LEARN THREE METHODS YOU SHOULD BE
USING TO DESIGN EFFICIENT SYSTEMS
BY DAVID E. DEBORD, CPD, LEED AP
S
izing water heaters to provide sufficient hot water effi-
ciently requires the designer to consider many aspects
of the system, such as how much hot water is needed
and at what temperature, the fuel source, equipment space
requirements, storage-type heaters vs. separate heat exchang-
ers, and many other decisions. Many ways to size water heat-
ers are available, and the method that you select for a specific
application may depend on the type of occupancy, the loca-
tion, and other factors or even a combination of these factors.
While this one article cannot tell you everything you need
to know about water heaters, it presents three methods to
derive the amount of hot water needed and explores some
basic ways to meet those needs. It may be beneficial to use
more than one of the three methods described in this article
to determine a project’s requirements and then decide which
direction to take based on a comparison of the results. If you
use the same design criteria for multiple sizing methods and
get widely varying results, you may want to check the data
and calculations for inconsistencies.
14 Plumbing Systems & Design APRIL 2011
Using a computer to perform the calculations makes it
easier to double-check your results and to vary some of the
parameters to compare different usage scenarios. You can
compare different thermal efficiencies or different balances
of storage and recovery rates to find the best solution for the
application.
This article focuses on three of the methods commonly
used for sizing water heaters:
1. Fixture demand method
2. Population demand method
3. Hunter method
The various types of water heaters, when to select one type
over another, how to control temperatures, and other such
details are not covered.
As mentioned, many sizing methods are available, and
some of your clients, such as large corporations, restaurants,
or hotel chains, may have their own standards that you are
required to follow. Figure 1 shows one example that a client
may use as their standard basis of design.
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
 FIGURE 1 EXAMPLE OF A TYPICAL CLIENT STANDARD
Guest Rooms
Recovery 600
Guest Rooms
Storage Capacity 600
Even if a client requires you to use their method, you also
should perform calculations using one of the more familiar
and standardized methods to see if you are comfortable with
the results. You then may be motivated to consult with the
client to recommend alternatives to their standard calcula-
tions. Of course, any time you deviate from an accepted stan-
dard or prescribed method of engineering, you must realize
that you may be taking additional responsibility for the
results. The consequences of such actions should always be
considered before making the final decision, and the owner
needs to be consulted and made part of this decision.
WHAT IS THE GOAL?
Regardless of the type of building or system, water heater
sizing has some basic, common, and recurring goals:
t
Determine the probable demand load
t
Calculate the energy required to generate enough hot water to
meet this demand
t
Find a heater that is adequate to satisfy this demand in a safe
manner
t
Design an efficient system
How do you do this? Where do you start?
THE BASIC CONCEPT
You can simplify the process by reducing the steps to the
basic concept (see Figure 2) and more clearly defining your
goals. As already stated, you first need to determine the
demand. Then you balance the storage with the recovery
(heating components) to determine the gallons per hour
(gph) delivered.
GALLONS
STORAGE
+
GPH
DEMAND > > GPH
DELIVERED
GPH
RECOVERY
Figure 2 The basic concept
The next step in the simplification process naturally leads
you to consider the four basic steps to sizing a water heater:
1. Determine the gph demand
2. Divide the demand between storage and recovery
3. Determine the storage capacity
4. Subtract the storage from the demand to get the recov-
ery capacity required
gph/Room Total gph Redundancy
4 2,400 4,800
Gallons Total Gallons
10 6,000
Once you know what you need, it will be easier to find the
solution.
Let’s further refine each of these components of the design
criteria.
DEMAND
What is demand? How do you measure and satisfy it?
Domestic Water Heating Design Manual defines demand
as “a function of the anticipated hot water usage of the occu-
pants of a particular building during the period being con-
sidered. It is affected by the population of a project as well
as behavioral patterns of those occupants and the amenities
offered them.”
Some engineers say that demand (or load) sizing is an art
form because it requires a blend of science and art. Demand
profiles vary for different types of occupancies, and they also
can vary in any particular building. As always, when deal-
ing with plumbing, the accuracy of the results depends on
the behavior of the end users. When calculating hot water
demand, you should follow established demand allowances
based on established procedures.
STORAGE
The storage capacities indicated in the various sizing guides
and calculation methods are usually the net usable require-
ments. Assuming that 60 to 80 percent of the hot water in a
storage tank is usable, the actual storage tank size should be
increased by 25 to 66 percent to compensate for unusable hot
water. This is due to stratification. As hot water is used, it is
removed from the tank, and then cold water comes into the
tank to replace the water that was removed. The cold water is
denser and sinks to the bottom of the tank, pushing the hot
water toward the top. Hopefully, you have piped the system
to take advantage of this phenomenon, but that is outside the
scope of this discussion.
This is not to say that the tank will never be 100 percent
filled with water that is at the design temperature—only that
you cannot depend on it being hot when it is needed. 75
percent generally is accepted as an average figure to use for
this calculation.
Any tank more than 119 gallons must be ASME certified,
which requires an ASME-certified technician to sign off on
the construction by stamping the vessel. Certified tanks tend
to cost more than non-certified tanks, so you can pick a 120-
gallon tank (or less), which is always actually 119 gallons per
the manufacturers, to avoid this issue. However, some clients
and applications require all water heaters and hot water stor-
age tanks to be ASME rated, so this may be a moot point for
specific projects.
APRIL 2011 Plumbing Systems & Design 15
 RECOVERY
Recovery describes the rate at which the heated water that
is removed from the storage tank is replenished. Once
you know the demand and the storage capacity, you will
know what amount is needed for recovery. The difference
between the temperature of the incoming water and the
temperature of the water leaving the heater is referred to
as ΔT, or delta T. It also is called the rate of the temperature
increase, which more commonly is called the rate of rise.
You need to know the delta T to determine how quickly hot
water can be recovered, which will help you determine the
amount of energy needed.
Thus, to determine the gph delivered, you add the storage
capacity in gallons to the recovery rate in gallons per hour
(see Figure 3). The goal is to deliver enough hot water to
meet the demand.
Let’s look at some examples of this process.
GALLONS
STORAGE
Keep in mind that this only works for applications that
have a one-hour peak load. The storage capacity (as deter-
mined so far) most likely was depleted during the first hour,
so if the maximum demand load is needed for more than
one hour, additional capacity in storage or recovery may be
required.
Following is one way to account for these apparent storage
anomalies.
Example 1A
If the load (demand) for an application is 200 gph, what size
tank is needed to meet the required storage capacity?
1. Divide the load between storage and recovery. Start
with a 50/50 split for storage and recovery, or 100 gal-
lons storage and 100 gph recovery.
2. Determine the required storage tank size. Remember
that only 75 percent might be hot, so divide 100 by
0.75, or 133 gallons.
3. Subtract the storage from the demand to get the recov-
ery capacity required, or 200 gph demand – 100 gallons
storage = 100 gph recovery (see Figure 5).

