CHAPTER – II

INDUSTRY PROFILE

1
Financial institutions today face enormous challenges as they defend their place in
market; ordinarily they are simple business oriented or commercial concerns. They
need to discover innovative ways to take on these challenges by making critical
strategic insights and emerging industry best practices, which strengthen approaches
to fluctuating interest rates and uncertain investment yields to produce increased
profitability and reduce earnings volatility.

A study of financial institutions in India can appropriately begin with a brief

discussion of the regulatory framework of the country carried out by RESERVE
BANK OF INDIA.

Financial regulation is necessary to generate, maintain and promote confidence, trust

and faith of people for its smooth functioning. Financial markets involve
intermediaries or agencies, where RBI ensures investors protection, discloser to
trustees, easy access, timely and adequate information to interested parties.

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA as the central bank of the country is the center of the
Indian financial and monitory system. It is the oldest among the central banks in the
developing countries; it started functioning from April 1st 1935.

In framing various policies all the banks require to maintain close and continuous
collaboration with RBI and Government. The preamble of RBI states that “Reserve
bank is expedient to regulate the issue of bank notes and keeping of reserves with a
view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and
credit system of the country to its advantage”.

To elaborate the above statement, functions of RBI helps us to understand the clear
workings of financial system in INDIA.

2
Role and Functions of RBI:

 Note issuing authority

 Government banker

 Bankers bank

 Exchange control authority

 Security authority

Above functions of RBI are discussed as under.

NOTE ISSUING AUTHORITY

The issue of currency note is one of the basic function of RBI, the responsibility of the
bank is not only to put currency into or withdraw it from circulation but also to
exchange notes and coins of one denomination into those of other denomination as
demanded by public. The bank issues notes against the security of gold coins and gold
bullion, foreign security, rupee coins Government of India security, and bills of
exchange and promissory notes as are eligible for purchase by the bank. At present
bank issues notes in denominations of Rs. 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000.

GOVERNMENT BANKER

The RBI is the banker to the Central and State Governments. It provides all the
banking services such as accepting of deposits, withdrawal of funds by cheques,
making payment as well as receipts and collection of payments on behalf of the
Governments. As a banker to the Government, the bank can make “ways and means

3
advances” to both Central and State Governments. Type of advances provided are
normal or clean advances, secured advances and special advances.

BANKERS BANK

RBI called as Bankers Bank because of its special relationship with commercial
and co-operative banks and the major part of its business is with these kinds of banks.
It controls the volume of reserves and determines the deposits or credits creating
ability of banks. RBI is also said to be “bank of last resort or the lender of last resort”.

EXCHANGE CONTROL AUTHORITY

RBI has to maintain the stability of the external value of the rupee. As far as
external sector is concerned, the task of RBI has (a) administer foreign exchange
control, (b) chose exchange rate system and fix the rate of rupee, (c) manage exchange
reserves, (d) to interact with monetary authorities such as IMF, World Bank and Asian
Development Banks. The RBI administers the exchange controls in terms of
FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT (FEMA), 1973.
SECURING AUTHORITY

The RBI has vast powers to supervise and control commercial and co-operative banks
with a view to developing adequate and sound banking system in the country. It has
following authorities (a) issue license to new banks (b) issue license to setting up bank
branches (c) to prescribe minimum requirement for paid up capital and reserves,
transfer to reserve funds, maintain cash reserves and control liquid assets (d) inspects
working of banks in India as well as in abroad, checks branch expansion, mobilization
of deposits investment, credit portfolio management, credit upraise system, profit
planning etc (e) to conduct investigations into complaints, irregularities and frauds in
respect of banks (f) to control methods of operations, appointments, reappointments,
terminations of Chairmen and Chief Executive Officers of any private sector banks (g)
to approve or force amalgamation.

4
INDIAN BANKS PROFILE

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA (RBI)

NATIONAL BANK OF AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT

(NABARD)

STATE STATE URBAN

CO-OPERATIVE LAND CO-OPERATIVE
BANKS (SCBs) DEVELOPMENT BAN(UCBs)

CENTRAL
CO-OPERATIVE
BANKS (CCBs)

PRIMARY
AGRICULTURAL
CREDIT
SOCIETIES (PACSs)

5
1.1 INDIAN BANK PROFILE

 Total state co-operative banks (SCBs) till date are 28 banks.

 Total primary agricultural credit societies under various CCBs are 2950.

6
COMPANY PROFILE

ICICI Bank is India's largest private sector bank with total assets of Rs. 5,946.42 billion (US$
99 billion) at March 31, 2016 and profit after tax Rs. 98.10 billion (US$ 1,637 million) for
the year ended March 31, 2016.ICICI Bank currently has a network of 3,839 Branches and
11,943 ATM's across India.

History
1955
The Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India Limited (ICICI) incorporated at
the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian
industry, with the objective of creating a development financial institution for providing
medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian businesses. Mr.A.Ramaswami
Mudaliar elected as the first Chairman of ICICI Limited.
ICICI emerges as the major source of foreign currency loans to Indian industry. Besides
funding from the World Bank and other multi-lateral agencies, ICICI was also among the
first Indian companies to raise funds from international markets.

