6 INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF SPANISH RULE When the Santas tie! permanently inthe Philippines ia £65 thy found th Foes eigen led ‘baray mtemente seed a and rer banks (Gre patra of yh or patennt and (bt oF downstrew) and ‘rouninges sore . One of the fist tks, ind probably she mot itil, im. posed on the missonares and che ercomendergs was to elect n't seated Pllpinos tometer in a relucen (reetlement) bajo ef son de fe campana (Under the ound ofthe bel) or Bajo Toque del eampana unde te oa of the bell). fs euly a8 1980, the Franciscans, who: arved two! yet cnt Betas at eg pate erg te ec Sy EGe thre (atead of going round chasing soa)? ‘There the shateh and convent-wooid be conscted All the New Chestion converts were required to construct thei housee, ‘Sound the church andthe unbapized were invited todo the samo, ‘This was approved without station By no ews than the ten Goremet General of the Philipps hint. ‘The reduacin plan fronted by Francsan Fe. Juan de Pasnoia tothe Syrod of Starla (1882) was approved unanimously by missionaries of al ‘he eis ote Wit the reducctin, she Spaniards atteripted to tame the reuctant Flipnos through Chetan indoctation tnt qua snore stdement patty using the concent/eass relple=a Somes, asthe fora pols. The reduccén, to the Spann ‘rye deh cl eves fo ate de Fs ew dig atizen of the Spanish crown, and in in 10 ‘make them ulimatly “tte brown Spaniard,” alopting Hispanic Culting and ctizain, "The more courageous unbeloers mong Shem who rachel Spans domination, went to the il snd Iecame renontados,cimarronesadrones monteses, malhechores br taltaner nthe aye of the Spaciaua As part of te Stang ot nteng the unwiling unbeptizedindos, he Spanish far utlized ee “INSTTUTIOWALAMivACT OF Seawusy RULE. <2 {he po ais, ound, ad rn, wl of Chitin he ad uals ~ oral snd pompous Procons sores sanded {tis dred tn labora god ond ter orbs dart May tetas of fore de ayo cen sts usar‘ Tehee of tecrcher vent the Hot was lated. edu pes lay) ant the Chetan vers Min Sones trae ote mov “Other ection ined meta phe oe oe fora. Al thew “hypotisd tne wiht of he mice Ces Sem; ilpines were en Chan runes unl dere ‘the feat ay ofthe sant ten be nar bona tapes, wilh fellteed ontiation and raced of opaar er ‘rcotscingpurpore, With the rediccién, the precoionial barangays. métamcr homed extemally and’ intemally. Exiomal changes inched fhe ‘consimetion of colenlachtrches end converis mace of stone, some of ther appeating lke slid fortes t ips the — ‘ndiog, oa well as the building of private homes of coy cunts (Gime and mortar) protected either by roots of tes or gnivanized iron sheets and provided with a wide arotea and water resevoi fabives). Changes trom without ware te conanquences of Spit trade which brought in nev cultural elements fromm tne Americas ‘sil the Pacific, alongise with counties inventory of new ‘Azide (Mexican) etnnobotani specimens ss com, camots, casa, {abaceo and numerous exotic fruit, vetabley and taediinl Derbs. The inogration af Spanish castors and values, Chan ity, and the Castian language ‘hich blended with the foc ccullur,cunsttuted the intemal change, 1. Boone INsTHYUTIONS: A. “Taxation Without Representation”. Income generating echanions ‘ere introduced by the Spanish colonial goverment {8 the Philipines consisting of direct (personal tribute an income ‘x) and indnect (customs dutios and the bandel6) taxes, toro: polis (rentosestarcoags) of special ezope and items a spits liquors (G712.1864), beta! gus (1764), tobacco (1782-1882), ‘explosives (1805-1884), and optim (1847) ‘Te buses (bute) may é paid in cash or kind, partly ot snhlly, sm pay or tobacco, ening, textes Of eve wat ad ‘pncial ‘regional produce, depending of the area of the county, ‘Im the 1870s, the tribute was fixed at elghtreies (1 real 12.4, centavos) or