Signals and

Oral Presentation
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
Presented by
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics Gangireddy Narendra Kumar Reddy
1
1.1 Under the Guidance of
1.2
2
3 Dr.Sabarimalai Manikandan
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
Question 4
 Subjects

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3 Signals and Systems
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
Basic Electronics
2
3
4
5
Bio Medical Signal Processing
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 QUESTION 1.1

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
Assuming that a continuous time signal is given by
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2 x(t) = 5 cos(2000πt) − 3 cos(12000πt)
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
and it is sampled at the rate of 8,000 Hz,
Basic Electronics
1 (a)What is the mathematical expression for the discrete time signal obtained
1.1

2
1.2 after sampling process?
3
4
(b)Sketch the spectrum of the original signal.
5
5.a
(c)Sketch the spectrum of sampled signal up to 20LHz.
5.b
(d)Sketch the recoverd analog signal spectrum if an ideal low pass filter with
Biomedical Signal
processing cut off frequency of 4 KHz is used to filter the sampled signal to recover the
Question 1
1.1 original signal.
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1.a)

1
fs=8,000Hz;Ts = 8000
Signals and
Systems
(a)The mathematical expressions for the discrete time signal
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
obtained after sampling process is given by the following
QUESTION 2
2.1 expression.
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
x(n) = 5 cos(2000πnTs) − 3 cos(12000πnTs) (1)
2
3
4
5
5.a 2000πn 12000πn
5.b x(n) = 5 cos( ) − 3 cos( ) (2)
Biomedical Signal
processing
8000 8000
Question 1
1.1
1.2 πn 3πn
1.3 x(n) = 5 cos( ) − 3 cos( ) (3)
Question
2.1
2
4 2
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1.b)

(b)
1
cos(2πfm t) ↔ [δ(f − fm ) + δ(f + fm )] (4)
Signals and
Systems
2
QUESTION 1 5 3
1.1 5 cos(2000πt)−3 cos(12000πt) ↔ [δ(f −1000)+δ(f +1000)]− [δ(f −6000)+δ(f +6000)]
1.2
QUESTION 2
2 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1.c)

Signals and
Systems
∞
QUESTION 1 1 X
1.1 x(t)δ(t − nTs ) ↔ X (f − nfs ) (5)
1.2
QUESTION 2
Ts n=−∞
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
The frequency spectrum consists of the nfs + fm1 ,nfs − fm1 ,nfs + fm2 ,nfs − fm2 frequencies.
Basic Electronics By substituting n = −∞ to +∞, and fm1 = 1k,fm2 = 6k we will get the following
1
1.1
frequencies:
1.2
2
3
n vlaue fm1 = 1k fm2 = 6k
4 0 1k,-1k 6k,-6k
5
5.a ±1 ±9k,±7k ±14k,±2k
5.b
Biomedical Signal
±2 ±17k,±15k ±22k,±10k
processing ±3 ±25k,±23k ±30k,±18k
Question 1
1.1
1.2 The spectrum of the sampled signal up to 20 KHz is drawn below.
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1.c)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1.d)

The frequencies present up to 4 KHz are 1k,2k,-1k,-2k

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 QUESTION 1.2

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
Assuming that 3- bit ADC channel acceptys analog
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
input ranging from 0 to 5 volts. Determine the
1
1.1
1.2
following parameters:
2
3
4 (a)number of quantization levels.
5
5.a
5.b (b)step size of the quantizer.
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.2)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Given data n=3;
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1
1.1
(a) Number of quantization levels (L)=2n = 23 = 8
1.2
2
Range 5
3
4
5
(b) Step size of quantizer=(δ) = L = 8 = 0.625
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 QUESTION 2.1

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1 Consider an LTID system represented by the impulse
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
response h[n] = (0.8)n u[n]. Find the frequency response
1
1.1
1.2 of the system and calculate the overall output and
2
3
4
5
steady state output of the system for the input
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
sequence x[n] = cos( π3 n)u[n]
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.1)

Signals and Given impulse rersponse h[n] = (0.8)n u[n]

Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
∞
X
1.2
QUESTION 2 Z [h[n]] = H[Z ] = h[n]Z −n (6)
2.1
2.2 n=−∞
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics ∞
X
(0.8)n u[n]Z −n
1
1.1 H[Z ] = (7)
1.2
2 n=−∞
3
4 ∞
5 X
5.a
5.b
H[Z ] = (0.8)n Z −n (8)
Biomedical Signal n=0
processing
Question 1
1
1.1
H[Z ] = (9)
1.2
1.3 1 − 0.8Z −1
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.1)

