Pag-asa National High School

Rawis, Legazpi City

“The Effectiveness of Waste Management of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City”

The Researchers:

Ann Jessamine Barizo

Angela Grace Dave

Philip Jones Brozo

Ana Chua
 Chapter 1

The Problem and It’s Setting

Introduction

Waste management is the collection, transport, processing or disposal,

managing and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials

produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect

on health, the environment or aesthetics. It is a distinct practice from resource recovery

which focuses on delaying the rate of consumption of natural resources.

Waste management has serious environmental effects making the passage

of the Republic Act (RA) 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, a

Landmark Environmental Legislation in the Philippines. The law was crafted in response

to the looming garbage problem in the country. RA 9003 declares the policy of the stage

in adopting a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management

program that ensures the protection of public health and environment and the proper

segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through

the formation and adoption of the best environmental practices. Moreover, it illustrates

the potentials and benefits of waste management in minimizing problems and in

alleviating poverty.

Nowadays, people are suffering from environmental dilemmas such as

global warming, flash floods, and etc. One of the causes of this problem is the behavior
of people towards waste management. Some people are reckless in throwing their

garbage and are unaware of the possible effects of their actions on the environment as

well as on health (Mindanao University Researchers). Rotting garbage is also known to

produce harmful gases and emanate a foul smell that mix with the air. This can cause

nausea and breathing problems especially to those who come into contact with it.

The most important reason for waste management is the protection of the

environment and the health of the population. It can also help conserve our planet's

natural beauty which can be flawed by improper management of wastes. It is a legacy

and a right for future generations and conserving it, as well as our natural resources, for

their benefit is our responsibility today. Wrong disposal of wastes can cause diseases like

malaria and dengue. It can also block the water canals in some areas and cause flood.

Certain viruses can also be a reason for diarrhea, amoebas, cholera, leptospirosis and

other severe diseases that can lead to infections and death.

In regard to this, the present study entitled "The Effectiveness of the Waste

Management System of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" will investigate how the

constituents of Pag-asa manages their wastes, because as of the latest and official census

count, Barangay Rawis has a total of 9, 644 residents by the year 2015 (NSO 2007). It is

considered as the most populated of all urban barangays. Wastes are extremely high in

Pag-asa because it occupies a huge area in barangay Rawis.

The researchers will investigate how the constituents of Pag-asa comply

with the waste management system in their area in terms of segregation, collection,

recycling and disposal.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of waste management in

Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City. Specifically, it answers the following questions:

1. What is the waste management system implemented in Pag-asa, Legazpi City?

2. What is the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa?

a. Waste Segregation

b. Waste Collection

c. Recycling Process

d. Disposal

3. What suggestion and recommendation can be given to further improve the waste

management system of Pag-asa, Legazpi City?

Objectives

1. Determine the waste management system implemented in Pag-asa, Rawis Legazpi,

City.

2. Cite the level of effectiveness of the waste management system in Pag-asa, as shown

in the practice of residents in terms of:

a. Waste Segregation

b. Waste Collection

c. Recycling Process

d. Disposal

3. Cite suggestions and recommendations to further improve the waste management

system of Pag-asa, Legazpi City.

Scope and Delimitation

The present study entitled "The Effectiveness of the Waste Management of

Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City" will use the constituents of Pag-asa as the respondents.

The objectives of this research will be to determine the waste management system

implemented in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City, identify the level of effectiveness of the

waste management system in terms of segregation, collection, recycling and disposal,

and to cite suggestions and recommendations to further improve the waste management

system of Pag-asa. This study is a quantitative research and will use descriptive design

and structured questionnaires as the research tool. The researchers will conduct the

investigation in Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City for the year 2017-2018.

This study will not focus on other waste management systems implemented

except for that of the present one. Furthermore, this study will not focus on defining

concepts related to waste and waste management; e.g. waste: past and present, waste
classification, urbanization, and waste being problematic, technological advances. This

study will not expound on the topic of psychological behavior. Similarly, this study will not

look into other barangays other than Pag-asa.

