EXPERT SYSTEM AND KNOWLEDGE PROCESSING:

SURVEY AND ITS RESEARCH AREA

Riddhi Sanjay Singh, B.Sc. Computer Science Student
Department of Computer Science
VES College of Arts, Science and Commerce, Mumbai India

Abstract: There is a huge development in the field of Characteristics of expert systems:

Artificial Intelligence. Expert system is an application of A. High performance: Performance of an expert
Artificial Intelligence which is having a huge impact on system should be at the level of a human
various fields of life. Expert system uses human expert.
understanding to solve the complex problems in various
B. Adequate response time: Expert system
areas which includes science, engineering, commercial
enterprise, medicine, weather forecasting and the should have the ability to respond in a
companies employing the technology of expert system has reasonable amount of time. Time is crucial
seen an increase in the quality and performance. especially for real time systems.
In artificial intelligence, an expert system is a computer C. Reliability: They must be consistently good
system that emulates the decision-making ability of a in quality/performance and should not crash.
human expert. There are different types of expert systems D. Understandable: It should be able to justify
such as rule-based expert system, frame-based expert its conclusions in the same way a human
system, fuzzy logic, neural network, genetic algorithm, etc. expert explains why he arrived at conclusion.
Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms
Comparison between an Expert System and that of a
of artificial intelligence (AI) software. This paper gives a
top-level view of this technology and will discuss a survey Human Expert:
on diverse works achieved in distinct regions as
Factor Human Expert System
agriculture, cars, biomedical, education, remedy, metallic
Expert
making enterprise the usage of expert system.
Time (can be Working Anytime
obtained) days only
Geography Local Anywhere
I. INTRODUCTION Safety Cannot be Can be replaced
replaced
The discovery and development of expert systems are Damages Yes No
recorded since inside the early 1970s after which Speed and Changes Consistent
proliferated within the 1980s till these days. Expert Efficiency
system is an artificial intelligence program that has Cost High Intermediate
expert level knowledge about a particular domain and
knows how to use its knowledge to respond
properly. Domain refers to the area within which the II. LITERATURE REVIEW
task is being performed. Ideally the expert systems [1] John Durkin “Application of Expert System in
should substitute a human expert. The expert system Science” says that an expert system is a computer
represents knowledge acquired from human expert as program or a software that captures the knowledge of
input (data or rules) within the computer. These rules a human expert on a given problem and uses this
and data can be called upon to solve the complex knowledge to solve problems like the expert. So, the
problems. Expert systems are designed to solve expert system can assist the expert during problem-
complex problems by reasoning through bodies of solving. [2] Yasser Abdel amid “A Proposed
knowledge, represented mainly as if-then-rules rather Methodology for Expert System Engineering”
than through conventional procedural code. Expert Explained that the development methodology of an
System has various advantages over the human expert expert system has two aspects: Knowledge
as expert system is affordable, permanent, regular, engineering and Software engineering. In the software
rapid processing and brief replication whereas human engineering there are five activities for expert system
expert is perishable, unpredictable, and highly-priced development: requirements, specification, design,
and has slow processing and reproduction. implementation, and testing. [3] Mario A Garcia, “An
Expert System in Diabetes” describes the
ESDIABETES. In U.S.A. the cost of diabetes is
estimated to represent 5.8% of total personal health- IV. RESEARCH AREAS OF EXPERT
care expenditures. Also, Saudi Arabia is the third SYSTEM
country around the world in which is where diabetes is A. Expert systems in the field of
most prevalent among the adults. ESDIABETES was medicine:
developed by computer science graduate students at Technologies in medical treatment are
Texas to help people control the blood glucose level. critical as well as at some stage in pre-
Edward Feigenbaum of Stanford University has remedy of medical consultation,
defined expert system as “an intelligent computer diagnosis ailment until the actual remedy
program that uses kno wledge and inference through an expert or physician. Many
procedures to solve problems that are difficult enough expert systems have been advanced to
to require significant human expertise for their diagnose diabetes and coronary heart
solutions.” diseases, where the diagnosis is
complicated and involves up-to-date
III. CONFIGURATION OF EXPERT parameters. In medical sciences,
SYSTEM numerous expert systems have been
The procedure of constructing expert systems is developed. These are:
regularly called knowledge engineering. The internal
 PUFF: Pulmonary disease
structure of an expert system consists of mainly three
diagnosis
parts: knowledge base, database and inference engine.
Medical system for diagnosis of
Expert system = Knowledge base + Inference engine
respiratory conditions.