Signals and
The frequency response of system is obtained by substituting z = e jw in H[z].
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1 e jw
1.2 H(e jw ) = (10)
QUESTION 2
2.1
e jw − 0.8
2.2
QUESTION 3 π
Basic Electronics x[n] = cos( n)u[n]
1 3
1.1
1.2
2 1 1
3 X [Z ] = j π3 −1
+ −j π3 −1
(11)
4
5
1−e Z 1−e Z
5.a
5.b output y[n]=x[n]*h[n]
Biomedical Signal
processing Apply Z tansform on both sides
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Y [z] = X [Z ]H[Z ] (12)
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.1)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1 1 1 1
1.2 Y [Z ] = ( j π3 −1
+ )
−j π3 −1 1 − 0.8Z −1
(13)
QUESTION 2
2.1
1−e Z 1−e Z
2.2
QUESTION 3 0.2857 0.545e −j0.857π 0.545e 0.857π
Y [Z ] = + π + π (14)
1 − 0.8Z −1 1 − e j 3 Z −1 1 − e −j 3 Z −1
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
jπ −jπ
y [n] = 0.2857(0.8)n u[n] + 0.545e −j0.857π e n
u[n] + 0.545e j0.857π e n
1.2
2 3 3 u[n]
3
4 (15)
5
5.a
5.b
The steady state response is given by the following equation.
Biomedical Signal jπ −jπ
processing
Question 1
yss [n] = 0.545e −j0.857π e 3
n
u[n] + 0.545e j0.857π e 3
n
u[n] (16)
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 QUESTION 2.2

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
Determine the impulse response for the cascade of two
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
linear time-invariant systems having impulse responses
1

2
1.1
1.2 h1[n] = ( 12 )n u[n] and h2[n] = ( 14 )n u[n]. Determine
3
4
5
whether the cascaded system is (a) stable, (b) static,
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
(c) causal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

Given impulse response responses

Signals and 1
Systems
h1 [n] = ( )n u[n] (17)
QUESTION 1
1.1 2
1.2
QUESTION 2
1
2.1
2.2 h2 [n] = ( )n u[n] (18)
QUESTION 3 4
Basic Electronics
1 y1 [n] = x[n] ∗ h1 [n] (19)
1.1

2
1.2
y [n] = y1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] (20)
3
4
5 substitute (3) in (4), we will get
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
y [n] = [x[n] ∗ h1 [n]] ∗ h2 [n] (21)
Question 1
1.1
1.2
y [n] = x[n] ∗ [h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n]] (22)
1.3
Question
2.1
2 Therefore,
2.2
Question 3
y [n] = x[n] ∗ h[n] (23)
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

where
Signals and
h[n] = h1 [n] ∗ h2 [n] (24)
Systems
QUESTION 1 Apply Z Transform on both sides,
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2 H[Z ] = H1 [Z ] ∗ H2 [Z ] (25)
2.1
2.2 ∞
QUESTION 3
X
Basic Electronics H1 [Z ] = h1 [n]Z −n (26)
1
1.1 n=−∞
1.2
∞
2 X 1
3
4 H1 [Z ] = ( )n u[n]Z −n (27)
5
n=−∞
2
5.a
5.b
∞
Biomedical Signal
X 1
processing H1 [Z ] = ( )n Z −n (28)
Question
1.1
1
n=0
2
1.2
1.3 ∞
X 1
( )n
Question 2
2.1 H1 [Z ] = (29)
2.2
Question 3 n=0
2Z
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

Z
Signals and H1 [Z ] = (30)
Systems
QUESTION 1
Z − ( 12 )
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
Similarly,
∞
2.1 X 1
( )n u[n]Z −n
2.2
QUESTION 3 H2 [Z ] = (31)
Basic Electronics
n=−∞
4
1
1.1
∞
1.2 X 1
2
3 H1 [Z ] = ( )n Z −n (32)
4
n=0
4
5
5.a
∞
5.b X 1
Biomedical Signal
processing
H2 [Z ] = ( )n (33)
Question 1
n=0
4Z
1.1
1.2
1.3 Z
Question 2 H2 [Z ] = (34)
2.1
2.2
Z − ( 14 )
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1 From equation (9),
1.1
1.2 Z Z
QUESTION 2 H(Z ) = (35)
2.1
2.2
(Z − 2 ) (Z − 14 )
1

QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics H(Z ) Z
1 = (36)
1.1
1.2
Z 1
(Z − 2 )(Z − 14 )
2
3
4
Apply partial fractions on equation (20),
5
5.a
5.b
H(Z ) A B
= 1 + (37)
Biomedical Signal
processing Z (Z − 2 ) (Z − 14 )
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

where
1 Z
Signals and A = (Z − ) =2
Systems
1
2 (Z − 2 )(Z − 14 ) @Z = 1
QUESTION 1 2
1.1
1.2
1 Z
QUESTION 2
2.1 B = (Z − ) = −1
2.2 4 (Z − 2 )(Z − 14 ) @Z = 1
1
QUESTION 3 4
Basic Electronics
1 From (21),
1.1
1.2 H(Z ) 2 −1
2 = 1 + (38)
3
4
Z (Z − 2 ) (Z − 14 )
5
5.a 2Z −1Z
5.b
H(Z ) = 1 + (39)
Biomedical Signal
processing
(Z − 2 ) (Z − 14 )
Question 1
1.1 Apply Inverse Z Transform on both sides, we will get
1.2
1.3
Question 2 1 1
2.1 h[n] = 2( )n u[n] − ( )n u[n] (40)
2.2
Question 3
2 4
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