ICICI Bank was originally promoted in 1994 by ICICI Limited, an Indian financial
institution, and was its wholly-owned subsidiary. ICICI's shareholding in ICICI Bank was
reduced to 46% through a public offering of shares in India in fiscal 1998, an equity offering
in the form of ADRs listed on the NYSE in fiscal 2000, ICICI Bank's acquisition of Bank of
Madura Limited in an all-stock amalgamation in fiscal 2001, and secondary market sales by
ICICI to institutional investors in fiscal 2001 and fiscal 2002. ICICI was formed in 1955 at
the initiative of the World Bank, the Government of India and representatives of Indian
industry. The principal objective was to create a development financial institution for
providing medium-term and long-term project financing to Indian businesses.

In the 1990s, ICICI transformed its business from a development financial institution offering
only project finance to a diversified financial services group offering a wide variety of
products and services, both directly and through a number of subsidiaries and affiliates like
ICICI Bank. In 1999, ICICI become the first Indian company and the first bank or financial
institution from non-Japan Asia to be listed on the NYSE.

7
After consideration of various corporate structuring alternatives in the context of the
emerging competitive scenario in the Indian banking industry, and the move towards
universal banking, the managements of ICICI and ICICI Bank formed the view that the
merger of ICICI with ICICI Bank would be the optimal strategic alternative for both entities,
and would create the optimal legal structure for the ICICI group's universal banking strategy.
The merger would enhance value for ICICI shareholders through the merged entity's access
to low-cost deposits, greater opportunities for earning fee-based income and the ability to
participate in the payments system and provide transaction-banking services. The merger
would enhance value for ICICI Bank shareholders through a large capital base and scale of
operations, seamless access to ICICI's strong corporate relationships built up over five
decades, entry into new business segments, higher market share in various business segments,
particularly fee-based services, and access to the vast talent pool of ICICI and its subsidiaries.

In October 2001, the Boards of Directors of ICICI and ICICI Bank approved the merger of
ICICI and two of its wholly-owned retail finance subsidiaries, ICICI Personal Financial
Services Limited and ICICI Capital Services Limited, with ICICI Bank. The merger was
approved by shareholders of ICICI and ICICI Bank in January 2002, by the High Court of
Gujarat at Ahmedabad in March 2002, and by the High Court of Judicature at Mumbai and
the Reserve Bank of India in April 2002. Consequent to the merger, the ICICI group's
financing and banking operations, both wholesale and retail, have been integrated in a single
entity.

8
ICICI Group Companies

ICICI Group ICICI Prudential AMC & Trust

http://www.icicigroupcompanies.com http://www.icicipruamc.com

ICICI Prudential Life Insurance Company ICICI Venture

http://www.iciciprulife.com/public/default. http://www.iciciventure.com
htm
ICICI Direct
ICICI Securities http://www.icicidirect.com
http://www.icicisecurities.com
ICICI Foundation
ICICI Lombard General Insurance http://www.icicifoundation.org
Company
http://www.icicilombard.com Disha Financial Counselling
http://www.icicifoundation.org

Board of Directors
Mr. K. V. Kamath, Chairman Mr. Alok Tandon
.............................................. Ms. Chanda Kochhar,
Mr. Dileep Choksi Managing Director & CEO
.............................................. ...........................................
Mr. Homi R. Khusrokhan Mr. N. S. Kannan,
.............................................. Executive Director
Mr. M.S. Ramachandran ...........................................
.............................................. Mr. K. Ramkumar,
Dr. Tushaar Shah Executive Director
.............................................. ...........................................
Mr. V. K. Sharma Mr. Rajiv Sabharwal,
.............................................. Executive Director
Mr. V. Sridar
..............................................

9
 Awards – 2018
ICICI Bank

 Ms. Chanda Kochhar received an honorary Doctor of Laws from Carleton University,
Canada. The university conferred this award on Ms. Kochhar in recognition of her pioneering
work in the financial sector, effective leadership in a time of economic crisis and support for
engaged business practices.
 Ms Chanda Kochhar featured in The Telegraph (UK) list of '11 most important
women in finance'.
 ICICI Bank has been recognised as one of the 'Top Companies for Leaders' in India in
a study conducted by Aon Hewitt.
 IDRBT has given awards to ICICI Bank in the categories of 'Social Media and Mobile
Banking' and' Business Intelligence Initiatives'.
 ICICI Bank won the award for the Best Bank - Global Business Development (Private
Sector) in the Dun & Bradstreet - Polaris Financial Technology Banking Awards 2016.
 ICICI Bank was awarded the Certificate of Recognition as one of the Top 5
Companies in Corporate Governance in the 15th ICSI (The Institute of Company Secretaries
of India) National Awards for Corporate Governance.
 ICICI Bank has been honoured as The Best Service Provider - Risk Management,
India at The Asset Triple A Transaction Banking, Treasury, Trade and Risk Management
Awards 2016.
 Mr Rakesh Jha has been ranked as the Best CFO in India at the 15th Annual Finance
Asia's Best Managed Companies Poll.
 ICICI Bank has won The Corporate Treasurer Awards 2014 in the categories of 'Best
Cash Management Bank in India' & 'Best Trade Finance Bank in India'.
 ICICI Bank has been awarded the 'Best Retail Bank in India', 'Best Microfinance
Business' and Best Retail Banking Branch Innovation' under the 'Excellence in Retail
Financial Services awards 2016' by The Asian Banker.
 Ms Chanda Kochhar, MD & CEO, ICICI Bank, has been named among Fortune's 50
most powerful women in business for the fourth consecutive year.
 Ms. Chanda Kochhar, MD and CEO received the 'Mumbai Women Of The Decade'
award by ASSOCHAM.

