size of eROSITA and WISE will signifi- – To target both the point-like and the
SMBH and host-galaxy spectral cantly improve these studies, boosting extended optical source counterparts
measurements our knowledge of the AGN clustering of eROSITA- and WISE-selected
The 4MOST optical spectra will allow for properties. AGN with an average sky density of
direct estimates of SMBH masses for the ~ 100–120 per square degree.
large subset of AGN with broad emission Fundamental cosmological constraints – To observe the area around the South
lines using virial relations (Shen, 2013). In recent years it has been demonstrated Ecliptic pole (~ 300 square degrees)
These measurements will probe the beyond doubt that the X-ray:ultraviolet more frequently (with a cadence of
physics of accretion onto SMBHs, and luminosity ratios of unobscured quasars at least half a year) and deeper with a
will also allow for a direct investigation of follow a tight non-linear relationship. target density of ~ 200 per square
the evolution of the SMBH-host galaxy This allows them to be used as “standard degree.
scaling relations out to z ~ 3. For the candles” to probe the geometry of the – To robustly measure redshifts for faint
population of lower-redshift AGN (z < 1) expanding universe out to z ~ 6, in much targets (down to r = 22.5–23.0 magni-
the well calibrated (see Science below) the same way that type Ia Supernovae tudes) and to derive physical character-
medium-resolution (R ~ 6500) spectra will have been used at z < 1 (Risaliti & Lusso, istics of the brighter sources from high
also deliver quantitative measurements 2018). The large AGN sample from S/N optical spectra.
of a wide variety of AGN host-galaxy eROSITA will provide excellent source – To achieve good (better than 10%
properties (stellar masses, star formation statistics to improve the current cosmo- accuracy) relative flux calibration so as
rates, dust reddening, stellar population logical constraints, particularly thanks to use AGN and host galaxy continuum
ages, and metallicities; see, for example, to a few 104 z > 3 quasars, which offer measurements to derive physical char-
Menzel et al., 2016) and the identifica- unique probes of the expansion history acteristics from continuum and emis-
tion of AGN-driven outflows to constrain of the universe at high redshift. sion-line flux measurements.
their impact on the star formation in the
host galaxy (for example, Harrison, 2017). Constraining AGN accretion physics
In addition, the LRS resolution will allow via variability study Target selection and survey area
unambiguous identification of the [O II] The survey area close to the South
doublet in the redshift range where it is Ecliptic Pole (Deep survey, see below) The goal for the 4MOST AGN survey is
the only feature in the spectrum with high will be revisited at X-ray wavelengths to obtain spectra for ~ 80–90% of the
signal to noise (S/N). This could be par- several times thanks to the eROSITA X-ray and mid-IR selected AGN samples
ticularly important for the faint, obscured scanning strategy (Merloni et al., 2012), to yield redshifts for up to one million
WISE AGN targets. and will also be covered by a denser AGN. The survey area is defined by the
tiling of 4MOST pointings, because of the eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey whose
AGN activity and the large-scale high source density in this region (which proprietary data rights lie with the MPE-
environment includes the LMC targets). This will allow led German Consortium. eROSITA will
The measurement of the spatial cluster- for additional unique scientific opportu observe most of the area to a relatively
ing of AGN has emerged as a major way nities for the study of time-variable AGN, uniform depth with two deeper regions
to investigate the relationship between including eclipsing sources, variable around the ecliptic poles. We have there-
AGN, their host galaxies and the larger- absorption and dramatic flux variability fore defined two separate sub-compo-
scale environment. AGN clustering events (“changing look” AGN). nents to the survey: the X-ray Wide Sur-
measurements have the potential to: vey, covering almost all of the German
(1) determine the distribution of AGN as eROSITA extragalactic sky visible with
a function of dark matter halo mass Science requirements 4MOST (10 000 square degrees); and
(Krumpe et al., 2015); (2) infer AGN trig- the X-ray Deep Survey, covering a circle
gering mechanisms and lifetimes; and The aforementioned scientific goals of ~ 300 square degrees centred on
(3) measure the cosmological parameters require a highly complete and uniform the South Ecliptic Pole. To these will be
(for example, via baryon acoustic oscilla- set of spectroscopic redshift measure- added a third component, the IR WIDE
tion [BAO] measurements; Kolodzig et ments over a very large area. The uni- Survey, which shares the footprints with
al., 2013; Comparat et al., 2019). Direct formity of the selection, necessary to the X-ray Wide area, and selects targets
measurements of the 3D spatial cluster- achieve most of the science goals, will based on their WISE mid-IR properties.
ing in X-ray selected AGN samples at be guaranteed by the well-understood
z > 1 have mostly been limited to medium- and uniform eROSITA and WISE selection The target selection of the eROSITA
deep area surveys of only a few square functions, provided that nearly complete sources is straightforward — all eROSITA
degrees. These studies suggest that z ~ 1 counterpart identification and successful X-ray detected point sources within the
X-ray selected AGN are more clustered spectroscopic redshift measurements 4MOST extragalactic footprints will be
than optically selected AGN. However, are achieved. These simple goals drive targeted with the Low-Resolution Spec-
the results remain uncertain owing to the most of the science requirements, which trograph (LRS) fibres. The eROSITA PSF
effects of cosmic variance, small number we list here. (~ 28-arcsecond half energy width) is
s ufficient to distinguish X-ray AGN (and al., 2016). The BOSS campaign targeted Table 1. Summary of 4MOST AGN survey character-
istics: (1) area covered, requirements; (2) average
stars) from the most common extended XMM-Newton AGN with counterparts
target density; for the IR Wide survey, we quote the
X-ray sources (clusters of galaxies; Clerc brighter than r = 22.5 magnitudes to be total number of unique targets, after accounting for
et al., 2018). In the X-ray Wide Survey, we representative of the 4MOST targets. duplicates with the X-ray Wide survey; (3) approxi-
expect ~ 90% of the eROSITA sources Taking a < 3% failure rate as a target mate limiting optical magnitudes; (4) total number of
spectra to be obtained in order to satisfy the spectral
with f 0.5–2 keV > 10 –14 erg s –1 cm –2 to be threshold, and scaling for the different
success criteria.
brighter than r = 22.8 magnitudes; in the resolutions of the BOSS and 4MOST LRS,
X-ray Deep Survey we expect ~ 90% of we obtain the following S/N estimates per
the sources with f 0.5–2 keV > 5 × 10 –15 erg pixel thresholds: 2.1, 2.4 and 2.8 for the
s –1 cm –2 to be brighter than r = 23.4 mag- three arms of the 4MOST spectrograph Menzel, M.-L. et al. 2016, MNRAS, 457, 110
Merloni, A. et al. 2012, arXiv:1209.3114
nitudes, and this sets our expected sur- (i.e., blue, green and red). It is expected
Reed, S. L. et al. 2017, MNRAS, 468, 4702
vey depth. These X-ray selected AGN will that the above criteria are very conserva- Risaliti, G. & Lusso, E. 2019, Nature Astronomy,
be complemented with near- and mid-IR tive, as they are based on continuum in press
AGN selected from the VISTA Ks and measurements for a set of objects which Shen, Y. 2013, Bulletin of the Astronomical Society
of India, 41, 61
WISE W1-W3 bands using colour selec- should contain numerous narrow emis-
tion techniques (for example, Mateos et sion/absorption lines, which will be used
al., 2012), potentially supplemented with to successfully measure redshifts. We Notes
a machine-learning approach to improve envisage that all counterparts of eROSITA-
a
ere we define completeness as the fraction of
H
the AGN-selection efficiency and com- detected point-like X-ray sources will be
X-ray and mid-IR sources in the targeting samples
pleteness (for example, Fotopoulou & observed by 4MOST with up to a maxi- for which we successfully acquire spectroscopic
Paltani, 2018). The eROSITA X-ray sources mum of ~ 2 hours exposure. The spectral redshift measurements.
will provide the majority of the AGN sam- success criteria for the WISE-selected
ple, but the WISE mid-IR AGN will be AGN will be comparable to the eROSITA-
important to select the heavily obscured selected AGN, given the similar distribu-
AGN, which will be missed because of the tion of optical magnitudes and redshifts
relatively soft X-ray response of eROSITA, (for example, Lam, Wright, & Malkan,
to give a highly complete 4MOST AGN 2018).
sample.
The overall survey figure of merit defini-
Finally we will also carry out a High-z tion is driven by the main requirement
Quasar Survey using a combination of to reach the highest possible level of
optical, near-IR and mid-IR data (for spectroscopic completeness (minimum
example, from DES, HSC, LSST, VISTA requirement of 90% for the wide surveys,
and WISE) to i < 22.5 magnitudes for and 80% for the deep one) over an area
5 < z < 6 selection, z < 22.0 magnitudes of 10 000 square degrees (Wide) and
for 6 < z < 6.5, and spectral energy dis 300 square degrees (Deep).
tribution based techniques to select and
classify the targets (for example, Reed
et al., 2017). References
Survey region Right ascension (a) Declination (δ) Area Target Target density No. of targets
(deg) (deg) (deg 2 ) selection (deg –2 ) (10 3 )
WAVES Wide North (WWN) 157 < a < 225 −3 < δ < 4 545 Z < 21.1 750 410
WAVES Wide South (WWS) –30 < a < 52.5 −35.9 < δ < −27 625 z phot ≲ 0.2 750 470
WAVES Deep (WD23) [GAMA23] −21 < a < −9 −35 < δ < −30 50 Z < 21.25 11 000 550
WAVES Deep (WD01) [ELAIS-S] 8.95 −43.70 4 z phot ≲ 0.8 11 000 45
WAVES Deep (WD02) [XMMLSS] 35.5 −5.55 4 11 000 45
WAVES Deep (WD03) [ECDFS] 53.0 −28.0 4 11 000 45 Table 1. WAVES field
WAVES Deep (WD10) [E-COSMOS] 150.12 2.50 4 11 000 45 locations and areas,
selection criteria and
Total 1236 1610
input catalogue size.