(a) The LTI system is said to be stable when the impulse

Signals and
Systems
response of the system is absolutely summable. Therefore
QUESTION 1
1.1 X∞
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
|h[n]| < ∞ (41)
2.2
QUESTION 3 n=−∞
Basic Electronics
∞
1 X 1 1
1.1
1.2 = [2( )n u[n] − ( )n u[n]] (42)
2
3
n=−∞
2 4
4
5 ∞
5.a X 1 1
5.b
Biomedical Signal
= [2( )n − ( )n ] (43)
processing
Question 1 n=0
2 4
1.1
1.2 8
1.3
Question 2 = <∞
2.1
2.2
3
Question
Question
3
4
The given system is stable.
 Solution(2.2)

Signals and
Systems
(b) The LTI system is said to be static when the impulse
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
response is in the form of h[n] = K δ[n]
QUESTION 2
2.1 Here Impulse response is not in the above form.
2.2
QUESTION 3 therefore The given system is not static.
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
(c) The condition for causality is given by the following equation.
1.2
2
3
4
h[n] = 0; n < 0 (44)
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
Here
processing
Question
1.1
1 h[n] = 0; n < 0
1.2
1.3
Question 2
so the given system is causal.
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 QUESTION 3

Consider the input signal x[n] and the impulse response h[n] shown in fig1.
Signals and
(a)compute the output y[n].
Systems
QUESTION 1
(b)Determine the DFT coefficients X[K] for the signal x[n] shown in fig1.
1.1
1.2
(c)If the sampling rate is 10 hz,determine the frequency resolution,frequency
QUESTION 2
2.1
bin number, and mapped frequency for each of the DFT coefficients X(1) and
2.2
QUESTION 3
X(3) in frequency domain
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3.1.a)

   
Signals and
(a)Given x[n]= 1 2 1 2 ; h[n]= 1 1
Systems
QUESTION 1 ∞
1.1 X
1.2
QUESTION 2
y [n] = x[k]h[n − k] (45)
2.1
2.2
k=−∞
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics 3
X
1
1.1
1.2
y [n] = x[k]h[n − k] (46)
2 k=0
3

y [0] = 3k=0 x[k]h[0 − k] = x[0]h[0] + x[1]h[−1] + x[2]h[−2] + x[3]h[−3] = 1

4 P
5
5.a
y [1] = 3k=0 x[k]h[1 − k] = x[0]h[1] + x[1]h[+0] + x[2]h[−1] + x[3]h[−2] = 3
5.b
P
Biomedical Signal
y [2] = 3k=0 x[k]h[2 − k] = x[0]h[2] + x[1]h[+1] + x[2]h[+0] + x[3]h[−1] = 3
P
processing
Question 1

y [3] = 3k=0 x[k]h[3 − k] = x[0]h[3] + x[1]h[+2] + x[2]h[+1] + x[3]h[+0] = 3

1.1
P
1.2

y [4] = 3k=0 x[k]h[4 − k] = x[0]h[4] + x[1]h[+3] + x[2]h[+2] + x[3]h[+1] = 1

1.3
P
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3.1.b)

Signals and
Systems  
QUESTION 1 y [n] = 1 3 3 3 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2 (b)
2.1 N−1
2.2 X
QUESTION 3 DFT (x[n]) = X [k] = x[n]WNkn ; K = 0, 1, 2....N − 1; (47)
Basic Electronics
k=0
1
1.1 −j2π
1.2 WN = e N
2
3
4
−j2π
5
5.a
W4 = e 4 = −j
5.b
Biomedical Signal X[k] can be calculated by matrix method.
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
X [K ] = WNkn x[n] (48)
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3.1.b)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
4 point DFT of x[n] = X [k] = W4kn x[n]; k = 0, 1, 2, 3&n = 0, 1, 2, 3;
1.2
QUESTION 2   0.0
W40.1 W40.2 W40.3 x[0]
  
2.1
2.2
X [0] W4
X [1] W41.0 W41.1 W41.2 W41.3 
QUESTION 3
x[1]
 
X [2]=W42.0
  
Basic Electronics W42.1 W42.2 W42.0 
x[2]
1
1.1 X [3] W43.0 W43.1 W43.2 W43.0
x[3]
1.2
2
3   0
W40 W40 W40 x[0]
  
4 X [0] W4
5
X [1] W40 W41 W42 W43 
5.a
x[1]
 
X [2]=W40
  
5.b
W42 W44 W46 
x[2]
Biomedical Signal
processing X [3] W40 W43 W46 W49
x[3]
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3.1.b)

    
Signals and X [0] 1 1 1 1 1
Systems
QUESTION 1
X [1] 1 −j (−j)2 (−j)3 2
X [2]=1 (−j)2
    
