Axial Stress Calculation For Restrained Pipeline - Intergraph CADWorx - Analysis

03/03/2019 Axial Stress Calculation for Restrained Pipeline - Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis
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Axial Stress Calculation for Restrained Pipeline #39433 12/07/10 08:54 AM
Tanveer Go
Mukhtar_dup1 Hi, Advanced

Member This is with reference to B31.82008 para 833.3 Who's Online

1 registered
Registered:
05/19/02 For restrained section of pipeline the axial stress calculated by Caesar (Mrragpicker), 8
Posts: 38 is not matching with the figure obtained by code equation 833.3a. For Guests and 3 Spiders
Loc: Abu Dhabi UAE example in the attached model at node 25 the axial stress is given as online.
18337 PSI for load case #1. As per code this value should come out to Key: Admin, Global Mod,
be E*ALPHA*(T1T2) + Nu*SH =29500000*0.000006548*(70185) + Mod
0.3*33033=12304PSI Sx=Sb=0)

As I guess the axial stress reported in the stress report is March
Rx/Am+nu*SH (Rx: Axial force given in global force report Am: Pipe Su M Tu W Th F Sa
wall cross sectional area), it seems to me that the axial force reported
in global force report is higher that it should be. 1 2
Appreciate any clarification. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Thanks,
17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Tanveer Mukhtar 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31

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Edited by Tanveer Mukhtar_dup1 (12/07/10 08:55 AM)

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05/09/18 04:29 PM
Re: Axial Stress Calculation for Restrained Pipeline [Re: #39498 12/09/10 04:12 PM
Tanveer Mukhtar_dup1]
Dave Diehl
Be careful of your terms. You are comparing a column in CAESAR II
output labeled Axial Stress with the definition of Longitudinal Stress in

Member Paragraph 833.3. That axial stress column is not based on 833.3.
We have a real problem with Codes that define separate rules for Fully
Registered:
Restrained Lines. To me, a restrained line does not need a
12/14/99

Posts: 2354 comprehensive beam analysis ala CAESAR II it's all simple slide rule
Loc: Houston, TX, calculations. But you don't really know if it is fully restrained until you
USA analyze it.
Our thermal component of the stress you question is based on "more
rigorous analysis" based on the axial structural load as the thermal
strain is resisted by the pipe & soil.

Edited by Dave Diehl (12/09/10 04:13 PM)
_________________________
Dave Diehl

http://forums.coade.com/ubbthreads/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showﬂat&Number=39775&Searchpage=10&Main=8697&Words=constant&Search=true#Post39775 1/5
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Re: Axial Stress Calculation for Restrained Pipeline [Re: #39562 12/14/10 09:29 AM
Dave Diehl]
Tanveer
Mukhtar_dup1 Dear Dave,

Member Here is the problem I am facing.

Registered:
05/19/02 A pipeline is designed according to B31.8 rules. The wall thickness is
Posts: 38 sufficient to meet the requirements of 841.1.1 and combined stress
Loc: Abu Dhabi UAE requirement of 833.4. However when the same is modeled in Caesar
(with Bourdon Effects activated, to take care of bending due to
pressure expansion), it is showing overstressed in the restrained
section. I agree that a restrained line don't require beam bending
analysis, but since Caesar is showing over stress, I must explain the
difference to the authority approving the stress analysis work.

The combined stress calculated as per 833.4 and reported in "Code
Stress" column takes two values i.e SH and SL. SH is coming from the

â€œHoop Stressâ€ column while SL is the axial stress from â€œAxial

Stressâ€ column + bending stress in "Bending Stress" column. In
absence of bending the axial stress column therefore represents SL
term of B31.8.

What I feel is that difference is because of the way pressure elongation
is handled in Caesar. When Bourdon Effects are activated , the axial
stress and hence the combined stress (SHSL) exceed the true value
by a factor of approximately 0.2*SH. On the basis of my guess work, it
might be explained as below

Element expansion is calculated as

dL=Alpha*L*(T2T1)+SH/2*L/Enu*SH*L/E (1)

To completely restrain this expansion, the force exerted at the element
is

R=E*Am*Alpha*(T2T1)Am*SH/2+Am*nu*SH

This is the force which is shown in element force report
The axial stress is then calculated by

SA=SL=F/Am+nu*SH (2) (As per code equation 833.3a where ST
is replaced by R/Am as explained in Caesar documentation)

However in restrained section the only axial deflection is because of
poisson contraction, hence 2nd term in (1) above should be ignored.
Moreover poisson component has already been taken care by 3rd term
in (1) and should not be added twice in (2). The net correction
required is therefore
SH/2+nu*SH=0.2SH

As stated this is all my guess work to explain the difference and is
based upon the observed results

Best regards,

Tanveer Mukhtar

Edited by Tanveer Mukhtar_dup1 (12/14/10 09:29 AM)

Dave Diehl
Your argument may be sound but I once again must say your rules (or
better, the Code's rules for fullyrestrained lines) conflict with the

Member structural response of a collection of beam elements under load.