• MW Centre 12.0 h
GAMA
— MW Plane
SDSS
— Ecliptic
180
60 WAVES
120 240
60 300
0
30 8.0 h 16.0 h
–30
–60
Ongoing
VANDELS-SF VVDS-UD
24 Future
VVDS-D MOONS-W
Target selection and survey area Deep3
VVDS-W
VANDELS-passive
zCOSMOS VIPERS
22
Table 1 specifies our current survey DEVILS PFS-lowz
design, indicating the survey regions and WAVES-Deep WAVES-Wide
AGES
the selection criteria we are likely to apply 20
hCOSMOS
to our input catalogue in terms of the SHELS
GAMA
limiting Z-band flux (Z), and a photometric DESI-BGS
18
redshift estimate (zphot) based on our 2dFGRS
ugriZYJHKs data from KiDS and VIKING. SDSS
Taipan
An additional criterion is star-galaxy 16
separation, which will likely be based on
the J–Ks colour and the measured half- 6dFGS
light radius. Objects classified as stars by 14
their colour or size will not be targeted. 10 –1 10 0 101 10 2 10 3 104 10 5
Area (deg 2 )
The above survey design was derived
from a combination of factors which 10 5 WAVES
include: detailed simulations of the growth Deep3 Existing
PFS-highz
of structure; the need to reduce sample Ongoing
Future
variance to below 5% (Driver & Robotham, VVDS-D MOONS-W 10
M
VUDS
2010); observability with 4MOST; the 104 Deep2 DEVILS VIPERS
VANDELS-LBG zCOSMOS
re
ds
hif
availability of appropriate data for an input VANDELS-passive PFS-lowz WAVES-Deep ts
Density of redshifts
AGES 1M
catalogue; and declared future multi- hCOSMOS re
VVDS-W ds
wavelength survey programmes likely to VVDS-UD
SHELS hif
ts DESI-BGS
10 3 WAVES-Wide
complement and maximise the survey’s VANDELS-SF 10
0k
GAMA
legacy value (for example, those currently re
ds
hif
expected from the LSST, the Square ts
10
K ilometre Array [SKA], Euclid, and the 10 2 k re 2dFGRS SDSS
ds
Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope hif
ts Taipan
[WFIRST]). 1k
r ed
sh
i f ts 6dFGS
101
Figure 3. A comparison of recent, ongoing and
future surveys showing the competitive edge of
WAVES in the parameter space of area, limiting 10 0 101 10 2 10 3 104
m agnitude and target density. Area (deg 2 )
Near-Infrared
Optical Mid-Infrared
Far-Infrared
Ultraviolet
A typical galaxy from the
GAMA survey observed
at different wavelength
regimes.
Johan Richard 1 sion-line galaxies and quasars, totalling with spectroscopic redshift information
Jean-Paul Kneib 2 about 8 million objects over the redshift in order to construct the most precise
Chris Blake 3 range z = 0.15 to 3.5, will allow definitive available observational tests of gravity,
Anand Raichoor 2 tests of gravitational physics. Many key and mitigate the most significant system-
Johan Comparat 4 science questions will be addressed by atic effects that limit the efficacy of these
Tom Shanks 5 combining CRS spectra of these targets tests, such as the calibration of photo-
Jenny Sorce 1, 6 with data from current or future facilities metric redshifts and galaxy bias. Spec-
Martin Sahlén 7 such as the Large Synoptic Survey troscopy of the southern hemisphere is
Cullan Howlett 8 Telescope, the Square Kilometre Array vital to enable these advances; there is
Elmo Tempel 9, 6 and the Euclid mission. currently no existing large-scale southern
Richard McMahon10 hemisphere redshift survey beyond the
Maciej Bilicki 11 local Universe. DESI will survey the
Boudewijn Roukema 12, 1 Scientific context northern sky, and the future Taipan Gal-
Jon Loveday 13 axy Survey 3 and Euclid satellite will map
Dan Pryer 13 A wide variety of cosmological observa- structure in the redshift ranges z < 0.2
Thomas Buchert 1 tions suggest that, in the standard inter- and 1 < z < 2, respectively, missing
Cheng Zhao 2 pretation, the Universe has entered out the 0.2 < z < 1 interval which is key
and the CRS team a phase of accelerating expansion pro- for tracing the physical effects of dark
pelled by some form of dark energy. energy. Moreover, current deep imaging
The physical nature of dark energy is not from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) 4
1
Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de yet understood, and may reflect the and Kilo-Degree Survey (KiDS) 5, future
Lyon, France general-relativistic nature of structure for- imaging by the Large Synoptic Survey
2
Laboratoire d’astrophysique, École mation, new contributions in the matter- Telescope (LSST) 6, CMB Stage 4 experi-
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, energy sector, or new fundamental the- ments, and future radio surveys by the
Switzerland ory, such as modifications to gravitational Square Kilometre Array (SKA) and its
3
Centre for Astrophysics and Super- physics on cosmic scales. Past studies precursors, MeerKAT and the Australian
computing, Swinburne University of of the effects of dark energy have par- Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
Technology, Hawthorn, Australia ticularly focused on mapping the expan- (ASKAP), will all concern the southern
4
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische sion history of the Universe, for example, hemisphere. Southern-hemisphere spec-
Physik, Garching, Germany using baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) troscopic follow-up with 4MOST is critical
5
Department of Physics, Durham as a standard ruler or Type Ia Superno- for successfully completing the multiple
University, UK vae as standard candles. These probes science cases for these facilities.
6
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam have yielded important constraints on
(AIP), Germany the homogeneous expanding Universe, The 4MOST CRS will make a fundamen-
7
Department of Physics and Astronomy, including ~ 1% distance measurements tal contribution to tests of gravitational
Uppsala universitet, Sweden and a ~ 5% determination of the equation physics by constructing a unique red-
8
International Centre for Radio Astron- of state of dark energy. Future surveys, shift-space map of the large-scale struc-
omy Research/University of Western for example by the Dark Energy Spectro- ture for ~ 8 million galaxies and quasars
Australia, Perth, Australia scopic Instrument (DESI) 1 or Euclid 2 in the southern hemisphere out to red-
9
Tartu Observatory, University of Tartu, will improve these distance constraints to shift z = 3.5. This map will be cross-cor-
Estonia sub-percent measurements in narrow related with complementary current and
10
Institute of Astronomy, University of redshift bins. future datasets to carry out key cosmo-
Cambridge, UK logical tests. The area of overlap between
11
Sterrewacht Leiden, Universiteit L eiden, However, in order to distinguish between CRS spectroscopy and lensing-quality
the Netherlands the different possible manifestations of deep imaging is about three times that
12
Torun Centre for Astronomy (TCfA), dark energy, these measurements of currently planned for DESI, thus enabling
Nicolaus Copernicus University, Poland expansion must be supplemented by compelling and competitive science.
13
University of Sussex, Brighton, UK accurate observations of the gravitational
growth of the inhomogeneous clumpy
Universe. There are several important sig- Specific scientific goals
The 4MOST Cosmology Redshift Sur- natures of gravitational physics which
vey (CRS) will perform stringent cosmo- may be used for this purpose, including Testing gravitational physics with
logical tests via spectroscopic cluster- the peculiar motions of galaxies or clus- overlapping lensing and spectroscopy
ing measurements that will complement ters and the patterns of weak lensing Weak gravitational lensing and galaxy
the best lensing, cosmic microwave imprinted by the deflections of light rays peculiar velocities imprinted in redshift-
background and other surveys in the from either distant galaxies or the cosmic space distortions are complementary
southern hemisphere. The combination microwave background (CMB). These observables for testing the cosmological
of carefully selected samples of bright probes rely, to a significant degree, on model because they probe different
galaxies, luminous red galaxies, emis- the cross correlation of imaging datasets combinations of the metric potentials.
Name z Selected (AB) R-band Sky area Density Colour Redshift Number of targets
magnitude range (magnitude [AB]) (deg 2) (deg 2) selection completeness (10 6)
BG 0.15–0.4 16 < J < 18 20.2 ± 0.4 7500 250 J–Ks, J–W1 95% 1.88
LRG 0.4–0.7 18.0 < J < 19.5 21.8 ± 0.7 7500 400 J–Ks, J–W1 75% 3.00
ELG 0.6–1.1 21.0 < g < 23.2 23.9 ± 0.3 1000 1200 g–r, r–i 80% 1.20
QSO 0.9–2.2 g < 22.5 22.2 ± 0.7 7500 190 g–i,i–W1,W1–W2 65% 1.43
QSO-Lya 2.2–3.5 r < 22.7 22.2 ± 0.7 7500 50 g–i,i–W1,W1–W2 90% 0.38
10
0 1000
–10
100
–30
–40
–50
4MOST/CRS 10
DESI
–60
Euclid
DES
–70
ATLAS not DES
KiDS
–80 1
18 h 12h 6h 0h 24 h
Right ascension (degree)
101
70%
VHS J – WISE W1
VHS J – WISE W1
DES r – DES i
1.0
0.0 0.0
–0.5 –0.5
30% 0.5 70%
30% 9 0%
9 0%
–1.0 –1.0 %
70
0.0
–1.5 –1.5
Figure 3. Colour selection for the BG (left), LRG metric selection. In addition, colour area, which is the main criterion for high
(middle), and ELG (right), using real data (VHS, DES,
selections are applied to each target accuracy in clustering, as well as the high
and the CFHT Legacy Survey photometric redshifts).