10
ICICI Bank, India’s largest private sector bank, today announced the launch of India’s only
credit card with a unique transparent design and a distinctive look. The ‘ICICI Bank Coral
American Express Credit Card’ is the latest addition to the Bank’s exclusive ‘Gemstone
Collection’ of credit cards.

Speaking at the launch, Mr. Rajiv Sabharwal, Executive Director, ICICI Bank said, "At
ICICI Bank, it is our constant endeavour to deliver innovative, powerful and distinctive value
propositions to our discerning customers. We are delighted to launch the ‘ICICI Bank Coral
American Express Credit Card’, the only card in the country with a youthful, transparent
design. Aimed at providing significant lifestyle benefits, this card re-affirms our commitment
to bring forth innovative services to our customers. We are also introducing a host of exciting
privileges including an introductory extended credit period offer and bonus reward points on
online transactions. We believe this card will be yet another compelling addition to our
Gemstone collection of credit cards."

Ms. Siew Choo Ng, Senior Vice President, Head of Global Network Partnerships, Asia,
American Express International, Inc. said, "We are delighted to have further strengthened
our long and cherished relationship with ICICI Bank with the launch of the new ICICI Bank
Coral American Express Credit Card. Designed to appeal to value seeking customers, the
Card reinforces our consistent endeavor to provide differentiated products and services to our
customers. The Card offers a wide array of exclusive privileges and features including
additional PAYBACK points on online spend and an innovative transparent design. At
American Express, we always strive to work closely with our partners to develop the most
relevant and compelling products for our valued card members."

Mr. Sanjay Rishi, President, South Asia, American Express, said, “This launch marks a
further strengthening of the relationship between ICICI Bank and American Express. We
already partner with ICICI Bank on customer loyalty programs, insurance services, retail
banking services as well as initiatives to expand card accepting merchants. The launch of the
ICICI Bank Coral American Express Card combines the strengths and capabilities of both
organizations to offer an exciting new payment choice to customers.

11
 The ICICI Bank Coral American Express® Credit Card offers a wide range of attractive
benefits to its card members:

 Extended Credit Period; a unique proposition offering card members ability to carry
over the retail purchase balances in first two billing statements by simply paying the
minimum amount due. No interest shall be charged in such cases and the total amount due
shall be payable as per the third billing statement. TnC apply, for complete details please
visit www.icicibank.com.
 4 PAYBACK points per Rs.100 spent on dining, groceries and at supermarkets, 3
PAYBACK points per Rs.100 of online spends and 2 PAYBACK points per Rs.100 on other
spends
 Complimentary movie tickets with 'buy one get one free' offer
on www.bookmyshow.com
 Complimentary visits to Altitude lounges at Mumbai and Delhi airports
 Minimum 16% discount on dining bills at leading restaurants across India with the
ICICI Bank ‘Culinary Treats’ programme
 No fuel surcharge on fuel transactions at HPCL fuel stations

OVERVIEW ICICI Group

ICICI Group offers a wide range of banking products and financial services to corporate and
retail customers through a variety of delivery channels and through its specialised group
companies and subsidiaries in the areas of personal banking, investment banking, life and
general insurance, venture capital and asset management. With a strong customer focus, the
ICICI Group Companies have maintained and enhanced their leadership positions in their
respective sectors.

ICICI Bank is India's second-largest bank with total assets of Rs. 4,736.47 billion (US$ 93
billion) at March 31, 2013 and profit after tax Rs. 64.65 billion (US$ 1,271 million) for the
year ended March 31, 2013. The Bank has a network of 2,791 branches and 10,021 ATMs in
India, and has a presence in 19 countries, including India.

12
ICICI Prudential Life Insurance is a joint venture between ICICI Bank, a premier financial
powerhouse, and Prudential plc, a leading international financial services group
headquartered in the United Kingdom. ICICI Prudential Life was amongst the first private
sector insurance companies to begin operations in December 2000 after receiving approval
from Insurance Regulatory Development Authority (IRDA). ICICI Prudential Life's capital
stands at Rs. 47.91 billion (as of March 31, 2013) with ICICI Bank and Prudential plc
holding 74% and 26% stake respectively. For FY 2013, the company garnered Rs.150.22
billion of total premiums and has underwritten over 14 million policies since inception. The
company has assets held over Rs. 707.71 billion as on March 31, 2013.

ICICI Lombard General Insurance Company, is a joint venture between ICICI Bank Limited,
India's second largest bank with consolidated total assets of over USD 91 billion at March 31,
2013 and Fairfax Financial Holdings Limited, a Canada based USD 30 billion diversified
financial services company engaged in general insurance, reinsurance, insurance claims
management and investment management. ICICI Lombard GIC Ltd. is the largest private
sector general insurance company in India with a Gross Written Premium (GWP) of Rs.
5,358 crore for the year ended March 31, 2013. The company issued over 76 lakh policies
and settled over 44 lakh claims and has a claim disposal ratio of 99% (percentage of claims
settled against claims reported) as on March 31, 2013.

