Trabajo de Ecuaciones

UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Y MATEMÁTICA
CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES
EJERCICIOS DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE TODO EL SEMESTRE
PROFESOR: MATEMÁTICO JORGE LARA
NOMBRE: CASA TOAPANTA FRANKLIN ROLANDO
CURSO: TERCERO
PARALELO: “3”
ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES | CASA FRANKLIN
Contenido
1.-CAMPO DE PENDIENTES .................................................................................................................. 3
2.-GRAFICAS DE SOLUCIONES DE EQUILIBRIO .............................................................................. 10
3.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES HOMOGENEAS .......................................................................... 12
4.- ECUCION DIFERENCIAL VARIABLE SEPARABLE ........................................................................ 18
5.-ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA: ............................................................................ 26
6.- DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:................................................................................................... 43
8.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE PRIMER ORDEN .................................................................. 51
9.- TRANSFORMACIONES LINEALES DE 𝑹𝒏 → 𝑹𝒎 ............................................................... 56
10.- OPERADORES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES:......................................................................... 62
11.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES DE ORDEN N.......................................................... 67
12.- DIFERENCIALES LINEALES HOMOGÉNEAS DE SEGUNDO ORDEN A COEFICIENTES
CONSTANTES ....................................................................................................................................... 72
13.-ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES NO HOMOGENEAS POR EL METODO DE VARIACIÓN DE
PARÁMETROS ...................................................................................................................................... 76
14.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES DE SEGUNDO ORDEN A COEFICIENTES
CONSTANTES ....................................................................................................................................... 84
15.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES NO HOMOGENEAS A COEFICIENTES CONSTANTES ......... 88
METODO DEL ANULADOR ................................................................................................................... 88
2
1.-CAMPO DE PENDIENTES
dy/dx = (y^2 +1)*x y

𝑑𝑦 y = tan((x^2 /2))
= (𝑦 2 + 1)𝑥 
𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) 
2
        




𝑑𝑦 (𝑦+𝑥2 )
= 𝑥𝑒
𝑑𝑥 dy/dx = x*e^(y+x^2) y
y = -log((-ex^2/2)+(c)) familia[c = -3.000 --> c = 3.000; 20

        




3
dy/dx = 2*x^5 *(1+y)*1/2 y

𝑑𝑦 5 (1+𝑦) y = -1/36 *(6x^6+9+x^12-36) +c familia[c = -3.000 --> c = -1
= 2𝑥 ∗ y = ((1/5)x^4)+c familia[c = -1.000 --> c = 3.000; 10 pasos]
𝑑𝑥 2
        




𝑑𝑦
= (1 + 𝑦 2 )cos⁡(2𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
dy/dx = (1+y^2)cos(2x) y

y = tan(cos(x)sin(x)) +c familia[c = -0.800 --> c = 0.800; 1
y = tan(1/2(c+sin(2x)))
       




4
dy/dx = x(x^2 +y^2)/(4y^3) y

y^4=(x^4 /4)+x^2 +c familia[c = -3.000 --> c = 6.000; 10 pas
𝑑𝑦 𝑥(𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 ) y^4=(x^4 /4)+x^2 +1/4
= (4𝑦 3 )
𝑑𝑥

       




𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦)
dy/dx = (2x)/(y+x^2 y) y
y^2=2ln(1+x^2)+c familia[c = -4.000 --> c = 3.000; 20 pasos]
y=-(2log(1+x^2)+4)^1/2

       


 5

dy/dx = (-x)/(ye^-x) y
 = -1.000 --> c = 2.000; 10 p
y^2=(-2xe^x +2e^x +c) familia[c
𝑑𝑦 (−𝑥) y^2=(-2xe^x +2e^x +3.3)
= (𝑦𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑑𝑥

       




𝑑𝑦 −𝑦(1+𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
dy/dx = -y(1+x) /x y

y = (ke^(-x))/(x) familia[k = -2.000 --> k = 2.000; 20 pasos
       




6
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑥
dy/dx = x-xy-y+1 y
 = -1.000 --> k = 1.000; 20 p
y = 1+ke^(-x^2 /2 -x) familia[k
y = 1
       




𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
dy/dx = -y*tanx y
 --> c = 2.000; 20 pasos]
y = c*cos(y) familia[c = -2.000
       



7

dy/dx = y2(-1-x)/x^2(1-y) y
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 (−1−𝑥)
= (𝑥 2 (1−𝑦)) 
𝑑𝑥
x=kye^(1/x+1/y) familia[k = -2.000 --> k = 4.000; 20 pasos]

       




𝑑𝑦
= 𝑒 (𝑥+𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
dy/dx = e^(x+y) y
y = -log(-e^x+c) familia[c = -3.000 --> c = 5.000; 20 pasos]
       




8
𝑑𝑦 −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 tan⁡(𝑦)
dy/dx = (-sin(x))/(tan(y)) y

-log(cos(y))=(x/2) -(1/4sin(2x))+c familia[c = -5.000 --> c
       




𝑑𝑦
= −(cos(𝑥))(1 + 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥
dy/dx = -(cos(x))(1+y^2) y
y = tan(-sin(x) +c) familia[c = -2.000 --> c = 2.000; 10 pas
       




9
2.-GRAFICAS DE SOLUCIONES DE EQUILIBRIO
𝒚′ = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒𝒚.
𝑦 ′ = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡𝑦(𝑦 − 4)
𝑦 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 4
Línea de fase
Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente

0 4
Sol. Equilibrio Sol. Equilibrio
𝒚′ = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒.
𝑦 ′ = 0⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡0 = (𝑦 − 2)(𝑦 + 2)
𝑦 = −2⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 2
Línea de fase
Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente

−2 2
Sol. Equilibrio Sol. Equilibrio
𝒚′ = 𝒔𝒆𝒏𝒚
𝑦 ′ = 0⁡⁡⁡
10
𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 0⁡⁡⁡ ↔ ⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛∈Ζ
Línea de fase
Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente Decreciente

−2π 0 2𝜋
Sol. Equilibrio Sol. Equilibrio Sol. Equilibrio
𝟐
𝒚 ′ = 𝒆𝒚
𝑑𝑦 2
= 𝑒𝑦
𝑑𝑥
2
𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2
∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑐
Solución de Equilibrio
2
𝑦 ′ = 0⁡⁡ ↔ ⁡⁡ 𝑒 𝑦 = 0 No tiene solución de Equilibrio
11
3.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES HOMOGENEAS

a) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ⁡ −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=⁡
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦
=− ( + )
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= − ( + 𝑢) ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑢 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
=𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
2𝑢 + 2𝑥 = − ( + 𝑢)⁡⁡
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑢 − 3𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
− = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜⁡𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠⁡𝑙𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑠⁡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠:
1 𝑥
+ 3𝑢
𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
−∫ =⁡∫
1 𝑥
𝑢 + 3𝑢
1 𝑦2
− ln |1 + 3 2 | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
6 𝑥
b) 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 ⁡)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2⁡ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= + 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑥 ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑢 Integrando tenemos; ∫ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 = ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑥2
𝑥 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 2 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥 𝑢 2𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑑𝑢 =
𝑥
12
c) (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 − 2𝑦)
=
𝑑𝑥 (2𝑥 + 𝑦)
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 − 2 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 𝑦 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ = 𝑢 + 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 − 2𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 ⁡=
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2
𝑥 ⁡=
𝑑𝑥 2+𝑢
2+𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢⁡ = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜⁡𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠⁡𝑞𝑢𝑒:⁡
1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2 𝑥
2+𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑢⁡ = ∫ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; 𝑤 = 1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑤 = (4 − 2𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 − 4𝑢 − 𝑢 𝑥
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑤 = −2(2 + 𝑢)𝑑𝑢
1 𝑦 𝑦2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 4 − 2 | = ln⁡|𝑥|
2 𝑥 𝑥
d) 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − ⁡ (𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
(𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
= 2
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 )
𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2
= 2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦2
( 2 + 3 2)
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ = 𝑢 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1 + 3 2 )
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑢2 )
𝑑𝑢 𝑢3
𝑥 =−
𝑑𝑥 (1 + 𝑢2 )
13
(1 + 𝑢2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑𝑢 = −
𝑢 𝑥
1 1 𝑑𝑥
∫ ( 3 + ) 𝑑𝑢 = − ∫
𝑢 𝑢 𝑥
2
𝑥 𝑦
− 2 + ln | | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
e) 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 − 𝑥
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= − 𝑦 ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑥 ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 2−
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 2
𝑑𝑢 = ∫
2𝑢 − 1 − 𝑢 𝑥
𝑦 2 𝑦 2
(𝑥 ) (𝑥 ) 𝑦 2 1
2 + 2 − ln |( ) − 1| + 𝑦 + 2 = ln⁡|𝑥|
𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 − 1 𝑦
− (𝑥 ) + 2 𝑥 − 1 2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 2 (𝑥 − 1)
f) (5𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 − 𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5𝑥 𝑦
= −( − )
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦 5 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= + ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 3 3𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 5 1
𝑢+𝑥 = + 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑢 5 2
𝑥 = − 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑑𝑢 5 − 2𝑢
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3
14
3 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
5 − 2𝑢 𝑥
3 𝑦
− 2 ln |5 − 2 𝑥 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
g) (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ( + ) ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =( + )
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢 2
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑢2 − 2𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
2𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
1 − 𝑢2 𝑥
1 𝑦 2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐
2 𝑥
h) −𝑥 2 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2𝑦
= 3 ; 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑜𝑠⁡𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎⁡𝑥 3
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 𝑦 3 )
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑦 ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑢
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑦3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+ 3
𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑢 − 𝑢4
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
𝑑𝑢 −𝑢4
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑢3
1 + 𝑢3 𝑑𝑥
−∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑢4 𝑥
𝑥3 𝑦
3
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
3𝑦 𝑥
15
i) 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 (𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 )
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= 2 + ; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑧𝑜⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 2+𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑢2 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑥
1 𝑦 3
( ) = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
3 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
j) 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + sen 𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + sen 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = sen 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑢 𝑥
𝑦
𝑙𝑛 |tan ( )| = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
k) 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + cos 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑢 𝑥
16
𝑦 𝑦
𝑙𝑛 |tan + sec | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
l) 𝑦´ = 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 =𝑢+
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑢⁡𝑑𝑢 = ∫
𝑥
𝑦2
= ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
2𝑥 2
m) 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= − ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 2𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 1
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢−
𝑑𝑥 2 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 𝑢2 − 1 − 2𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
𝑑𝑢 −1 − 𝑢2
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑢
2𝑢 𝑑𝑥
−∫ 2
=∫
1+𝑢 𝑥
𝑦 2
−𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
n) (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
17
𝑥𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= + √1 + 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑢+𝑥 = 𝑢 + √1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢
𝑥 = √1 + 𝑢2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ =∫
√1 + 𝑢 2 𝑥
𝑦
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ ( ) = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶
𝑥
o) (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= − 1 + ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑧𝑜:⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ ⁡; ⁡𝑦 = 𝑥𝑢;⁡ =𝑢+𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1
𝑢+𝑥 = −1+𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑢
𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑢 = ∫
1−𝑢 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
1− − ln |1 − | = ln|𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥
4.- ECUCION DIFERENCIAL VARIABLE SEPARABLE
 [𝑦⁡(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0]