For each tracer, we display the typical loci of the based on empirical regions in the colour- total number of targets N. Each part is
objects passing the magnitude cut reported in the colour d iagrams. The colour selections equally accounted linearly in the figure of
title: grey contours are for stars, blue/green/red con- are based on the availability of the rele- merit calculation.
tours are for objects with redshifts lower/within/
vant filters in the imaging data contained
higher than the aimed redshift range; our selections
are shown using black semi-transparent dots. in each region (combining DES as well
as the VISTA Hemisphere Survey [VHS] Acknowledgements
and WISE). The selections foreseen are We acknowledge support from the French Pro-
tuned to obtain the desired target den- gramme National Cosmologie Galaxies (PNCG),
Targets from the CRS are therefore sity, maximising the fraction of targets in the ERC starting Grant 336736-CALENDS and the
divided into the following subcategories: the desired redshift range and favouring ERC advanced Grant 740021-ARTHUS.
BG, LRG, ELG, QSO, including quasars a certain type of objects (red for BG and
probed through their Lyman-forest at LRG, blue for ELG, see Figure 3). References
z > 2.2 (QSO-Lya). This allows the survey
to cover targets at all redshifts from z = 0 Bautista, J. E. et al. 2017, A&A, 603, 12
Clarkson, C. et al. 2008, Physical Review Letters,
to z = 3.5 (Figure 2). Table 1 summarises Spectral success criteria and figure of 101, 011301
the main properties of the magnitude and merit Collett, T. E. 2015, ApJ, 811, 20
colour selections. Comparat, J. et al. 2016, A&A, 592, 121
We use the following spectral success Howlett, C. et al. 2017, ApJ, 847, 128
Kirk, D. et al. 2015, MNRAS, 451, 4424
There are two main survey regions: criteria to estimate the usefulness of a Newman, J. A. et al. 2015, Astroparticle Physics,
one larger area of 7500 square degrees given target to achieve our science goals: 63, 81
for BG, LRG, QSO and QSO-Lya targets, –B G and LRG: median signal-to-noise Risaliti, G. & Lusso, E. 2018, Nature Astronomy,
and a smaller region of 1000 square S/N > 1 per Å in continuum region arXiv:1811.02590
Roukema, B. F. et al. 2015, MNRAS, 448, 1660
degrees for ELGs (included in the larger 4000–8000 Å. Wolz, L. et al. 2017, MNRAS, 470, 3220
one). The baseline sky area (7500 square –E LG: S/N > 0.5 per Å in continuum
degrees) for CRS is constructed by com- region near 6700 Å or 9000 Å.
bining the DES, KiDS and VST-ATLAS –Q SO low-z: S/N > 1 per Å in continuum Links
area which are not c overed by DESI (Fig- region near 6700 Å. 1
ark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI):
D
ure 1). The 1000-square-degrees area – QSO Lyman-alpha: S/N > 0.1 per Å in www.desi.lbl.gov
for ELG targets is chosen within the best Lyman-alpha forest. 2
Euclid: https://www.euclid-ec.org
3
quality imaging region (KiDS-S and DES, Taipan Galaxy Survey:
https://www.taipan-survey.org
Figure 1). There is almost no overlap in These spectral success criteria are very 4
Dark Energy Survey (DES):
ELG targets with the 4MOST WAVES Sur- similar to the ones used for the eBOSS https://www.darkenergysurvey.org
vey (Driver et al., p. 46), which targets survey (for example, Comparat et al., 5
K ilo-Degree Survey (KiDS):
lower redshift sources. 2016) and correspond to our goal of http://kids.strw.leidenuniv.nl
6
L arge Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST):
reaching a certain redshift completeness https://www.lsst.org
To achieve the 4MOST CRS science at the faintest magnitudes (Table 1).
goals, it is important to reach a suffi-
ciently large target density in each target The figure of merit accounts for the
category. This density directly translates achieved surface density of successful
into a magnitude range in the photo targets and its homogeneity over a large
Maria-Rosa L. Cioni 1 et al., 2013). This has motivated many MAgellanic Stellar History (SMASH), and
Jesper Storm 1 studies aimed at explaining the structure the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experi-
Cameron P. M. Bell 1 and the star formation history of the ment (OGLE), were made possible by the
Bertrand Lemasle 2 Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), the Small development of wide-field cameras at
Florian Niederhofer 1 Magellanic Cloud (SMC) and their tidal telescopes dedicated to survey observa-
Joachim M. Bestenlehner 3 features, i.e., the Magellanic Bridge and tions for a large fraction of the available
Dalal El Youssoufi 1 Stream. Furthermore, with the increased time.
Sofia Feltzing 4 number of deep imaging observations
Carlos González-Fernández 5 we have discovered potential satellite Next to this wealth of photometric obser-
Eva K. Grebel 2 galaxies of the Magellanic Clouds and vations, which have yet to reach their full
David Hobbs 4 new stellar streams possibly associated exploitation (also including data from the
Mike Irwin 5 with tidal stripping events (for example, Gaia satellite), there is a pronounced lack
Pascale Jablonka 6 Koposov et al., 2018). of spectroscopic observations across
Andreas Koch 2 the range of stellar populations and sub-
Olivier Schnurr 1, 7 The Magellanic Clouds are the largest structures of the Magellanic Clouds. The
Thomas Schmidt 1 and most massive satellite galaxies of largest samples of moderate resolution
Matthias Steinmetz 1 the Milky Way. The LMC resembles a (at least R = 4000) spectra, suitable for
spiral galaxy, with a rotating disc, an off- kinematics and metallicity measurements,
centre bar, and a few spiral arms. Young, comprise about 9000 giant stars (for
1
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam intermediate-age and old stars show example, Dobbie et al., 2014). Chemical
(AIP), Germany different levels of substructures extending tagging, a powerful tool to discern the
2
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität to large radii. The LMC hosts the most history of stellar populations, requires
Heidelberg/Astronomisches Rechen- massive stars known today (for example, high-resolution (at least R = 20 000) spec-
Institut, Germany Bestenlehner et al., 2014). The SMC is a tra and these only exist for about 4000
3
Physics and Astronomy, University of dwarf spheroidal galaxy, with a significant giant stars and 1300 early-type massive
Sheffield, UK depth along the line of sight and a mor- stars, and for much smaller samples of
4
Lund Observatory, Lund University, phology shaped by tidal interactions (for other stellar types (for example, Nidever
Sweden example, Niederhofer et al., 2018). The et al. 2019). Despite the major scientific
5
Institute of Astronomy, University of SMC formed half of its stellar mass prior advances of these programmes, where
Cambridge, UK to an age of ~ 6 Gyr (for example, Rubele two thirds of the spectra refer to LMC
6
L aboratoire d’astrophysique, École et al., 2018). The Magellanic Bridge is stars and one third to SMC stars, they are
Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, the product of an LMC–SMC collision far from providing a comprehensive view
Switzerland ~ 200 Myr ago; it is likely formed of SMC of a system where stars span the age
7
Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory, material and it contains both gas and range of the Universe and that is strongly
Bologna, Italy stars. The origin of the Magellanic Stream, shaped by dynamical interactions.
which is made of both LMC and SMC gas
(for example, Richter et al., 2013), depends
The One Thousand and One Magellanic on the orbital history of the Magellanic Specific scientific goals
Fields (1001MC) survey aims to measure Clouds and their one-to-many interactions
the kinematics and elemental abun- with the Milky Way and with each other. The 1001MC survey aims are as follows:
dances of many different stellar popu – To find and characterise kinematic and
lations that sample the history of for Large amounts of telescope time have chemical patterns within the Magellanic
mation and interaction of the Magellanic been invested in imaging the Magellanic Clouds system.
Clouds. The survey will collect spectra Cloud stars, studying their distribution, – To study links between kinematics and
of about half a million stars with G < 19.5 and measuring their ages, distances, chemical patterns as well as their spa-
magnitudes (Vega) distributed over an and motions. A major ESO programme, tial distribution across different stellar
area of about 1000 square degrees and that will provide targets for spectroscopic populations.
will provide an invaluable dataset for follow-up studies, is the VISTA survey – To establish how the star formation his-
a wide range of scientific applications. of the Magellanic Clouds system (VMC 1), tory and the dynamical evolution of the
aimed at deriving the spatially resolved system are related to these patterns.
star formation history and three-dimen- – To study the metallicity-dependent
Scientific context sional geometry of the system. The VMC physical and wind properties of massive
is the most sensitive high-spatial-resolution stars and their evolutionary stages.
During the last decade, our view of survey of the Magellanic Clouds in the – To quantify the metallicity dependence
the Magellanic Clouds has changed sig near-infrared to date. The VMC and other of key distance indicators.
nificantly. These galaxies most likely contemporary surveys in the optical
approached the Milky Way only a few Gyr domain, such as the SMC in Time: Evolu- A comprehensive study of the kinematics
ago, rather than having orbited around it tion of a Prototype interacting late-type and chemistry of a large number of stars
for a Hubble time (for example, Kallivayalil dwarf galaxy (STEP), the Survey of the at different evolutionary phases and with
Ks (mag)
HRS targets (left) and
10 A B the LRS targets (right),
16 except for Cepheids. All
sources have G < 19.5
11 magnitudes except
A 17 C for the RR Lyrae stars
LMC
A: Main-sequence stars that extend to fainter
12
18 B: Supergiants magnitudes.
C
C: Red clump giants
13 19 D: RGB stars
: Cepheids
: RR Lyrae stars
14 20
–0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 –0.25 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25
J–Ks (mag) J–Ks (mag)
To estimate the progress of the 1001MC Acknowledgements Koposov, S. et al. 2018, MNRAS, 479, 5343
Kozlowski, S. et al. 2013, ApJ, 775, 92
survey we define a figure of merit (FoM).