Significance of the Study

The result of this study would be a great help to the following:

Officials of Barangay Rawis. The result of this study can serve as a reference or guide

in creating programs, rules and policies concerned with waste management to further

improve their area, particularly in Pag-asa.

Residents. The result of this study will help the residents of the barangay to have a

deeper understanding of the programs, rules and policies that their barangay officials are

making. This study will also help them be aware of how their wastes should be managed

and teaches them to be responsible for their own wastes.

Other Barangays. The result of this study would be a great reference and an example

to other barangays on how waste management affects our health and community.

Barangay officials could come up or use some of the suggestions and recommendations

that would be given by the end of this research.

Students. The result of this study will help students know how their community

manages their wastes. In addition, it will give them an idea of the proper disposing and

segregating of their waste.

Future researchers. This study will serve as a reference or basis for future researchers

in conducting their study and will serve as an additional literature for their future

investigations.
 Notes

Waste Management. Regional Education and Information Center (n.d.)

Waste Management Definition, from http://www.reic.org.ba/waste-management

FFTC Waste Definition, from http://ap.fftc.agnet.org/ap_news.php

Waste Management and Waste Disposal, from http://www.conserve-energy-

future.com/waste-management-and-waste-disposal-methods.php
 Chapter 2

This chapter presents the related literature, related studies, synthesis of the

art, theoretical and conceptual frameworks, the gap to be bridged by the study and the

definition of terms.

Related Literature

According to World Health Organization (2011) the term ‘solid waste’ is used

to include all non-liquid wastes generated by human activity and a range of solid waste

material resulting from disasters, such as general domestic garbage such as food waste,

ash and packaging materials; human faeces disposed of in garbage; emergency waste

such as plastic water bottles and packaging from other emergency supplies; rubble

resulting from the disaster; mud and slurry deposited by the natural disaster; and allen

trees and rocks obstructing transport and communications. Other specialist wastes, such

as medical waste from hospitals and toxic waste from industry, will also need to be dealt

with urgently, but they are not covered by this technical note.

Saley, J. B. (2012), "Baguio Sun Star Baguio" stated that the Municipal

Council enacted an ordinance establishing solid waste management known as “Perkash

Fashura Ordinance Na Isadanga.” The ordinance prohibits dumping of garbage anywhere

other than those recognized and established garbage facilities; dumping of unclean and

unsegregated waste at the redemption center or facility; discharging of human feces

along the creeks and rivers; throwing of wastes in creeks, rivers, public places such as

roads, sidewalks and establishments and burning of garbage particularly non-

biodegradable wastes. It also requires residents to practice segregation of wastes at

source. Reusable solid wastes such as bottles, plastics, cellophanes and papers shall be

brought to the barangay material recovery facility duly segregated or directly to the agent-

buyers. Non-recyclable materials and special solid wastes will be brought to the material

recovery facility, while hazardous wastes or chemicals will be disposed in coordination

with concerned government agencies according to prescribed methods. The local

government is responsible for collecting reusable, recyclable and non-biodegradable

waste materials from the material recovery facilities; and transporting them to the

recycling centers and or to the municipal material recovery facility. Collection of

segregated solid wastes is scheduled per barangay.

According to "Seminole County Property Appraiser Website" headed by

David Johnson (2012), the Environmental Protection Agency has determined a three

tiered approach for managing solid waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce

the amount material headed for final disposal. They are in order of importance: the best

way to manage solid waste is don't create waste in the first place. Buy only what you

need. Use all that you buy. Avoid heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like

paper plates and plastic silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you

use often. Reuse, the better way to manage solid waste is to reuse items and use them

over and over until they are completely worn out. Recycle is taking something old and

making it into something new. In Seminole County, all residents who live in a single family

home can recycle right in front of their house. Those residents who live in apartments or
condominiums can drop off their recyclables at several different locations.

