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ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160 is nothing but the vacuum distillation frequently used for the
determination of boiling points of heavy hydrocarbons such as atmospheric residue
after ASTM D86 method. As mentioned earlier ASTM D86 is an atmospheric
distillation. All heavy hydrocarbons cannot be vaporized in the atmospheric
distillation. Actually above 300℃ in the atmospheric distillation, heavy hydrocarbons
usually undergo a cracking process in which they start to break down in to lighter
molecules. Therefore, there is a need to execute the further distillation at reduced
pressure in order to avoid the cracking process.
ASTM D1160 is the test method in which the distillation is carried out at reduced
pressures without any significant cracking
approximately one theoretical plate fractionation; therefore, the boiling point curves
from ASTM D1160 are closer to true boiling point curves.
ASTM D2892
includes
an atmospheric distillation as well as a reduced pressure distillation.
ASTM D2892 system contains column of 14 to 18 theoretical plates and operates
on reflux ratio of 5:1 which gives high degree of fractionation. Therefore, the
distillation curves obtained from the system is in the form of true boiling point (TBP)
and it can be expressed with mass or volume.
ASTM D2892 is the laboratory standard which plays crucial part in estimation of
crude oil value, determination of yields of fractions of different boiling points, and
technical discussions for fixing the commercial values of petroleum products.
Because of high degree of separation, the products obtained from this laboratory
technique can be used for analytical studies, engineering, and products quality
evaluations.
Characterization Factors:
Watson K
Since the early days of the petroleum industry it was desired to define a
characterization parameter based on measurable parameters (some physical
properties of crude oil) to classify and identify hydrocarbon types.
The Watson characterization factor Kw is one of the oldest characterization factors
originally defined by Watson et al. of the Universal Oil Products (UOP) in mid
1930s. For this reason the parameter is sometimes called UOP characterization
factor and is defined as:
Where:
Given the ASTM D86 distillation the volume average boiling point (VABP) can
be calculated as the average of the five boiling temperatures at 10, 30, 50, 70
and 90 percent distilled.
Example:
Calculate the MeABP of a petroleum fraction if the API gravity of this fraction
is 62 and calculate the Watson’s characterization factor.
Solution:
The D86 distillation temperatures are converted to F. The VABP is obtained
from equation:
Riazi-Dauber Method
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1)
Example:
A low boiling naphtha has the ASTM D86 temperatures of 77.8, 107.8, 126.7, 155
and 184.4 0C at 10, 30, 50, 70 and 90 vol.% distilled. Calculate VABP and MeABP
for this fraction.
Solution:
Using equations above VABP and SL are calculated as follows:
o
Δ = C
MeABP =
MeABP = 121.7 oC
Example:
ASTM D 86 and TBP distillation data for a kerosene sample are given in the
following table. Predict the TBP curve from ASTM data using Riazi-Daubert method
and calculate AAD for the method.
Vol. % ASTM D 86 TBP
distilled Exp. oC Exp. oC
0 165.6 146.1
10 176.7 160.6
30 193.3 188.3
50 206.7 209.4
70 222.8 230.6
90 242.8 255.0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)
Where:
Temperature TBP [K] and Temperature of ASTM D 86 [K]
a, b = Transformation Coefficients (See application example)
Example:
The accuracy of method depends on the smoothness of curve. Errors affect the
points in the low % distilled ranges. Average error is in order of 5 °C for smooth
curve.