We acknowledge funding from the European Nicholls, C. P. et al. 2010, MNRAS, 405, 1770
The FoM for each sub-survey is the ratio Research Council (ERC) under the European Nidever, D. et al. 2019, ApJ, submitted
of observed targets to the goal number, Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro- Niederhofer, F. et al. 2018, A&A, 613, L8
and the FoM for the whole survey corre- gramme (grant agreement No 682115 as well as Richter, P. et al. 2013, ApJ, 772, 111
from the German Research Foundation (DFG) via Rubele, S. et al. 2018, MNRAS, 478, 501
sponds to the minimum FoM among
Sonderforschungsbereich “The Milky Way System” Sana, H. et al. 2013, A&A, 550, A107
the sub-surveys. In this way each stellar (SFB 881).
population will be sufficiently represented
across the Magellanic Clouds system. Links
References
1
ISTA survey of the Magellanic Clouds system
V
Bestenlehner, J. M. et al. 2014, A&A, 570, A38 (VMC): http://star.herts.ac.uk/~mcioni/vmc/
2
Dobbie, P. D. et al. 2014, MNRAS, 442, 1663 E xpected nominal science performance of the Gaia
Kallivayalil, N. et al. 2013, ApJ, 764, 161 mission: https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/gaia/
science-performance
ESO/M.-R. Cioni/VISTA Magellanic Cloud survey. Acknowledgment: Cambridge Astronomical Survey Unit
Elizabeth Swann 1 cal detail of the objects discovered: their the accreting matter and its delayed
Mark Sullivan 2 classifications, chemistry, distances (red- response mirrored in the optical emission
Jonathan Carrick 3 shifts), luminosities, energetics — and lines of the surrounding material, can be
Sebastian Hoenig 2 ultimately their physical natures. TiDES (i) turned into a standard candle similarly
Isobel Hook 3 addresses this spectroscopic challenge to SNe Ia, but out to higher redshifts
Rubina Kotak 4, 5 with 250 000 fibre-hours of spectroscopy (Watson et al., 2011) and (ii) used to
Kate Maguire 4 of transients, their host galaxies, and directly measure the masses of the black
Richard McMahon 6 active galactic nuclei (AGN). These meas- holes (for example, Shen et al., 2016).
Robert Nichol 1 urements will allow TiDES to tackle three TiDES will establish a Hubble diagram
Stephen Smartt 4 key science goals. of AGN between 0.1 < z < 2.5, providing
an independent standard candle and
The first goal is the nature of dark energy. delivering the largest catalogue of dynami-
1
Institute of Cosmology and Gravitation, This is one of the most puzzling prob- cally measured black hole masses on
University of Portsmouth, UK lems in physics, and studying dark energy cosmological scales as a new basis for
2
School of Physics and Astronomy, is the goal of major ground- and space- understanding galaxy evolution.
University of Southampton, UK based facilities over the next decade,
3
Physics Department, Lancaster for example, Euclid, the Large Synoptic The majority of TiDES targets will come
University, UK Survey Telescope (LSST) and the Wide from LSST, which will produce millions
4
School of Mathematics and Physics, Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST). of transient alerts and photometric data
Queen’s University Belfast, UK Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) provide a on hundreds of thousands of SNe and
5
University of Turku, Finland mature and well-exploited probe of the other variable objects. TiDES will exploit
6
Institute of Astronomy, University of accelerating universe (for example, DES the fact that wherever 4MOST points in
Cambridge, UK Collaboration et al., 2018), and their use the extragalactic sky there will be known
as standardisable candles is an immedi- time-variable sources, both recently dis-
ate route to measuring the equation of covered transients, and older, now faded
The Time-Domain Extragalactic Survey state of dark energy. LSST 1, for example, events. Around 30 low-resolution spec-
(TiDES) is focused on the spectro- could assemble around 100 000 SNe Ia a trograph (LRS) fibres (2% of the total) in
scopic follow-up of extragalactic optical to z = 1, giving unprecedented insight into every pointing will be allocated to extra-
transients and variable sources the expansion history of the Universe. galactic transients, their host galaxies,
selected from forthcoming large sky But a major systematic uncertainty will and AGN. TiDES will therefore “piggyback”
surveys such as that from the Large be the photometric classification and on the general 4MOST survey strategy
Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). redshift measurement of the supernova (Figure 1) and will not normally drive the
TiDES contains three sub-surveys: (i) detections. pointing of 4MOST. In addition, 4MOST
spectroscopic observations of supernova- will regularly (twice per lunation, when
like transients; (ii) comprehensive The second goal is to study the extra schedulable) observe the four announced
follow-up of transient host galaxies to galactic transient universe. The extraga- LSST Deep Drilling Fields (DDFs). These
obtain redshift measurements for cos- lactic time-domain universe is a far more fields are also planned to be observed by
mological applications; and (iii) repeat diverse environment than was imagined the 4MOST WAVES survey (see Driver et
spectroscopic observations to enable only a decade ago. New “superluminous al., p. 46).
the reverberation mapping of active supernovae”, “calcium-rich transients”,
galactic nuclei. Our simulations predict exotic thermonuclear explosions, and
we will be able to classify transients even the newly-discovered kilonovae Specific scientific goals
down to r = 22.5 magnitudes (AB) and, (Smartt et al., 2017) have all demonstrated
over five years of 4MOST operations, how little is known about explosive tran- i. Spectroscopic classification of live
obtain spectra for up to 30 000 live sient populations. LSST will enlarge all transients (TiDES-SN)
transients to redshift z ~ 0.5, measure these populations by many orders of The aim of TiDES-SN is to observe live
redshifts for up to 50 000 transient host magnitude and likely uncover entirely new transients discovered by LSST and other
galaxies to z ~ 1 and monitor around forms of explosions. The key to studying transient surveys as soon as feasible
700 active galactic nuclei to z ~ 2.5. all of these classes of objects is spec- after discovery. The science goals for
troscopy that is rapidly prioritised, which TiDES-SN include (i) classification of live
we will implement in TiDES. SNe, including uncovering rare and unu-
Scientific context sual events, and (ii) construction of an
The third goal is cosmology and galaxy optimised training sample for the photo-
The next decade will see an unprece- evolution with AGN. AGN are the most metric classifiers that will be used to
dented sampling of the extragalactic energetic sources in the Universe, show- assemble the next generation of SN Ia
time-domain universe via massive photo- ing variability at all wavebands as mass cosmological samples.
metric surveys of the sky. Follow-up is accreted onto supermassive black
spectroscopy of photometric detections holes in the centres of galaxies. The varia- The combination of LSST discoveries and
is critical to extracting the full astrophysi- bility of the optical continuum light from fast turnaround spectroscopic data from
0°
– 30°
– 60°
Equatorial
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Objects counts per degree 2
Figure 1. An example distribution of TiDES targets techniques are fundamentally dependent Australian Telescope using the AAOmega
using an example LSST-discovered supernovae
on large, homogenous and representative spectrograph with the 2dF multi-object
distribution as input. The colour scheme shows the
typical number a of supernovae and their host galax- training samples (Lochner et al., 2016). fibre positioner, which conducted deep
ies per square degree that could be t argeted by Although TiDES-SN cannot provide a spectroscopic observations of the host
TiDES. TiDES will optimise the relationship between complete sample of SNe, it can provide galaxies of SNe discovered in 27 square
the two surveys and ensure LSST transients are in
an unbiased sampling of the whole SN degrees of imaging from the Dark Energy
the 4MOST queue.
population down to r = 22.5 (AB) magni- Survey (Childress et al., 2017). 4MOST is
tudes. When combined with the optical expected to obtain host galaxy redshifts
TiDES-SN will naturally provide spectro- (LSST) light curves, this will provide an for at least 10 times as many SNe Ia, dis-
scopic follow-up in the first days after unsurpassed training sample for future covered out to z ~ 1.
explosion for large samples of transients, photometric classifiers.
including both classical SN types, and iii. Repeat spectroscopic observations
more exotic events. Early-time observa- ii. Spectroscopy of supernova host of AGN for reverberation mapping
tions (< 3–4 days from transient detec- galaxies (TiDES-Hosts) (TiDES-RM)
tion) will allow new insights into the explo- With TiDES, we will obtain spectroscopic The primary goal of TiDES-RM is to use
sion environments and outer layers of redshifts for host galaxies of SNe that AGN broad-line lags to build a Hubble
the SN ejecta. Rare, fast transients that have faded away. This will provide: (i) the diagram out to z = 2.5, and to constrain
rise and fall rapidly and that could make SN redshifts required for LSST SN Ia the cosmological equation of state. AGN
important contributions to galactic chem- cosmology (see the LSST Dark Energy as standardisable candles are comple-
ical evolution (for example, calcium-rich Science Collaboration Document by mentary to SNe Ia, with a redshift distri-
fast transients), will also be explored sta- Mandelbaum et al., 2018); (ii) improve- bution that extends to higher redshift.
tistically for the first time. We will also ments in SN photometric classification In addition, by using two independent
target potential lensed SNe that fall within via the use of spectroscopic redshift standard candles, TiDES will be insensi-
our survey fields (for example, Goldstein priors in the classification algorithms; tive to systematic errors in any individual
et al., 2018) and other transients such as and (iii) detailed spectral information on method, thus increasing the reliability
tidal disruption events. the brighter host galaxies, such as metal- of the results. This will be particularly
licity and star formation rates. 4MOST important when constraining the equation
For SN Ia cosmology, even with TiDES, should reach r = 22.5 magnitudes in two of state of dark energy. Our goal is to
spectroscopic resources are not available hours for galaxy redshifts. This limit will extend the redshift range of current sur-
to target all candidate SNe Ia, and photo- be fainter in the deep fields, where our veys, and to exceed the state of the art in
metric classification techniques are repeat observations will allow the stack- early 2020 by at least a factor of two for
therefore critical for future SN Ia cosmo- ing of many hours of spectra. Our model reverberation-mapped AGN (King et al.,
logical analyses. But even the most is the Australian Dark Energy Survey 2015). This leads us to target around 700
advanced machine-learning classification (OzDES), a programme at the Anglo- AGN over the redshift range 0.1 < z < 2.5.