+
Let’s look at some examples using our three methods.
> GPH
DELIVERED
200
GPH
RECOVERY
100
GALLONS
STORAGE +
100
GPH
RECOVERY
= GPH
DELIVERED

=
Figure 5 Results of Example 1A
GPH GPH
DELIVERED DEMAND
METHOD 1: FIXTURE DEMAND METHOD
The steps in the fixture demand method are:
1. Determine the demand in gallons per hour for each
Figure 3 How to satisfy demand
fixture type
Example 1 2. Determine the quantity of each type of fixture
If the demand for an application is 200 gph, is a 100-gallon 3. Multiply the quantity of each fixture by the gph value
tank big enough to meet the demand? of each
1. Divide the load between storage and recovery. Start This reveals the total gallon-per-hour demand.
with a 50/50 split for storage and recovery, or 100 gal- Demand is measured in different ways. When dealing with
lons storage and 100 gph recovery. hot water, the demand rates are measured as:
2. Determine the actual hot water storage capacity. t
Gallons per minute (gpm)
Remember that only 75 percent might be hot, so mul- t
Gallons per hour (gph)
tiply 100 by 0.75 to get the actual gallons stored hot, t
Gallons per day (gpd)
which in this case is 75 gallons. Thus, the 100-gallon
tank is not capable of meeting the 100-gallon storage BUILDING TYPES VS. LOADS
capacity. Different occupancies have different use patterns; thus,
3. Subtract the storage from the demand to get the recov- different criteria are used to evaluate the demand based
ery capacity required, or 200 gph demand – 75 gallons on these occupancies. Basic building types include office
storage = 125 gph recovery (see Figure 4). buildings, hotels, schools, apartment buildings, and res-
taurants. The various ways of calculating the hot water
demand rates of these different occupancy types include:
200
75
GALLONS
STORAGE +
125
GPH
RECOVERY
= GPH
DELIVERED
t