𝑥 + 1⁄
𝑥
𝑦(1 + 𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥⁡ + 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = 0 -x + 1 1
𝑦⁡(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
(1 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦
⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡
𝑥 𝑦⁡
18
1 𝑑𝑦
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 + ⁡ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = −⁡∫
𝑥 𝑦
ln 𝑥⁡⁡ + 𝑥 + ln 𝑦 = 0
 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑦
⁡ = 𝑥⁡(1 − 𝑦) + (−𝑦 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑦)(⁡𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
= (𝑥 + 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑦)
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ⁡ ∫(𝑥 + 1)⁡𝑑𝑥
(1 − 𝑦)
ln|1 − 𝑦⁡| − 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + ⁡⁡𝐶⁡⁡ = 0⁡
𝑑𝑥
 [(𝑡 2 − 𝑥𝑡 2 )⁡ 𝑑𝑦 ⁡ + ⁡⁡ 𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑥 2 = 0]
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 2 ⁡(⁡1 − 𝑥⁡) = −⁡𝑥 2 − ⁡𝑡𝑥 2⁡⁡
𝑑𝑡⁡
𝑑𝑥
𝑡 2 ⁡(⁡1 − 𝑥⁡) = −⁡𝑥 2 (1 − ⁡𝑡⁡)
𝑑𝑡⁡
(1 − 𝑥⁡) (1 − 𝑡⁡)
2
⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡2
1 𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑡
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 −⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ + ⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑥 2⁡ 𝑥 2⁡ 𝑡 2⁡ 𝑡 2⁡
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑥 −2 ⁡𝑑𝑥 −⁡ ∫ ⁡ = − ∫ 𝑡 −2
⁡𝑑𝑡⁡ + ⁡ ∫ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑥⁡ 𝑡⁡
𝑥 −1 − ln 𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡𝑡 −1 + ln 𝑡
1
− ln 𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡𝑡 −1⁡ + ln 𝑡⁡
𝑥
19
1 1
ln 𝑡 + ln 𝑥 − ⁡ − ⁡ + 𝐶 = 0
𝑡 𝑥
 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟 tan ∅⁡⁡𝑑∅⁡ = 0
𝑑𝑟 = −⁡𝑟 tan ∅⁡⁡𝑑∅⁡

𝑑𝑟
= ⁡ tan ∅⁡⁡𝑑∅⁡
𝑟
𝑑𝑟
∫ = ⁡ ∫ tan ∅⁡⁡𝑑∅⁡
𝑟
ln|𝑟| = ⁡ − ln|cos ∅|
ln|𝑟| + ⁡ ln|cos ∅| + 𝐶 = 0
 𝑦 ′ = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑦 ′ = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
= ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
∫ ⁡ = ⁡ ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦⁡⁡
∫ 𝑒 −𝑦 ⁡𝑑𝑦 = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥
−⁡𝑒 −𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 + C = 0
 (cos 𝑥)(1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦⁡
cos ⁡𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡⁡
(⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑦
∫ cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫
(1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )
𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 = ⁡ −𝑎𝑟𝑐⁡𝑡𝑎𝑛⁡(⁡𝑦⁡)
𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ⁡(⁡𝑦⁡) + 𝐶 = 0⁡
20
 (⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 ⁡𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 + (tan 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
∫(⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 ⁡𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ − ∫(tan 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦
1 − cos 2𝑥⁡
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ln|cos 𝑦⁡|
2⁡
1 cos ⁡2𝑥⁡
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 − ⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ln ⁡|cos 𝑦⁡|
2 2
𝑥 1
− ⁡ ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡2𝑥 + ln|cos 𝑦⁡| = 0⁡
2 4
𝑥⁡ 1
ln (cos 𝑦) ⁡ + − ⁡ ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡2𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0⁡
2 4
 (⁡𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦)𝑑𝑥⁡ + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥
⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡
𝑒 𝑦 ln 𝑦⁡
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑥⁡𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫
𝑦 ln 𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ⁡ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ln 𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣 = ⁡ −⁡𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑦 ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑣 = ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡⁡
𝑑𝑢
−⁡𝑥⁡𝑒 −𝑥 − ⁡ ∫(⁡−⁡𝑒 −𝑥 ) ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫
𝑢
−𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − (𝑒 −𝑥 ) = ⁡ − ln 𝑢⁡
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + ln|ln 𝑦⁡| ⁡ + 𝐶 = 0⁡
1
 𝑥 2⁡ ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1
𝑥 2⁡ ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
21
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = ⁡ −⁡
√𝑥
𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ⁡ − ∫
√𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⁡ −⁡∫ 𝑥 −2⁡ ⁡⁡𝑑𝑥
1
𝑦 = ⁡ −2⁡𝑥 2⁡ ⁡⁡
𝑦 + 2√𝑥 + 𝐶 = 0⁡
 2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0
2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦

2⁡𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡
⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦
(⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ) tan 𝑦⁡
2⁡𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −⁡∫ ⁡𝑑𝑦
(⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ) tan 𝑦⁡
𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = tan 𝑦⁡⁡

𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑢 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢⁡
𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 = ⁡⁡⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2∫ ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ −⁡∫
𝑢 𝑢
2 ln|⁡𝑢⁡| = ⁡ − ln|⁡𝑢⁡|
2 ln|1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡| + 𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦⁡⁡| ⁡ + 𝐶 = 0
 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥⁡ + (⁡1 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡⁡𝑑𝑦⁡= 0
3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

3𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡
⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
(⁡1⁡ − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ) tan 𝑦⁡
3𝑒 𝑥 ⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫ ⁡𝑑𝑦
(⁡1⁡ − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ) tan 𝑦⁡
22
𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = tan 𝑦⁡⁡

𝑑𝑢 = −⁡𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑢 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
−⁡3 ∫ ⁡⁡ = ⁡⁡ −⁡∫
𝑢 𝑢
−⁡3 ln|⁡𝑢⁡| = ⁡ − ln|⁡𝑢⁡|

−⁡3 ln|1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡| = ⁡ −⁡𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦⁡⁡|⁡
−⁡3 ln|1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡| + ⁡𝑙𝑛|tan 𝑦⁡⁡| ⁡ + 𝐶 = 0
 (1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ⁡⁡ (1 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
(1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = −⁡⁡(1 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦⁡
2
= ⁡ −⁡
(1 + ⁡ 𝑥 ) (1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦⁡
∫ = ⁡ −⁡∫
(1 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 ) (1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )
arc⁡tan⁡x⁡– ⁡arc⁡tan⁡y⁡ + ⁡C = 0
 𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡
𝑥 cos 𝑦
2
⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
(⁡1 + 𝑥 ) 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡
𝑥
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫ 𝑐𝑡𝑔⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
(⁡1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑢 = ⁡ (⁡1 + 𝑥 2 )
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥
23
𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = ⁡
2𝑥
1 𝑑𝑢
⁡∫ = ⁡ − ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡)
2 𝑢
1
⁡ln(𝑢) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡)
2
1
⁡ln(⁡1 + 𝑥 2 ) + ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡) + 𝐶 = 0
2
 2𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
2𝑥⁡(𝑦 + 1⁡)⁡𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

𝑦
2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ 𝑦+1⁡⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
𝑦
∫ 2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑦
𝑦 + 1⁡⁡
𝑢 = 𝑦 + 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 − 1 = 𝑦⁡
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑦⁡
2𝑥 2 𝑢 − 1⁡
⁡=⁡∫ ⁡𝑑𝑢
2 𝑢⁡
𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑥 2 = ⁡ ∫ ⁡⁡𝑑𝑢 − ⁡ ∫
𝑢 𝑢
𝑥 2 = 𝑢⁡ − ln|𝑢|
𝑥 2 = ⁡ |𝑦 + 1⁡| − ln|𝑦 + 1⁡|
𝑥 2 − ⁡ |𝑦 + 1⁡| + ln|𝑦 + 1⁡| + 𝐶 = 0
 𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 − ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡)⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡(⁡1 − ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡)⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0
24
∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡ = ⁡ ∫ −⁡1 + ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
𝑢 = 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∫ 𝑑𝑣⁡ = ⁡ cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑢⁡ = 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥⁡
𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 − ⁡ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 6⁡ ∫ 𝑦 5⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦
6𝑦 6⁡ ⁡
𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + cos 𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −𝑦 + ⁡
6
𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦 6⁡ + 𝐶⁡⁡ = 0
 (⁡𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 ⁡𝑦 + 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦 = 0
(⁡𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(𝑥 2 ⁡𝑦 + 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦

𝑥⁡(⁡𝑦 2 − 1⁡)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡𝑦⁡(𝑥 2 ⁡ + 1⁡)𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑦
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ∫ −⁡ ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦
𝑥2 ⁡ + 1⁡ 𝑦2 −1
𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑥 2 + 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ⁡ 𝑦 2 − 1
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡
𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 = ⁡
2𝑥 2𝑦
1 𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
⁡∫ = ⁡ −⁡ ⁡∫
2 𝑢 2 𝑢
1 1
ln|⁡𝑢⁡| = ⁡ −⁡ 2⁡ ⁡ln⁡|⁡𝑢⁡|
2
1 1
ln|⁡𝑥 2 ⁡ + 1⁡| + ⁡ ⁡ln⁡|⁡𝑦 2 ⁡ + 1⁡| + ⁡⁡𝐶 = 0
2 2⁡
25
5.-ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑌′ = 𝑓 ( )
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1
PRIMER CASO: Las rectas L1 y L2 se cortan en un punto P (,)
1. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 + (4 − 𝑦 − 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥⁡
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4
= ⁡
𝑑𝑥 𝑥−𝑦+1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥=1 𝑦=2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑣 2(𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 + 2) − 4
𝑌′ = => ⁡ =
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) + 1
𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢−𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑧
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 2 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
2 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧2 + 2 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 +2 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 + 2 𝑧2 + 2 𝑢
26
1 𝑧 1 𝑧2
(arctan ( )− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2
Reemplazamos el valor de z
1 𝑣/𝑢 1 (𝑣/𝑢)2
(arctan ( )− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2
Reemplazamos el valor de u y v
(𝑥 − 1) 𝑥−1 2
1 1 (𝑦 − 2)
(𝑦 − 2)
(arctan ( )⁡ − 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2 √2 2
1 𝑥−1 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
(arctan ( )− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√2 √2(𝑦 − 2) √2 2(𝑦 − 2)2
2. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3
=
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = −3
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑦 = −3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 3
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑣 −(𝑢) + (𝑣 − 3) + 3 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − (𝑣 − 3) − 3 𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑣
−1 + ⁄𝑢
=
2 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2−𝑧
27
𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2−𝑧
𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 ≠ 0
2−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧2 −𝑧−1 𝑢
2−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 −𝑧−1 𝑢
2 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2 =∫
𝑧2−𝑧−1 𝑧 −𝑧−1 𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2∫ 2 ⁡− ∫ 2 =∫
𝑧 −𝑧−1 𝑧 −𝑧−1 𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 𝑑𝑢 1
2∫ ⁡− ∫ = ∫ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑤 = 𝑧 −
1 2 5 𝑧2 − 𝑧 − 1 𝑢 2
(𝑧 − ) −
2 4
4 2(2𝑤 + 1) 𝑑𝑢
2∫ 𝑑𝑤 + ∫ = ∫ ⁡⁡
4𝑤 2 −5 2
4𝑤 + 5 𝑢
2 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1 2 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1
− 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1| + 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1|
√5 √5 √5 √5 √5 √5
1
+ 2(− 𝑙𝑛|−4𝑧 2 + 4𝑧 + 4|
4
1 2𝑧 − 1 2𝑧 − 1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | + 1| − (𝑙𝑛 | − 1|)) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐⁡
4√5 √5 √5
2𝑣 2𝑣 2𝑣
2 −1 −1 2 −1
− 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 − 1| + 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 + 1|
√5 √5 √5 √5 √5
2𝑣
−1
− 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 − 1|
√5
1 𝑣 2 𝑣
+ 2 (− 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) + 4 ( ) + 4|
4 𝑢 𝑢
2𝑣 2𝑣
1 −1 −1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑢 − 1|)) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐⁡
4√5 √5 √5
28
2(𝑦 + 3) 2(𝑦 + 3)
2 −1 −1
− 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 − 1|
√5 √5 √5
1 𝑦+3 2 𝑦+3
+ 2 − 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) + 4( ) + 4|
4 𝑥 𝑥
(
2(𝑦 + 3) 2(𝑦 + 3)
1 −1 −1
+ (𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑥 − 1|)
4√5 √5 √5
)
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐⁡
3. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 𝑥 + 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦 =3
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 = 0
𝑥=1 𝑦 = −2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2
𝑥+𝑦+1 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 − 2) + 1
𝑌′ = => ⁡ =
𝑥−𝑦−3 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 − 2) − 3
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 + 1
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
29
⁡𝑧 2 + 1 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧 +1 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 + 1 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧⁡ − ⁡ ∫ 2 ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 +1 𝑧 +1 𝑢
1 𝑧 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2
1 𝑣/𝑢 1 𝑣 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2 𝑢
𝑦+2
1 1 𝑦+2 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( 𝑥 − 1 ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11 2 𝑥−1
1 𝑦+2 1 𝑦+2 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 11| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
√11 √11(𝑥 − 1) 2 𝑥−1
𝑥−𝑦+1
4. 𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥−𝑦−1⁡
𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
3𝑥 − 𝑦 = 1
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝑥=1 𝑦=2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 2
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) + 1
𝑌′ = => ⁡ =
3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑢 3(𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 + 2) − 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣/𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
30
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
𝑧 2 − 2𝑧 + 1 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2 ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑧 − 2𝑧 + 1 𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑣 𝑣 𝑣
𝑙𝑛 | − 1| − 𝑙𝑛 | | + 𝑙𝑛 | + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
𝑢 𝑢 𝑢
𝑣
−𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢
𝑦−2
−𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥−1
5. 𝑦 ′ = (2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑑𝑦 (2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3)
= ⁡
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 = −3
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥 − 3𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥=0 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 0 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 0 => 𝑦 = 𝑣
31
2𝑢 6𝑣 3
2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 − 6𝑣 + 3 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑢 +𝑢
⁡𝑌 ′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = 𝑢
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 3𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 3𝑣 1
𝑢− 𝑢 +𝑢
6𝑣 3
𝑑𝑣 2 − 𝑢 + 𝑢
=> =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑣 + 1
𝑢 𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
3
𝑑𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 + 𝑥
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑧 + 1
𝑥
𝑑𝑧 2 − 6𝑧
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 3𝑧
2 − 6𝑧 ≠ 0
1 − 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
2 − 6𝑧 𝑢
1 − 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2 − 6𝑧 𝑢
1 3𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2 − 6𝑧 2 − 6𝑧 𝑢
1 1 1
− 𝑙𝑛|2 − 6𝑧| − 3(− 𝑧 − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑧 − 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
6 6 18
1
1 6𝑣 𝑣 1 3𝑣
− 𝑙𝑛 |2 − | − 3 (− 6 − 𝑙𝑛 | − 1|) = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐
6 𝑢 𝑢 18 𝑢
1 1
− 𝑙𝑛|2 − 0| − 3 (0 − 𝑙𝑛|0 − 1|) = 𝑙𝑛|0| + 𝑐
6 18
1
− 𝑙𝑛|2| = +𝑐
6
32
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦+4
6. = 𝑥−𝑦−6
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 𝑦 = −4
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦 =6
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0
𝑥=1 𝑦 = −5
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 5 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 5
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 1) + (𝑣 − 5) + 4
𝑌′ = => ⁡ =
𝑥−𝑦−6 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 + 1) − (𝑣 − 5) − 6
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
𝑧2 + 1 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧 +1 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫ ⁡
𝑧 +1 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
1
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan(𝑧) + 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
𝑣 1 𝑣 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2 𝑢
𝑦+5 1 𝑦+5 2
𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan ( ) + 𝑙𝑛 |( ) + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑥−1 2 𝑥−1
33
7. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 3𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 −𝑦 + 1
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
−𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : −𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = 3/2 𝑦=1
3 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 3/2 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
3
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑣 2 (𝑢 + 2) − 3(𝑣 + 1)
𝑌′ = => ⁡ =
−𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 −(𝑣 + 1) + 1
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 −𝑣 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 −𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1−𝑧−𝑧 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1−𝑧−𝑧 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1−𝑧−𝑧 1−𝑧−𝑧 𝑢
34
1
−2 (− 𝑙𝑛|−4𝑧 2 − 4𝑧 + 4|
4
3 −2𝑧 − 1 + √5 −2𝑧 − 1 − √5
+ (𝑙𝑛 | | − 𝑙𝑛 | |))
4√5 √5 √5
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
1 𝑣 2 𝑣
−2 (− 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) − 4 ( ) + 4|
4 𝑢 𝑢
𝑣 𝑣
3 −2 (𝑢) − 1 + √5 −2 (𝑢) − 1 − √5
+ (𝑙𝑛 | | − 𝑙𝑛 | |))
4√5 √5 √5
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑦−1 𝑦−1
−2 − 𝑙𝑛 |−4 ( ) − 4( ) + 4|
4 3 3
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
(
𝑦−1
|−2 ( 3) − 1 + √5|
3 𝑥−2
+ 𝑙𝑛
4√5 √5
| |
(
𝑦−1
|−2 ( 3) − 1 − √5|
𝑥−2
− 𝑙𝑛 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
√5
| |
))
𝑥−𝑦
8. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥+𝑦+2⁡
𝑥−𝑦 =0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦+2 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0
35
𝑥 = −1 𝑦 = −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 1
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑢−1−𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 + 𝑣 − 1 + 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=
1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢
1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2
1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 + 1)2
36
5𝑥−𝑦−2
9. 𝑦 = ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+4
5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦+4=0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0
𝑥 = −1⁄3 𝑦 = − 11⁄3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄3 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 11⁄3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 11⁄3
5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1⁄ + 𝑣 − 11⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢
3 3
5 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=
1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
37
1
− 𝑙𝑛|5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢
1 5𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2
2 2
1 5(𝑥 + 1⁄3) − 2(𝑥 + 1⁄3)(𝑦 + 11⁄3) − (𝑦 + 11⁄3)
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |
2 (𝑥 + 1⁄3)
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
𝑦
10. 𝑦 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1⁡
𝑦=0
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦+1 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 => 𝑦 = 𝑣
𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣⁄
𝑢
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = 𝑣
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 − 𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − ⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
⁡𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧2 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑢
38
1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 𝑑𝑧⁡ − ⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑢
1
− − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑧
𝑢 𝑣
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑣 𝑢
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥+1
11. (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3
=
𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1
−𝑥 + 𝑦 = 3
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
3𝑥 + 𝑦 = −1
𝐿2 : 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 = 0
𝑥 = −1 𝑦=2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 2
−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑣 −(𝑢 − 1) + (𝑣 + 2) − 3
𝑦′ = => ⁡ =
3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑢 3(𝑢 − 1) + (𝑣 + 2) + 1
𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 −1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
𝑑𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
−1 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
−1 − 𝑧 2 𝑢
39
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 2 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 + ∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 −1 − 𝑧 𝑢
1
arctan(𝑧) − 𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
𝑣 1 𝑣 2
arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2 𝑢
𝑦−2 1 𝑦−2 2
arctan ( ) − 𝑙𝑛 |1 + ( ) | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑥+1 2 𝑥+1
12. (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2
2𝑥 − 𝑦 = −1
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = −2
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝑥 = −5/7⁡ 𝑦 = −3/7
5 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 7 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 5/7 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
3
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 7 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 3/7
5 3
′
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑣 2 (𝑢 − 7) − (𝑣 − 7) + 1
𝑦 = => ⁡ =
𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑢 (𝑢 − 5) + 3 (𝑣 − 3) + 2
7 7
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
40
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + | + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢 7
1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2
| = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + | + 𝐶
2 𝑢 7
5 2 5 3 3
1 (𝑥 + 7) − 2 (𝑥 + 7) (𝑦 + 7) − (𝑦 + 7)2 5
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 | = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + | + 𝐶
2 5 7
(𝑥 + 7)
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+2𝑦−4
13. = 2𝑥+𝑦−5
𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
𝐿2 : 2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 = 0
𝑥 = 2⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 2 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 2 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
41
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑣 (𝑢 + 2) + 2(𝑣 + 1) − 4
𝑦′ = => ⁡ =
2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5 𝑑𝑢 2(𝑢 + 2) + (𝑣 + 1) − 5
𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 2𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 + 2 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑑𝑢 2𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 2 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 + 2𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 2+𝑧
𝑑𝑢 (2 + 𝑧)𝑑𝑧
− =
𝑢 𝑧2 − 1
2+𝑧≠0
2
𝑧 −1 𝑑𝑢
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
2+𝑧 𝑢
𝑧2 − 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡ ∫
2+𝑧 𝑢
𝑧2 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2+𝑧 2+𝑧 𝑢
|𝑥 − 𝑦 − 1|3 = 𝐶|𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3|
42
6.- DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:

𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐
𝑌′ = 𝑓 ( )
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑥 + 𝑐1
 2do CASO: 𝐿1 ∩ 𝐿2 = ∅
𝑥−𝑦
1) 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥+𝑦+2⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥−𝑦 =0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 = (1, −1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦+2 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)
𝑥 = −1 𝑦 = −1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 1
𝑥−𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑢−1−𝑣+1 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 + 𝑣 − 1 + 2 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=
1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
43
1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢
1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2
1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 + 1)2
5𝑥−𝑦−2
2) 𝑌 ′ = ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+4
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0
𝐿1 : 5𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2 = 0 𝑁1 = (5, −1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦+4=0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)
𝑥 = −1⁄3 𝑦 = − 11⁄3
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄3 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 11⁄3 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 11⁄3
5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1⁄ + 𝑣 − 11⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣 𝑑𝑢
3 3
5 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=
1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 5 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
44
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
− 𝑙𝑛|5 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢
1 5𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2
2 2
1 5(𝑥 + 1⁄3) − 2(𝑥 + 1⁄3)(𝑦 + 11⁄3) − (𝑦 + 11⁄3)
− 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |
2 (𝑥 + 1⁄3)
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄3| + 𝐶
𝑦
3) 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑦=0
𝐿1 : 𝑦 = 0 𝑁1 = (0,1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦+1 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)
𝑥 = −1 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 => 𝑦 = 𝑣
𝑦 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑣⁄
′ 𝑢
𝑌 = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = 𝑣
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1 − 𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − ⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
45
𝑑𝑧 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
⁡𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
𝑧 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑢
1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
𝑑𝑧⁡ − ⁡ ∫ ⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
𝑧 𝑧 𝑢
1
− − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑧
𝑢 𝑣
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑣 𝑢
(𝑥 + 1) 𝑦
− − 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
𝑦 𝑥+1
2𝑥
4) 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦+1⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 2𝑥 = 0
𝐿1 : 2𝑥 = 0 𝑁1 = (2,0) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦+1 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)
𝑥=0 𝑦=1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1
2𝑥 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2𝑢 𝑑𝑣 2
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑥−𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 − 1 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 2
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
46
𝑑𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
2 − 𝑧 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
2−𝑧+𝑧 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2−𝑧+𝑧 𝑢
2𝑧 − 1 1 𝑑𝑢
∫( 2
−⁡ 2
) 𝑑𝑧 = ∫
2(𝑧 − 𝑧 + 2 2(𝑧 − 𝑧 + 2 𝑢
2𝑧 − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )
√7 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 − 𝑧 + 2|
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
√7 2
𝑣
2( ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( 𝑢 ) 𝑣2 𝑣
√7 𝑙𝑛 | − + 2|
𝑢2 𝑢
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2
𝑦−1
2( 𝑥 ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) 𝑣 2 − 𝑢𝑣 + 2𝑢2
√7 𝑙𝑛 | ⁡|
𝑢2
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2
𝑦−1
2( 𝑥 ) − 1
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) (𝑦 − 1)2 − 𝑥(𝑦 − 1) + 2𝑥 2
√7 𝑙𝑛 | ⁡|
𝑥2
− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝐶
√7 2
−𝑥+𝑦−1
5) 𝑌 ′ = ⁡
𝑥+𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗ −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0
𝐿1 : −𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 𝑁1 = (−1,1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)
𝑥 = −1⁄2 𝑦 = 1⁄2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 1⁄2 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 − 1⁄2 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 − 1⁄2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 + 1⁄2
47
−𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 1⁄2 + 𝑣 + 1⁄2 − 1 𝑑𝑣 −𝑢 + 𝑣
⁡𝑌 ′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ =
𝑥+𝑦 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 1⁄ + 𝑣 − 11⁄ + 4 𝑑𝑢 𝑢+𝑣
3 3
𝑑𝑣 −1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
=> =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
𝑑𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
−1 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
−1 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
−1 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
−∫ 2
𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1+𝑧 𝑢
1 𝑧 𝑑𝑢
−∫ 2
𝑑𝑧⁡ − ∫ 2
=∫
1+𝑧 1+𝑧 𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1|
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑧) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
𝑣2
𝑣 𝑙𝑛 | + 1|
𝑢2
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2
2 2
(𝑦 + 1⁄2) + (𝑥 + 1⁄2)
𝑙𝑛 | 2 |
𝑦 − 1⁄2 (𝑥 + 1⁄2)
−𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1⁄2| + 𝐶
𝑥 + 1⁄2 2
𝑥−𝑦−5
6) 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥+𝑦+1⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥−𝑦−5 =0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5 = 0 𝑁1 = (1, −1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥+𝑦+1 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 1 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1,1)
48
𝑥=3 𝑦 = −2
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 3 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 3 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 2 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 2
𝑥−𝑦−5 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 3 − 𝑣 + 2 − 5 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥+𝑦+1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 3 + 𝑣 − 2 + 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
=
1 + 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 + 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 − 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1+𝑧
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 ≠ 0
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
1+𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 𝑢
𝑑𝑤
𝑤 = 1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 => 𝑑𝑤 = −2 − 2𝑧⁡𝑑𝑧 => 𝑑𝑧 = −
2(1 + 𝑧)
1 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑑𝑤 𝑑𝑢
− ∫ ∗⁡ =∫
2 𝑤 (1 + 𝑧) 𝑢
1
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑤| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1
− 𝑙𝑛|1 − 2𝑧 − 𝑧 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
1 𝑣 𝑣2
− 𝑙𝑛 |1 − 2 ( ) − 2 | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢 𝑢
1 𝑢2 − 2𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 2
− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + 𝐶
2 𝑢2
1 (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2(𝑥 − 3)(𝑦 + 2) − (𝑦 + 2)2

− 𝑙𝑛 | | = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 3| + 𝐶
2 (𝑥 − 3)2
49
𝑥+𝑦+4
7) 𝑌 ′ = 𝑥−𝑦−6⁡
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑥+𝑦+4 =0
𝐿1 : 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4 = 0 𝑁1 = (1,1) => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑥−𝑦−6 =0
𝐿2 : 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 6 = 0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑁2 = (1, −1)
𝑥=1 𝑦 = −5
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑢 = 𝑥 − 𝛼 => 𝑢 = 𝑥 − 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑢 + 1 => ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ {
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑦 − 𝛽 => 𝑣 = 𝑦 + 5 => 𝑦 = 𝑣 − 5
𝑥+𝑦+4 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 1 + 𝑣 − 5 + 4 𝑑𝑣 𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝑌′ = => ⁡ = => ⁡ = => ⁡
𝑥−𝑦−6 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 + 1 − 𝑣 + 5 − 6 𝑑𝑢 𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑣
1 + ⁄𝑢
=
1 − 𝑣⁄𝑢
𝑧= => 𝑣 = 𝑧𝑢 => ⁡ =𝑧+𝑢
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧
𝑧+𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1 − 𝑧
𝑑𝑧 1 + 𝑧 − 𝑧 + 𝑧 2
𝑢 =
𝑑𝑢 1−𝑧
1 + 𝑧2 ≠ 0
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ⁡
1+𝑧 𝑢
1−𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 = ∫
1+𝑧 𝑢
1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑢
∫ 2
⁡𝑑𝑧 − ∫ =∫
1+𝑧 𝑧 𝑢
𝑙𝑛|𝑧 2 + 1|
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔(𝑧) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
2
𝑣2
𝑣 𝑙𝑛 | + 1|
𝑢2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( ) − = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝐶
𝑢 2
(𝑦 + 5)2 + (𝑥 − 1)2
𝑦+5 𝑙𝑛 | |
(𝑥 − 1)2
𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔 ( )− = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| + 𝐶
𝑥−1 2
50
8.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE PRIMER ORDEN
1. y(1 + 𝑥)dx + xdy = 0
y(1 + 𝑥)dx = −⁡xdy