1.1
1.2
(−j)4 (−j)6 1
QUESTION 2
2.1
X [3] 1 (−j)3 (−j)6 (−j)9 2
2.2
QUESTION 3     
Basic Electronics X [0] 1 1 1 1 1
1 X [1] 1 −j −1 j 2
X [2]=1
1.1     
2
1.2 −1 1 −11
3 X [3] 1 j −1 −j 2
4
5
5.a      
5.b X [0] 1+2+1+2 6
Biomedical Signal
processing
X [1] 1 − 2j − 1 + 2j   0 
X [2]= 1 − 2 + 1 − 2 =−2
     
Question 1
1.1
1.2 X [3] 1 + 2j − 1 − 2j 0
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3.1.c)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
(c)Given Sampling rate(fs ) = 10Hz
QUESTION 2
2.1

frequency resolution= Nfs = 10

2.2
QUESTION 3
4 = 2.5
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
fs n
2
1.2
nth binfrequency = N = 2.5n
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
The mapped frequency for each of the DFT coefficients X(1)
Biomedical Signal
processing and X(3) in frequency domain are 0 Hz and 0 Hz respectively.
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question 1.1

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Design a circuit to convert an AC signal to DC signal
Basic Electronics
1
using minimum semi conducror diodes and having the
1.1

2
3
1.2
following features 1)Maximum efficiency and
4
5
5.a
2)minimum ripple factor.
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1 Figure: Center Tapped full wave rectifier
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1)

Signals and
Systems (1) Efficiency: It is the major of the ability of rectifier to convert input power in to D.C.
QUESTION 1
1.1
power.
1.2 Pdc
QUESTION 2 η= ∗ 100%
2.1 Pin
2.2
QUESTION 3
Pdc
Basic Electronics η= ∗ 100%
1 Pin
1.1
2
1.2
Idc RL
2
η= 2 ∗ 100%
3
4
IRMS (RL + 2RF )
5
5.a by Substituting the values of Idc and Irms, we will get
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
RL
η = 81 %
Question
1.1
1
(RL + 2RF )
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1)

(2) Ripple Factor: A.C.component is also called ripple. Ripple factor is a measure of the
amount of A.C. component.
Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
RMSofACcomponent
1.1
(r ) =
1.2 D.C .component
QUESTION 2 r
2.1 IRMS 2
2.2 r= ( ) −1
QUESTION 3 IDC
Basic Electronics r
1 VRMS 2
1.1 r= ( ) −1
2
1.2 VDC
3
4
substitute
5
5.a
Im
5.b
IRMS = √
Biomedical Signal
processing
2
Question 1
1.1 2Im
1.2 IDC =
1.3 π
Question 2
0
2.1 VRMS I0
2.2 r= = RMS = 0.483
Question 3 Vdc Idc
Question 4
 Question 1.2 and solution

Signals and
Also design a circuit to have the output following the relation Y=(AB)’ using
Systems
QUESTION 1
discrete components?
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(2)

Calculate Gain, Input resistance, Output voltage across the load (β =100)
Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2)

For D.C. analysis short the A.C. sorce and open capacitors
Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1 10 ∗ 2.2
1.2 Vth = = 1.8
QUESTION 2
2.1
10 + 2
2.2
10 ∗ 2.2
QUESTION 3
Rth = = 1.8
Basic Electronics 10 + 2
1
1.1 Vth − VBE
1.2 IB =
2 Rth + (1 + β)RE
3
4
5
1.8 − 0.7
5.a
IB = = 0.0107mA
5.b
1.8 + (1 + 100)1
Biomedical Signal
processing IC = βIB ∗ 100 = 1.07mA
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2)

Signals and
Systems
VCE = VCC − IC (RC + RE )
QUESTION 1
1.1 VCE = 10 − 1.07mA(3.6 + 1)K Ω = 5.078
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
Operatingpoint = Q(VCE , IC ) = Q(5.078, 1.07mA).
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics IC
1 Transconductance(gm ) =
1.1 VT
1.2
2 where VT =Thermal voltage=26 mV.
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
1.07 0.0411
gm = =
Biomedical Signal 26 Ω
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2 gm = 41.15m/Ω
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2)

Signals and For A.C.analysis Short VCC and Capacitors

Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2)

Signals and β
Systems Inputresistance(rΠ ) =
QUESTION 1 gm
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2 100
QUESTION 3 (rΠ ) = = 2.43kΩ
Basic Electronics 41.15
RL 0 = RL ||RC
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
RL 0 = 2.64K Ω
4
5 Vo
5.a Gain = Av = = −gm RL0
5.b Vin
Biomedical Signal
processing Av = −108.92.
Question 1
1.1
1.2
OutputVoltage = Av ∗ InputVoltage
1.3
Question 2 OutputVoltage = −108.92 ∗ 1mV = −0.1V .
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(3)

In the circuit shown above Vin = 9V , R=50,Vz = 6V .