Relative flux
0.6
ter in understanding galaxy evolution.
Most current black hole mass measure- 0.4
ments outside the local universe rely on 0.2
indirect relations between black hole
mass and galaxy properties, for example 0.0
the M-sigma relation (i.e., the correlation 1.0 r = 22.0 r = 23.0
the mass of the supermassive black hole S/N = 2.2
S/N = 4.9
and stellar velocity dispersion). These 0.8
methods are prone to biases depending
Relative flux
0.6
on the spatial resolution, which becomes
increasingly problematic at higher red- 0.4
shifts. Reverberation-mapped black hole 0.2
masses have become a standard in the
local universe, and we will now push this 0.0
out to the early universe. 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Wavelength (Å) Wavelength (Å)
Science requirements Figure 2. Mock 4MOST spectra based on the areas that have a “rolling cadence”), as
4MOST ETC. Shown here is a maximum-light spec-
well as the narrow-area DDFs. We also
trum of a SN Ia at redshift z = 0.2 after “observation”
The science requirements for the three by 4MOST over a series of r-band magnitudes, require repeat observations of these
sub-surveys are as follows. and rebinned to 5 Å (light grey). The mock spectra DDFs. At the time of writing, the LSST
are calculated assuming an exposure time of 3 × observing strategy and survey area have
1200 seconds, average conditions (seeing = 1.1
TiDES-SN: Our main requirement to not been finalised, particularly with
arcseconds, airmass = 1.3) in dark time, and with
deliver our live transient science is a turn- 2% sky subtraction residuals. The black lines are regard to cadence optimisation, and this
around time from transient discovery the (weighted) Savitzky-Golay filtered mock spectra, will evolve over the coming months and
to implementation in the 4MOST sched- and the red spectra show the original template years. As a result, the exact numbers
for comparison. The mean S/N per 15 Å bin over
ule of < 3–4 days. Other requirements in this section should only be regarded as
4500–8000 Å is also given.
include a knowledge of the 4MOST point- indicative.
ings well in advance (> 7 days) of a field’s
being observed, facilitating a smooth link The current TiDES-SN strategy is to target
with our transient discovery surveys, and dependent luminosity function of AGN all bright (r < 22.5 magnitudes) live tran-
allowing us to focus our target selection and simulated C IV and Hb emission line sients in a 4MOST field. We expect there
on transients in defined areas of the sky. lags based on established lag-luminosity to be of order 5–10 a such transients in
We aim for 30 000 live transient observa- relations. Based on these lags, a five-year any 4MOST extragalactic field on any one
tions, generating datasets large enough survey duration and the 4MOST signal- night. Over five years with 180 dark/grey
to construct a meaningful training sample to-noise (S/N) estimate for grey time, we nights for extragalactic observations per
for photometric classifiers, and statistical determine the required cadence of obser- year, this equates to ~ 30 000 live tran-
samples of rare events. vations and exposure time per epoch to sients. These targets will be selected in a
recover lags for at least the targeted 700 “blind” fashion, i.e., TiDES-SN will not
TiDES-Hosts: Wherever 4MOST points, AGN. We find that we require one-hour use colour or other cuts to preferentially
LSST will have previously discovered SNe exposures, corresponding to objects with select from these objects. However, we
in the field. We will put a 4MOST fibre r < 21 magnitudes, and a typical cadence will use colour selection or contextual
on the host galaxy to measure a redshift. for repeat observations of 14 ± 4 days information to prioritise additional interest-
Our target is at least 50 000 successful over an observing semester for each ing, unusual or very early transients that
host galaxy redshifts, which will enable LSST Deep Drilling field. may be fainter than r = 22.5 magnitudes.
the largest sample of cosmological SNe
Ia by at least a factor of 10. TiDES-Hosts will preferentially select SNe
Target selection and survey area with a full (LSST) light curve. The number
TiDES-RM: The reverberation mapping of such hosts will increase with time as
survey is built on repeat observations in TiDES will target the extragalactic fields LSST builds up the variability history for
pre-defined and well established LSST of major time-domain experiments in the each field. Simulations using the expo-
extragalactic deep fields that are shared southern hemisphere. We anticipate our sure time calculator (ETC) show that, for
among several Galactic and extragalactic principal source of targets to be LSST. a typical SN Ia host galaxy, we expect
4MOST surveys. We created an AGN This will include both the wide-area LSST to be able to obtain a redshift from a
mock catalogue based on the redshift- deep-wide-fast survey (particularly those spectrum with S/N > 2 per Å. We antici-
Spectral success criteria and figures Our figures of merit (FoMs) encapsulate
of merit our broad goals — as many observa-
tions of transients and their hosts, and
Our qualitative spectral success criteria as many time lags measured as possible,
(SSC) are: a successful transient classi for use in astrophysical and cosmological
fication (TiDES-SN); a successful redshift analysis. Our total FoM function is a
measurement (TiDES-Hosts); and a weighted sum of the three sub-surveys.
successful AGN spectrum taken (TiDES- For TiDES-Hosts and TiDES-SN, the SSC
RM). The first two criteria are difficult to is represented by the error function, with
quantify. a dependence on the number of objects
targeted by 4MOST. For TiDES-RM, the
For TiDES-SN, the success will depend FoM is equal to x 1.7, where x is the ratio
on the S/N in the 4MOST spectrum, of successfully observed AGN epochs
the transient type (and hence spectral divided by the total number of AGN
features), and the amount of “contaminat- epochs requested. This functional form
ing” light from the transient host galaxy. captures the fact that no time lag can be
Supernova spectra are dominated by determined with fewer than ~ 50% of
broad features many tens of Angstroms the requested epochs being successfully
Above: Participants in the Fifth ELT Management Below: Members of the ESO Adaptive Optics
ESO/M. Zamani
Both images:
Advisory Committee in between discussions on Facility (AOF) team at the ESO Supernova Plane-
the current status of the ELT instruments. tarium & Visitor Centre. The team was awarded
the 2018 Paul F. Forman Team Engineering Excel-
lence Award by the Optical Society (OSA).
ESO Phase 1 Project Team1 The new p1 system is web-based, existing LaTeX proposals into the new
resembling the new p2 tool. This system system. Finally, the ESOFORM package
includes many new features including: — which served the community for
1
ESO allowing the Principal Investigator and decades — will be retired.
Co-Investigators (CoIs) to edit proposals
in a collaborative way; graphically plotting Please stay tuned, as there will be further
ESO announces the forthcoming deploy- target visibilities and the probability of announcements related to the new p1
ment of its new tool for the preparation realising the requested observing condi- system and its rollout via the usual ESO
and submission of observing proposals. tions; retrieving target information directly communication channels.
This represents the first part of a broader from Simbad 1; and updating a submitted
overhaul of the ESO Phase 1 system (p1) proposal (before the deadline). There
that, in the near future, will also entail a are also some practical implications: Links
significant modernisation of the Observ- each of the CoIs will need to have an 1
Simbad: simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad
ing Programmes Committee (OPC) refer- ESO User Portal account 2, and it will no 2
ESO User Portal: www.eso.org/UserPortal
eeing process and related tools. longer be possible to directly resubmit
DOI: 10.18727/0722-6691/5131
Fellows at ESO
exoplanet transit depths that can reveal instrument will be back after its upgrade
the presence of exoplanet atmospheres (CRIRES+), which will open a further
— I had the perfect platform to apply for channel towards the infrared for us, ena-
an ESO studentship here in Chile. The bling us to probe exoplanetary atmos-
then instrument scientist of FORS2, Henri pheres for heavier molecular species.
Boffin, was planning an intervention in
the optical path precisely for the purpose I have so far absolutely loved the experi-
of improving such observations. So I ence of the fellowship, where I have
applied to work with him here at ESO for learned so much about the operational
a two-year project. This turned out to and technical aspects of astronomy,
be the best decision I have ever made in being at the forefront of research in other
my life, not taking for granted the gravity areas of astronomy, and having the
of such a statement. freedom to explore different and new
ways to detect exoplanetary atmos-
During those two years at ESO, under pheres. It is this freedom in research, as
Henri’s supervision, I worked intensely well as the operational duties at Paranal,
on a number of FORS2 transmission that attracted me to ESO, and I have yet
spectroscopy datasets rigorously testing, to be disappointed. And this is not even
analysing and validating the improve- mentioning having the chance to go
ments that the interventions had made skiing and surfing on the same day from
to the aforementioned science with this Santiago!
instrument. As a consequence of this we
published a number of results in various So if I can summarise this piece in two
journals, including the first-ever detection short points, they would be: one, try not
of a long sought-after metal oxide in the to be born in the Middle East (!); and two,
atmosphere of a giant and hot exoplanet. if you have the chance to work with Henri Anna Miotello
It was due to the efficiency with which Boffin, take it.
Henri guided me through my work that I and, under the supervision of Marco
managed to fulfill the German universities’ Potenza (Milano) and Massimo Robberto
requirement for a cumulative thesis Anna Miotello (Space Telescope Science Institute,
(i.e., the requisite number of first-author STScI), I carried out a thesis project on
papers), which I defended within just If you ask my daughter what my job is, Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observa-
over two years; much to the annoyance she will surely say “the stars”. Actually, in tions of a protoplanetary disc in the Orion
of the bureaucrats at DLR, who had diffi- the kind of data I usually handle the stars star forming region to study its dust
culty re-routing the funding I had already do not shine, but you can clearly see particle properties. Marco Potenza is an
secured for the third year of my PhD back the cold gas and dust emitting at (sub-) experimental physicist in the field of
in Germany. millimetre wavelengths surrounding them optics. His expertise on dust scattering
while they form. I study protoplanetary and absorption properties was key and
Naturally, there was no doubt in my mind discs in order to understand how planets gave an interesting angle to our HST
what my next step would be: an ESO such as our Earth and her fellow Solar study. The following summer I completed
Fellowship, which I started exactly a System planets formed. The discs I am this project as part of the 2011 summer
month after the day I defended my thesis. interested in can also be observed during program at STScI. Massimo’s mentoring,
I have now been working at Unit Tele- the day using interferometers such as the together with such a high-profile interna-
scope 1 (UT1; also known as Antu) for Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter tional research experience — so different
over a year as the FORS2 fellow. During Array (ALMA). from anything I had previously seen in
this time, I have loved operating and Italy — was probably the turning point
improving its instruments. I feel very privi- At school I liked everything, ranging from that made me decide I wanted to
leged to be at Paranal just now; these philosophy to maths, from sport to art. become an astronomer. The project, in
are exciting times for the research field I got interested in physics during my last particular, was very exciting and led
of exoplanetary science. The Echelle year of high school, after meeting a me to very interesting results which were
SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and young teacher who taught us about then published in 2012.
