First in the prosecution of offenses stated in the rule of criminal procedure under section 5 wherein “all

criminal actions commenced by a complaint or information shall be prosecuted under the direction and
control of the prosecutor. However, in MTC or MCTC when the prosecutor assigned thereto or to the
case is not available, the offended party, any peace officer, or public officer charged with the
enforcement of the law violated may prosecute the case. This authority cease upon actual intervention
of the prosecutor or upon elevation of the case to the Regional Trial Court.” The prosecutor therefore
will indict for a probable cause before it can be file to the court.

As I can recall from the procedure we discussed in our class, that the public prosecutor merely relies on
the evidence presented by the private offended party and the peace officers to determine the existence
of probable cause. The pieces of evidence presented to them are the same evidence that they will use to
prosecute the accused during the trial. This becomes problematic considering the different variables
that must be considered. To start with, the probable cause standard coupled with the fact that the
public prosecutor merely receives evidence from different parties leads to congested criminal dockets of
the courts and overworked prosecutors. Certain institutional problems also contribute to the delay in
the prosecution of cases. The lack of public prosecutors continuously hounds the service and is usually
pointed out as one of the reasons why there is delay in resolving criminal cases in the Philippines. I may
not be a pro but why not to have lawyers who can prosecute cases to help the public prosecutor to
lessen their burdens.

In addition to that, proof beyond reasonable doubt is that quantum of proof sufficient to produce a
moral certainty that would convince and satisfy the conscience of those who act in judgment. The huge
difference between probable cause and proof beyond reasonable doubt, I want to propose to raise the
threshold quantum of evidence to file a criminal case from probable cause to clear and convincing
evidence. This change in the threshold at least guarantees that the difference from proof beyond
reasonable doubt will not be that tremendous, so that the public prosecutor can only file cases that will
stand the strict scrutiny of the trial court.

Then regarding to the right to bail I know our Constitution is extra protective of the rights of the accused
because it was crafted in partial reaction to the perceived wanton persecution of militants and human
rights advocates during the martial law regime. Unfortunately, these same rights are now used,
sometimes abused by the powerful and privileged to hinder, baffle and frustrate justice. I want to
propose the right to bail to be remove from our rights, I want it to be discretionary because some culprit
overused the right to bail and just do the same offense knowing that they have this right. Or it will not
be remove as a right but the amount of bail, if repeated twice will be higher than the first bail to avoid
repetitious offense.

My next concern, the law shall require, that all cases shall have preliminary investigation at least for all
offenses punishable by imprisonment of at least 2 years, regardless of the fine, except if the accused
was arrested by virtue of a lawful arrest without warrant. To give the innocent people a chance to
defend themselves.
In the Pre Trial, the procedure takes too long to commenced and end. Why not try it once, with the
judge, defense counsel and the complainant counsel, give all the evidence needed and give a decision
right away after comparing all the evidences to cut the prolonged trial system in court.

As I observed from the Philippines’ procedure of criminal trials, the procedure is not perfect but the goal
is to have a system that is working and prevent the innocent from receiving an unjust judgment. May all
political subdivisions work hard to solve the problems that plague the system. My solutions provided to
solve the problems of public prosecutors in building a criminal case, the right to bail, the prosecution of
offenses, in the pre-trial and the preliminary investigation in the Philippines are just my suggestions.
Also, my proposals given here might be extreme, detractors are inevitable. To keep an open mind to the
changes being proposed is important. For at the end of the day, everyone is committed to one particular
goal and that goal being, for the public prosecutors to secure a just conviction.

In declaring the presumption of innocence of the accused and their right to due process of law, the
Constitution declares that the risk of letting the guilty walk free would be an error on the side of justice.
This outcome is infinitely better than imprisoning an innocent person.

MY REFLECTION

After watching this, there’s many things came in to my mind. I asked myself, “Global warming? Am I
not one of the contributors of it?” Because on how I see it, by my simple doings I can contribute on it,
just by throwing my trash anywhere I want, by just spraying perfume and also by just talking. I know the
biggest cause of global warming is the carbon dioxide released when fossil fuels, such as oil and coal are
burned for energy but because we are burning so much fossil fuel at such a rapid rate, we are putting
carbon dioxide into the atmosphere much faster than these natural processes are taking it out. There is
no longer a balance between the amount of carbon dioxide being added to the air and the amount of
carbon dioxide being removed. As a result, the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air is steadily
increasing.