ICICI Securities Ltd is the largest integrated securities firm covering the needs of corporate
and retail customers through investment banking, institutional broking, retail broking and
financial product distribution businesses. Among the many awards that ICICI Securities has
won, the noteworthy awards for 2013 were: Asiamoney `Best Domestic Equity House for
2013; 'BSE IPF D&B Equity Broking Awards 2013' under two categories:- Best Equity
Broking House - Cash Segment and Largest E-Broking House; the Chief Learning Officer
Award from World HRD Congress for Innovation in Learning category. IDG India's CIO
magazine has recognized ICICI Securities as a recipient of CIO 100 award in 2009, 2010,
2011 and 2013. I-Sec won this awards 4 times in a row for which the CIO Hall of Fame
award was additionally conferred in 2013.

13
ICICI Securities Primary Dealership Limited (‘I-Sec PD’) is the largest primary dealer in
Government Securities. It is an acknowledged leader in the Indian fixed income and money
markets, with a strong franchise across the spectrum of interest rate products and services -
institutional sales and trading, resource mobilisation, portfolio management services and
research. One of the first entities to be granted primary dealership license by RBI, I-Sec PD
has made pioneering contributions since inception to debt market development in India. I-Sec
PD is also credited with pioneering debt market research in India. It is one of the largest
portfolio managers in the country and amongst PDs, managing the largest AUM under
discretionary portfolio management.

I-Sec PD’s leadership position and research expertise have been consistently recognised by
domestic and international agencies. In recognition of our performance in the Fixed Income
market, we have received the following awards:

 “Best Domestic Bond House” in India - 2007, 2005, 2004, 2002 by Asia Money
 “Best Bond House” - 2009, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2001 by Finance Asia
 “Best Domestic Bond House” – 2009 by The Asset Magazine’s annual Triple A
Country Awards
 Ranked volume leader - by Greenwich Associates in 2010 Asian Fixed-Income
Investors Study. Ranked 5th in ‘Domestic Currency Asian Credit’ with market share
of 4.5%, Only Domestic entity to be ranked.
 “Best Debt House in India” – 2013 by EUROMONEY

ICICI Prudential Asset Management is the third largest mutual fund with average asset under
management of Rs. 688.17 billion and a market share ( mutual fund ) of 10.34% as on March
31, 2013. The Company manages a comprehensive range of mutual fund schemes and
portfolio management services to meet the varying investment needs of its investors
through118 branches and 196 CAMS official point of transaction acceptance spread across
the country.

ICICI Venture is one of the largest and most successful alternative asset managers in India
with funds under management of over US$ 2 billion. It has been a pioneer in the Indian
alternative asset industry since its establishment in 1988, having managed several funds

14
across various asset classes over multiple economic cycles. ICICI Venture is a wholly owned
subsidiary of ICICI Bank

GROUP PHILOSOPHY

As India transforms into a key player in the global economic arena, multiple opportunities for
the financial services sector have emerged. We, at ICICI Group, seek to partner the country's
growth and globalization through the delivery of world-class financial services across all
cross-sections of society.

From providing project and working capital finance to the buoyant manufacturing and
infrastructure sectors, meeting the foreign investment and treasury requirements of the Indian
corporate with increasing levels of international engagement, servicing the India linked needs
of the growing Indian diaspora, being a catalyst to the consumer finance story to serving the
financially under-served segments of the society, our technology empowered solutions and
distribution network have helped us touch millions of lives.

Vision:
To be the leading provider of financial services in India and a major global bank.

Mission:
We will leverage our people, technology, speed and financial capital to:

 be the banker of first choice for our customers by delivering high quality, world-class
products and services.
 expand the frontiers of our business globally.
 play a proactive role in the full realisation of India’s potential.
 maintain a healthy financial profile and diversify our earnings across businesses and
geographies.
 maintain high standards of governance and ethics.
 contribute positively to the various countries and markets in which we operate.
 create value for our stakeholders.

15
Towards Sustainable Development

As India's fastest growing financial services conglomerate, with deep moorings in the Indian
economy for over five decades, ICICI Group of companies have endeavored to contribute to
address the challenges posed to the community in multiple ways.
1) ICICI Foundation for Inclusive Growth: ICICI Foundation for Inclusive Growth
(ICICI Foundation) was founded by the ICICI Group in early 2008 to carry forward
and build upon its legacy of promoting inclusive growth. ICICI Foundation works
within public systems and specialised grassroots organisations to support
developmental work in four identified focus areas. We are committed to investing in
long-term efforts to support inclusive growth through effective interventions.

2) Disha Counselling: Disha Financial Counselling services are free to all in areas like
financial education, credit counselling and debt management.

3) Technology Finance Group: TFG's programmes are designed to assist industry

and institutions to undertake collaborative R&D and technology development
projects.

4) Read to Lead campaign: ICICI Bank has pledged to educate 1,00,000 children
through the 'Read to Lead initiative. Because education today means a better life
tomorrow.

5) Go Green. Each one for a better earth: ICICI Bank, is a responsible corporate
citizen and believes that every small 'green' step today would go a long way in
building a greener future and that each one of us can work towards a better earth.

Go Green' is an organisation wide initiative that moves beyond moving ourselves, our
processes and our customers to cost efficient automated channels to building
awareness and consciousness of our environment, our nation and our society.