Healey, J. (2010) mentioned in her book "Recycling and Managing Waste"

that waste management policies now seek to minimize waste disposal by reducing its

generation and by reusing and recycling. This book reveals the extent of our waste and

recycling practices of households, and includes many tips on how to reduce, reuse and

recycle. Topics include green waste, plastics, glass, paper, metal and electronic waste.

Rose, C. J. (2009), stated that there are many stringent regulations

governing the treatment and disposal of waste in the UK, both onshore and offshore, and

in most other countries as well. Facilities involved in waste transfer and treatment require

licenses, and all personnel who work at such facilities require the proper kind of training

that goes with the handling of waste that can often be dangerous if not handled properly.

Waste management facilities also need to be able to respond quickly to emergency

situations. By their very nature there is rarely any warning that an emergency is about to

occur. For that reason emergency response teams need to be on standby every hour of

every day, and every day of every year. Waste management disposal and treatment can

originate from both domestic and industrial sources.

Related Studies

Chandra, Y. I. and Devi, N. (2009) conducted a case study in Mysore City

entitled "Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City". A detailed

investigation was made regarding the methods of practices associated with sources,
quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage, treatment and disposal of

Municipal solid waste in Mysore City. The data concerning to solid waste management in

Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting with people

and authentic record of municipal corporation. Photographic evidences were also made

about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal of MSW. This

study reveals that the present system of MSWM in Mysore City is not satisfactory based

on Municipal Solid Waste Management & Handling Rules 2000.

The present study has the same bearing since it will also interact with

people and use questionnaires to obtain data. However unlike the discussed study above,

the present study will not include detailed investigations regarding the methods of

practices associated with sources, quantity generated, treatment and photographic

evidences. It will only determine the effectiveness of the waste management of the

chosen barangay in terms of segregation, collection, disposal and recycling.

Another case study across North America conducted by Wholistic

Environmental Consulting (WEC, 2007), yard and food waste make up over a quarter of

all the ordinary garbage we throw away. That's 25% by weight. In the U.S., that 25% is

almost equally divided between yard waste (32.6 million tons, or 12.8% of all MSW) and

food scraps (31.7 million tons, or 12.5%). And then there's all the other organic stuff that

could be composted: all the clothing, towels, and bedding made of organic fibers, plus

wood, old furniture and sawdust. Then there's paper, which at 83 million tons accounts

for another 30% of municipal solid waste. As of 2006, the latest year for which figures
are available, over 64% of the yard waste we throw away was recovered and composted,

as was 54.5% of the paper and cardboard. Only 2.6% of food waste reached a compost

heap.

Unlike the case study conducted by the Wholistics Environmental Consulting

(2007), the present study will only focus on the effectiveness of waste management

system in the chosen barangay. Classification and measurement of the quantity of wastes

disposed by the respondents will not be included in this study.

Cristy Melloso from the University of Pasay City (BPG) published a study

that conducted a waste management research in Barangay 159, Zone 17 of Pasay City. It

was noted by the Solid Waste Management Organization of Pasay as the cleanest

barangay in the city. The researchers used survey questionnaires as the research tool

which included different questions regarding proper waste management within the

barangay jurisdiction. The collected data were tabulated and interpreted by the

researchers promptly. Results revealed that 60% of the people found the waste

management program satisfactory.

The present study has the same bearing since it aims to determine the

effectiveness of the waste management implementation on a particular barangay. The

researchers will also use questionnaires as the research tool. However, the area and

respondents vary.