t

t

Gallons per hour per fixture
Gallons per hour per person
Gallons per hour per bed
t
Gallons per hour per unit, apartment, or hotel room
Figure 4 Results of Example 1 t
Gallons per hour per meal

16 Plumbing Systems & Design APRIL 2011 WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG

 TABLE 1 HOT WATER DEMAND PER FIXTURE FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF BUILDINGS
(GALLONS [LITERS] OF WATER PER HOUR PER FIXTURE, CALCULATED AT A FINAL TEMPERATURE OF 140°F [60°C])
Office Private
Fixture Apartment Club Gymnasium Hospital Hotel Industrial Plant Building Residence School YMCA
Basins, private lavatory 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6) 2 (7.6)
Basins, public lavatory 4 (15) 6 (23) 8 (30) 6 (23) 8 (30) 12 (45.5) 6 (23) 15 (57) 8 (30)
Bathtubs 20 (76) 20 (76) 30 (114) 20 (76) 20 (76) 20 (76) 30 (114)
Dishwashersa 15 (57) 50-150 50-150 50-200 20-100 15 (57) 20-100 20-100
(190-570) (190-570) (190-760) (76-380) (76-380) (76-380)
Foot basins 3 (11) 3 (11) 12 (46) 3 (11) 3 (11) 12 (46) 3 (11) 3 (11) 12 (46)
Kitchen sink 10 (38) 20 (76) 20 (76) 30 (114) 20 (76) 20 (76) 10 (38) 20 (76) 20 (76)
Laundry, stationary tubs 20 (76) 28 (106) 28 (106) 28 (106) 20 (76) 28 (106)
Pantry sink 5 (19) 10 (38) 10 (38) 10 (38) 10 (38) 5 (19) 10 (38) 10 (38)
Showers 30 (114) 150 (568) 225 (850) 75 (284) 75 (284) 225 (850) 30 (114) 30 (114) 225 (850) 225 (850)
Service sink 20 (76) 20 (76) 20 (76) 30 (114) 20 (76) 20 (76) 15 (57) 20 (76) 20 (76)
Hydrotherapeutic showers 400 (1,520)
Hubbard baths 600 (2,270)
Leg baths 100 (380)
Arm baths 35 (130)
Sitz baths 30 (114)
Continuous-flow baths 165 (625)
Circular wash sinks 20 (76) 20 (76) 30 (114) 20 (76) 30 (114)
Semicircular wash sinks 10 (38) 10 (38) 15 (57) 10 (38) 15 (57)
Demand factor 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.25 0.25 0.40 0.30 0.30 0.40 0.40
Storage capacity factorb 1.25 0.90 1.00 0.60 0.80 1.00 2.00 0.70 1.00 1.00
a Dishwasher requirements should be taken from this table or from manufacturers’ data for the model to be used, if this is known.
b Ratio of storage tank capacity to probable maximum demand per hour. Storage capacity may be reduced where an unlimited supply of steam is available from a central street steam system or large
boiler plant.
Reprinted from Plumbing Engineering Design Handbook, Volume 2, Table 6-1

How do you determine the demand in gph per fixture? TABLE 2 FIXTURE DEMAND FOR SOCIAL CLUB EXAMPLE
This information can be found in charts and tables published Fixture Demand Quantity Total Demand
by industry associations and manufacturers (see Table 1). Basin, private lavatory 2 5 10
Basin, public lavatory 6 9 54
Example 2
Let’s look at an example that would be considered a social Dishwasher 50 1 50
club. Assume the fixtures as indicated in Table 2 to calcu- Kitchen sink 20 1 20
late the loads. Laundry, stationary tub 28 2 56
According to the table, the total demand for this project is Pantry sink 10 3 30
240 gph. The next step is to divide the demand between stor- Service sink 20 1 20
age and recovery.
Total 240
Using the example procedure from above, start by dividing
the demand (load) between storage and recovery. Start with
a 50/50 split for storage and recovery, or 120 gallons storage
240