16
PERSONAL BANKING
Deposits
ICICI Bank offers wide variety of Deposit Products to suit your requirements. Convenience
of networked branches/ ATMs and facility of E-channels like Internet and Mobile Banking,
Select any of our deposit products and provide your details online and our representative will
contact you.
Loans
ICICI Bank offers wide variety of Loans Products to suit your requirements. Coupled with
convenience of networked branches/ ATMs and facility of E-channels like Internet and
Mobile Banking, ICICI Bank brings banking at your doorstep. Select any of our loan product
and provide your details online and our representative will contact you for getting loans.
Cards
ICICI Bank offers a variety of cards to suit your different transactional needs. Our range
includes Credit Cards, Debit Cards and Prepaid cards. These cards offer you convenience for
your financial transactions like cash withdrawal, shopping and travel. These cards are widely
accepted both in India and abroad. Read on for details and features of each.
Wealth Management
Wealth is the result of a recognized opportunity. We understand this and we work with you to
plan and manage your financial opportunities prudently. Not just that, we also extend a host
of services so you can remain focused on immediate objectives while we take care of all your
wealth management requirements.

17
 CHAPTER-III
REVIEW OF LITERETURE

18
 INTRODUCTION:

Of the various green initiatives, waste recycling creates the highest positive impact on the
environment. Of all the different types of waste, electronic waste has the characteristics of
 the fastest growing segment of waste
 most valuable due to its basic composition
 very hazardous if not handled carefully.

However, the sector is very new with only a few corporate players in India and globally.

Most of the electronic waste management sector is currently handled by the unorganized /
informal sector in India. However due to lack of skills, knowledge, awareness, etc., the sector
has remained highly labour intensive, environmentally unfriendly and unhealthy. If done in
the right way, and in an organized fashion, e-waste management can become a dominant
economic sector.

As per various numbers published by various research agencies, about 20 to 50 million

tonnes of e-waste are generated worldwide every year. E-waste comprises of more than 5 %
of all solid waste generated and the volume is expected to increase at a rate of 300% per
annum in developing countries.

In India, the total e-waste generated is expected to cross 800,000 tons in

2012. This figure is expected to grow at a rate of 30 – 50 % year on year.

19
 Fundamental Understanding of e-Waste and Handling
Practices
What is e-Waste?
Old electronic equipment that have outlived their useful life are categorized as e-waste.

On an average, in India, in case of mobile phones the useful life goes upto 2 years. In case of
PCs, it may go upto 5 years. The life of these equipment is extended due to reasons such as
upgrade,
repair and reuse, donation to charity, etc.

E-Waste Categories and Classification

E-Waste is categorized by the government of India under the broad class of
hazardous waste. Within e-Waste, there are several categories such as Large and small
household appliances,
electrical and electronic toys and sporting equipment, tools, computers and related equipment
etc.

E-waste is the most rapidly growing waste problem in the world.

• It is a crisis of not quantity alone but also a crisis born from toxics ingredients, posing a
threat to the occupational health as well as the environment.

• Rapid technology change, low initial cost, high obsolescence rate have resulted in a fast
growing problem around the globe.

• Legal framework, proper collection system missing.

• Imports regularly coming to the recycling markets.

• Inhuman working conditions for recycling.

20
Composition of e-waste
Electrical and Electronic equipment contains metallic and non metallic elements,
alloys and compounds such as Copper, Aluminium, Gold, Silver, Palladium, Platinum,
Nickel, Tin, Lead, Iron, Sulphur, Phosphorous, Arsenic etc. If discarded in the open, these
metals can cause a severe environmental and health hazard.

E-Waste components and its health hazards if done manually in an uncontrolled and
informal method.

1Antimony - Irritation of the eyes, Skin, Lungs, Heart.

2Bismuth - Inhalation problems, Skin reactions, Sleeplessness, Depression, Rheumatic pain.
3Cadmium- Damage the lungs. Bone fracture, Damage to central nervous system, Possibly
DNA damage, Cancer.
4Chromium - Allergic reactions, Lung cancer Nose irritations and nosebleeds. Upset
stomachs and ulcers, Kidney and liver damage Cause of Death.
5Cobalt - Lung effects, Hair loss, Vomiting and nausea, Vision problems, Heart problems,
Thyroid damage, cause of Asthma & Pneumonia
6Gallium - Cause throat irritation, Difficulty breathing, Chest pain, Partial paralysis.
7Germanium - Harmful for Skin, Eyes & Blood 8 Molybdenum Joint pains in the knees,
hands, feet It is Highly toxic
9Nickel - Lung cancer, Nose cancer, Larynx cancer and Prostate cancer, Heart disorders
10 Selenium - Collection of fluid in the lungs, Abdominal pain, Fever, Heart and muscle
problems, Bronchial asthma, Diarrhoea, Enlarged liver, Burning, Bronchitis, Sore throat,
Cause of death
11Silver - Kidney, Eye, Lung, Liver, Brain damage, Anaemia 12 Lead - Rise in blood
pressure, Kidney damage, Miscarriages and subtle abortions, Brain damage, Effects fertility
of men through sperm damage, Diminished learning abilities of children
13 Tin - Eye and skin irritations, Headaches, Stomachaches.