in Kind or "gold, Mantes, eatton, ree, belle” ahd2 STORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE ‘ised to fifteen rele tll the end of the Spanish period. Unt the mid-nineteenth century, the Filipinos were required to pay ‘he following taxes and other impostions: tbute of tan reais: llezmos predates (thes) of one resk town community cher, ‘one real! and emetorum tax for church suppor, Uoree reales, ‘Moro rads (collected since 1635 tnt the mid-19th century) vinta (gathered since 1761 1851, with some interruptions) fo oquip vintas to chold the coatal areas of Bulacan ond Pam ang, The vinta’s countarpart was the flda, collected in Cam ines Sur, Cebu, Misamis and other ittoral provinces, Carlos Lakandula of Manila, Pedro Mejien of Cavite, and Halas Topis of Cebu. Equally exempted were the labore of the penal and elery yard of Cevite, the medigulllos (Plipines who bad medical experience but no tile), vacinstors and college tind uaiversty students of Santo Tomes, Sen dose, Sen Juan de {Letan and Sen Carlos (Cebu). Anothie tex collected mat the bade, Coming trom the ‘aphog word mada around sack fhe Fatt teed), Bendel mmumed the ‘nmnng of Uw sna Sereda of ectatng of geotn pertesnry of ros ev cet at the cue of Tayabn. Papas ed the Taaog veins, ten the Her Sow! ofthe Pligg bore dhe est brant of what ‘Sid cuter Se peyton ‘oie The Spear debt tne Kapunpangrs, {er'nsanes teh some #70000 between 1610 sal IE, ‘pealeg up to P400,000 1600, Sun sahing a rl in E6081, Pampanga sroned an anni anda of 3,000 ones ‘How (a fone eost 2 has) or sppronany more an 00 ng Covrsor Setstnn Hurads Ge Corer tne (ss6ta), cau eK sere to plant on Fe bn er hie ef one: Blas, ‘agin Batangas, Taytbr and Carte Nove i ed ‘By 1884, the tribute was replaced by the eédule personal | ‘or petvnal identity pepo, equivalent to the present residence ta INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF SPANISH RULE s Sregone, wheter Fin o other anon, eshte years of age was required to pay the oSdula personal. “ B, Polo y Servicio Pertonal ot Prestacién. Penonal--Polo {etutlly is a corruption of the Tagalog pulong, otiginaly meaning ‘meeting of persons and things” or “community labor.” Draftnd laborer (potistas) were ether iipino or Chinese male mestizos rmging trom 16 to 60 yeurs old, who wore obligated to gic Bersonal service to community projects, like constiction snd ‘wpais of iftestictare, chute constriction, or culting Yoga in foresa, for forty days until 1884, when labor was reduced to fitioen days. However, one could be exempted by paying the fata (corruption of the Spanish alta, “absence,” comupted into the contemporary puyé, “absence rom wotk,”) mhich the polis [ald daily a 194 real during the 40-day peciod he wae expected fo work, ‘The. polo system. was paltemed after the Mexican "epartinien:o ox selection for forced labor Some cf he negate emi ot the pole on tke Rina lncaded the ipseting of the vilgssecnocybecaae a Grats onal conde withthe pang Sed Svea ase fern aparain from te fly and ecedon i ates Bice, sometines outice ie Peippnes sei tetera {hele poplin ty were compan wins tat "oun ined 9. ington inbe oak” An ie moe nen te labor pol" Acari + Lange mer of able odie sen were feqeetly withdcann fer tong periods tom thee Tandiesand ctdbary ccepton, rand fio lbor corp! under the muperison of ovnsees oe sent to Flos the forts, hal thr the siya an work the conaesion of te ips thomsen This ato dg fl ‘most healy the Panpango and Taguig provinos of cents Liao, beaut othe shipyard osed a Cae €. ncomindan: Roy aid “Pate “encomiend trom the word encomendoy melag "Yo gnanot” Gar mete rermnuegeting Hopani insite mused tote titer ee a Maceo. Sitcly speaking, I exes rant owe eon Soma pertous puma fo emule a pee fatiny scholars teleyed ‘The encoMendera’ war seep tcord ‘Kien his encomtende trom extern eaeions We ken Pave tid orde, and ta at the miscoaret a ecg the Gearco ‘WISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE. gospel to the residents witla hi mere of influence, In eta, the encomendro was granted the right of imposing tite accord: lng to the limit and kind set by higher aithorties. For intance, Sinng, in upland Cavite, was an encomienda of Captain Diogo Jorge de'Vilelobos of Lisbon and his wife, Maglena de Ulesces, “re seltled personal feuds within his encomienda even athe asset. 