=
and 120 gph recovery. If the storage capacity requirement is

+
90 150 GPH
120 gallons, does that mean you need a 120-gallon tank? GALLONS GPH
RECOVERY
DELIVERED
Not exactly. Only 75 percent of the water in the tank may be STORAGE

hot when water is needed, so if you multiply 120 by 0.75, the

actual gallons stored in a 120-gallon tank is only 90 gallons.
To size a tank large enough to store 120 gallons of hot
240

=
water, divide 120 by 0.75, which results in a 160-gallon tank.

+
120 120 GPH
To determine the recovery capacity required, subtract the GALLONS GPH
RECOVERY
DELIVERED
storage from the demand (see Figure 6). STORAGE

SIZING THE WATER HEATER Figure 6 Results of Example 2

Assuming that you chose the 160-gallon tank, now you
need to determine how to recover 120 gph.
First, you need to determine how much energy is needed
to deliver the required recovery rate.

APRIL 2011 Plumbing Systems & Design 17

 t
1 kilowatt (kW) will provide 4.1 gallons of hot water per hour, at
a 100°F delta T.
t
1,000 British thermal units per hour (Btuh) will provide about 1
gph at a 100°F delta T.
t
1 kilowatt equals 3,412 Btuh (approximately).
Next, determine what type of energy source will be uti-
lized. Many choices are available, but the most common
are natural gas and electricity. Other options are steam and
high-temperature hot water from a boiler.
The water heating formula is:
ing water temperature is 40°F. You need 140°F water out of
the heater, which is a 100°F delta T.
Table 3 shows an example of a simple chart indicating the
difference in Btuh requirements based on different efficien-
cies. It is based on the basic formula:
GPHÒXÒÒPOUNDSÒPERÒGALLONÒXÒđ4
Btuh/Output =
%FµCIENCY
TABLE 3 EFFECT OF THERMAL EFFICIENCIES

[ ( 1lb/°F
Btuh (gph) (∆T) (8.33) ÷ Efficiency
q = gph
Btu
) ( 8.33
gal ) (T) ]
lb
119,000 = 120 100 8.33 0.84
106,340 = 120 100 8.33 0.94

{ q = mh [ ( 4.188
kg/K ) ( m
kJ
) ]}
999.6 kg (T)
3
102,000 = 120 100 8.33 0.98
3

