COMPENENTS

Fig: 2.1 Block diagram

 power supply system

• transformer
• rectifier
• filter
• regulator
 Coin sensor switch
 Relay driver
 Solenoid tap

POWER SUPPLY UNIT

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

As we all know any invention of latest technology cannot be activated without the
source of power. So in the fast moving world, we deliberately need a proper power
source which will be apt for a particular requirement. All the electronic
components starting from diode to Intel IC’s only work with a dc supply ranging
from -+5v to -+12v. We are utilizing for the same , the cheapest and commonly
available energy source of 230v-50hz and stepping down, rectifying, filtering and
regulating the voltage.

3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

The Block diagram of the Regulated power supply is as shown below.

Fig:3.2 Block diagram of power supply system

3.3 TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is a stationary electric machine which transfers eletrical
energy (power)from one voltage level to another voltage level

Fig: 3.3 Transformer

3.3.1 Step down transformer

When the ac is applied to the primary winding of the transformer it can be either
stepped down or up depending on the value of dc needed. In our circuit the
transformer of 230v/0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a
230v ac appears 12v ac across the secondary winding one alternation of input
causes the top of the transformer to be positive and bottom negative. The next
alternation will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of transformer is
used in our project is 2amps. Apart from stepping down ac voltages it gives
isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries.

Fig:3.3.1 step down transformer

3.4 RECTIFER UNIT:

A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current(AC), which

periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which is in only one
direction, a process known as rectification.

BRIDGE RECTIFIER:

Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full
wave rectifier circuit above, is that of the Full Wave Bridge Rectifier. This
type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in
a closed loop "bridge" configuration to produce the desired output.

The four diodes

labelled D1 to D4 a re arranged in
"series pairs" with only two diodes
conducting current during each half
cycle. During the positive half
Fig:3.4 Bridge rectifier circuit
cycle of the supply,
diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series
while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load
as shown below.

The Positive Half-cycle:

 The Negative Half-cycle:

3.5 FILTER UNIT:

Filter circuits which are usually capacitors acting as a surge arresters always follow
the rectifier unit. This capacitor is also called as a decoupled capacitor or a by
passing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120hz to
ground but also to leave the frequency of the dc to appear at the output.

Capacitor c1(1000µf/25v) is used for the reduction of ripples from pulsating.

3.6 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:

 A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to
automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may be a
simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control loops. It
may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending
on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.

Fig: 3.6 Voltage regulator

7805 series ICs do not require any additional components to provide a constant,
regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical, and
also efficient uses of circuit board real estate. By contrast, most other voltage
regulators require several additional components to set the output voltage level, or
to assist in the regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switching power
supply) can require not only a large number of components but also substantial
engineering expertise to implement correctly as well.

3.7 NOISE FILTER:

Noise filters are used to remove any noise (unwanted signals) present in the line,
Electromagnetic interference signals, radio frequency interference signals etc.,
capacitor c3 (0.1µf) is a low pass filter which by passes high frequency noises.
Capacitor C2 (10µf/25 v) is for maintaining stability of the voltage at load side.

3.8 SPECIFICATIONS:

Resistor RL maintains line load regulations,

At the secondary side of the transformer, applied voltage 12v

Conducting drop across the diodes =2*0.6=1.2v

Without capacitor:

Vavg = (12-1.2)=10.8c pulsating dc

Frequency = 100hz with capacitor

V= Vavg*1.414(form factor) = 15.3v

Freuency = 0hz

With 7805 voltage regulator:

Vo= +5v

3.9 SCHEMATICS:

Fig:3.9 schematics of power supply

CHAPTER- 4
 RELAYS

4.1 INTRODUCTION:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the
relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch
contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and
they are double throw (changeover) switches.

• Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely
separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay
to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the
relay between the two circuits, the link is magnetic and mechanical.

Fig: 4.1 Relay

 Fig 4.2 Circuit symbol for a relay

Working :
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a
magnetic field that attracts the armature , and the consequent movement of the
movable contacts either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a
connection with a fixed contact. If the set of contacts was closed when the relay
was de-energized, then the movement opens the contacts and breaks the
connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is
returned by a force, approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its
relaxed position. Usually this force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used
commonly in industrial motor starters.

 Normally-open (NO) contacts connect the circuit when the relay is

activated; the circuit is disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also
called a Form A contact or "make" contact.

 Normally-closed (NC) contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is

activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also called
a Form B contact or "break" contact.
CONCLUSION

The project water controlling system” has been successfully designed and
tested. This is low cost project can be used to controlling water or liquid by using
sensors. It is positioned to continue leading the industry with innovative, low cost,
high performance for a growing number of applications. It can be used insteps of
water packets so that plastic which is a atmosphere hazard will be reduced. This
technique can be used in industries for controlling the water and liquid etc