(1 + 𝑥)dx dy
= −⁡
x 𝑦
1 𝑥
dx + dx = −ln⁡(y)
x 𝑥
1
∫ d x + ∫ dx = − ln(y)
x
ln(𝑥) + x = − ln(y) + 𝑐
2. y ′ = x − xy − y + 1⁡
dy
= x + xy − y + 1
𝑑𝑥
dy
= x(1 − y) + (1 − y)
𝑑𝑥
dy
= (1 − y)(x + 1)
𝑑𝑥
dy
= (x + 1)dx
(1 − y)
dy
∫ = ∫(x + 1)dx
(1 − y)
dy
= (x + 1)dx
(1 − y)
𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ = ∫ xdx + ∫ dx
𝑦
x2
𝑦 − ln(𝑦) = +x+c
2
3. 𝑑𝑟 + 𝑟𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑟 = −r𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
51
dr
−⁡∫ = ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑟
−ln⁡(𝑟) = ln⁡(sec 𝜃) + 𝑐
𝑑𝑥
4. (𝑡 2 − 𝑥𝑡 2 ) 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑡𝑥 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2 − 𝑡𝑥 2
= 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑥𝑡 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 (−1 − 𝑡)
= 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑡 (1 − 𝑥)
(1 − 𝑥) (−1 − 𝑡)
2
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡2
(1 − 𝑥) (−1 − 𝑡)
∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡2
1 1 −1 −1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑡 − ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑡2 𝑡
−1 1
− ln(𝑥) = − ln(𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑡
dy 𝑡 2 −1
5. =
dt 𝑦2
dy 𝑡 2 − 1
=
dt 𝑦2
𝑦 2 dy = (𝑡 2 − 1)𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑦 2 dy = ∫(𝑡 2 − 1)𝑑𝑡
𝑦3 𝑡3
= −𝑡+𝑐
3 3
dy
6. = 3𝑡 2 𝑦
dt
dy
= 3𝑡 2 dt
y
dy
∫ = ∫ 3𝑡 2 dt
y
⁡ln(y) = 𝑡 3 + 𝑐
52
dy
7. = 𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
dx
dy
= 𝑒 𝑥𝑒𝑦
dx
𝑒 𝑦 dy = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑦 dy = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
8. 3𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦⁡ 3𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −⁡ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦⁡ 3𝑒 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −⁡∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦 (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑢 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = (1 − 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑣 = (−𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
−𝑑𝑣 = (𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
⁡𝑑𝑢 −𝑑𝑣
∫ = −⁡3 ∫
𝑢 𝑣
ln(𝑢) = 3 ln(𝑣) + 𝑐
ln(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑦) = 3 ln(1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑐
9. 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 6𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
(1 − 6𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫(1 − 6𝑦 5 )𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
∫ 1 − 6 ∫ 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦 6 + ∫ 𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥
𝑦 − 𝑦6 + =0
2
53
10. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦 − (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑦 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑣 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥⁡
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑑𝑢
∫ = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑢
−ln(𝑢) = 𝑥 + 𝑐
−ln(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 1) − 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑑𝑦
11. 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑦 −1 𝑑𝑡 = 0
1 𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑦 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑦 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦
= −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑦2
𝑑𝑦
∫ 2 = − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑦
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
−𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
54
𝑦 −1
= 𝑒𝑢 + 𝑐
−1
1
− 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑦
𝑑𝑦 −𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
12. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 2 +1
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 𝑡
𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦 𝑡 +1
𝑢 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑣 = 𝑡2 + 1
𝑣 − 1 = 𝑡2
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑡𝑑𝑡
2
𝑑𝑢 1 1
∫ =− ∫ 𝑑𝑣
𝑢 2 (𝑟 − 1) + 1
1 𝑑𝑣
ln(𝑢) = − ∫
2 𝑣
1
ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦) = − ln(𝑣) + 𝑐
2
1
ln(𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑦) + ln(𝑡 2 + 1) + 𝑐 = 0
2
𝑑𝑦
13. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑦𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦(𝜋) = −3
𝑑𝑦
∫ = ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑦
ln(𝑦) = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐
ln(𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑐 = 0
ln(3) + cos⁡(𝜋) + 𝑐 = 0
𝑐 = 2,1
ln(𝑦) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2,1 = 0
𝑑𝑦 𝑡2
14. 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
55
∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑦2 𝑡3
= +𝑐
2 3
𝑦2 𝑡3
− +𝑐 =0
2 3
𝑑𝑦
15. 2𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑦 2 + 3𝑡𝑦 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦(1) = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 + 3𝑡𝑦 2 ⁡
= ⁡
𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 (1 + 3𝑡)⁡
= ⁡
𝑑𝑡 2𝑡 3
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 3𝑡)⁡
= 𝑑𝑡⁡
𝑦2 2𝑡 3
𝑑𝑦 (1 + 3𝑡)⁡
∫ 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑦 2𝑡 3
1 3
∫ 𝑦 −2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑡 −3 𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑡 −2 𝑑𝑡
2 2
1 1 1 3 1
− =− . − . +𝑐
𝑦 4 𝑡 2 𝑡
3
𝑐=
4
1 1 3 3
− − + =0
4 4𝑡 2𝑡 4
9.- TRANSFORMACIONES LINEALES DE 𝑹𝒏 → 𝑹𝒎
EJERCICIO 1:
Sea A una matriz m × n y sea la función T :⁡𝑅 𝑛 → 𝑅 𝑚 tal que T (x) = Ax. Determinemos si
T es una transformation lineal.
Dados x, y ∈ Rn y λ ∈ R, A(x + y) = Ax + Ay y A(λx) = λAx, de donde
Concluimos que T es una transformación
lineal.
56
𝑥
𝑥 − 2𝑦 1 −2 0
𝑇 = (𝑦) = ( ) = 𝑥( )+𝑦( )+𝑧( ) =
𝑧 2𝑧 − 𝑥 −1 0 2
𝑥
1 −2 0 𝑦
( )( )
−1 0 2 𝑧
EJERCICIO 2:
Verifiquemos que la función que a cada punto de R2 le asigna el punto de su reflexión a través
del Eje X es una transformación lineal.
Función en cuestión es T : R2 → R2 donde

𝑎 𝑎
𝑇=( )=( )
𝑏 −𝑏
𝑎 1 0 1⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 𝑎
𝑇 = ( ) = 𝑎( )+𝑏( ) = ( )( )
𝑏 0 −1 0⁡⁡ − 1 𝑏
EJERCICIO 3:
Sea la función T: V → W tal que T (v) = 0 para todo v ∈ V. Verifiquemos que T es una
transformación lineal.
Sean v1 y v2 vectores de V.
Por ser V un espacio vectorial, v1 + v2 está en V
Por tanto,
T (v1 + v2) = 0.
T (v1) + T (v2) = 0+ 0 = 0,
EJERCICIO 4:
Sea T 𝑅 2 → 𝑃2 , tal que

𝑎
𝑇 = ( ) = 1 + 𝑎𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥
𝑏
Determinemos si T es una transformación lineal. 𝑅 2 , (𝑎1, 𝑏1)𝑇 ⁡𝑌⁡(𝑎2, 𝑏2)𝑇
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
𝑇 [( ) + ( )] = 𝑇 ( ) = 𝑇 ( ) = 1 + (𝑎1 + 𝑎2)𝑥 + 2(𝑏1 + 𝑏2)𝑥 2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑏1 + 𝑏2
Pero
𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑇( ) + 𝑇 ( ) = (1 + 𝑎1𝑥 + 2𝑏1𝑥 2 ) + (1 + 𝑎2𝑥 + 2𝑏2𝑥 2 )
𝑏1 𝑏2
57
= 2 + (𝑎1 + 𝑎2)𝑥 + 2(𝑏1 + 𝑏2)𝑥 2

𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎1 𝑎2
𝑇 [( ) + ( )] ≠ 𝑇 ( ) + 𝑇 ( )
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏1 𝑏2
EJERCICIO 5:
Consideremos la función T : 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 , tal que

𝑥
𝑥 − 2𝑦
𝑇 = (𝑦) = ( )
𝑧 2𝑧 − 𝑥
Verifiquemos que T es una transformación lineal. Veamos que T satisface la propiedad aditiva.
(𝑥1, 𝑦1, 𝑧1)𝑇 ⁡𝑌⁡(𝑥2, 𝑦2, 𝑧2)𝑇 ⁡𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠⁡𝑑𝑒𝑅 3 ⁡
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2 (𝑥1 + 𝑥2) − 2(𝑦1 + 𝑦2)

𝑇 [(𝑦1) + (𝑦2)] = (𝑦2 + 𝑦2) = ( )
2(𝑧1 + 𝑧2) − (𝑥1 + 𝑥2)
𝑧1 𝑧2 𝑧1 + 𝑧2
(𝑥1 − 2𝑦1) + (𝑥2 + 2𝑦2)

=( )
(2𝑧1 − 𝑥2) + (2𝑥2 + 𝑥2)
𝑥1 − 2𝑦1 𝑥2 − 2𝑦2
=( )+( )
2𝑧1 − 𝑥1 2𝑧2 − 𝑥2
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑇 = (𝑦1) + 𝑇 (𝑦2)
𝑧1 𝑧2
𝑥1 𝜆2
𝑇 [𝜆 (𝑦1)] = 𝑇 (𝜆2)
𝑧1 𝜆2
(𝜆𝑥) − 2(𝜆𝑦)
=( )
2(𝜆𝑧) + (𝜆𝑥)
𝑥 − 2𝑦
= 𝜆( )
2𝑥 − 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
= 𝜆𝑇 ( )
𝑧
EJERCICIO 6:
Sea T: 𝑅 3 → 𝑃2 , tal que

𝑎
𝑇 (𝑏 ) = (𝑎 + 𝑐)𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 2
𝑐
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Veamos que T es una transformación lineal.
𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎1 + 𝑎2
𝑇 [(𝑏1) + (𝑏2)] = (𝑏2 + 𝑏2)
𝑐1 𝑐2 𝑐1 + 𝑐2
= [(𝑎1 − 𝑎2) + (𝑐1 + 𝑐2)]𝑥 + 2(𝑏1 + 𝑏2)𝑥 2
= [(𝑎1 − 𝑐1)𝑥 + 2𝑏1𝑥 2 ] + [(𝑎2 − 𝑐2)𝑥 + 2𝑏2𝑥 2 ]
𝑎1 𝑎2
= 𝑇 (𝑏1) + 𝑇 (𝑏2)
𝑐1 𝑐2
𝑎 𝜆𝑎
𝑇 [𝜆 (𝑏 )] = 𝑇 (𝜆𝑏 )
𝑐 𝜆𝑐
= [(𝜆𝑎 − 𝜆𝑏)𝑥 + 2𝜆𝑏𝑥 2 ]
= 𝜆[(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 + 2𝑏𝑥 2 ]
𝑎
= 𝜆𝑇 (𝑏 )
𝑐
EJERCICIO 7:
Demuestre que la transformación T : 𝑅 3 → 𝑅 2 es lineal: T((x, y, z)’) = (x + z, y − z)’
Sean u = (x1, y1, z1)’ y v = (x2, y2, z2)’. Entonces
T(u + v) = T((x1 + x2, y1 + y2, z1 + z2)’)
= ((x1 + x2) + (z1 + z2), (y1 + y2) − (z1 + z2))’
= (x1 + z1, y1 − z1)’ + (x2 + z2, y2 − z2)’
= T(u) + T(v)
Escalar c
T(c u) = T((c x1, c y1, c z1)’)
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= (c x1 + c z1, c y1 − c z1)’
= c (x1 + z1, y1 − z1)’
= c T((x1, y1, z1)’)
= c T(u)
Cumplen las dos condiciones:
T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v)
T(c u) = c T(u)
EJERCICIO 8:
Sea A una matriz m × n. Demuestre que la transformación T : Mn×k→Mm×k definida como lineal
T(B) = AB
Sean B y C dos matrices n × k cualquiera y c un escalar cualquiera:
T(B + C) = A(B + C) = AB + AC = T(B) + T(C)
T(cB) = A(cB) = c (AB) = c T(B)
se cumplen las dos condiciones:
T(B + C) = T(B) + T(C)
T(cB) = c T(B)
EJERCICIO 9:
Es lineal la transformación f : R→R, definida por f(x) = x + 1
no se cumple porque
f(x + y) = (x + y) + 1
f(x) + f(y) = x + 1 + y + 1 = x + y + 2
EJERCICIO 10:
60
Sea D : R → R definida como
𝑑
𝐷(𝑅(𝑥)) = (𝑅(𝑥))
𝑑𝑥
D es una transformación lineal.
𝑑
𝐷(𝑅(𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥)) = (𝑅(𝑥) + 𝑃(𝑥)) = 𝐷(𝑅(𝑥) + 𝐷(𝑃(𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥
𝑑
𝐷(𝑐𝑝(𝑥)) = (𝑐𝑝(𝑥)) = (𝑐𝐷(𝑃(𝑥)))
𝑑𝑥
EJERCICIO 11:
Demuestre que la transformación T : 𝑅 2 → 𝑅 2 definida por
𝑥 𝑥 + 3𝑦
𝑇 [𝑦] = [ ]
𝑥 + 2𝑥
Es lineal
𝑥1 𝑥2
𝑢=[ ] 𝑦⁡𝑣 = [ ]
𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑥1 𝑥2 𝑥1 + 𝑥2
𝑇(𝑢 + 𝑣) = [ ] + [ ] = 𝑇 [ ]
𝑦1 𝑦2 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
(⁡𝑥1 + 𝑥2) + 3(⁡𝑦1 + 𝑦2)