Aside from that, I think human population also adds up on global warming because of population
growth, cutting of trees or what we called deforestation, and the used of non environmental products
which I admit Its hard to avoid. First, in the increase of population has had a major effect on global
warming. With more population comes the use of more cars, boats, planes, etc. Honestly, I’m using car
everyday for school and when I need to drop my sisters home. Which means in that simple contributions
I contribute major problems because in total of that it is a big threat to all of us. Even my basic needs are
dependent on fossil fuels. My water, food and fuel for heating and cooking my food.

I believe that global warming is a growing problem not just for humans living today but for the future
generations to come. The growth of the human population and the consumption adds up to an high
carbon output. For me I can see these factors affect global warming, first is the increasing consumption
among the wealthy people and second increasing population among the poor.

I know we are one of the cause of global warming because we are the steward of earth, the one who
freely moves on earth. After watching this movie, I blamed myself why cant I be more responsible on
earth which gives us protection and I also asked myself, if its not too late to help the earth to be a better
place to live in without sacrificing its health or surroundings as a student of Holy Angel University.

Everyone believes on natural causes global warming. The climate has continuously changing for
centuries. The global warming happens because the natural rotation of the sun that changes the
intensity of sunlight and moving closer to the earth. But for me it more on human influence causes
global warming. Human influence has been a very serious issue now because human do not take care
the earth. Human that cause global warming are more than natural causes global warming. The earth
has been changing for many years until now it is still changing because of modern lifestyle of human.
Human activities include industrial production, burning fossil fuel, mining, and deforestation.

First issue is industrial revolution. Industrial have been using fossil fuels for power machines. Everything
that we use is involved in fossil fuel. For example, when I buy a mobile phone, the process of making
mobile phone have involve machines and machines uses fossil fuels.. Besides industrial, transportation
such as cars is also releasing carbon dioxide. Another issue is mining. During the process of mining, the
methane will trap below the earth. Besides, rearing cattle will also cause methane because cattle
released the form of manure. However, cattle is important because it make the latter equally
responsible for reducing global warming. I remember the mining topic as I watched 24 oras in channel 7
because it talks about mining.

Next is the most common issue for me, that is deforestation. Deforestation is human influence because
human have been cutting down trees to produce papers, wood, build houses or more. If human
continuing deforestation, carbon dioxide will stay in the atmosphere because trees can absorb carbon
dioxide from atmosphere. Besides, human also release carbon dioxide when breathe. Therefore the
amounts of millions of people breath have release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. If human continue
deforestation, human breathing that release carbon dioxide will stay at the atmosphere.

Actually, I can see the effect of global warming example of it is more hurricanes occurred and economic
consequences affects us. Hurricane causes damage to houses and government spent billions of pesos in
damage and people need places to stay or have been killed. Once a disaster happens many people have
died and diseases happen. Diseases are more serious because it can spread to other people very fast
and more people will get the disease and the disease maybe come more serious because of different
weather.

We cant stop global warming but we can help to reduce and slower it for future generation. I put myself
on that
person if someday I have my own family, how cant they be affected to global warming right? If my
children can still breath a clean air outside, if they can still drink fresh water and if they can still go
outside without an umbrella? Simple questions yet alarming. For me, this short and simple video is
alarming and signifies lot of meanings. As an engineering student and don’t know much more
environmental issues. However, I believe there are several ways to reduce the impact of global warming
among the world.

To begin with, one of the main contributions to climate changes is so much use of fossil fuel, which leads
to excessive greenhouse gases emission. Everyone should take part in reduction of the burning of fossil
fuel by using public transport rather than private cars. If citizens could make an effort on saving
electricity by using air conditioner less frequently, taking shower instead of bath or using energy saving
electrics, less greenhouse gases will be emitted to the atmosphere. And also living a green life can help
the earth reduce global warming.

I believe in villa Teresita, near Holy Angel University is using solar power and also Ilocos is using wind
power which help in the reduction of global warming. Aside from that, we need the conservation of
forest, it is important to maintain the sustainable ecosystem as the forests are responsible to absorb
most of the carbon dioxide produced. More trees on sides of roads to absorb the carbon dioxide. We
should know that by protecting the tropical forests, the temperature can be lowered world wide.

For me there are solutions that we can stop global warming. However we human and governments need
to move forward to implement the global warming solutions. To reduce global warming we can do to
reduce the contribution of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Therefore, the solutions that we can
reduce global warming are reducing gasoline, electricity and our activities that cause global warming.

To reduce gasoline mean we have a choice to choose a hybrid car that reduce using gasoline this will call
the attention of WEALTHY STUDENTS. Besides, petrol price are increasing. If a student everyday drives
to school they need to pump petrol after 3 days and causes carbon dioxide. Another way to reduce
gasoline is take public transport to school. It can help reduce carbon dioxide and save cost.