The Zener diode has a Knee current of 5 mA and a maximum allowed power dissipation of
Signals and
Systems
330 mW.What are the mimimum and maximum load currents that can be drawn safely
QUESTION 1 from the circuit, keeping the output voltage Vo = 6V.
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1 Pmax = VZ ∗ IZ(max)
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2 330mV
2.1 IZ(max) = = 55mA
2.2 6
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
I = IZ + IL
1
1.1 I = IZ(max) + IL(min)
1.2
2
3 ILmin = 60mA − 55mA = 5mA
4
5 Vo
5.a = 5mA
5.b RL(max)
Biomedical Signal
processing
6
Question 1
RL(max) = = 1.2K Ω
1.1
1.2
5mA
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(3)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3 I = IZ(min) + IL(max)
Basic Electronics
1 IL(max) = 60mA − 5mA = 55mA
1.1
1.2
2
6
3
RL(min) = = 109.09Ω
4
55mA
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question 4

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
For a single phase full wave bridge rectifier,derive the
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
relation for the following.
2.2
QUESTION 3 (a)DC output voltage
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
(b)Ripple voltage
2
3
4
(c)Peak Inverse Voltage
5
5.a
5.b
(d)Rectifier Efficiency
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
(e)Voltage ripple factor in terms of form factor
1.1
1.2
1.3
(f)Transformer utilization factor.
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(4.a)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4 Figure: Full wave Bridge rectifier
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
Vi = Vm sin α; 0 ≤ α ≤ 2Π
processing
Question 1 Vo = Vm sin α; 0 ≤ α ≤ Π
1.1
1.2
1.3
Vo = −Vm sin α; π ≤ α ≤ Π
Question 2 Z π Z 2π
2.1 1 2Vm
2.2 VDC = ( (Vm sin α)dα + (−Vm sin α))dα =
Question 3 2π 0 π Π
Question 4
 Solution(4.b)

Signals and
Systems (b) Ripple Factor: A.C.component is also called ripple. Ripple factor is a measure of the
QUESTION 1
1.1
amount of A.C. component.
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
RMSofACcomponent
2.2
(r ) =
QUESTION 3
D.C .component
Basic Electronics
r
1 IRMS 2
1.1 r= ( ) −1
1.2 IDC
2 r
3
VRMS 2
4
r= ( ) −1
5
5.a
VDC
5.b
Biomedical Signal
substitute
processing IRMS = √Im2
Question 1
2Im
1.1
1.2
IDC = π
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(4.c) and (4.d)

0
Signals and VRMS I0
Systems r= = RMS = 0.483
QUESTION 1 Vdc Idc
1.1
1.2 A.C.voltage=ripple voltage=0.483*VDC
QUESTION 2
2.1 (C) Peak Inverse Voltage(PIV): Maximum voltage across the diode when diode is R.B.
2.2
QUESTION 3 PIV=Vm
Basic Electronics (d)Rectification Efficiency: It is the major of the ability of rectifier to convert input power
1
1.1 in to D.C. power.
1.2
2
3 Pdc
4 η= ∗ 100%
5 Pin
5.a
5.b
Pdc
Biomedical Signal η= ∗ 100%
processing Pin
Question 1
1.1 2
1.2 Idc RL
1.3 η= 2 ∗ 100%
Question 2 IRMS (RL + 2RF )
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 by Substituting the values of Idc and Irms, we will get
RL
Signals and
Systems
η = 81 %
QUESTION 1
(RL + 2RF )
1.1
1.2 (e) Voltage ripple factor in terms of form factor:
Form Factor(F)= VVD.C
QUESTION 2 RMS
2.1
.
2.2
QUESTION 3
√
Basic Electronics
ripple factor(r)= F 2 − 1
1
1.1
1.2
(f)Transformer Utilization factor: It is the ratio of D.C. output power and A.C. rating of
2 secondary winding.
3
4
5 Pdc I 2 Rl
5.a TUF = = Imdc Vm
5.b A.C .rating √ √
Biomedical Signal 2 2
processing
Question
1.1
1
By substitute the values of Idc andVm , TUF = 0.81 ∗ 100% = 81%
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question 5.a

Draw the equivalent circuit of practical OP-Amp and

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
state its ideal characteristics.
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Figure: opamp equivalent
Question 4
 Solution(5.a)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
1.Open loop Gain(A)=∞
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
2.Input Resistance(Ri)=∞
1
1.1
3.Output Resistance(Ro)=0
1.2
2
3
4.Open loop Bandwidth=∞
4
5 5.CMRR=∞
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question 5.b