Bernando (2008) documented and conducted a study about the experiences

and practices of household waste management of people in a barangay (village) in Manila,

Philippines. The data were gathered through an interview with household members using

open-ended questions. Interviews were also conducted with garbage collectors as well

as scavengers. Results showed that the households generated an average of 3.2 kg of

solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg/capita/day. The types of wastes commonly generated are

food/kitchen wastes, papers, PET bottles, metals, and cans, boxes/cartons, glass bottles,

cellophane/-plastics, and yard/garden wastes. The respondents segregate their wastes

into PET bottles, glass bottles, and other waste (mixed wastes). No respondents perform

composting. It is worth noting, however, that burning of waste is not done by the

respondents. The households rely on garbage collection by the government. Collection is

done twice daily, except Sundays, and household members bring their garbage when the

garbage truck arrives. However, there are those who dump their garbage in non-

designated pick-up points, usually in a corner of the street. The dumped garbage becomes

a breeding ground for disease-causing organisms. Some household respondents said that

it is possible that the dumping in certain areas caused the dengue fever suffered by some

of their family members. Mothers and household helpers are responsible for household

waste management. Scavengers generally look for recyclable items in the dumped

garbage. All of them said that it is their only source of income, which is generally not

enough for their meals. Most of the respondents said that garbage collection and disposal

is the responsibility of the government. The results of the study showed that RA 9003,

also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000, is not fully

implemented in Metro Manila.

 The present study has the same bearing since it will also determine the

effectiveness of the implemented waste management system in the chosen research

setting. It will also use questionnaires to obtain data. However, the study will only acquire

data from the household members, but garbage collectors and scavengers will not be

included.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored with the Waste Management Theory, a unified body

of knowledge about waste and waste management. It is founded on the expectation that

waste management is to prevent waste to cause harm to human health and the

environment. The Theory of Waste Management, as differentiated from waste

management practice, represents a more in-depth account of the domain and contains

conceptual analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the functions

and goals of waste management.

In the study conducted by E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004),

a conceptual description of waste management was offered, providing novel, dynamic

definitions of waste and waste management. The conclusion derived from their analysis

was that the simple manipulation of an object’s property is capable of turning waste into

non-wastes. They suggested that waste management is control of waste related activities,

which aims to conserve resources and protect human health and the environment.

This theory states the notion that; waste management is to prevent waste
causing harm to human health and the environment. It has the primary aim of resource

conservation. The study suggests that people should avoid waste creation by creating

useful objects primarily. Furthermore, the study suggests that the goal of waste

management is to turn waste into non-waste.

The theory of waste management would greatly contribute to achieving

the goals of waste management which is to conserve resources and protect human health

and the environment.

 Prevent waste
Resource
from causing
The Theory of harm conservation and
 Conservation of
Waste resources Protection of
 Avoidance of
Management waste creation
human health and
 Turn waste into
the environment
non-waste

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

According to Elwood, J.H. and Patashik, E. (1993), ‘waste, like beauty, is in

the eye of the beholder’. Waste was recognized as a human-related value concept. This

assessment, according to E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004), seems to

indicate that waste cannot have an objective definition. It follows that, rather than trying
to define the material, referred to as waste, we shall analyze the activity that resulted in

waste creation.

Furthermore, according to Gourlay (1992), waste is what we do not want

or fail to use. In E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004)’s analyses, they stated

that this definition embraces the idea of human activity, by pointing out the failure of

human actions that resulted in wasting.

In an effort to go a step further, and explain the reason of human failure,

Pongrácz, E. stated, ‘Waste is an unwanted, but not avoided output, whence its creation

was not avoided either because it was not possible, or because one failed to avoid it.’

According to E. Pongrácz, P. S. Phillips and R. L. Keiski (2004) however, the full

understanding of wasting was resulted by the analysis of the reasons of activities that

lead to waste creation. The fundamental concomitant of this analysis is that, if we know

the reason of wasting, we are able to devise action to prevent it.

The uppermost human achievement is ‘creating something new’ that is of

some potential benefit to mankind. That ‘something new’ includes artistic work, processes

and products. (Hubka, V. & Eder 1988). The main goal of waste management is purely

this. To be able to create something new and protect human health and the environment

by doing so.

There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in

their usage between countries or regions. One of the most widely-used concepts include:

Waste hierarchy – the waste hierarchy refers to the “3 Rs” reduce, reuse and recycle,
which classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms of

waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste

minimization strategies and aims to extract the maximum practical benefits from products

and generate the minimum amount of waste. http//www.waste_management.html.