21
 E-waste is generated in households and corporates (including private and government
companies). As per one study 68% of WEEE is stockpiled in USA (HP, 2005). In India, the
number is likely to be much higher.
The collection of this waste happens in different ways. The chains start from ragpickers,
and move up to local scrap dealers, area aggregators and finally recyclers. Corporate business
houses sell their old EEE to second-hand buyers through various means such as auction,
scrap sale or open
bidding.
Once e-waste is collected from its generators, it is resold or rented or donated or
dismantled for parts or sold on basis of weight to scrap dealers. Most of the recycling
community works in the informal sector. The aggregate WEEE is taken by a larger scrap
dealer who sorts the material as per his own convenience. The non usable equipment is
dismantled manually. The easily separable parts such as plastics, glass, metal cabinets etc are
directly sold in various markets. The more complicated parts such as mother boards,
assemblies, fused parts etc are usually sold to an informal recycler. These metals are sold to
smelters. In most cases, the extraction techniques are so crude that the output is also
contaminated. Also the efficiency of such techniques is only about 30%.
From the usable part of the collected WEEE, some is sold directly in second hand
sale, some is refurbished and sold as a refurbished product, some is donated to charity and
some is rented.

22
 E-waste and Africa

In Africa, the total e-waste generation was 1.9 Mt in

2014.

E-waste and America

In the Americas, the total e-waste generation

was 11.7 Mt in 2014.

E-waste and Asia

In Asia, the total e-waste generation was 16.0 Mt

in
2014.

E-waste and Europe

In Europe, the total e-waste generation was 11.6

Mt in 2014.

E-waste and oceania

In Oceania, the total e-waste generation was 0.6

Mt in 2014.

23
Research on E-Waste Management

Many more environmental epidemiological studies are required to assess the present status of
e-waste management system in India, to assess the e-waste quantities and exact amplitude of
the problem in Indian cities, and to establish relationships with the informal recycling sectors.
The valuable data will be generated by these studies that would help in drafting an action plan
for e-waste management. India should start a surveillance system for diseases and health
consequences of e-waste. The sustainability of e-waste management systems has to be
ensured by improving the collection and recycling systems. It would be desirable to establish
public-private partnerships in setting up buy-back or drop-off centers. Levying advance
recycling fees is another approach to ensure waste management sustainability. To identify
best e-waste management technologies across the globe and adopt them successfully can be
key to a sustainable futuristic growth. The reduction of the hazardous substances in the
electronic and electrical equipments and the promotion of use of their safer substitutes many
countries have adopted the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Regulations in the
manufacture of these items. More and more such less hazardous substitutes should be
identified which can be used in electronic equipments.

E-Waste Management Initiative

In Environmental (Protection) Act 1986, the “polluter pays principle” is enacted to make the
party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the
natural environment. In international environmental law, it is mentioned in principle 16 of the
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development. Polluter pays is also known as extended
producer responsibility (EPR). Under the Environment (Protection) Act 1986, central and
state governments can enact legislations to safeguard the environment and people from
exposure to toxic and hazardous nature of waste. Any violation of the provision of this act or
notified rules is liable for punishment. Such penalty can be imposed on the violator if specific
rules and regulations on e-waste are violated.

CPCB India is finalizing the set of rules and most recently issued a formal set of guidelines
for proper and eco-friendly handling and disposal of the electronic waste. The Ministry of

24
Environment and Forests is now processing the rules framed by electronics equipment
manufacturers with the help of NGOs. According to the new guidelines issued by CPCB in
2007, e-waste is included in schedules 1, 2, and 3 of the “Hazardous Waste (Management and
Handling) Rules 2003” and Municipal Solid Waste Management Rule, 2000. Each
manufacturer of a computer, music system, mobile phone, or any other electronic gadget will
be “personally” responsible for the final safe disposal of the product when it becomes a piece
of e-waste. Department of Information Technology (DIT), Ministry of Communication and
Information Technology, has also published and circulated a comprehensive technical guide
on “Environmental Management for Information Technology Industry in India.”
Demonstration projects have also been set-up by the DIT at the Indian Telephone Industries
for the recovery of copper from Printed Circuit Boards.

As an effort to make the users aware of the recycling of e-waste, many electronic companies
such as Apple, Dell, and HP have started various recycling schemes. Nokia India announced
its “recycling campaign” for the Indian region. The program encouraged mobile phone users
to dispose of their used handsets and accessories, irrespective of the brand, at any of the
1,300 green recycling bins put up across the priority dealers and care centers. Nokia is also
planning to launch an electronic waste management program.

The Department of Environment, Delhi government, has also decided to involve ragpickers in
general waste management in the capital. These ragpickers will be trained, given uniforms,
ID cards, and hired to clean waste. The department also intends to involve eco-clubs, now
running in over 1,600 government and private schools in the Capital, in this initiative since it
is these eco-clubs that will be interacting with ragpickers of that particular area.

25
 CHAPTER –IV

DATA ANALYSIS

26
4.1 ANALYSIS OF DATA

Table 1: Sex distribution of respondents

SEX NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES (%)

Male 98 69

Female 44 31

Total 142 100%

The table above shows that 98 (69%) of the respondents were male while 44 (31%)

were female.

Figure 1: Respondent

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MALE FEMALE

The above chart shows that 98 (69%) of the respondents were male while 44 (31%)

were female.