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
Explain the op-amp integrator and differentiator circuits
2
1.1
1.2 and derive the expressions for output voltages?
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution (5.b)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics Figure: integrator
1
1.1
1.2
2
Apply KCL at inverting node,
3
4
I1 = I2
5
5.a
5.b Vi − 0 d
= C (0 − Vo)
Biomedical Signal
processing
R dt
Question 1 Vi d
1.1 = −C (Vo)
1.2 R dt
1.3 Z t
Question 2 1
2.1 Vo = − Vidt
2.2 RC −∞
Question 3
Question 4 Here Output voltage is the integral of Input Voltage.
 Solution(5.b)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
Figure: differentiator
1.1
1.2
2
3 Apply KCL at inverting node,
4
5
5.a I1 = I2
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
d 0 − Vo
Question
1.1
1
C (Vi − 0) =
1.2
dt R
1.3
d
Question
2.1
2
Vo = −RC (Vi)
2.2
dt
Question
Question
3
4
Here The output voltage is the differentiation of input voltage.
 Question(1.1)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
The inside and outside ion concentration levels of the cell
2.2
QUESTION 3 membrane are: for K + , 10mM out and 400 mM in; for Na+ ,
Basic Electronics
1 460 mM out and 50 mM in; and for Cl − , 540 mM out and 40
1.1

2
1.2
mM in. During rest in the squid giant axon, the permeabilities
3
4
5
have the ratio PK : PNa : PCl = 1 : 0.03 : 0.1. Compute the
5.a
5.b resting membrane potential.
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(1.1)

Signals and
Systems The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation is given by
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2 RT Pk [K + ]out + PNa [Na+ ]out + PCl [Cl − ]in
QUESTION 2 Vm = ln[ ] (49)
2.1 F Pk [K + ]in + PNa [Na+ ]in + PCl [Cl − ]out
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1 1(10) + 0.03(460) + 01(40)
1.1 Vm = 25.8mv ln[ ]
1.2 1(400) + 0.03(50) + 0.1(540)
2
3
4
5
27.8
5.a
Vm = 25.8mv ln[ ]
5.b
406.9
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question
1.1
1
Vm = 25.8mv ln[0.0681] = −69.37mv
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(1.2) and solution

Draw the action potential of nerve cell. Explain the different stage of action potential of
nerve cell with suitable ions and gate channels.
Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
Figure: Different stages of Action potential
 Question(1.2.a) and solution

Signals and
(1.2.a) What is the action potential?
Systems
QUESTION 1
Answer:
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
The action potential (AP) is the electrical signal that accompanies the
2.1
2.2
mechanical contraction of a single cell when stimulated by an electrical
QUESTION 3 current.
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
It is caused by the flow of sodium (Na+ ), potassium (K + ), chloride
2
1.2 (Cl − ), and other ions across the cell membrane.
3
4 The action potential is the basic component of all bioelectrical signals. It
5
5.a provides information on the nature of physiological activity at the
5.b
Biomedical Signal
single-cell level.
processing
Question
1.1
1 Recording an action potential requires the isolation of a single cell, and
1.2
1.3
microelectrodes with tips of the order of a few micrometers to stimulate
Question
2.1
2 the cell and record the response
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(1.2.b)(1.2.c) and Solution

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
(1.2.b) What is meant by the term threshold stimulus?
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Answer: To generate an action potential an axon requires a stimulus of a
Basic Electronics certain mimimum strength.
1
1.1

2
1.2 (1.2.c) Describe “all or none” law of the action potential?
3
4 Answer: The action potential is always the same for a given cell, regardless of
5
5.a
5.b
the method of excitation or the intensity of the stimulus beyond a threshold:
Biomedical Signal this is known as the ”all-or-none” or ”all-or-nothing” phenomenon.
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question (1.2.d) and Solution

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
(1.2.d) Distinguish between graded potential and action
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
potential.
Basic Electronics
1
Answer:
1.1
1.2 Graded potentials travel over short distances and are generated by the
2
3 opening of mechanically or chemically gated channels.
4
5
5.a
Action potentials travel over long distances and they are generated by the
5.b
Biomedical Signal
opening of voltage-gated channels.
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(1.3)

With a neat diagram of the cardiac action potential, describe the following two refractory
periods: absolute refractory period and relative refractory period?
Signals and
Systems
Ans:After an action potential, there is a period during which a cell cannot respond to any
QUESTION 1 new stimulus, known as the absolute refractory period.
1.1
1.2 This is followed by a relative refractory period,when another action potential may be
QUESTION 2
2.1 triggered by a much stronger stimulus than in the normal situation.
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(2.1)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
Design a time-domain technique to remove random noise given
1.1
1.2 the possibility of acquiring multiple realization of the signal or
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
event of interest and prove that the proposed technique improve
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
the signal-to-noise (SNR).
1
1.1
1.2
Solution: Synchronized signal averaging can separate a repetitive signal from
2
3
noise without distorting the signal.If the noise is random with zero mean and
4
5
is uncorrelated with the signal, averaging will improve the SNR. Let yk (n)
5.a
5.b represent one realization of a signal, with k = 1,2,. . . , M representing the
Biomedical Signal
processing
ensemble index, and n = 1,2,. . . , N representing the time-sample index. M
Question
1.1
1
is the number of copies of the signal available, and N is the number of time
1.2
1.3
samples in each copy of the signal.
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.1)

We may express the observed signal as

Signals and yk (n) = xk (n) + ηk (n) (50)