A. Knowledge base: Knowledge base includes  GUIDON: Microbial disease
the domain knowledge of how that is used by education
the inference engine to draw conclusions.  VM: Monitoring of patients
B. Inference engine: The inference engine is need to intensive care
the generic control mechanism that applies
 ATTENDING: Anaesthesia
the axiomatic understanding to the project-
management education
specific data to arrive at some conclusion.
 ABEL: Diagnosis of acidic
When a user supplies information or
materials and electrolytes
applicable facts of query to the expert system
 ONCOCIN: Treatment and
he receives recommendation or knowledge in
management of patient’s
reaction. That is even after giving the facts it
chemotherapy
uses the inference engine which in turn uses
 AI/COAG: Blood disease
the knowledge base to produce the solution.
diagnosis
C. User interface: User interacts with the expert
system through the user interface. In other  MYCIN: Microbial disease
words where questions are asked, and advice diagnosis and treatment
is produced. In addition to the advice, that is Medical system for diagnosing
output, the user interface can output the blood disorders. First used in
justification capabilities of an expert system. 1979.
 AI/RHEUM: Rheumatic
disease diagnosis
 CADUCEUS: Internal
medicine disease diagnosis
 BLUEBOX: Depression
diagnosis and treatment
 ANNA: Monitoring and
treatment analysis
 DENDRAL: Used to identify
the structure of chemical
Fig 1: Simple diagram of an Expert System
compounds. First used in 1965.
  PROSPECTOR: Used by
geologists to identify sites for
drilling or mining
B. Expert systems in the field of
automobiles
 Diagnosing Heavy-Duty
Diesel Engine Faults:
The major desire of Heavy-
Duty Diesel Engine Expert
System (HDDE-ES) is to
provide second expert guidance
in dealing by the whole of
HDDE problems when time is
depending on and when
decisions must be firm in a
position where a mechanic pick
up a sub-system of HDDE is not
available. HDDE Expert
position is off the rack on
Bayesian Belief Network
(BBN) technology which is a
“causal reasoning” appliance
and it lay out a lag as a apply of
nodes interconnected mutually
arcs from a dependent
structured network. The HDDE
development of 'thinking'
computer system has a
graphical addict interface that
constitutes a problem
assignment interface and a
problem identify interface.
 Car Failure Diagnosis:
Car failure detection is a
detailed process and
requires valuable level of
expertise. The Car Failure and
Malfunction Diagnosis
Assistance System is having
three parts first is the
knowledge acquisition kind of
thing it gets the development
from an expert source and the
retained development is laid
away in the knowledge base of
operation storage. It has the
hereafter components: human
expert, knowledge engineer,
external sources of data and
system users. Secondly, in the
Graphical User Interface
(GUI), we have generally told
the required interfaces in
performing position
functionality. Third kind of
thing is the system modules
which are responsible for
finding the solutions for the
problems and for reasoning.
System module has the four
components: Reasoning
Specification module, the
Inference Engine, the
Knowledge Base and the User
Adviser module. For
car defect diagnosis we further
have a proposed system that
divides car failures into 3 hobby
types i.e. Start-Up State,
problems that manage occur
when a person tackle to start-up
the car; Run-Stable State,
problems that may occur after
starting the car; and Movement-
State, problems that may occur
while the car is moving. The
system is having 150 rules for
different varieties of failures
and details and can detect
completely 100 failures types.
Through the user interface,
communication
between system and user is
done which is represented as a
menu that displays questions to
users and in response the user
replies yes or no. The
knowledge is brought together
in the form of rules in the
CLIPS (C Language Integrated
Production System).
C. Expert systems in the field of
agriculture
 Diagnosis of Diseases in Rice
Plant:
ESTA (Expert System for Text
Animation) attempt is used for
development of this expert
system. The way of developing
an expert system using ESTA is
a multi-step process which aims
at developing a domain-specific
knowledge base. The steps
engaged in developing a
 lifestyle base are an
identification of the input
problem, knowledge
acquisition, and representation
of knowledge into the
knowledge base. Simple if-do
rules are used instead of if-then
rules in backward chaining.
Start section is the alternate
section in ESTA when the
demand is fulfilled advice is
given. The flow of control is
determined by the parameters
which can be number, Boolean
or text.
 Diagnosis of Diseases and
Pests in Pakistani Wheat:
We know local name of wheat
are Kanak. Wheat is a Rabi crop
and is grown in winters. The
most commonly found disease
in wheat is rust like Flag Smut,
Stem Rust, Leaf Rust, etc.