Remember that 1 Btu will raise 1 pound of water 1°F in one

where: hour. Thus, 1 Btuh will heat approximately 0.01 pound per
q = Time rate of heat transfer (Btuh) hour at a 100°F ΔT, and 1,000 Btuh will heat 10 pounds of water
For natural gas, the equations are: at a 100°F ΔT. Since 1 gallon of hot water weighs 8.33 pounds,
GPHÒXÒÒXÒđ4ÒXÒ 1,000 Btuh = 1 gph (at 84 percent efficiency). Note that the 84
Btu/Input = percent basically cancels out the weight of the water.
Ò%FµCIENCYÒOFÒHEATER Then, 120 x 1,000 = 120,000 Btuh, so the water heater will
"TUHÒ)NPUTÒXÒÒ%FµCIENCY be 160 gallons at 120,000 Btuh.
gph = However, nothing is ever that simple. The exercises in this
đ4ÒXÒ
article have been using a 50/50 split, but note the last two
rows in Table 1, the demand factor and the storage factor.
For electricity, the equations are: Notice that they seldom come close to 50/50. Also notice that
gph x 8.33 x T x 1 gph x T they usually add up to more than 100 percent. This is par-
kW = OR tially to compensate for peak demand periods longer than
3,412 410 one hour. Read those rows carefully!
kW x 3,412 kW x 410 Table 1 may be used to determine the size of the water
gph = OR heating equipment based on the number of fixtures. To
T x 8.33 T
obtain the probable maximum demand, multiply the total
value for all of the fixtures by the demand factor in line 19.
Example 3 The heating capacity of the water heater should equal this
You need 120 gph. Assume that you are using electricity to probable maximum demand. The storage capacity should
heat the water and that the incoming water temperature equal this demand multiplied by the storage capacity factor
is 40°F. Remember that 1 kW will provide 4.1 gallons of hot on line 20.
water per hour at a 100°F delta T. You need 140°F water out Let’s demonstrate this procedure for the example of a
of the heater, which is a 100°F delta T. Since 120 gph ÷ 4.1 social club in Example 2:
gph per kW = 29.27 kW, you will specify 30 kW. t
Probable maximum demand = 240 gph x 0.3 = 72 gph
Thus, the water heater will be 160 gallons at 30 kW/480 t
Heater or coil capacity = 72 gph
volt/3 phase. t
Storage tank capacity = 72 x 0.9 = 64.8 gallons
Keep in mind that all electricity is not equal. Regarding Using this method, the water heater would be:
amperage draw: t
64.8 ÷ 0.75 = 86 gallons
t
1 kW = 2.5A, 230V, 3 Phase t
If electric: 72 ÷ 4.1 = 18 kW/208 V/3 Phase
t
1 kW = 4.4A, 230V, 1 Phase t
If gas: 72,000 Btuh
t
Amp(3 Phase) = kW x 1,000 Volts x 1.732 This result is quite a bit different than the 50/50 split result
t
Amp(1 Phase) = kW x 1,000 Volts and presumably more accurate. However, the engineer
Always coordinate this specification and design with the makes the final decision. This example was a rather small
electrical engineer. load. With larger loads, you have more comfort with the
diversity factors, which in reality are a function of curves
Example 3A rather than linear relationships, just as you see when sizing
Now let’s see what is needed if you are using natural gas to water supply piping. This is another consideration to include
heat the water. You need to recover 120 gph, and the incom- in the design process: the relative size of the system.

18 Plumbing Systems & Design APRIL 2011 WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG

METHOD 2: POPULATION DEMAND METHOD METHOD 3: HUNTER METHOD
The steps in the population demand method are: This method uses curves that were developed with empiri-
1. Determine the demand in gallons per day for each cal data from actual studies to determine the demand in
occupant gph for each occupant or unit.
2. Determine the number of occupants The basic steps to sizing a water heater per the Hunter
3. Multiply the number of occupants by the gallons per method are:
day required for each 1. Find the chart and curves that fit the occupancy type
This reveals the total gpd demand. 2. Find the storage capacities on the bottom of the chart
Using Table 4, you can determine: or the recovery capacities on the left
t
Maximum hourly demand 3. Follow this perpendicularly to find the “other” factor.
t
Duration of peak demand Now you have the storage and the recovery require-
t
Storage capacity required ments for each unit.
t
Heating capacity (recovery) required 4. Multiply these values by the number of units to get the
storage and recovery capacities required for the system

TABLE 4 FACTORS FOR POPULATION DEMAND METHOD

gpd per Total Maximum Storage Capacity in Heating Capacity in
Building Type Total gpd Peak Duration
Person Occupants Hourly Demand Relation to Day’s Use Relation to Day’s Use
Factor 1/7 4 1/5 1/7
Residence, hotel, or
20 min 600 12,000 1,716 6,864 2,400 1,716
apartment
40 max 600 24,000 3,432 13,728 4,800 3,432