Stable Spectroscopic Observations Einstein’s special relativity theory and
(ESPRESSO) has recently started opera- after visiting an exhibition about the Milky After the summer, I presented these
tion in single-UT mode, giving us unprec- Way. There was so much I did not know results in a poster at an ESO workshop,
edented and unparalleled precision and about this and that I could learn, so I “Formation and Early Evolution of Very
accuracy in radial velocity measurements decided to study physics at the Universitá Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs”.
of exoplanets. Soon atmospheric results degli Studi di Milano. Towards the end There, I met Leonardo Testi, who offered
will follow. Furthermore, soon the CRyo of my Bachelor’s degree it was clear that me the opportunity to carry out my Mas-
genic InfraRed Echelle Spectrometer my interest was mainly in astrophysics ter’s degree thesis at ESO in Garching.
G. Lombardi/ESO
In addition to the ESO fellowships, a My first project was to study the line
number of external fellows are hosted at emission of carbon monoxide towards a
ESO. A profile of one of these fellows is Galactic supernova remnant, IC 443,
presented here. which is interacting with ambient molecu-
lar clouds. The energetic blast wave from
the massive star exploded a few thou-
Zhi-Yu Zhang sand years ago, brutally tearing up the
interstellar medium (ISM), dissociating
I still feel moved when I recall the moment molecules, ionising atoms, and returning
that I happened to watch the Geminid newly processed elements to the gas.
meteor shower, on one freezing winter It is only a tiny part of the baryon cycle
night in 2009, during a gap in my obser- in the evolutionary history of our host
vations at Mount Graham in the USA. It galaxy, the Milky Way. Actually, I did not
was my first year as a PhD student when know much about what I was doing until
I started to learn about the Universe as I arrived at the PMO 14-metre telescope
much as possible. Actually, this observ- in Delingha on the 3200-metre high
ing trip was associated with my first Qinghai-Tibet plateau. My first observa- Zhi-Yu Zhang
successful observing proposal, which tions blew my mind. Operating a large
was to use the 10-metre Heinrich Hertz telescope, pointing it to science targets, warmer and warmer in the distant Uni-
Submillimeter Telescope to observe collecting photons, and being the first to verse, its temperature becomes almost
dense molecular gas in external galaxies. see a small “secret” of the Universe, is a equal to that of the cold, optically-dark
That day was also my birthday, full of non-stop exciting feeling. ISM in galaxies. This effect makes
surprises and fun — just like my research that ISM nearly invisible against the rising
career. Which gases form stars? This is the key glow of a warmer CMB, and thus it
question that my PhD project addressed. becomes very hard to detect molecular
I was born in the mountainous south- Only when the molecular gas is dense gas where new stars will form in distant
west region of China, in the Guizhou enough can the gas collapse by gravity galaxies. It would be like trying to see
Province, which is now well known for and initiate the formation of stars. But a swan in the snow, or the shrinking of an
hosting the Five-hundred-meter Aperture what is the density range, and what kind ocean island in a rising tide.
Spherical radio Telescope, FAST. When I of initial physical conditions matter for
was four years old, my family moved to the molecular gas? To answer these After I moved to ESO Garching as an
the eastern part of China, the Anhui prov- questions, I went to the Max Planck Insti- external fellow, my science interests
ince, where I spent a large portion of my tute for Radio astronomy (MPIfR) in Bonn, extended to elementary abundances in
childhood reading. The book series titled Germany, as a visiting student working galaxies and their evolution across cos-
“One hundred thousand Why” enlight- with Christian Henkel and Karl Menten for mic time, especially the isotopes of CNO
ened me in the exploration and under- two years. At the MPIfR, I had opportuni- elements, which in principle could be
standing of the principles that the world ties to observe with the Atacama Path- measured in the ISM. We selected C13
follows. Therefore, I selected particle finder EXperiment (APEX 12-metre) tele- and O18 isotopes as the target because
physics for my major in my bachelor scope several times; this is my favourite C13 is mostly synthesised by low- and
degree, at the University of Science and single-dish sub-millimetre facility — both intermediate-mass stars, while the O18
Technology of China (USTC) — with for its world-leading performance and for production is dominated by massive
ambitions to understand the ultimate the family feel. Onsite observing at the stars. We performed simultaneous obser-
rules of the Universe. I was involved 5000-metre high Atacama plateau, where vations of 13CO and C18O emission lines
in research into quantum information and it is extremely dry and lacks oxygen, has using the Atacama Large Millimeter/
quantum computers, which have the been my most exciting adventure. submillimeter Array (ALMA), towards a
potential to provide revolutionary technol- sample of dusty starburst galaxies at
ogy for human beings. After my PhD, I moved to Edinburgh to z ~ 2–3, less than 3 Gyr after the Big
continue research as a postdoc, working Bang. Our new measurements, com-
However, after a two-year struggle with closely with Rob Ivison. There, I started bined with 13CO/C18O ratios found in
trying to understand quantum physics, to work on galaxies in the early Universe, other types of galaxies, show a systemat-
I realised that it takes talent to make a especially on their ISM properties, includ- ically decreasing trend from galaxies
real breakthrough in fundamental phys- ing ionised gas, molecular gas and dust. with low-level star-formation to dusty
ics. Keeping an enthusiasm for physics, We realised that the afterglow of the Big starburst galaxies — indicating that more
I made a life-changing decision and Bang, the so-called cosmic microwave massive stars are needed to supply the
switched to astrophysics. Yu Gao kindly background (CMB), can seriously frus- O18 overabundance in starburst galaxies.
accepted me as a masters student at the trate our efforts to image the cold hydro-
Purple Mountain Observatory (PMO), at gen gas molecules and cosmic dust Working at ESO Garching is a unique
which point I started my astronomical life. found in galaxies in the distant Universe. experience for me. There are so many
As the CMB background becomes ongoing interesting scientific activities
every week, for example: Gas Matters, are fully independent and great minds do Acknowledgements
Informal Discussions, Knowledge meet together, as a result of which I enjoy
I would like to acknowledge the support received
Exchange Series, Wine & Cheese, AGN collaborating with ESO fellows and staff. I from the University of Edinburgh through the
Club, Journal Club, etc., not to mention learned from the ESO community that, no European Research Commission Advanced Grant
the other regular seminars and work- matter how crazy your idea is, give it a COSMICISM, 321302 (Principal Investigator:
Rob Ivison).
shops on the campus. I appreciate the good try and you will always be pleas-
chance to see so many different fields antly surprised by new discoveries, new
converge and overlap, and to learn some- physics, and challenges to classical
thing new every day. At ESO, all fellows knowledge with critical thinking.