Systems
QUESTION 1
M M M
1.1 X X X
1.2
QUESTION 2
yk (n) = xk (n) + ηk (n); n = 1, 2, .....N. (51)
2.1 k=1 k=1 k=1
2.2
QUESTION 3 If the repetitions of the signal are identical,
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
1.2 M
X
2
3 xk (n) = Mx(n)
4
k=1
5
5.a
5.b If the noise is random and has zero mean and variance σn2 ,
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1 M
X
1.2
1.3 ηk (n) → 0
Question 2
2.1 k=1
2.2
Question
Question
3
4
as M increases, With variance Mσn2
 Solution(2.1)

Signals and
Systems
√
QUESTION 1 The RMS value of the noise in the averaged signal= Mσn
1.1

(VPP )0
1.2

(SNR)0 =
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2 (ηRMS )0
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
MVpp
1 (SNR)0 = √
1.1
1.2
Mσn
2 √
3 MVpp
4 (SNR)0 =
5 σn
5.a
5.b 0
√
Biomedical Signal
(SNR) = M(SNR)
processing √
Question 1 Thus the SNR of the signal will increase by a factor of M.
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(2.2)

For the ECG signal analysis, a researcher employs the derivative

Signals and
Systems operator which is described as w (n) = x(n)–x(n − 1), where
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
x(n) is the input sequence and w(n) is the output of the system.
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
Then, the output is pass through the moving average filter
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
describe by difference equation:
1
1.1
1
2
1.2
y (n) = [w (n) − w (n − 1) − w (n − 2)]
3
4
3
5
5.a
5.b (a)Derive the transfer function of the two filters individually.
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
(b)Derive the impulse response of each filter and that of the
1.1
1.2 combination.
1.3
Question
2.1
2
(c)Does it matter which of the two filters is placed first? Why
2.2
Question
Question
3
4
(not)?
 Solution(2.2)

(a)Given
Signals and
Systems w (n) = x(n)–x(n − 1) (52)
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2 Apply Z transform on both sides,
QUESTION 2

W [Z ] = [1 − Z −1 ]X [Z ]
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1 W [Z ]
1.1
1.2
H1 [Z ] = = 1 − Z −1
2
3
X [Z ]
4
5 Given
5.a 1
5.b
y (n) = [w (n) − w (n − 1) − w (n − 2)] (53)
Biomedical Signal
processing 3
Question
1.1
1.2
1
Apply Z transform on both sides,
1.3
1
Y (Z ) = [1 − Z −1 − Z −2 ]W [Z ]
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

Signals and
Y [Z ] 1
Systems
QUESTION 1 H2 [Z ] = = [1 − Z −1 − Z −2 ]
1.1
1.2
W [Z ] 3
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
(b)Impulse response is obtained by substituting input=δ(n)
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics Impulse response of derivative filter is given by the following
1
1.1
1.2
expression.
2
3
4
h1 (n) = [δ(n) − δ(n − 1)]
5
5.a
5.b
Impulse response of moving average filter is given by the
Biomedical Signal
processing following expression.
Question 1
1.1
1.2 1
1.3
Question 2 h2 (n) = [δ(n) − δ(n − 1) − δ(n − 2)]
2.1
2.2
3
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution(2.2)

Signals and
Systems Substitute (51) in (52), we will get
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2 1
QUESTION 2
2.1
y (n) = [x(n) − x(n − 1) + x(n − 3)] (54)
2.2
QUESTION 3
3
Basic Electronics
1 Combined impulse response is obtained by x(n) = δ(n) in eq(53)
1.1
1.2
2 1
3
4 y (n) = [δ(n) − δ(n − 1) + δ(n − 3)] (55)
5
5.a
3
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
(c) Yes.First place difference operator and then moving Average
Question
1.1
1
filter. Because difference operator act as high pass filter and
1.2
1.3
Question 2
moving Average filter act as low pass filter.
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question3

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
The Hilbert transform and homomorphic filter technique are
2.2
QUESTION 3 often used in analysis of nonlinear and nonstationary biosignals
Basic Electronics
1 (a) Describe the computation of Hilbert transform of an input
1.1

2
1.2
sequence x[n] using the discrete Fourier transform (DFT).
3
4
5
(b)Drive the expressions for computing the instantaneous
5.a
5.b amplitude and instantaneous frequency of a signal x[n].
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution (3)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
N−1
X
x[n]WNkn ; K = 0, 1, 2....N − 1; (56)
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
DFT (x[n]) = X [k] =
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
k=0
1
1.1 −j2π

2
1.2
whereWN = e N
3
4 N−1
5 X
5.a
5.b IDFT (X [K ]) = x[n] = X [K ]WN−kn ; n = 0, 1, 2....N −1; (57)
Biomedical Signal
processing n=0
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
H(x[n]) = xb[n] = IDFT (Xb [k]) (58)
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution (3)