(January 16, 2018).

According to Johnson (2012), the best way to manage waste is to not create

waste in the first place. Healey, J. (2010), also stated that, policies now seek to minimize

waste disposal by reducing its generation and by reusing and recycling.

The primary justification of regulating waste was to regulate waste disposal

(Tromans, S. 2001). However, the key to sustainable waste management is waste

minimization, in particular the reduction of waste at source (Philips, P.S. et al. 2002). The

Sixth Environment Action Programme defines waste minimization as the priority objective

of Community waste policy (C.E.C., 2001).

In the case study conducted by Chandra, Y. I. and Devi, N. (2009) in Mysore

City entitled “Studies on Municipal Solid Waste Management in Mysore City”, a detailed

investigation was made regarding the methods of practices in waste management. The

concept of this study was to know the effectiveness of the waste management system

implemented. Similarly, the researchers seek to determine the level of effectiveness of

waste management in terms of waste segregation, waste collection, recycling process,

and disposal that affects the environment, community, and human health.
 Input
Waste management system
 Segregation
 Collection
 Recycling Process
 Disposal

Process
Data gathering
 Survey
 Questionnaire

Output
• Feedback from the residents
• Enhance waste management
implementation

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Synthesis of the Art

 The review generally discussed about the methods, process, results and

findings of various studies. It also included how the researchers obtained data from the

respondents. The related studies commonly aimed to determine the effectiveness of the

waste management in their chosen research setting through interviews and

questionnaires. It mostly intended to identify the level of satisfaction and effectiveness of

the waste management system implemented in terms of segregation, collection, recycling

and disposal. However, some studies classified, categorized and measured the quantity

of wastes disposed and consumed by the respondents while others did not.

The findings gave the present study an overview of the methods and

processes in conducting this research. It enabled the researchers to understand the broad

synthesis of research.

Gap Bridged by the Study

In the study conducted by Melloso, C., from the University of Pasay, it was

revealed that 60% of the people found the waste management program satisfactory. The

present study has the same bearing since it aims to determine the effectiveness of the

waste management implementation in a particular barangay. The researchers will also

use questionnaires as the main gathering tool. However, the area and the respondents

vary. While, the Solid Waste Management Organization noted Pasay as the cleanest. The

study still failed to address important concepts related to the complete understanding of

waste management.
 Bernardo (2008), documented and conducted a study about the waste

management practices in the household in a barangay (village) in Manila, Philippines. The

results revealed that RA 9003, also known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act

of 2000, is not fully implemented in Metro Manila. This study used interview as their main

gathering instrument and used the residents of the said barangay as the respondents, as

well as the garbage collectors and scavengers. The present study has the same bearing

since it will also determine the effectiveness of the waste management system in the

chosen research setting. However, the present study will use structured questionnaires

as the main gathering instrument.

Notes
BOOK

Healey, J. (2010). Recycling and Managing Waste v.305. Australia : The

Spinney Press. Sta. Rosa City.

JOURNALS AND NEWSPAPER

Abrematea, N. L. (2012, September 1). Manila Bulletin Publishing

Corporation. Retrieved September 5, 2012, from

http://-www.mb.com.ph/

Ballados, M. T. (2010). Assessing the Solid Waste Management Practices

in Bacolod City,Philippines. Legazpi City, Philippines.

Chandra, Y. I., & Devi, N. (2009). Studies on Municipal Solid Waste

Management in Mysore City- A case study. Mysore City: China

University of Geosciences.

Saley, J. B. (August 24, 2012). Sadanga enacts on Solid Waste

Management. Baguio: Sun.Star Baguio.

ONLINE SOURCES

Bernardo EC. Solid-waste management practices of households in Manila,

Philippines. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008 Oct;1140:420-4. doi:

10.1196/-annals.1454.016. PubMed PMID: 18991942.