=[ ]
(⁡𝑥1 + 𝑥2) + 2(⁡𝑦1 + 𝑦2)
(⁡𝑥1 + 3𝑦1) (⁡𝑥2 + 3𝑦2)

=[ ]+[ ]
(⁡𝑥1 + 2𝑦1) (⁡𝑥2 + 2𝑦2)
𝑥1 𝑥2
= 𝑇[ ] + 𝑇 [ ] = 𝑇(𝑢) + 𝑇(𝑣)
𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑐𝑥1
𝑇(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑇 [ ]
𝑐𝑦1
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𝑐𝑥1 + 3𝑐𝑦1
=[ ]
𝑐𝑥1 + 2𝑐𝑦1
𝑥1 + 3𝑦1
= 𝑐[ ]
𝑥1 + 2𝑦1
𝑥1
= 𝑐𝑇 [ ]
𝑦1
= 𝑐𝑇(𝑢)
Cumplen las dos condiciones:
𝑇(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑇(𝑢) + 𝑇(𝑣)
𝑇(𝑐𝑢) = 𝑐𝑇(𝑢)
10.- OPERADORES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES:
Escribir cada uno de los siguientes productos de operadores en la forma: a n (x)Dn + … + a1 (x)D
+ a0 (x).
1) (xD)D
L1= xD ; L2 = D
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD (D f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD (f´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xf´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x D2
2) D( x D )
L1= D ; L2 = xD
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D(xD f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D(x f´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = f´(x) + x f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 f(x) + D f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD2 + D)(f(x))
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(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 + D
3) (x2D + x)2
L1= x2D + x ; L2= x2D + x

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D + x)((x2D + x)(f(x)))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D + x)(x2 f´(x) + x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2(2x f´(x) + x2 f´´(x)) + x3 f´(x) +x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) =2x3 f´(x) + x4 f´´(x) + x3 f´(x) +x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x4D2 f(x) + (2x3 + x3)D f(x) + x2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x4D2 + (2x3 + x3)D + x2) f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x4D2 + (2x3 + x3)D + x2
4) (D-x)(x2D+1)
L1= D-x ; L2= x2D+1

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D-x)( ( x2D+1)( f(x) ) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D-x)(x2 f´(x) + f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x)+ 2x f´(x) + f´(x) – x3 f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) + D f(x) – x3D f(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + 2xD + D - x3D – x) (f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + (-x3 + 2x + 1)D – x) (f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 - (x3 - 2x - 1)D – x
5) (x2D+1)(D-x)
L1= x2D+1 ; L2= D-x

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D+1)( (D-x)(f(x)) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D+1)(f´(x) – x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x) – (x2 (x f´(x)) + f(x)) + f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´(x) – (x3 f´(x) + f(x)) + f´(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 f(x) – x3D f(x) – f(x) + D f(x) – x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – x3D – 1 + D - x)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – (x3 - 1)D – x – 1) ( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 – (x3 - 1)D – x – 1
6) (D-1)(xD+2)
63
L1= D - 1 ; L2= xD + 2
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D - 1)((xD + 2)(f(x)))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D - 1)(x f´(x) + 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = f´(x) + x f´´(x) + 2 f´(x) – x f´(x) – 2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D f(x) + xD2 f(x) + 2D f(x) – xD f(x) - 2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD2 + (3 – x)D – 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2 + (3 – x)D – 2
7) (D-2)(x3D2+2x)
L1= D - 2 ; L2= x3D2 + 2x

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)((x3D2 + 2x)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)(x3 f´´(x) + 2x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 3x2 f´´(x) + x3 f´´´(x) + 2( f(x) + x f´(x)) – 2x3 f´´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 3x2D2 f(x) + x3D3 f(x) + 2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 2x3 D2 f(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D3 + (3x2 – 2x3)D2 + 2xD – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 - (2x3 – 3x2)D2 + 2xD – 4x + 2
8) (x3D2+2x)(D-2)
L1= x3D2 + 2x ; L2= D – 2

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D2 + 2x)((D – 2)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D2 + 2x)( f´(x) – 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3 f´´´(x) – 2x3 f´´(x) + 2x f´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 f(x) – 2x3D2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 4 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x3D3 + 2x3D2 + 2xD - 4)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x3D3 + 2x3D2 + 2xD – 4
9) (xD+2)2(D-1)
L1= (xD + 2)(xD + 2) ; L2= D – 1

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(xD + 2)((D – 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(xD + 2)( f´(x) – f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD + 2)(x f´´(x) – x f´(x) + 2 f´(x) – 2 f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2 f´´´(x) – (f´(x) + x f´´(x)) + 2x f´´(x) – 2x f´(x) + 2x f´´(x)
– 2x f´(x) + 4 f´(x) – 4 f(x)
64
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D3 f(x) – D f(x) – xD2 f(x) + 2xD2 f(x) – 2xD f(x) + 2xD2 f(x)
– 2xD f(x) + 4D f(x) – 4 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D3 + 5xD2 + (3 – 4x)D – 4) ( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D3 + 5xD2 + (3 – 4x)D – 4
10) (D-2)(x2D+2x)
L1= D – 2 ; L2= x2D + 2x

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)((x2D + 2x)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D – 2)(x2 f´(x) + 2x f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 2x f´(x) + x2 f´´(x) + 2( f(x) + xf´(x)) – 2x2 f´(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = 2xD f(x) + x2D2 f(x) + 2 f(x) + 2xD f(x) – 2x2D f(x) – 4x f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 + (4x – 2x2)D – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D2 – (2x2 – 4x)D – 4x + 2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D2 – (2x2 – 4x)D – 4x + 2
11) (xD3-x2)(xD2)
L1= xD3 - x2 ; L2= xD2

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD3 - x2)(( xD2)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (xD3 - x2)(x f´´(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD2(x f´´´(x) + f´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD( f´´´(x) + x f´´´´(x) + f´´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x( f´´´´(x) + f´´´´(x) + x f ´´´´´(x) + f´´´´(x)) – x3 f´´(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = xD4 f(x) + xD4 f(x) + x2D5 f(x) + xD4 f(x) – x3D2 f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (x2D5 + 3xD4 – x3D2)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = x2D5 + 3xD4 – x3D2
12) (D4-1)(D2+1)
L1= D4 - 1 ; L2= D2 + 1
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D4 – 1)((D2 + 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D4 – 1)( f´´(x) + f(x))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = fVI(x) + f´´´´(x) – f´´(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 f(x) + D4 f(x) – D2 f(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D6 + D4 – D2 – 1)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 + D4 – D2 – 1
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13) (D2-1)3
L1= (D2 – 1)2 ; L2= D2 – 1

(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)2((D2 – 1)( f(x) ))
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)2( f´´(x) – f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D2 – 1)( f´´´´(x) – f´´(x) – f´´(x) + f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = fVI(x) – f´´´´(x) – f´´´´(x) + f´´(x) – f´´´´(x) + f´´(x) + f´´(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 f(x) – 2D4 f(x) + D2 f(x) – D4 f(x) + D2 f(x) + D2 f(x) – f(x)
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = (D6 – 3D4 + 3D2 – 1)( f(x) )
(L1 o L2)(f(x)) = D6 – 3D4 + 3D2 – 1
En cada uno de los siguientes casos, hallar el resultado de aplicar el operador diferencial lineal a
la función indicada.
14) (D-α)еαx
L1= (D-α) ; f(x)= еαx

L1( f(x) )= αеαx – αеαx
L1( f(x) )= 0
15) (D-β)еβx
L1= (D-β) ; f(x)= еβx

L1( f(x) )= βеβx – βеβx
L1( f(x) )= 0
66
11.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES DE ORDEN N

Verificar que las siguientes funciones son linealmente independientes en c (I, R) para el
intervalo dado.
a) y1(x) = eax ; y2(x) = ebx
𝑎𝑥
[ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 ] = ⁡ (𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 )
𝑎𝑒 𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥
SON LINEALMENTE INDEPENDIENTE
b) y1(x) = 1 ; y2(x) = x ; y3(x) = x2 ; y4(x) = e3
1 𝑋 𝑋2 𝑋3
0 1 2𝑋 3𝑋 2 ] = (12 + +0 + 0 + 0) − (0 + 0 + 0 + 0) = 12
[
0 0 2 6𝑋
0 0 0 6
c) y1(x) = eax cos(bx) ; y2(x) = ebxsen(bx)
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) 𝑒 𝑏𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥)
[ ]
−(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥) + (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) (𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) + (𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥)
= [(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥))((𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥) + (𝑏𝑒 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥))
− (𝑒 𝑏𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥))(−(𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑏𝑥) + (𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 . 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑥))]
𝑥−1
d) y1(x) = 1 ; y2(x) = ln(𝑥+1)
67
𝑥−1
1 𝑙𝑛 ( )
𝑥+1 𝑥+1 2
𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) − (𝑥 − 1). 1 = ⁡ ( ) .
𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2
0 .
[ 𝑥−1 (𝑥 − 1)2 ]
1. Mostrar que y1= x3 e y2= |x3| son soluciones independientes en R de la ecuación

diferencial x2y’’- 3xy’ + 3y=0.
e)
𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ − 3𝑥𝑦 ′ + 3𝑦 = 0⁡; 𝑦1 = 𝑥 3 ; ⁡⁡𝑦 ′ = 3𝑥 2 ;⁡𝑦 ′′ = 6𝑥
𝑥 2 𝐷2 − 3𝑥𝐷 + 3𝑦 = 0
𝑥 2 (𝑥 3 )′′ − 3𝑥(𝑥 3 )′ + 3𝑥 3 = 0
𝑥 2 (6𝑥) − 3𝑥(3𝑥 2 ) + 3𝑥 3 = 0
6𝑥 3 − 9𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 3 = 0
0=0
f) Verificar que W(y1; y2) es idénticamente cero.
y1 = x3 ; y2 = |x3|
3
[𝑥2 𝑥 3 ] = (3𝑥 2 . 𝑥 3 ) − (𝑥 3 . 3𝑥 2 ) = 0
3𝑥 3𝑥 2
Es nulo
Demostrar directamente que las funciones dadas en cada ítem son linealmente dependientes e
decir, encontrar una combinación lineal no trivial de las mismas que se anule en todo R.
g) f(x) = 5 ; g(x) = 2-3x2 ; h(x) = 10+15x2
5 2 − 3𝑥 2 10 + 15𝑥 2
𝑤 = [0 −6𝑥 30𝑥 ]
0 −6 30
68
−6𝑥 30𝑥
= 5[ ]
−6 30
𝑥 𝑥
= −900 [ ] = 0⁡
1 1
𝑦 = 5𝑐1 + 𝑐2 (2 − 3𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐3 (10 + 15𝑥 2 )
h) f(x) = 0 ; g(x) = sen(x) ; h(x) = ex
0 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥
𝑤 = [0 cos(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 ] = 0
0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥
𝑤 = 𝑒 𝑦⁡
𝑦 = 𝑐1 0 + 𝑐2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + 𝑐3 𝑒 𝑥
i) f(x) = 17 ; g(x) = cos2x ; h(x) = cos(2x)
17 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 cos(2𝑥)
[0 −2𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) −4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) ]
0 2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
−2𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) −4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