Another way to reduce global warming is recycle. Recycle can reduce garbage by reusing plastic bags,
bottles, papers or glass. For instance, when we buy foods, we can use our own containers instead of
plastic bags. Another example is after finish drinking the water from the bottle, we can reuse it or use
our own bottle. If all this is being reuse, human can reduce deforestation and help save environment.
And turn off electricity if unused. It can save thousands of carbon dioxide and buy product that have
energy saving because it saves cost and save environment.

Finally, human should stop open burning such as burning dry leafs or burning garbage. It will release
carbon dioxide and toxic if burning garbage with plastic. Besides, government should reduce
deforestation because the earth temperatures are increasing. Trees will help to improve the
temperature on earth. It should not be the government who will do all these things but it should start
with us.

Overall of this, I have understood that our earth is "sick". We human need to "heal" the earth. Global
Warming have causes many problem for human but we human who make global warming happens.
Many people have died because of disease or disaster. It also affects the economics of the country.
However, we need to be reduce the global warming by using less gasoline, recycle and human should
help to reduce global warming instead of making the earth temperature increased. Our generation
should start taking care of the earth because in the next generation they will suffer if we do not do
reduce global warming. Therefore, global warming is a serious issue now. As a business student we are
learning it because we need to understand the effect of climate change that will affect us when we have
our business and we can start saving the earth.

Aside from that I think human population growth is a major contributor to global warming, given that
humans use fossil fuels to power their increasingly mechanized or modern lifestyles. More people
means more demand for oil, gas, coal and other fuels mined from below the Earth’s surface that, when
burned, spew enough carbon dioxide into the atmosphere to trap warm air inside like a greenhouse.
Contribution to global emissions grows, population size and growth rates will become significant factors
in adding the impacts of global warming.

According to the Worldwatch Institute, a nonprofit environmental think tank, the overriding challenges
facing our global civilization are to curtail climate change and slow population growth. “Success on these
two fronts would make other challenges, such as reversing the deforestation of Earth, stabilizing water
tables, and protecting plant and animal diversity, much more manageable,” reports the group. “If we
cannot stabilize climate and we cannot stabilize population, there is not an ecosystem on Earth that we
can save.”

Many population experts believe the answer lies in improving the health of women and children in
developing nations. By reducing poverty and infant mortality, increasing women’s and girls’ access to
basic human rights about on health care, education, economic opportunity, educating women about
birth control options and ensuring access to voluntary family planning services, women will choose to
limit family size. Speaking of family size. I wanna tackle family planning that will help to lessen
overpopulation, this is an undesirable condition where the number of existing human population
exceeds the carrying capacity of Earth right? Exactly! It cause global warming because we have lots of
unwilling people to help reduce the impact of global warming. It is lack of family planning, Most
developing nations have large number of people who are illiterate, live below the poverty line and have
little or no knowledge about family planning. Getting their children married at an early age increase the
chances of producing more kids. Those people are unable to understand the harmful effects of
overpopulation that cause global warming and lack of ignorance to avoid family planning measures.

The effects of overpopulation are quite severe actually. The first of these is to consume all the of
resources. The Earth can only produce a limited amount of water and food, which is the current needs.
Most of the environmental damage being seen in the last fifty years if you browse in the internet,
because of the growing number of people on the planet. They are cutting down forests, hunting wildlife
in a reckless manner, causing pollution and creating lots of problems.

Another one is rise in unemployment. When a country becomes overpopulated, it gives rise to
unemployment as there fewer jobs to support large number of people. Rise in unemployment gives rise
to crime as people will steal various items to feed their family and provide them basic amenities of life.

My solution for that is better education because One of the first measures is to implement policies
reflecting social change. Educating people helps them understand the need to have one or two children
at the most. Families that are facing a hard life and choose to have four or five children should be
discouraged. Family planning and efficient birth control can help in women making their own
reproductive choices. Open conversation on abortion and voluntary sterilization should be seen when
talking about overpopulation. Making People Aware of Family Planning is also a solution. Population of
this world is growing at a rapid pace, raising awareness among people regarding family planning and
letting them know about serious after effects of overpopulation can help curb population growth. One
of the best way is to let them know about various safe sex techniques and contraceptives methods
available to avoid any unwanted pregnancy.
Knowledge of Sex Education is also imparting sex education to young kids at elementary level should be
must. Most parents feel shy in discussing such things with their kids which result in their children going
out and look out for such information on internet or discuss it with their peers. Mostly, the information
is incomplete which results in sexually active teenagers unaware of contraceptives and embarrassed to
seek information about same. It is therefore important for parents and teachers to shed their old beliefs
and make their kids or students aware of solid sex education.