Factor 1/5 2 1/5 1/6

Office building 2 min 600 1,200 240 480 240 200

3 max 600 1,800 360 720 360 300

Factor 1/3 1 2/5 1/8

Factory 5 600 3,000 1,000 1,000 1,200 375

Example 4
For this example, the project is a 600-room hotel with an
expectation of using the higher end of the range of hot
water indicated in Table 4.
t
Maximum daily requirement = 600 x 40 = 24,000 gallons
t
Maximum hourly demand factor = 24,000 gallons x 1/7 =
3,452 gph
t
Duration of peak load = Four hours
t
Water required for four-hour peak = 4 x 3,452 = 13,728 gallons
If four 1,000-gallon tanks are used and 75 percent of the
water in the tanks is hot, the available hot water is 4,000 x 75
percent = 3,000 gallons.
t
Water to be heated in four hours = 13,728 – 3,000 = 10,728
gallons
t
Heating capacity per hour = 10,728 ÷ 4 = 2,862 gph
(Note that depending on how some numbers are
rounded when you are performing these calculations, even
with a calculator or spreadsheet, some minor discrepan-
cies may be reflected in your calculations. These minor
discrepancies will have no detectable effect on your system
performance.)
Using this method, the water heater for this hotel would
include:
t
Four 1,000-gallon storage tanks = 4,000 gallons
t
Heating capacity = 2,862,000 Btuh
Note that for steps 2 and 3 above, it does not matter if you
start with the storage factor or the recovery factor. The inter-
section of the graph will be at the same point.
Figure 7 shows the relationships between recovery and
storage capacity for various building categories. Any combi-
nation of storage and recovery rates that falls on the proper
curve will satisfy the building requirements.
TIP
Using the minimum recovery rate and the maximum stor-
age capacity on the curves yields the smallest hot water
capacity capable of satisfying the building requirement.
With a higher recovery rate, you get greater 24-hour heating
capacity and smaller required storage capacity.
STORAGE CAPACITIES
The storage capacities shown are net usable requirements,
as previously mentioned. Assuming that 75 percent of the
hot water in a storage tank is usable, the actual storage tank
size should be increased by 33 percent to compensate for
unusable hot water.
Example 5
A high school has 1,000 students, and the demand is 3 gal-
lons of storage per student. Locate 3 gph on the bottom of

APRIL 2011 Plumbing Systems & Design 19

 FIGURE 7 RECOVERY AND STORAGE CAPACITIES FOR VARIOUS BUILDINGS
A. DORMITORIES
E. FOOD SERVICE
the high school chart in Figure 7h, follow up to the curve,
and then follow left to find the required recovery at 0.15 gph
per student.
t
1,000 x 3 = 3,000 gallons storage
t
1,000 x 0.15 = 150 gph recovery
t
If electric, 150 ÷ 4.1 = 36.6 kW
Example 5A
For the same high school, the demand is 1 gallon of storage
per student. Find 1 gph on the bottom of the high school
chart in Figure 7h, follow up to the curve, and then follow
left to find the required recovery at 0.5 gph per student.
t
1,000 x 1 = 1,000 gallons storage
t
1,000 x 0.5 = 500 gph recovery
t
If electric, 500 ÷ 4.1 = 122 kW
Example 5 provides 3,150 gph, while Example 5A provides
1,500 gph. Which is correct?
They both are. The apparent discrepancy is in the fact that
this method relies on curves, so the relationships between
storage and recovery are not linear. The hot water storage
capacity provides a buffer that reduces the recovery capac-
20 Plumbing Systems & Design APRIL 2011
B. MOTELS
F. APARTMENT BUILDINGS
ity required. When more is stored, you can draw that down
when the demand exceeds the recovery. When less is stored,
you don’t have that extra cushion, and you need to recover
at a rate closer to the demand rate. The total maximum gph
delivered may not be the same because Example 5 provides a
greater reserve storage buffer, whereas Example 5A does not.
However, Example 5A has a greater recovery capacity and
may be more efficient, depending on the particular usage
parameters of the individual project. Then again, maybe you
do not have a large enough electrical service available for the
second scenario.
SUMMARY
The mission of this article was to provide three distinct
methods of evaluating domestic hot water demand loads and
to demonstrate some methods of satisfying that demand.
While enough information was provided to do that, you
should know that some thought is required beyond pure
calculations. This is where the engineer takes precedence.
The computer can only take it so far—the engineer needs to
make the final selection. Be the engineer!
WWW.PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
 FIGURE 7 RECOVERY AND STORAGE CAPACITIES FOR VARIOUS BUILDINGS

C. NURSING HOMES D. OFFICE BUILDINGS

G. ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS H. HIGH SCHOOLS

David E. DeBord, CPD, LEED AP, ARCSA AP, is a plumbing engineer and senior associate at Environmental Systems Design in Chicago and has more than 30 years in the
consulting business. He currently serves as the Legislative Vice President of ASPE. He is also an Adjunct Assistant Professor at Illinois Institute of Technology, is a member of
the American Solar Energy Society, American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association, Geothermal Heat Pump Consortium, and USGBC, and serves on ICC and IAPMO
code committees. For more information or to comment on this article, e-mail articles@psdmagazine.org.

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APRIL 2011 Plumbing Systems & Design 21