= 17 [ ]
2𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 −4𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)

= 136 [ ]
𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑥𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
𝑦 = 136(𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) − (𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 cos(𝑥)) + (cos(𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛3 𝑥) − (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)) = 0⁡
𝑦 = 17𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑐3 cos⁡(2𝑥)
j) f(x) = ex ; g(x) = cosh(x); h(x) = senh(x)
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑒𝑥 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑤 = 𝑒𝑥 (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )
2 2
𝑥
1 𝑥 1 𝑥
(𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )]
[𝑒 2 2
69
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒𝑥 1
= − [1 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )]
4
1 (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
=− [ 𝑥 ] − [ ]
4 (𝑒 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
+[ ] = 0⁡
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) (𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑦 = 17𝑐1 + 𝑐2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥) + 𝑐3 cos⁡(2𝑥)
2. Mediante el cálculo de Wronskiano demostrar que cada uno de los siguientes conjuntos
de funciones linealmente independientes en c (I, R) para el intervalo I que se indica.
k) y1(x) = 1 ; y2(x) = e-2x ; y3(x) = 3e5x
𝟏 𝑒 −2x 3𝑒 5x
𝒘 = [𝟎 −𝟐𝑒 −2x 15𝑒 5x ]
𝟎 𝟒𝑒 −2x 75𝑒 5x
= ((−𝟐𝑒 −2x . 75𝑒 5x ) − (15𝑒 5x . 𝟒𝑒 −2x ))
= −𝟏𝟓𝟎𝑒 3x − 60𝑒 3x
= 210𝑒 3x
l) y1(x) = ex ; y2(x) = x ex
𝑒x 𝑥𝑒 x
𝒘=[ x ]
𝑒 𝑥𝑒 x + 𝑒 x
= (𝑒 x . (𝑥𝑒 x + 𝑒 x )) − (𝑥𝑒 x . 𝑒 x )
= 𝑥𝑒 2x + 𝑒 2x − 𝑥𝑒 2x
= 𝑒 2x
70
m) y1(x) = √1 − 𝑥 2 ; y2(x) = x
𝟏
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 𝒙
𝒘 = [𝟏 𝟏 ]
(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟐 (−𝟐𝒙) 𝟏
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 − 𝒙 ( (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟐 (−𝟐𝒙))
𝟐
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
= (𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )𝟐 − ( 𝒙(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )−𝟐 (−𝟐𝒙𝟐 ))
𝟐
3. Probar que para todo entero positivo n, las funciones definidas por:
fo(x)= 1, f1(x)= x, f2(x)= x2, … , fn(x)= xn
Son linealmente independientes. Para ello, suponer que, c0 + c1x + c2x2 + … + cnxn = 0 y
derivar tantas veces como sea necesario para concluir que necesariamente
c0=c1=c2=…=cn=0
1 𝑥 𝑥 2 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ 𝑥 𝑛
0 1 2𝑋 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
[ (𝑛 − 1)𝑛𝑥 𝑛−2 ]
0 0 2
0 0 0 (𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑛𝑥 𝑛−3
= (2(((𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2)𝑛𝑥 𝑛−3 )) − 0
= 2((𝑛2 − 2𝑛 − 𝑛 + 2)(𝑛𝑥 𝑛−3 ))
= 2(𝑛3 − 3𝑛2 + 2𝑛)((𝑥 𝑛−3 )
71
12.- DIFERENCIALES LINEALES HOMOGÉNEAS DE SEGUNDO ORDEN A COEFICIENTES

CONSTANTES
Hallar la solución general de cada una de las siguientes ecuaciones diferenciales
𝟏. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝐷 − √5)(𝐷 + √5) = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 √5 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −√5
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟐. − =𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
D2 = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑥
𝟑. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫 − 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1) = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
𝟒. − +𝒚=𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐
(D2 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒅𝒚
𝟓. − 𝟐 + + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
72
(D2 + 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 + 2)2 = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 −2𝑥
𝟔. −(𝑫𝟐 + 𝑫 + 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎
1 √3
𝛼1 = − + 𝑖
2 2
 Dónde:
1
𝑎=−
2
√3
𝑏= 2
1 √3 1 √3
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −−2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
𝟕. −(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟒)𝒚 = 𝟎
√12
𝛼1 = −1 + 𝑖
2
 Dónde:
𝑎 = −1
√12
𝑏=
2
√12 √12
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
𝟖. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 − 𝟏)𝒚 = 𝟎
73
√8
𝛼1 = 1 +
2
 Dónde:
𝑎=1
√8
𝑏=
2
√8 √8
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 1𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 1𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
𝟗. −(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎
𝛼1 = −1 + 2𝑖
 Dónde:
𝑎 = −1
𝑏=2
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)
𝟏𝟎. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟑𝑫 + 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 1) = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥
𝟏𝟏. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟐𝑫 − 𝟐)𝒚 = 𝟎
√12
𝛼1 = 1 +
2
 Dónde:
𝑎=1
√12
𝑏=
2
√12 √12
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2 74
𝟏𝟐. −(𝑫𝟐 − 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟓)𝒚 = 𝟎
𝛼1 = 2 + 2𝑖
 Dónde:
𝑎=2
𝑏=2
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟒𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟑. − − + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(D2 − 4𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)2 = 0
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑥
𝒅𝟐 𝒚 𝟔𝒅𝒚
𝟏𝟒. − + + 𝟏𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
(D2 + 6𝐷 + 12)𝑦 = 0
√44
𝛼1 = −3 + 𝑖
2
 Dónde:
𝑎 = −3
√44
𝑏=
2
√44 √44
𝑌(𝑥) = 𝐶1 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛( 𝑥)
2 2
) 75
𝟏𝟓. −(𝑫𝟐 + 𝟗)𝒚 = 𝟎
13.-ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES NO HOMOGENEAS POR EL METODO DE VARIACIÓN

DE PARÁMETROS
𝟏). 𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄(𝒙)

𝑚2 + 1 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
⁡⁡⁡cos⁡(𝑥) 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
W=| |=1
−𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos⁡(𝑥)
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sec⁡(𝑥) obtenemos:
𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥). sec(𝑥)
𝑈´1 = − = −tan⁡(𝑥)
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥). sec(𝑥)
𝑈´2 = − =1
1
Entonces 𝑈1 = 𝑙𝑛|cos⁡(𝑥)| , 𝑈2 = 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) + cos(𝑥) 𝑙𝑛|cos(𝑥)| + xsen(x)⁡
𝟐. )⁡𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏(𝒙)
𝑚2 + 1 = 0
W=| |=1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sen⁡(𝑥) obtenemos:
𝑈´1 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛2 (𝑥)

𝑈´2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥). sec(𝑥)
Entonces:
1 1 1 1
𝑈1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) − 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) cos(𝑥) − 𝑥
𝑦 2 2 2
1
𝑈2 = − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)
2
1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) + sen(x). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (x) − cos(x) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (x)⁡
2 2 2
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 sen(𝑥) − ⁡x. cos⁡(x)⁡
2
76
𝟑). 𝒚´´ + 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 (𝒙)

𝑚2 + 1 = 0
W=| |=1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)
𝑈´1 = −𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥). 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 (𝑥)

𝑈´2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥) = cos⁡(𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥)
Entonces:
1 1
𝑈1 = ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 (𝑥)⁡;⁡⁡𝑈2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) − ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛3 𝑥
3 3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 − ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛4 𝑥
3 3
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + ⁡(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥)(𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥) + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3
1 2
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3 3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑥) + + ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
3 3
𝟒)⁡𝒚´´ − 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉(𝒙)
𝑚2 − 1 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = −2
𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = cosh(x) = 2 ⁡(𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
1 1
𝑈´1 = ⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 +
4 4
1 1
𝑈´2 = − + ⁡𝑒 2𝑥
4 4
Entonces:
1 1
𝑈1 = − ⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 + ⁡𝑥
8 4
1 1
𝑈2 = − ⁡𝑒 2𝑥 − ⁡𝑥
8 4
77
1 1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 −𝑥 + ⁡𝑥. 𝑒 𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 𝑥 − ⁡𝑥. 𝑒 −𝑥
3 4 3 4
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 − ⁡𝑥(𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 )
4
1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑥 + ⁡𝑥. 𝑠𝑒𝑛ℎ(𝑥)
2
𝟓)⁡𝒚´´ − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒆𝟐𝒙 /𝒙
𝑚2 − 4 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
2𝑥
W = |⁡⁡⁡𝑒2𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −4
2𝑒 −2𝑒 −𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) =
𝑥
1
𝑈´1 = ⁡𝑥
4
𝑒 4𝑥
𝑈´2 = −
4𝑥
Entonces:
1
𝑈1 = ⁡𝑙𝑛|𝑥|
4
1 𝑥 𝑒 4𝑡
𝑈2 = − ⁡∫ 𝑑𝑡
4 𝑥0 𝑡
𝑥 4𝑡
2𝑥 −2𝑥
1 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑒
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 + 𝐶2 𝑒 + ⁡(𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑥|) − 𝑒 ∫ 𝑑𝑡 ⁡;⁡𝑥0 > 0
4 𝑥0 𝑡
𝟏
𝟔)⁡𝒚´´ + 𝟑𝒚´ + 𝟐𝒚 =
𝟏 + 𝒆𝒙
𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑥
W = | ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −𝑒 −3𝑥
−𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡
(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
78
𝑒𝑥
𝑈´1 =
1 + 𝑒𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
𝑈´2 = − 𝑥
= 𝑥
− 𝑒𝑥
1+𝑒 1+𝑒
Entonces:
𝑈1 = ln⁡(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑈2 = ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) + 𝑒 −2𝑥 ln(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 + (1 + 𝑒 −𝑥 )𝑒 −𝑥 ln⁡(1 + 𝑒 𝑥 )
𝟕)⁡⁡𝒚´´ + 𝟑𝒚´ + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝒔𝒆𝒏⁡𝒆𝒙