Wheat production rate could
not catch-up with the
population growth rate because
of several factors such as
weather, insects, viruses, fungi,
bacteria and weeds etc. The
rule-based expert systems have
been successfully used
previously. Rules are made
based on the hierarchy and
these rules lead to diagnoses of
desire disease. For example, in
diagnosing diseases of wheat,
the top level involves the
following typical symptoms
and recommendations. Problem
in leaves → disease may be
Stem rust Problem in leaves →
disease may be Flag smut. The
knowledge base for e2glite
expert system shell consists of
simple if-then rules. The
internal logic of inference
engine determines which rules
are to be fired. In rule-based
expert systems forward and
backward chaining are used for
reasoning. Forward chaining is
data driven whereas backward
chaining is goal driven.
D. Expert systems in the field of steel
making industry
In steel making industry expert systems
are preferred over the other software
systems as the maintenance of expert
system is easier than that for other
software systems. The following four
expert systems are partly in use:
 The rolling mill expert system
was developed to cast schedules
for the steel plant.
 The steelmaking plant - a
scheduling expert system was
developed to support the
dispatchers.
 A computer aided quality
control (CAQC) system
produces dependent on
customer orders and steel
grades prescriptions to achieve
the desired steel quality. These
are not complete in aspects like
process routings and settings of
process parameters for heats in
steel making plants.
 An expert system for the
diagnosis of the blast furnace
was developed. The system
works interactively and does
not control the furnace directly.
E. Expert systems in the field of
education
 Teacher’s Performance
Evaluation Using Fuzzy
Logic:
Expert system by the agency of
fuzzy logic is used to evaluate
teacher’s performance by per
numerically weighted linguistic
terms as good, very good,
medium, high, low, bad,
satisfied, unsatisfied etc. The
approaching ES consists of at
variance aspects of teachers
attribute or features like
research and publication,
teaching-learning process,
personal skill & abilities etc. To
raise the value of the
performance and reliability in
 decision making Fuzzy logic
can be incorporated directed
toward ES.
 Intelligent Tutoring System
(ITS):
This expert system is based on
fuzzy logic and was developed
to guide first year engineering
students. This ES helps the
students to help the them to
have deep understanding of the
topics in engineering field.
 Intelligent Pascal Tutoring
System (IPTS):
Since the first development of
CAI (Computer Aided
Instruction) program, a lot of
research has been done on CAI
to build up expert systems
which are more efficient and
faster. In 1970s, a new breed of
CAI became popular:
Intelligent Computer Aided
Instruction (ICAI) which is
widely used for educational
purpose. One of the ICAI that is
particularly used for teaching
Pascal computer language is
Intelligent Pascal Tutoring
System (IPTS). This expert
system is used for independent
teaching of Pascal to computer
scholars. IPTS also contains the
knowledge base for solving
queries of users. IPTS teaches
the students as well as keeps the
students’ database to check the
performance.
F. Expert system in the field of
management
Expert system is built for the usage of
different application and different group
of decision makers each level in the
organization, there are managers,
accountant, financial analysis,
consultant, strategic planners etc. In
developing expert system, management
teams might have difficulties during
strategic plan consist of sourcing expert
advisors, budget, time constraint, other
management support and contribution,
skill etc. An expert system as
programmed to facilitate in decision
making in management and organization
toward the high performance, it
programs also show that the
management in its decision.
G. Expert system in the field of military
The technologies of artificial
intelligence for the most military
program and hardware are wide and
varied which due to robustness,
reliability and durability. It showed the
improvement to the military
communication security, operation,
control and maintenance, training areas
etc. The AI application in the military
field which is available in current
technology for instant the CALO
(Cognitive Assistant that Learns and
Organizes) and PPAML (Probabilistic
Programming for Advancing Machine
Learning) were financed by U.S.
Advanced Research Projects Agency of
the Pentagon. PPAML is AI program to
make accessible and effective of
machine learning capability for a wide
variety of information program and
military weapons
V. CONCLUSION
There is a huge contribution to the different fields
that have been made by the expert system for the
past thirty years. The expert system will repeat to
play an increasingly important role in the
distinctive areas. In the survey done in this paper
medical, automobile and agriculture areas come
under the diagnosis and the other areas such as
education that uses the fuzzy logic come under the
decision area of the expert system. For companies,
an expert system could be the master storage the
knowledge and operation expertise in keeping
survival the operation of the company and
eliminate a problem hiring or replacing human
experts. This paper is based on the review of the
expert system and knowledge processing and the
important research area of expert system and one
can do further individual expert system research.
This system is an open source, so researchers can
add to it as applications of the expert system in the
science are expected to increase in the near future.
VI. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This work is completed with the help of my
mentor Mr. Kamlakar Bhopatkar Sir. I thank VES
 College of Arts, Science and Commerce for
giving me an opportunity to be part of the ACP
(Additional Credit Programme).
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