CE 552 Lecture 9

§ A column is a vertical
structural member
supporting axial compressive
loads, with or without
moments.
§ Columns support vertical
loads from the floors and
roof and transmit these
loads to the foundations.
Concrete columns can be roughly divided into the following three categories:
§ Short compression blocks or pedestals — If the height of an upright
compression member is less than three times its least lateral dimensions, it
may be considered to be a pedestal.
§ Short reinforced concrete columns — Should a reinforced concrete column
fail due to initial material failure, it is classified as a short column.
§ Long or slender reinforced concrete columns — As columns become more
slender, bending deformations will increase, as will the resulting secondary
moments. If these moments are of such magnitude as to significantly reduce
the axial load capacities of columns, those columns are referred to as being
long or slender.
SECONDARY MOMENTS OR PΔ MOMENTS

When a column is subjected to primary

moments (those moments caused by
applied loads, joint rotations, etc.), the
axis of the member will deflect
laterally, with the result that additional
moments equal to the column load
times the lateral deflection will be
applied to the column.
Reinforced concrete columns are
referred to as tied or spiral columns,
depending on the method used for
laterally bracing or holding the bars in
place.
If the column has a series of closed ties,
it is referred to as a tied column.
If a continuous helical spiral made from
bars or heavy wire is wrapped around the
longitudinal bars, the column is referred
to as a spiral column.
At failure, the theoretical ultimate strength or nominal strength of a short
axially loaded column is quite accurately determined by the expression that
follows, in which Ag is the gross concrete area and Ast is the total cross-
sectional area of longitudinal reinforcement, including bars and steel shapes:

(Eq. 1)
§ Should a short, tied column be loaded until it fails,
parts of the shell or covering concrete will spall off
and, unless the ties are quite closely spaced, the
longitudinal bars will buckle almost immediately,
as their lateral support (the covering concrete) is
gone.
§ In a spiral column, the lateral expansion of the
concrete inside the spiral (referred to as the core)
is restrained by the spiral.
§ The covering concrete or shell will spall off, but
the core will continue to stand, and if the spiral is
closely spaced, the core will be able to resist an
appreciable amount of additional load beyond the
load that causes spalling.

Model for action of a Spiral

§410.10 - Limits for reinforcement of compression members
410.10.1 - Area of longitudinal reinforcement for non-composite compression
members shall be not less than 0.01 nor more than 0.08 times gross area Ag
of section.
!. !# ≤ %& ≤ !. !'

A,,./.01
ρ) =
A)2/,,
410.10.2 - Minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members
shall be 4 for bars within rectangular or circular ties, 3 for bars within
triangular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals conforming to 410.10.3.

410.10.3 Ratio of spiral reinforcement, ρs, shall be not less than the value
given by
(410-6)

t
from NSCP 2010

where the
the value
valueofoffyfytused
used
in in
Eq.Eq. (410-6)
(410-6) shall
shall not not exceed
exceed 415700
MPa.MPa. For fyt
greater than 415 MPa, lap splices according to 407.11.4.5(1) shall not be
used.
Where:
Ac = area of the core
Ag = gross concrete area
⍴s = Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio

Volume of Spiral A#3 π(D7 −9:; ) 4A#3 (D7 −9:; )

ρ# = = π = >
Volume of core >
D7 s D7 s
4
Asp = cross sectional area of spiral wire
§407.7 – Spacing limits for reinforcement
407.7.3 — In spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear
distance between longitudinal bars shall be not less than 1.5db nor less than
40 mm. See also 403.4.2.
403.4.2 — Nominal maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be not larger than:
(a) 1/5 the narrowest dimension between sides of forms, nor
(b) 1/3 the depth of slabs, nor
(c) 3/4 the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars or wires, bundles of
bars, individual tendons, bundled tendons, or ducts.
!. # ≥ 1.5'(
≥ 40++
,
≥ -
!. .. #
§407.11.1 - Lateral reinforcement for compression members
407.11.1.1 - Lateral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to
the provisions of 407.11.1.4 and 407.11.1.5 and, where shear or torsion
reinforcement is required, shall also conform to provisions of §411.
407.11.1.2 - Lateral reinforcement requirements for composite compression
members shall conform to 410.17. Lateral reinforcement requirements for
prestressing tendons shall conform to 418.12.
407.11.1.3 - It shall be permitted to waive the lateral reinforcement
requirements of 407.11.1, 410.17, and 418.12 where tests and structural
analysis show adequate strength and feasibility of construction.
407.11..5 - Ties
Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to the following:
407.11..5.1 - All nonprestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral ties, at least
10mm diameter in size for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller, and
at least 12 mm diameter in size for 36mm diameter bars and bundled
longitudinal bars. Deformed wire or welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall
be permitted.
407.11..5.2 - Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 longitudinal bar
diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or least dimension of the
compression member.
s ≤ 16 longitudinal bar diameter
≤ 48 tie diameter
≤ least column dimension
 s ≤ 16 longitudinal bar diameter
≤ 48 tie diameter
≤ least column dimension