27
Table 2: Showing Educational Level of the respondents

EDUCATION NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES (%)

SSCE 57 40.1

ND/NCE 45 31.7

HND/BSC 40 28.2

TOTAL 142 100%

In table 2, it was revealed that 40.1% of the respondents are SSCE holders, 31.7% are

ND/NCE holders, while 28.2% HND/BSC certificate.

Figure 2:

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
SSCE ND/NCE HND/BSC

Figure 2 revealed that 40.1% of the respondents are SSCE holders, 31.7% are

ND/NCE holders, while 28.2% HND/BSC certificate.

28
Table 3: Age distribution of respondents

AGE NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGES (%)

18-20 17 12
21-25 36 4.2
26-30 49 34.5
31-35 25 17.6
Above 35 15 10.7
TOTAL 142 100%

In table 3, it was discovered that majority of the respondents were between the ages of

26-30.

Figure 3:

50

40

30

20

10

0
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 above 35

In figure 3, it was discovered that majority of the respondents were between the ages

of 26-30.

29
Table 4: Shows the knowledge of respondents on electronic waste.

RESPONSE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 79 55.6

No 65 44.4

TOTAL 142 100

Table 4 above shows that 55.6% of the respondents did not know of what electronic

waste all about, while 44.4% of respondents confirmed that they were aware of what

electronic waste is all about.

Figure 4:

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No

Figure 4 above shows that 55.6% of the respondents did not know of what electronic

waste all about, while 44.4% of respondents confirmed that they were aware of what

electronic waste is all about.

30
Table 5: shows how electronic waste are been kept

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

On the ground 32 22.5

In the store room 106 74.6

In a large mental container 4 2.9

TOTAL 142 100

In the above table 5, shows that majority (74.6%) of the respondents keep their

electronic waste in the store, 22.5% dump electronic waste on the ground, while 2.9%

make use of large metal container in storing their electronic waste.

Figure 5:

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
On the ground In the store room In a large mental
container

In the figure 5, shows that majority (74.6%) of the respondents keep their electronic

waste in the store, 22.5% dump electronic waste on the ground, while 2.9% make use

of large metal container in storing their electronic waste.

31
Table 6: Shows whether poor health information management has effect in health

care delivery.

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

By open burning 0 0

Giving it to PSP operator 142 100

TOTAL 142 100

In table 6, revealed that all the respondents give their waste to PSP operators and

confirmed that none of the respondent disposal electronic waste by burning openly.

160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
By open burning Giving it to PSP operator
Figure 6:

In figure 6, revealed that all the respondents give their waste to PSP operators and

confirmed that none of the respondent disposal electronic waste by burning openly.

32
Table 7: Shows whether the respondents have idea of how electronic waste are been

managed by PSP operators

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 43 30.3

No 99 69.7

TOTAL 142 100

From the above table, 43 (30.3%) of respondents said have idea of how electronic

waste are been managed by PSP operators, while 99(69.7%) of respondents said they

did not know how electronic waste are finally dispose by PSP operators.

Figure 7:

100

80

60

40

20

0
Yes No

From the figure 7 above, 43 (30.3%) of respondents said have idea of how electronic

waste are been managed by PSP operators, while 99(69.7%) of respondents said they

did not know how electronic waste are finally dispose by PSP operators.

33
Table 8: Shows whether electronic waste has caused injury or harm to anyone in

the study area

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 88 62

No 54 38

TOTAL 142 100

The above table revealed that electronic waste have some people in the study area

because out of 142 respondents, 88 (62%) mentioned “Yes”, while “No”.

Figure 8:

100

80

60

40

20

0
Yes No

The above figure 8 revealed that electronic waste have some people in the study area

because out of 142 respondents, 88 (62%) mentioned “Yes”, while “No”.

34
Table 9: shows how often PSP operators collect electronic waste from people in

computer village, Ikeja, Lagos State.

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Daily 3 2.1
Weekly 10 7
Monthly 124 87.3
Annually 5 3.5
TOTAL 142 100

The above table revealed that 87.3% of the respondents give their electronic waste to
PSP operators monthly, 2.1% mentioned daily, 7% said weekly, 3.5% mentioned
annually.
Figure 9:

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daily Weekly Monthly Annually

The above figure 10 revealed that 87.3% of the respondents give their electronic waste

to PSP operators monthly, 2.1% mentioned daily, 7% said weekly, 3.5% mentioned

annually.

35
Table 10: Shows whether there is law prohibiting improper disposal of electronic

waste in your area.

RESPONSES FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Yes 142 142

No 0 0

TOTAL 142 100

In table 10, it was revealed that there are laws prohibiting improper disposal of

electronic waste in your area which was confirmed by all of the respondents in the

study area.

Figure 10:

30

25

20

15

10

0
Yes No

In figure 10, it was revealed that there are laws prohibiting improper disposal of

electronic waste in your area which was confirmed by all of the respondents in the

study area.

36
CHAPTER FIVE

37
 FINDINGS

Due to the information gathered and analyzed in this chapter, it shows that 55.6% of

the respondents did not know of what electronic waste all about. They don’t know

details about electronic waste and it management. Majority (74.6%) of the

respondents have stores where they keep their electronic waste before given to PSP

operators for its proper management, some people dump electronic waste on the

ground and few people make use of large metal container in storing their electronic

waste.

This study also revealed that all the respondents give their waste to PSP operators and

confirmed that none of the respondent disposal electronic waste by burning openly.