2 the restitution of fae victims and the srection of anew church land convent for his community... Villobos contributed P100: ‘n emh and 180 fonggar of vice for path sastance when Be ‘became encomendaro ‘Teo kinds of encomiendae exited inthe Philippines: the royal ox rows (Peoleng cx encomienda de areal corona) and the private (ancemienda de perticulares). "The former were lade rovervod for the erown and ineided the principal towne and parts, ke Baguss- ‘ueyan (now Luneta), Lagy® (aproximatly the eof the Present Plots malta, between Malate and Ermita), Senta Ana de Sapa, Yondo, Navotas and Malabou in Manila; end Lubso and Beti in Pampahga.”"The priate encomiendas were grated to indvduala, ‘who were ether the King’s protagts or men Who served with merit Saring the conquest and paciistion 1. xamplor of thee tmere Pandan, Sampaloe and Mecabebe, petvately owned by One Pedro de, Chaves: Bataan by Juan Beguore: nd Batangas owned penonaly by Prancico Rodrigues At last two dsingwhe Fik- ‘nos from Pampanga were owners of private encomiendas Frac 0 Liwag with 88 tibutes (1645-50) ond Juan de Macapega with 300 teibuia (1685), ‘When frst implomentad ih the Visayas, Legarps mthorisad ‘the encomendero to callet tribute of eight reates yearly in cash 2 in kind from all 19 to 60zyear old Fulpino males of priate fxcomizndas. At least onefourth of the total cllection went 12 the encomendero, another portion to the priests, andthe remaining to the goverment. However; some encomenderos ‘oe and clothing materi and selisg them at higher rater later. ‘To evade penatics and corporal Infletons, Filipinos who could not afford elther the monetary of species payment fed to the is "Thowe who. ereaped {rom ihe oppressive taxation were ‘egaded ‘by Spaniards se “lawioat” remantadoe oF tuaones (andi. INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT OF SPANISH RULE a ‘There was much contusion a arm of the lack of sprtanatic teute collection, “ach encomenders colloid seco teh ‘anna whin, When gold war siindatt and money wet rcae, bey demanded cath or realex: when the rnie were lent there wat sercliy of gol they’ Aiko for gold, cea when the 3008 Flipios were cored io bay them. During bumper hareses they demanded products lke vee, tobaso ot even al ef the Filipino potctons, and they mele forced “to ware! Boat fueee tot to buy the wt high rates” Somttans the Fl ino bot back a very exorbitant pics the mame lems ce, ‘epeciy durng ian hacen they tld tor a vey low gee Eicomenderoe wometines seized Whe entse quay of EE Bee" fom the Flipmo “without leeing hin © pun to eat Many Filplacs died of stration, epecily Guting tenioe ad ea de othe sary of ed they mere ond sot secon sod banana sheo' i the Flpinoy fed ty wey publicly Nogeed, soctured or jailed. ‘Theve unjust collections of Ebates was one of the cases of in emnltven uprchas iy, were linked by untold ries and wealth: spices and silk for the Americans and the Mexican an Peruvian do mundot (pillar dollar cr "pisos Of ight) forthe Asians ‘The ealleon trade benefitted only a viry small coterie of ‘rivileged. Spaniards — the Spanish governor, members of the ‘Tempted by the lucrative trade Chinee immigrants at the Paran or Alsieris of Man?s ip Binondo to eas as 165, By 1687, a community of Chastin ‘Chisewe and messes wag