Personnel Movements
Europe Europe
Caillier, Patrick (FR) Project Manager Aros Pinochet, Francisco Ignacio (CL) Student
Fiorellino, Eleonora (IT) Student Brucalassi, Anna (IT) Astronomer
Wassill, Sebastian, (DE) Logistics Officer De Cia, Annalisa (IT) Fellow
Escate Giribaldi, Riano (PE) Student
Flörs, Andreas (DE) Student
Guha, Rebonto (DE) Senior Clerk
Jethwa, Prashin (UK) Fellow
Kravchenko, Kateryna (UA) Student
Lucchesi, Romain (FR) Student
Patig, Markus (DE) Deputy Director for Science
Prole, Daniel (UK) Student
van de Ven, Glenn (NL) Astronomer
Watkins, Laura (UK) Fellow
Chile Chile
Azcarate, Camilo (CO) Ombuds Aguilar, Max (CL) Hospitality Operations Supervisor
Blanco Lopez, Leonardo (FR) Instrumentation Engineer Carcamo, Carolina (CL) Procurement Officer
Moulane, Youssef (MA) Student Gonzalez, Leonardo (CL) Mechanical Technician
van Holstein, Rob (NL) Student Mejia-Restrepo, Julian (CO) Fellow
Vasquez, Paulina (CL) Safety Engineer Sánchez Sáez, Paula (CL) Student
Santamaría Miranda, Alejandro (ES) Student
Subject Index APEX Band 9 Reveals Vibrationally Excited Water Witnessing the Early Growth and Life Cycle of
Sources in Evolved Stars; Baudry, A.; Herpin, F.; Galaxies with KMOS 3D; Förster Schreiber, N. M.;
Humphreys, E.; Torstensson, K.; Vlemmings, W.; Wilman, D.; Wisnioski, E. S.; Fossati, M.; Mendel,
Richards, A.; Gray, M.; De Breuck, C.; Olberg, M.; J. T.; Bender, R.; Genzel, R.; Beifiori, A.; Belli, S.;
Telescopes and Instrumentation
171, 37 Brammer, G.; Burkert, A.; Chan, J.; Davies, R. I.;
ALMA Constrains the Stellar Initial Mass Function of Davies, R. L.; Fabricius, M.; Galametz, A.;
40+ Years of Instrumentation for the La Silla Paranal Dusty Starburst Galaxies; Zhang, Z.-Y.; Romano, Herrera-Camus, R.; Lang, P.; Lutz, D.; Momcheva,
Observatory; D’Odorico, S.; 171, 2 D.; Ivison, R. J.; Papadopoulos, P. P.; Matteucci, I.; Naab, T.; Nelson, E. J.; Price, S. H.; Renzini, A.;
End-to-End Operations in the ELT Era; Hainaut, F.; 172, 14 Saglia, R.; Seitz, S.; Shimizu, T.; Sternberg, A.;
O. R.; Bierwirth, T.; Brillant, S.; Mieske, S.; Patat, MIKiS: the ESO-VLT Multi-Instrument Kinematic Tacconi, L. J.; Tadaki, K.-i.; Übler, H.; van
F.; Rejkuba, M.; Romaniello, M.; Sterzik, M.; 171, 8 Survey of Galactic Globular Clusters; Ferraro, Dokkum, P. G.; Wuyts, S.; 174, 28
The VLTI Roadmap; Mérand, A.; 171, 14 F. R.; Mucciarelli, A.; Lanzoni, B.; Pallanca, C.; Shedding Light on the Geometry of Kilonovae; Bulla,
The ELT in 2017: The Year of the Primary Mirror; Origlia, L.; Lapenna, E.; Dalessandro, E.; Valenti, M.; Covino, S.; Patat, F.; Kyutoku, K.; Maund,
Cirasuolo, M.; Tamai, R.; Cayrel, M.; Koehler, B.; E.; Beccari, G.; Bellazzini, M.; Vesperini, E.; Varri, J. R.; Tanaka, M.; Toma, K.; Wiersema, K.;
Biancat Marchet, F.; González, J. C.; Dimmler, M.; A. L.; Sollima, A.; 172, 18 D’Avanzo, P.; Higgins, A. B.; Mundell, C. G.;
Tuti, M.; & the ELT team; 171, 20 Constraining Convection in Evolved Stars with the Palazzi, E.; 174, 34
Enhanced Data Discovery Services for the ESO VLTI; Paladini, C.; Baron, F.; Jorissen, A.;
Science Archive; Romaniello, M.; Zampieri, S.; Le Bouquin, J.-B.; Freytag, B.; Van Eck, S.;
Delmotte, N.; Forchì, V.; Hainaut, O. R.; Micol, A.; Wittkowski, M.; Hron, J.; Chiavassa, A.; Berger, Astronomical News
Retzlaff, J.; Vera, I.; Fourniol, N.; Khan, M. A.; J.-P.; Siopis, C.; Mayer, A.; Sadowski, G.;
Lange, U.; Sisodia, D.; Stellert, M.; Stoehr, F.; Kravchenko, K.; Shetye, S.; Kerschbaum, F.;
New President of Council; Benz, W.; 171, 43
Arnaboldi, M.; Spiniello, C.; Mascetti, L.; Sterzik, Kluska, J.; Ramstedt, S.; 172, 24
M. F.; 172, 2 Review of the Last Three Years at ESO; Roche, P.;
A Planet with a Disc? A Surprising Detection in
171, 44
HAWK-I/GRAAL Science Verification; Leibundgut, Polarised Light with VLT/SPHERE; Ginski, C.;
B.; Hibon, P.; Kuntschner, H.; Opitom, C.; van Holstein, R.; Juhász, A.; Benisty, M.; Schmidt, Report on the ESO Workshop “QUESO:
Paufique, J.; Petr-Gotzens, M.; Siebenmorgen, R.; T.; Chauvin, G.; de Boer, J.; Wilby, M.; Manara, Submillimetre/Millimetre/Centimetre Q & U (and
Valenti, E.; Zanella, A.; 172, 8 C. F.; Delorme, P.; Ménard, F.; Muro-Arena, G.; V)”; Andreani, P.; Laing, R.; Lu, H.-Y.; 171, 46
Should I stay, or should I go? Service and Visitor Pinilla, P.; Birnstiel, T.; Flock, M.; Keller, C.; Report on the MOSAIC Science Colloquium
Mode at ESO’s Paranal Observatory; Rejkuba, M.; Kenworthy, M.; Milli, J.; Olofsson, J.; Pérez, L.; “Spectroscopic Surveys with the ELT: A Gigantic
Tacconi-Garman, L. E.; Mieske, S.; Anderson, J.; Snik, F.; Vogt, N.; 172, 27 Step into the Deep Universe”; Evans, C.; Puech,
Gadotti, D.; Marteau, S.; Patat, F.; 173, 2 Rendezvous with `Oumuamua; Hainaut, O. R.; M.; Hammer, F.; Gallego, J.; Sánchez, A.; García,
Meech, K. J.; Micheli, M.; Belton, M. S. J.; 173, 13 L.; Iglesias, J.; 171, 47
The Time Allocation Working Group Report; Patat,
F.; 173, 7 The Accretion Discs in Ha with OmegaCAM Fellows at ESO; Kakkad, D.; Bartlett, E.; Lu, H.-Y.;
(ADHOC) Survey; Beccari, G.; Petr-Gotzens, 171, 49
The SPECULOOS Southern Observatory Begins its
Hunt for Rocky Planets; Jehin, E.; Gillon, M.; M. G.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Jerabkova, T.; Romaniello, Personnel Movements; ESO; 171, 52
Queloz, D.; Delrez, L.; Burdanov, A.; Murray, C.; M.; Areal, M. B.; Carraro, G.; Celis, M.; De Marchi, Report on the ESO Workshop “Planning ESO
Sohy, S.; Ducrot, E.; Sebastian, D.; Thompson, S.; G. D.; de Wit, W.-J.; Drew, J. E.; Fedele, D.; Observations of Future Gravitational Wave
McCormac, J.; Almleaky, Y.; Burgasser, A. J.; Ferrero, L. V.; Kalari, V. M.; Manara, C. F.; Events”; Leibundgut, B.; Patat, F.; 172, 33
Demory, B.-O.; de Wit, J.; Barkaoui, K.; Pozuelos, Mardones, D.; Martin, E. L.; Meza, E.; Mieske, S.; Report on the ESO Workshop “Imaging of Stellar
F. J.; Triaud, A. H. M. J.; Grootel, V. V.; 174, 2 Panagia, N.; Testi, L.; Vink, J. S.; Walsh, J. R.; Surfaces”; Wittkowski, M.; Humphreys, L.; 172, 35
The Life and Times of AMBER: The VLTI’s Wright, N. J.; 173, 17 Report on the Workshop “Dispersing Elements for
Astronomical Multi-BEam combineR; de Wit, Life at the Extremes — Massive Star Formation and Astronomy: New Trends and Possibilities”;
W.-J.; Wittkowski, M.; Rantakyrö, F.; Schöller, M.; Evolution in the Galactic Centre; Clark, S.; Lohr, Bianco, A.; Bernstein, R.; de Ugarte Postigo, A.;
Mérand, A.; Petrov, R. G.; Weigelt, G.; Malbet, F.; M.; Najarro, F.; Patrick, L.; Evans, C.; Dong, H.; Garzon, F.; Holland, W.; Manescau, A.; Navarro,
Massi, F.; Kraus, S.; Ohnaka, K.; Millour, F.; Figer, D.; Lennon, D.; Crowther, P.; 173, 22 R.; Riva, M.; 172, 40
Lagarde, S.; Haubois, X.; Bourget, P.; Percheron, Investigating the Formation and Evolution of Massive Report on the ESO–Radionet Workshop
I.; Berger, J.-P.; Richichi, A.; 174, 8 Disc Galaxies with the MUSE TIMER Project; “Submillimetre Single-dish Data Reduction and
Modelling Data in CASA; Möller, T.; Schilke, P.; Gadotti, D. A.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Falcón- Array Combination Techniques”; De Breuck, C.;
Hogerheijde, M.; Stewart, I.; Schaaf, R.; Harsono, Barroso, J.; Husemann, B.; Seidel, M.; Leaman, Teuben, P.; Stanke, T.; 172, 42
D.; 174, 14 R.; Leung, G.; van de Ven, G.; Querejeta, M.; Report on the ESO Workshop “La Silla Paranal
Fragkoudi, F.; de Lorenzo-Cáceres, A.; Méndez- Users Workshop”; Boffin, H. M. J.; Rejkuba, M.;
Abreu, J.; Pérez, I.; Kim, T.; Martinez-Valpuesta, I.; 172, 44
Coelho, P.; Donohoe-Keyes, C.; Martig, M.;