Registered:
The rule addresses Poisson shrinkage, CAESAR II does not.
12/14/99

Posts: 2354
Loc: Houston, TX, The Bourdon effect, in CAESAR II, will either extend straight pipe
USA
(option 1) or extend straight pipe and open bends (option 2). I might
offer that a fullyrestrained line has no response to that Bourdon effect.

I have no easy answer for your approving authority. CAESAR II is a
good engineering tool. You and your authority can exercise engineering
judgement.
_________________________
Dave Diehl

Dave Diehl]
MPB
Member I have noticed this before results for FAC=0.001 do not correspond to

FAC=1 for fully restrained pipe with bourdon effect. This could be
Registered:
09/08/06 considered as conservatism in the code stress implementation. CII
Posts: 51 overestimates fully restrained stress by about 0.2SHOOP due to its
Loc: Perth implementation of bourdon effect. Perhaps CII could adjust Fac in its
calculation based on the degree of compression, just a thought...

Edited by MPB (12/17/10 01:02 AM)

MPB]
Tanveer
Mukhtar_dup1 The effect is not limited to the restrained part of the line, but is carried
to the results of partially restrained part as well. Typically a partial

Member retrained condition occurs in buried piping between a change in

pipeline direction (bend or a tee) and fully restrained point. The max of
Registered:
05/19/02 this 0.2SH is at fully restrained point and 0 at the point of minimum
Posts: 38 restraint (bend or tee)
Loc: Abu Dhabi UAE
Moreover when defined as fully restrained CAESAR will not include
longitudinal pressure stress in axial stress calculation. Again given
axial stress (assuming compressive) will be overestimated by 0.2SH at
the point of minimum restraint and 0 for fully restrained point.

Therefore in my opinion when bourdon effects are active, 0.2SH
(tensile) should be added globally to portion of the pipeline defined as
filly restrained.

Very often thermal beam bending stresses are added to axial stress to
calculate SL and thereby equivalent stress by B31.8 equation
833.4.a/b and B31.4 equation 402.7, an approach that is questionable,
but when followed should consider this correction in axial stresses.

Best Regards,

Tanveer Mukhtar

kjn
Member The CAESAR II buried modeler will compute the appropriate axial stress

in the fully restrained buried pipeline segments as well as the partially
Registered:
05/28/07 restrained buried pipeline segments that are consistent with the design
Posts: 8 code equations. However, in order to accomplish this, the appropriate
Loc: Oman input specifications / settings / commands need to be activated
/invoked, and vary somewhat with the different code check options.

The primary items to check are as follows:


1) Make sure that the appropriate specification is activated such that the
buried modeler knows which segment(s)are buried (are to be restrained
by soil springs) and which segments are not. If this is not properly
accomplished, the axial stresses reported by CEASAR II will be
erroneous.

2) Most code equations use the outside diameter for computing stresses
in pipelines. Check to see if this option is properly specified. By default
CAESAR II will use the inside diameter, and the stresses computed by
CEASAR II will diverge from the code equations that use the outside
diameter.

3) Based on experience, it is always "safe" to invoke the "Bordon
Effects" option for buried pipeline analysis, especially when evaluating
transition areas into above ground scraper trap locations.

When visually interrogating the axial stress report, look for where the
axial stress becomes effectively "constant" from one node to the next.
This is a good indication that this reach of pipe is "fully restrained". This
relatively "constant" axial stress is the stress to check against the code
equations. You will also find that this reach of buried pipe is remote from
buried bend locations and above ground/below ground pipeline
transitions. In this manner, if your manual check against the code
equations for restrained pipe axial stress does not closely match the
CEASAR II report results, either the pipe is indeed not fully restrained
(since it is too close to buried bends or transitions) or something else is
causing CAESAR II not to recognize that the pipe is buried and is
restrained by soil springs (i.e. refer to items 1 thru 3 above).

If you cannot figure out the problem, it is always prudent to model a
simple buried pipe problem consisting of a long straight section of buried
pipe (at least 3 to 4 km) at a constant cover depth that protrudes
straight out from the ground (with no bends) at each end for 6 inches or
less, and is flanged or capped at both ends. Both ends are specified free
to move. You can then experiment with different internal pressure and
delta T load combinations. You will find that there is a distance from
each end where the pipe is only partially restrained and exhibits nodal
displacements, and then reaches a point called the "virtual anchor"
where the pipe becomes fully restrained by the soil axial friction springs
and there is no nodal displacements at these fully restrained nodes. The
axial stress at these fully restrained nodes is the stress to check the
code restrained pipe equations against.

If you are unable reach a reasonable comparison of the code equation
check against the CAESAR II results for the restrained axial stress, then
there is something still amiss with your CAESAR II input information /
specification / settings in the buried modeler. However, if you reach a
reasonable comparison of axial stress results, then your input
specification / settings in the CEASAR II buried modeler are correct, and
you can repeat the same settings in your more complex pipeline
configuration model.

The simple problem described above has a closed form solution
approximation, as described by P. J. Schnackenberg, "Pipeline Rules of
Thumb Handbook". In order to closely match this closed form solution
analysis against the CEASAR II simple model described above, you will
need to specify a very large stiffness for the CAESAR II buried modeler
axial restraint soil spring such that the full ultimate axial soil restraint is
mobilized at the slightest pipe movement.

Ken Nyman

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