Evolving the Theory of Waste Management-Implicati-ons to waste minimization (PDF

Download Available). Available from:

https://-www.researchgate.net/-publication/-229015605_Evolving_th-e_Theory_
 of_Waste_Ma-nagement-Implication-s_to_waste_minimizat-ion [accessed Aug 21,
2017]

Legal bases, Review of related literature and studies http://solidwastemngt.

weebly.com/chapter-ii-rrl.html

Rose, C. J. (2009, July 22). Waste Management. ezinearticles.com.

Retrieved from ezinearticles.com: http://-ezinearticles.
com/-?Waste-Management-Dis-posal-and-Treatment&-id=2646104

Seminole County Government . (2012). Retrieved September 05, 2012,

from http://-www.seminolecountyfl.-gov/envsrvs/-solidwaste/3rs.aspx

WHO. (2011). Vector-borne disease. Retrieved September 14, 2011, from

http://-www.google.com.

ph/-search?q=diseases+tha-t+human+can+get+due+-to+mismanagement+

of+-wastes&btnG=Hanapin&

hl=tl&source=hp&rlz=-1R2ADFA_enPH392&aq=f-&aqi&aql&oq

Wholistic Environmental Consuling, L. (2007). The Sad Saga of Unwanted

Garbage. Retrieved September 4, 2011, from

http://-www.composterconnecti-on.com/site/-garbage-gripes.html

Chapter 3

Research Design and Methodology

 This chapter presents the method, designs and procedures that the

researchers used in gathering and collecting the needed data and information for the

study. The chapter includes the research design, respondents of the study, research

instrument, data gathering procedures, sampling method, statistical treatment and flow

chart.

Research Design

The researchers used the descriptive type of research. Descriptive type of

research or study is intended to describe or explain relationships among phenomena,

situations and events as they occur. The major purpose of descriptive research, is to

provide an overall "picture" of population or phenomenon by describing situations or

events (Thyer, 2001). In accordance to the definition of descriptive research, the study

aims to determine the effectiveness of waste management system in Pag-asa, Rawis,

Legazpi City in terms of segregation, collection, recycling and disposal.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study are the residents of Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi

City. 50 respondents will be randomly and purposively chosen, using random sampling.

The respondents should be a resident of Rawis for at least 10 years to be qualified for

this study.
Instrument of the Study

In order to obtain the necessary data, the researchers utilized the Likert

scale questionnaire as the main gathering instrument. The said instrument is a

questionnaire checklist which was divided into four parts; the first part was the level of

effectiveness of waste management, the second part was the effectiveness of waste

collection, the third part was the effectiveness of waste disposal and the fourth part was

the recycling process. These were rated by the respondents according to their empirical

observation. The indicators of the checklist were: 4-very high, 3-high, 2-moderate and 1-

low. The draft of the questionnaire was drawn out based on the theory of waste

management.

Data Gathering Procedure

In conducting the study, the researchers used the Likert Scale questionnaire

similarly had undertaken the following procedures during data gathering.

The researchers will ask for the approval of the research adviser and the principal

of Pag-asa National High School for the study to be conducted. Also, the researchers

identified Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi City as the locale of the study where the study would

be conducted. The researchers will request a permit from the Barangay Council of Rawis,

Legazpi City. The survey will then be conducted to get the data needed for the study. As

soon as data are gathered, the researchers will tabulate them and statistucal treatment

will be applied to interpret the result.

Sampling Method

In this study, the researchers will use the Slovin’s formula to determine the

number of respondents needed. Random sampling will be used to select respondents.

Slovin’s Formula:

n= N/1+Ne2

Where:

n = number of respondents

N = total number of population

e = margin of error of tolerance

Statistical Treatment of Data

Responses to the questionnaire by the respondents from Pag-asa, Rawis, Legazpi

City will be statistically analyzed with the data requirements of the study.

Formula for weighted mean:

X= ∑n
N

Where:

X= mean

n= number of responses

N= number of respondents
Flow Chart