Most (69.7%) of respondents did not know how electronic waste are finally dispose by

PSP operators. (30.3%) of respondents said they have know of how electronic waste

are been managed by PSP operators. 88 (62%) of the total respondents confirmed that

electronic waste have injured some people in the study area. majority of the

respondents said that PSP operators do come for the collection electronic waste

monthly. it was revealed that there are laws prohibiting improper disposal of

electronic waste in your area which was confirmed by all of the respondents in the

study area.

38
5.2 CONCLUSION

The researcher concluded that majority of the people in the study area do keep and

give their electronic waste to PSP operators monthly. Most of the people in the study

area don’t know details about electronic waste and it management. Most of

respondents did not know how PSP operators finally dispose electronic waste. it was

revealed that there are laws prohibiting improper disposal of electronic waste in your

area which was confirmed by all of the respondents in the study area. Some adequate

measures are therefore recommended to enlighten the individuals in the study area on

proper electronic waste management.

39
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS

 People should avoid dumping of electronic waste in the street or in the study

area because it contains hazardous substances.

 Government should organize programme to enlighten the people in the study

area on proper disposal and management of electronic waste and the

consequence of improper disposal of electronic waste on man.

 The laws stipulated against improper disposal of electronic waste in the study

area should be enforced.

 The inhabitants of the study area should follow the instruction given by the

Environmental Health Officers.

 The environmental health officers in charge of the study area should also carry

out their duties regularly to ensure hygiene environment and to promote the

health of people living in the area.

40
 APPENDIX 1

REFERENCES

Elizabeth, (2002). Basel Action Network and Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition.

"Exporting Harm: The High-Tech Trashing of Asia" (PDF). Seattle and

SanJose.

Frazzoli, (2010). Diagnostic health risk assessment of electronic waste on the

general population in developing countries’ scenarios. Environmental

Impact Assessment.

Grossman, (2006). "Where computers go to die - and kill (4/10/2006)".

Salon.com.

Henry, (2006). "Made To Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America".

Harvard University Press.

Kozlan, (2010). "What is 'E-Waste' & How Can I Get Rid Of It?!". Four Green

Steps.

"Why We Should Ship Our Electronic "waste" to China and Africa".

Morgan, (2006). "Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers". SmartBiz.

Russell, (2008). "Cash For Laptops Offers 'Green' Solution for Broken or Outdated

Computers". Green Technology (Norwalk, Connecticut: Technology

Marketing Corporation). In "Opinion". National Center For Electronics

Recycling News Summary (National Center For Electronics Recycling).

Ramzy, (2007). "America Ships Electronic Waste Overseas". Associated Press.

41
Royte, Elizabeth (2005). "E-gad! Americans discard more than 100 million

computers, cellphones and other electronic devices each year.

Sthiannopkao, (2012). Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries:

Initiatives, practices, and consequences. Sci Total Environ.

Smith, (2002). "Statistics on the Management of Used and End-of-Life

Electronics".

US Environmental Protection Agency.

Thomas, (2010). "Urgent need to prepare developing countries for surges in E-

Waste".

Williams, (2000). "Product or Waste? Importation and End-of-Life Processing of

Computers in Peru", Center for Earth Systems Engineering and

Management.

Zhang, (2004). "Experimental Studies on Cryogenic Recycling of Printed Circuit

Board", International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology.

42
 APPENDIX 2

QUESTIONNAIRE

1. Sex: Male ( ) Female ( )

2. Age: 18 – 20 ( ) 21 – 25 ( ) 26 – 30 ( ) 31 – 35 ( ) Above 36 ( )

3. Religion: Christian ( ) Islamic ( ) Traditional ( )

4. Occupation: Trading ( ) Civil servant ( ) Students ( ) Others ( )

5. Education: SSCE ( ) ND/NCE ( ) HND/BSC ( )

6. Marital Status: Single ( ) Married ( )

SECTION B

7. Do you know what electronic waste is all about? Yes ( ) No ( )

8. How do you store electronic waste generated in your area?

On the ground ( ) In the store room ( ) In a large mental container (

9. Do you have store where you keep your electronic waste before disposal?

Yes ( ) No ( )

10. How do you dispose your electronic waste?

By open burning ( ) Giving it to PSP operator ( )

11. Do the PSP operators involve the collection of electronic waste in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

12. If yes, how often do you give out your electronic waste to PSP operators?

Daily ( ) Weekly ( ) Monthly ( ) Annually ( )

13. Has electronic waste harm anyone in your area before? Yes ( ) No ( )

43
14. Are you aware, if electronic waste could habour pest like rat and other pests in

your area? Yes ( ) No ( )

15. Do PSP operators have cordial relationship with people in computer village

with regard to e-waste management? Yes ( ) No ( )

16. Do private sectors organize programme to enlighten people in your area on

electronic waste disposal? Yes ( ) No ( )

17. Do people come and scavenge electronic waste in your area? Yes ( ) No (

18. Is there any law prohibiting improper disposal of electronic waste in your area?

Yes ( ) No ( )

19. Do you have an idea of where your electronic waste collected by PSP operators

is being deposited? Yes ( ) No ( )

20. If yes, what type of method do the operators use to manage the electronic

waste? Open burning ( ) Incineration ( ) Landfill ( ) Recycling

( )

44