s
407.11.5.3 - Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and alternate
longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided by the corner of a tie with
an included angle of not more than 135 deg and a bar shall be not farther
than 150mm clear on each side along the tie from such a laterally supported
bar. Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of a circle, a
complete circular tie shall be permitted.
 150 mm max 150 mm max

150 mm max

> 150 mm > 150 mm > 150 mm > 150 mm > 150 mm > 150 mm

> 150 > 150 mm

> 150 > 150 mm

150 mm max 150 mm max 150 mm max

> 150

> 150

150 mm max
407.11.5.4 - Ties shall be located vertically not more than one-half a tie
spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story, and shall be spaced as
provided herein to not more than one-half a tie spacing below the lowest
horizontal reinforcement in slab or drop panel above.
407.11.5.5 — Where beams or brackets frame from four directions into a
column, termination of ties not more than 75 mm below lowest reinforcement
in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted.
407.11.5.6 — Column ties shall have hooks as specified in §407.2.3
407.11..4 – Spirals
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to 410.10.3 and
to the following:
407.11.4.1 — Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar or wire of
such size and so assembled to permit handling and placing without distortion
from designed dimensions.
407.11.4.2 — For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less
than 10 mm diameter.
407.11.4.3 — Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 mm, nor be
less than 25 mm. See also 403.4.2.
c.s. ≤ 75 mm
≥ 25 mm
407.11.4.4 — Anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1-1/2
extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit.
§409.4.2.2 Axial load, and axial load with flexure. (For axial load with flexure,
both axial load and moment nominal strength shall be multiplied by
appropriate single value of ϕ)
(b) Axial Compression and axial compression with flexure:
Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to §410.4.3 – 0.75
Other reinforced members – 0.70

from NSCP 2010

(b) Axial Compression and axial compression with flexure:

Members with spiral reinforcement conforming to §410.4.3 – 0.75
Other reinforced members – 0.65
 Pue = Mu
or
Mu
e=
Pu

For many years, the code specified that such columns had to be designed for
certain minimum moments even though no calculated moments were
present. This was accomplished by requiring designers to assume certain
minimum eccentricities for their column loads. These minimum values were 1
in. or 0.05h, whichever was larger, for spiral columns and 1 in. or 0.10h for
tied columns.
Nominal or theoretical Axial Load strength for the special case of zero eccentricity:

410.4.5 — Design axial strength φPn of compression members shall not

be taken greater than the following:

410.4.5.1 — For nonprestressed members with spiral reinforcement

conforming to 407.11.4 or composite members conforming to 410.17:

(410-1)

This maximum load limit governs whenever the moment is small enough to keep
NOTE:
the eccentricity under 0.05h, h represents the outside diameter of round columns.
410.4.5.1 — For nonprestressed members with tie reinforcement conforming
to 407.11.5:

(410-2)

This maximum load limit governs whenever the moment is small enough to keep the
NOTE:
eccentricity under 0.10h, where h is the column width parallel to the applied moment.
A square-tied column 400 mm on each side is reinforced with 8-25 mm bars
with fy = 275 MPa. Assuming fc’ = 22 Mpa, determine the ultimate axial load
capacity of this column.
Calculate the ultimate axial load capacity of a round spiral column having a
diameter of 450 mm reinforced with six 25 mm bars having fy = 276 Mpa.
Assume fc’ = 34 Mpa.
Design an axially loaded short square tied column for Pu = 2600 kN if fc’ = 28
MPa and fy = 350 MPa. Initially assume ρ = 0.02. For the reinforcements,
choose from the table below.
Bar Size Price
25 mm 0.6 P
36 mm 1.25 P
Design a round spiral column to support an axial dead load PD of 800 kN and
an axial live load PL of 1350kN. Initially assume that approximately 2%
longitudinal steel is desired, f’c = 27.6 MPa, and fy = 414 MPa.
Use 25-mm main reinforcement and 10-mm spiral with 30 mm steel covering.