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
for N=even
1.2
QUESTION 2 (
if K = 1, 2, 3.................. N2 − 1
2.1
2.2 −jX [K ]
QUESTION 3
Xb [K ] =
Basic Electronics
1 JX [K ] if K = N2 + 1, N2 + 2, ...., N − 1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
for N=odd
5.a (
5.b
−jX [K ] if K = 1, 2, 3.................. N−1
2
Biomedical Signal
processing Xb [K ] = N+1 N+3
Question
1.1
1
JX [K ] if K = 2 , 2 , ...., N − 1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solution (3.b)

The Hilbert transform can be used to create an analytic signal

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
from a real signal. Instead of studying the signal in the frequency
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
domain it is possible to look at a rotating vector with an
2.1
2.2 instantaneous phase φ(t) and an instantaneous amplitude A(t)
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics in the time domain.
1
1.1
1.2
xb[n] is the hilbert transform of x[n].
2
3
4
5
5.a Z [n] = x[n] + j xb[n] = A[n]e jφ[n] (59)
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
where A[n]= Instantaneous Amplitude
1.1 q
1.2
1.3
Question
2.1
2 A[n] = x 2 [n] + xb2 [n] (60)
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Solutiuon(3.b)

Signals and
where φ[n]= Instantaneous Phase.
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1 xb[n]
1.2
φ[n] = arctan( ) (61)
QUESTION 2
2.1 x[n]
2.2
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
where ω[n]=Instantaneous frequency in radians
1.1

2
1.2
dφ[n]
3 ω[n] = (62)
4
5 dn
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal f[n]=Instantaneous frequency in Hz.
processing
Question 1
1.1
1 dφ[n]
1.2
1.3 f [n] = (63)
Question
2.1
2 2π dn
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question 4

1.With suitable examples, list different types of biosignals

Signals and
Systems according to physical nature of biosignals.
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
Answer:
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2 Electroneurogram (ENG)
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
1
Electromyogram (EMG)
1.1

2
1.2 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
3
4
5
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
Electrogastrogram (EGG)
processing
Question
1.1
1 Phonocardiogram (PCG)
1.2
1.3
Question 2
Carotid pulse (CP)
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Photoplethysmogram (PPG)
Question 4
 Question (4.2) and Solution

(2) Distinguish between invasive and non-invasive sensing of

Signals and
Systems biological phenomena?
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
Solution:
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2 Invasive procedures involve the place- ment of transducers or
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics other devices inside the body, such as needle electrodes to
1
1.1
1.2
record MUAPs, or insertion of catheter-tip sensors into the
2
3
4
heart via a major artery or vein to record intracardiac signals.
5
5.a
5.b
Noninvasive procedures are desirable in order to minimize risk
Biomedical Signal
processing
to the subject. Recording of the ECG using limb or chest
Question 1
1.1
1.2
electrodes, the EMG with surface electrodes, or the PCG
1.3
Question 2 with microphones or accelerometers placed on the chest are
2.1
2.2
Question 3
noninvasive procedures.
Question 4
 Question 4.3

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1 (3) Describe the brain waves in terms of frequency band and
1.2
QUESTION 2
2.1
functional activity?
2.2
QUESTION 3 Solution:
Basic Electronics
1
1.1
Type frequeny Function Activity
Delta(δ) 0.5 ≤ f < 4
1.2
2
3
deep Sleep
4
5 Theta(θ) 4 ≤ f < 8 beginning stages of Sleep
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
Alpha(α) 8 ≤ f ≤ 13 resting state
processing
Question 1 Beta(β) f ≥ 13 tension,anxious situation
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(4.4) and Solution

Signals and
Systems
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QUESTION 2
(4) List three common types of sources of artifact in an ECG
2.1
2.2
QUESTION 3
monitoring system?
Basic Electronics
1
Solution:
1.1

2
1.2
Baseline wonder
3
4
5 Power line Interference
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
Muscle Artifact
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Question(4.5)

(5) Draw the waveform corresponding to two cycles of a typical

Signals and
Systems ECG signal and indicate the following waves and periods: the P,
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
QRS, and T waves; the RR interval; atrial contraction; atrial
QUESTION 2
2.1
2.2
relaxation; ventricular contraction; and ventricular relaxation.
QUESTION 3
Basic Electronics
Answer:
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
4
5
5.a
5.b
Biomedical Signal
processing
Question 1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4
 Course Work

Signals and
Systems Table: Course Work
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.2
SI No Subject Subject Name Semester Credit Grade
QUESTION 2 Code
2.1
2.2 1 HS7L001 English for Technical 1 4 C
QUESTION 3
writing
Basic Electronics
1 2 MA7L022 Advanced Techniques 1 4 B
1.1 in Operation Research
1.2
2 3 EC6L015 Bio Medical Signal 1 3 A
3
4
Processing
5 4 EC6L020 Wireless Mobile Com- 1 3 B
5.a
5.b munication
Biomedical Signal 5 MA6L001 Mathematical Meth- 2 4 A
processing
Question 1 ods
1.1 6 EC6V001 Estimation Signals 3 3 A
1.2
1.3 and Systems
Question 2
2.1
2.2
Question 3
Question 4