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nitesh Go
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10/10/11 I have active Bourdon effect in CAESAR....but I wanna to know what
Posts: 25 CAESAR will do ...means any reference formula or logic on which 1 registered
Loc: abu dhabi, CAESAR is working. (Mrragpicker), 8
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Nitesh online.
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ANKIT_PATEL
Currently, there are no codes, equations, or technical papers that
Member mention the Bourdon effect. We have hunted in vain for such a thing for
years without success. Therefore we have a phenomenon that
Registered:
04/28/10 "everybody" knows how to use, how and when to apply, etc. but that
Posts: 65 nobody will put their name to. The reason, we believe, is because the
Loc: GUJARAT, traditional Bourdon implementation that everybody uses does not
INDIA match up with reality.
Bourdon has little to do with the pressure translation of ovalized cross
sections into circular crosssections that is the pressure stiffening
effect that most codes use to modify bend SIFs and flexibility factors.
Bourdon is an attempt to take into account the strain that the piping
undergoes when subjected to pressure. This strain is due to two
components the axial strain due to the pressure end cap effect
(roughly PD/4tE) and then the Poisson effect (axial shrinkage due to
radial and hoop expansion under pressure).
Virtually all pipe stress programs implement the Bourdon effect in the
manner first developed for the MEC21 pipe stress program, circa 1960.
This method applies pressure elongation as a uniform strain to the
entire piping system, in a way similar to thermal expansion (some
codes, such as BS 7159, actually instruct the user to convert pressure
strain to "equivalent temperature"). The actual pressure strain
calculation is done as:
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13/03/2019 Bourdon effect - Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis
e = P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro Ri * Ri) / E V P(Ri) / (Ro Ri) / E , or,
slightly more exact,but virtually identical for "thin" wall pipe:
e = [P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro Ri * Ri) / E] (1 2 V)
Where:
e = uniform pressure strain
P = pressure
Ri = internal radius
Ro = outer radius
E = modulus of elasticity
V = Poisson's ratio
In the Bourdon method, this strain is then applied throughout the
piping system, in the same manner as a thermal strain would be. The
upshot of this is
(think piping systems loaded with thermal strain):
1) On an unrestrained system (i.e., a cantilever), this leads to no
stress, nonzero displacements, and no anchor loads.
2) On a restrained system (straight pipe anchored at both open ends),
this leads to compressive stresses and compressive forces on the
restraints and zero displacements.
3) On a restrained system (straight pipe with intermediate
anchors),this leads to compressive stresses, zero anchor loads, and
zero displacements.
In real life, the situation would be:
1) On an unrestrained system (i.e., a cantilever), there would be tensile
stress equal due to the end cap effect, nonzero displacements,and an
anchor load (pressure thrust load).
2) On a restrained system (straight pipe anchored at both open
ends),there would be tensile stresses equal to the Poisson's effect (due
to hoop stress), tensile loads on the restraints, and zero displacements.
3) On a restrained system (straight pipe with intermediate
anchors),there would be tensile stresses equal to the Poisson's effect
(due to hoop stress), zero loads on the intermediate restraints, and
zero displacements.
(Note that real life piping systems are much more complicated than any
of these three scenarios.)
For all load cases containing pressure (whether Bourdon is activated or
not), CAESAR II (and probably most other pipe stress programs) then
adds the constant value P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro) to the stress due to other
loads (since this is required by most piping codes). So looking at the
implications of different scenarios:
1) On an unrestrained system (i.e., a cantilever), with no Bourdon
activated, this leads to a stress of P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro), no
displacements, and no anchor loads. Technically this is correct for
stress, incorrect for displacements, and incorrect for anchor loads.
2) On an unrestrained system (i.e., a cantilever), with Bourdon
activated, this leads to a stress of P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro),displacements
equal to
length * P(Ri * Ri) (1 2V) / (Ro * Ro Ri * Ri) / E, and no anchor
loads. Technically this is correct for stress, correct for displacements,
and incorrect for anchor loads.
3) On a restrained system (straight pipe anchored at both ends), with
no
Bourdon activated, this leads to a stress of P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro * Ro), no
displacements, and no anchor loads. Technically this is incorrect (but
conservative, as intended by most codes) for stress
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13/03/2019 Bourdon effect - Intergraph CADWorx & Analysis
(the stress should probably actually be tension equal to only the
Poisson term: V P(Ri) /(Ro Ri), correct for displacements, and
incorrect for anchor loads.
4) On a restrained system (straight pipe anchored at both ends), with
Bourdon activated, this leads to a stress equal to the end cap tension,
less the Bourdon compression, or
just the Poisson effect: V P(Ri) / (Ro Ri), no displacements, and
compressive anchor loads. So this would be correct for the stress,
correct for displacements, and incorrect for anchor loads.
5) On a restrained system (straight pipe with intermediate anchors),
with no Bourdon activated, this leads to a stress of P(Ri * Ri) / (Ro *
Ro), no displacements, and no anchor loads. Technically this is incorrect
(but conservative, as intended by most codes) for stress (the stress
should probably actually be tension equal to only the
Poisson term: V P(Ri) / (Ro Ri), correct for displacements, and
correct for
anchor loads.
6) On a restrained system (straight pipe anchored at both ends), with
Bourdon activated, this leads to a stress equal to the end cap
tension,less the Bourdon compression, or
just the Poisson effect: V P(Ri) / (Ro Ri), no displacements, and
compressive anchor loads. So this would be correct for the stress,
correct for displacements, and incorrect for anchor loads.
In our opinion, the correct answer is to model pressure elongation as
two distinct effects:
(1) a primary (force driven) load equal to the pressure end cap thrust
load, modeled at every elbow, valve seat, or other thrust surface; and
(2) a secondary (displacement driven) uniform strain equal to the
Poisson's effect of the hoop stress.
This sort of model would make each of the above layouts (as well as all
in between) work out correctly. The problem would be that this would
buck a fortyyear old trend, and probably would not be easily
implemented by most pipe stress software available today, without
modification. A secondary byproduct is that this sort of analysis would
not provide the sort of conservatism that is currently allocated to
longitudinal pressure stress by most codes.
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Re: Bourdon effect [Re: nitesh] #47134 02/02/12 11:52 PM
Richard Ay
... and this (above) can also be found using the [Search] facility here.
Member
_________________________
Registered: Regards,
12/13/99
Richard Ay
Posts: 5910
Hexagon PPM (CAS)
Loc: Houston,
Texas, USA
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