Astronomical Science Report on the ESO–NEON Observing School at
Neumann, J.; 173, 28
La Silla Observatory; Selman, F.; Melo, C.;
Resolving the Interstellar Medium at the Peak of Beccari, G.; Boffin, H. M. J.; Ivanov, V.; Sani, E.;
Exploring the Sun with ALMA; Bastian, T. S.; Bárta, Cosmic Star Formation; Calistro Rivera, G.; Schmidtobreick, L.; Dennefeld, M.; Korhonen, H.;
M.; Brajša, R.; Chen, B.; Pontieu, B. D.; Gary, Hodge, J.; 173, 33 172, 46
D. E.; Fleishman, G. D.; Hales, A. S.; Iwai, K.; ALMA Observations of the Epoch of Planet
Hudson, H.; Kim, S.; Kobelski, A.; Loukitcheva, Fellows at ESO; Opitom, C.; Harrison, C.; Querejeta,
Formation; Andrews, S. M.; Huang, J.; Pérez, M.; 172, 50
M.; Shimojo, M.; Skokić, I.; Wedemeyer, S.; White, L. M.; Isella, A.; Dullemond, C. P.; Kurtovic, N. T.;
S. M.; Yan, Y.; 171, 25 Raymond Wilson, 1928–2018; Cullum, M.; 172, 53
Guzmán, V. V.; Carpenter, J. M.; Wilner, D. J.;
The ESO Diffuse Interstellar Band Large Exploration Zhang, S.; Zhu, Z.; Birnstiel, T.; Bai, X.-N.; Benisty, Personnel Movements; ESO; 172, 55
Survey (EDIBLES); Cami, J.; Cox, N. L.; Farhang, M.; Hughes, A. M.; Öberg, K. I.; Ricci, L.; 174, 19 The ESO Digital Object Identifier Service; Bordelon,
A.; Smoker, J.; Elyajouri, M.; Lallement, R.; A First Spectroscopic Census of the Dwarf Galaxy D.; Grothkopf, U.; Meakins, S.; 173, 38
Bacalla, X.; Bhatt, N. H.; Bron, E.; Cordiner, M. A.; Leo P; Evans, C.; Castro, N.; Gonzalez, O.; Report on the ESO Workshop “Diversis mundi: The
de Koter, A.; Ehrenfreund, P.; Evans, C.; Foing, Garcia, M.; Bastian, N.; Cioni, M.-R.; Clark, S.; Solar System in an Exoplanetary context (OPS-
B. H.; Javadi, A.; Joblin, C.; Kaper, L.; Davies, B.; Ferguson, A.; Kamann, S.; Lennon, D.; III)”; Lillo-Box, J.; Opitom, C.; 173, 40
Khosroshahi, H. G.; Laverick, M.; Le Petit, F.; Patrick, L.; Vink, J. S.; Weisz, D.; 174, 24 Report on the ESO Workshop “Proposal Submission
Linnartz, H.; Marshall, C. C.; Monreal-Ibero, A.; Tools”; Biggs, A.; Bridger, A.; Carpenter, J.;
Mulas, G.; Roueff, E.; Royer, P.; Salama, F.; Sarre, De Breuck, C.; Glendenning, B.; Iono, D.; Schmid,
P. J.; Smith, K. T.; Spaans, M.; van Loon, J. T.; E.; Testi, L.; 173, 44
Wade, G.; 171, 31
E
B
C
Evans, C.; Puech, M.; Hammer, F.; Gallego, J.;
Baade, D.; Danziger, J.; Hook, R.; Walsh, J. R.; Leon Sánchez, A.; García, L.; Iglesias, J.; Report on the
Calistro Rivera, G.; Hodge, J.; Resolving the MOSAIC Science Colloquium “Spectroscopic
B. Lucy, 1938–2018; 173, 58
Interstellar Medium at the Peak of Cosmic Star Surveys with the ELT: A Gigantic Step into the
Barcons, X.; Spyromilio, J.; Riccardo Giacconi Formation; 173, 33 Deep Universe”; 171, 47
(1931–2018); 174, 53
Cami, J.; Cox, N. L.; Farhang, A.; Smoker, J.; Evans, C.; Castro, N.; Gonzalez, O.; Garcia, M.;
Bastian, T. S.; Bárta, M.; Brajša, R.; Chen, B.; Elyajouri, M.; Lallement, R.; Bacalla, X.; Bhatt, Bastian, N.; Cioni, M.-R.; Clark, S.; Davies, B.;
Pontieu, B. D.; Gary, D. E.; Fleishman, G. D.; N. H.; Bron, E.; Cordiner, M. A.; de Koter, A.; Ferguson, A.; Kamann, S.; Lennon, D.; Patrick, L.;
Hales, A. S.; Iwai, K.; Hudson, H.; Kim, S.; Ehrenfreund, P.; Evans, C.; Foing, B. H.; Javadi, Vink, J. S.; Weisz, D.; A First Spectroscopic
Kobelski, A.; Loukitcheva, M.; Shimojo, M.; A.; Joblin, C.; Kaper, L.; Khosroshahi, H. G.; Census of the Dwarf Galaxy Leo P; 174, 24
Skokić, I.; Wedemeyer, S.; White, S. M.; Yan, Y.; Laverick, M.; Le Petit, F.; Linnartz, H.; Marshall,
Exploring the Sun with ALMA; 171, 25 C. C.; Monreal-Ibero, A.; Mulas, G.; Roueff, E.;
Baudry, A.; Herpin, F.; Humphreys, E.; Torstensson, Royer, P.; Salama, F.; Sarre, P. J.; Smith, K. T.;
K.; Vlemmings, W.; Richards, A.; Gray, M.; Spaans, M.; van Loon, J. T.; Wade, G.; The ESO F
De Breuck, C.; Olberg, M.; APEX Band 9 Reveals Diffuse Interstellar Band Large Exploration Survey
Vibrationally Excited Water Sources in Evolved (EDIBLES); 171, 31 Ferraro, F. R.; Mucciarelli, A.; Lanzoni, B.; Pallanca,
Stars; 171, 37 Chen, C.-C.; Gallenne, A.; Wylezalek, D.; Fellows at C.; Origlia, L.; Lapenna, E.; Dalessandro, E.;
Beccari, G.; Petr-Gotzens, M. G.; Boffin, H. M. J.; ESO; 174, 48 Valenti, E.; Beccari, G.; Bellazzini, M.; Vesperini,
Jerabkova, T.; Romaniello, M.; Areal, M. B.; Cirasuolo, M.; Tamai, R.; Cayrel, M.; Koehler, B.; E.; Varri, A. L.; Sollima, A.; MIKiS: the ESO-VLT
Carraro, G.; Celis, M.; De Marchi, G. D.; de Wit, Biancat Marchet, F.; González, J. C.; Dimmler, M.; Multi-Instrument Kinematic Survey of Galactic
W.-J.; Drew, J. E.; Fedele, D.; Ferrero, L. V.; Kalari, Tuti, M.; & the ELT team; The ELT in 2017: The Globular Clusters; 172, 18
V. M.; Manara, C. F.; Mardones, D.; Martin, E. L.; Year of the Primary Mirror; 171, 20
Meza, E.; Mieske, S.; Panagia, N.; Testi, L.; Vink,
Clark, S.; Lohr, M.; Najarro, F.; Patrick, L.; Evans, C.;
J. S.; Walsh, J. R.; Wright, N. J.; The Accretion
Dong, H.; Figer, D.; Lennon, D.; Crowther, P.; Life
Discs in Ha with OmegaCAM (ADHOC) Survey;
at the Extremes — Massive Star Formation and
173, 17
Evolution in the Galactic Centre; 173, 22
Benz, W.; New President of Council; 171, 43
Cullum, M.; Raymond Wilson, 1928–2018; 172, 53
M
Gadotti, D. A.; Sánchez-Blázquez, P.; Falcón- W
Barroso, J.; Husemann, B.; Seidel, M.; Leaman,
R.; Leung, G.; van de Ven, G.; Querejeta, M.; Manara, C. F.; Schneider, P. C.; Hussain, G.;
Fragkoudi, F.; de Lorenzo-Cáceres, A.; Méndez- Facchini, S.; Miotello, A.; Report on the ESO Wittkowski, M.; Humphreys, L.; Report on the ESO
Abreu, J.; Pérez, I.; Kim, T.; Martinez-Valpuesta, I.; Workshop “Take a Closer Look: The Innermost Workshop “Imaging of Stellar Surfaces”; 172, 35
Coelho, P.; Donohoe-Keyes, C.; Martig, M.; Region of Protoplanetary Discs and its
Neumann, J.; Investigating the Formation and Connection to the Origin of Planets”; 174, 44
Evolution of Massive Disc Galaxies with the MUSE Meakins, S.; Gómez, M. E.; Bordelon, D.; Grothkopf, Z
TIMER Project; 173, 28 U.; ESO Conference Proceedings 2.0 at Zenodo;
Garcia, P. J. V.; Filho, M.; Amorim, A.; Mérand, A.; 174, 38
Zhang, Z.-Y.; Romano, D.; Ivison, R. J.;
Report on the ESO–European Interferometry Mérand, A.; The VLTI Roadmap; 171, 14
Papadopoulos, P. P.; Matteucci, F.; ALMA
Initiative School “The 9th Very Large Telescope Möller, T.; Schilke, P.; Hogerheijde, M.; Stewart, I.; Constrains the Stellar Initial Mass Function of
Interferometer School”; 173, 49 Schaaf, R.; Harsono, D.; Modelling Data in CASA; Dusty Starburst Galaxies; 172, 14
Ginski, C.; van Holstein, R.; Juhász, A.; Benisty, M.; 174, 14
Schmidt, T.; Chauvin, G.; de Boer, J.; Wilby, M.;
Manara, C. F.; Delorme, P.; Ménard, F.; Muro-
Arena, G.; Pinilla, P.; Birnstiel, T.; Flock, M.; Keller, O
C.; Kenworthy, M.; Milli, J.; Olofsson, J.; Pérez, L.;
Snik, F.; Vogt, N.; A Planet with a Disc? A
Surprising Detection in Polarised Light with VLT/ Opitom, C.; Harrison, C.; Querejeta, M.; Fellows at
SPHERE; 172, 27 ESO; 172, 50
H P
Hainaut, O. R.; Bierwirth, T.; Brillant, S.; Mieske, S.; Paladini, C.; Baron, F.; Jorissen, A.; Le Bouquin,
Patat, F.; Rejkuba, M.; Romaniello, M.; Sterzik, M.; J.-B.; Freytag, B.; Van Eck, S.; Wittkowski, M.;
End-to-End Operations in the ELT Era; 171, 8 Hron, J.; Chiavassa, A.; Berger, J.-P.; Siopis, C.;
Mayer, A.; Sadowski, G.; Kravchenko, K.; Shetye,
Hainaut, O. R.; Meech, K. J.; Micheli, M.; Belton,
S.; Kerschbaum, F.; Kluska, J.; Ramstedt, S.;
M. S. J.; Rendezvous with `Oumuamua; 173, 13
Constraining Convection in Evolved Stars with the
VLTI; 172, 24
Patat, F.; The Time Allocation Working Group
J Report; 173, 7