𝑚2 + 3𝑚 + 2 = (𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 + 2) = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥
−𝑥
W = | ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 | = −𝑒 −3𝑥
−𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = sen⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´1 = = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´2 = − −2𝑥
= −𝑒 2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
−𝑒
Entonces:
𝑈1 = − cos 𝑒 𝑥
𝑈2 = 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 cos 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑒 𝑥
𝟖)⁡𝒚´´ + 𝟐𝒚´ + 𝒚 = 𝒆𝒕 𝒍𝒏⁡𝒕

𝑚2 + 2𝑚 + 1 = (𝑚 + 1)2 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡
−𝑡
W = | ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −𝑡 ⁡⁡⁡𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 | = 𝑒 −2𝑡
−𝑒 −𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑡
79
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑡
𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑈´1 = − = −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑒 −𝑡 ⁡𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡
𝑈´2 = = ln 𝑡
𝑒 −2𝑡
Entonces:
1 1
𝑈1 = − 𝑡 2 ln 𝑡 + ⁡𝑡 2
2 𝑦
𝑈2 = t ln 𝑡 − 𝑡
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡 + 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡 − ⁡ 𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
2 4
1 3
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑡𝑒 −𝑡 + ⁡𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡 ln 𝑡 − ⁡𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑡
2 4
𝟗)⁡𝟑𝒚´´ − 𝟔𝒚´ + 𝟔𝒚 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒔𝒆𝒄⁡𝒙

3𝑚2 − 6𝑚 + 6 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥)
𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 𝑥 sen 𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 cos 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥
3
(𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
3 1
𝑈´1 = − 2𝑥
= − tan 𝑥
𝑒 3
(𝑒 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑥)(𝑒 𝑥 sec 𝑥)
3 1
𝑈´2 = =
𝑒 2𝑥 3
Entonces:
1
𝑈1 = ⁡ln⁡(cos 𝑥)
3
1
𝑈2 = ⁡𝑥
3
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ln(cos 𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
3 3
80
𝒙⁄
10) 𝟒𝒚´´ − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆 𝟐 ; y(0)=1 ; 𝒚´ (𝟎) = 𝟎
4𝑚2 − 1 = (2𝑚 − 1)(2𝑚 + 1) = 0
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2
𝑥 𝑥⁄
𝑒 ⁄2 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 − 2
W = |1𝑥/2 1 | = −1
− 2 𝑒 −𝑥/2
2
𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 /𝑦
𝑥
𝑈´1 = ⁡
𝑦
−𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑈´2 = −
4
Entonces:
𝑥2
𝑈1 = ⁡
8
𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥
𝑈2 = − + ⁡
4 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + ⁡𝑥 2 𝑒 ⁄2 − ⁡𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 + ⁡𝑥𝑒 ⁄2
8 4 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + ⁡𝑥 2 𝑒 ⁄2 − ⁡𝑥𝑒 ⁄2
8 4
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 2 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2 + 𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + ⁡𝑥 𝑒 2 + ⁡𝑥𝑒 ⁄2 − ⁡𝑒 ⁄2
16 8 4
La condición inicial:
𝐶3 + ⁡ 𝐶2 − 1
1 1 1
𝐶3 − ⁡ 𝐶2 − = 0
2 2 4
3 1
𝐶3 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑌⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐶2 = −
4 4
3 𝑥⁄ 1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑌= 𝑒 2 + 𝑒 − ⁄2 + ⁡𝑥 2 𝑒 ⁄2 − ⁡𝑒 ⁄2
4 4 8 4
𝟏𝟏)⁡𝒚´´ + 𝟐𝒚´ − 𝟖𝒚 = 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 ; y(0)=1 ; 𝒚´ (𝟎) = 𝟎

𝑚2 + 2𝑚 − 8 = (𝑚 − 2)(𝑚 + 4) = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥
81
2𝑥
W = | 𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 −4𝑥 | = −6𝑒 −2𝑥
2𝑒 −4𝑒 −4𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
1 1
𝑈´1 = ⁡𝑒 −4𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡
3 6
1 1
𝑈´2 = ⁡𝑒 5𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡
6 3
Entonces:
1 −4𝑥 1
𝑈1 = − ⁡𝑒 + ⁡𝑒 −3𝑥
12 18
1 3𝑥 1 2𝑥
𝑈2 = − ⁡𝑒 + ⁡𝑒 ⁡
18 6
1 −2𝑥 1 1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 + ⁡𝑒 −𝑥 + ⁡𝑒 −𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 −2𝑥
12 18 18 6
1 1
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −4𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 + ⁡𝑒 −𝑥
4 9
𝑥⁄ 𝑥⁄ 1 1
𝑌 = 2𝐶1 𝑒 2 − 4𝐶2 𝑒 − 2 + ⁡𝑒 −2𝑥 − ⁡𝑒 −𝑥
2 9
La condición inicial:
5
𝐶3 + ⁡ 𝐶2 − =1
36
7
2𝐶3 − ⁡4𝐶2 + =0
18
25 4
𝐶3 = ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑌⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐶2 =
36 9
25 2𝑥 4 −4𝑥 1 −2𝑥 1 −𝑥
𝑌= 𝑒 + 𝑒 − ⁡𝑒 + ⁡𝑒
36 9 4 9
𝟏⁄
𝟏𝟐)⁡𝒙𝟐 𝒚´´ + 𝒙𝒚´ + (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏⁄𝟒)𝒚 = ⁡ 𝒙 𝟐
1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌1 = 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡;⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑌2 = 𝑥− 2 sen 𝑥
⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
1 1 1
𝑦 ´´ + ⁡𝑦 ´ + (1 − ⁡ 2 ) 𝑦 − 𝑥 − ⁄2
𝑥 4𝑥
1 1⁄ 1⁄
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − ⁄2 ; 𝑦1 = 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥⁡ ; 𝑦2 = 𝑥 − 2 sen 𝑥
82
1 1
𝑥 − ⁄2 cos 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑥 − ⁄2 sen 𝑥 1
W(𝑦1 . 𝑦2 ) = | −1⁄ 1 3 1 1 −3⁄ |=𝑥
−𝑥 2 sen 𝑥 − 2 ⁡𝑥 − ⁄2 cos 𝑥 𝑥 − ⁄2
cos 𝑥 − 2 ⁡𝑥 2 sen 𝑥
𝑈´1 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
𝑈´2 = cos 𝑥
Entonces:
𝑈1 = cos 𝑥
𝑈2 = sen⁡x
1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌𝑃 = 𝑥 − 2 ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑥− 2 ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
1⁄ 1⁄ 3⁄ 1⁄
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + 𝑥− 2 ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠 4 𝑥 + 𝑥− 2 ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥
1⁄ 1⁄ 1⁄
𝑌 = 𝐶1 𝑥 − 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑥 − 2 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + 𝑥− 2⁡
𝟏𝟑)⁡𝒚´´´ − 𝒚´ = 𝒕𝒂𝒏⁡𝒙
𝑚3 + 𝑚 = ln(𝑚2 + 1) = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥
1 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
𝑊 = |0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 cos 𝑥 | = 1
0 − cos 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
0 cos 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
𝑈´1 = 𝑊1 = | 0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 cos 𝑥 | = tan 𝑥
tan 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
1 0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
𝑈´2 = 𝑊2 = |0 0 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡cos 𝑥 | = −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
0 tan 𝑥 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
1 cos 𝑥 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1
𝑈´3 = 𝑊3 = |0 −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 0 | = −𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥. tan 𝑥 = = cos 𝑥 − sec 𝑥
cos 𝑠
0 −cos 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Entonces:
𝑈1 = −ln⁡(cos 𝑥)
𝑈2 = cos 𝑥
𝑈2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 − ln⁡(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
𝑌 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥 − ln(cos 𝑥) + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 + 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. ln⁡(sec 𝑥
+ tan 𝑥)
𝑌 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶3 sen 𝑥 − ln(cos 𝑥) − 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑥. ln⁡(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
83
𝟏𝟒)⁡⁡𝟑𝒚´´ − 𝟔𝒚´ + 𝟑𝟎𝒚 − 𝟏𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒏⁡𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏⁡𝟑𝒙

3𝑚2 6𝑚 + 30 = 0
𝑌𝐶 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥)
𝑌𝑃1 = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑥 + 𝐵𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
(27𝐴 − 6𝐵)𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑥 + (6𝐴 + 27𝐵)𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 = 15𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥

27𝐴 − 6𝐵 = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡6𝐴 + 27𝐵 = 15
2 9
𝐴= ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑌⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝐵 =
17 17
2 9
𝑌𝑃1 = ⁡𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡𝑥 + ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
17 17
𝑒 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥
W=| 𝑥 | = 3𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑒 cos 3𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥 3𝑒 𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 sen 3𝑥
1
Identificando 𝑓(𝑥) = ⁡𝑒 𝑥
3
1 1 𝑠𝑒𝑛2 3𝑥 1
𝑈´1 = ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥 tan 3𝑥 = ⁡( ) = − ⁡(sec 3𝑥 − cos 3𝑥)⁡
9 9 cos 3𝑥 9
1
𝑈´2 = ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥⁡
9
Entonces:
1 1
𝑈1 = − ln(sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥) + ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥
27 27
1
𝑈2 = − cos 3𝑥⁡⁡
27
1 𝑥 1
𝑌=− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (𝑙𝑛|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥| − 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥) − ⁡𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥. cos 3𝑥
27 27
1 𝑥
𝑌=− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (𝑙𝑛|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥|)
27
2 9
𝑌 = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝐶1 cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶2 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡3𝑥) + cos 𝑥 + ⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥
17 17
1 𝑥
− 𝑒 cos 3𝑥 (ln|sec 3𝑥 + tan 3𝑥|)
27
14.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES LINEALES DE SEGUNDO ORDEN A COEFICIENTES

CONSTANTES
84
1. Encontrar una base del espacio solución de la ecuación diferencial 𝑦 " − ⁡2𝑦 ` − ⁡15𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 − ⁡2𝐷 − 15)𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 − 5)(𝐷 + 3)𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 5𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 5)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3)
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 5) = (𝑒 5𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3) = (𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ ]⁡
𝑦1`(𝑥) 𝑦2`(𝑥)
5𝑥
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡ ]⁡
5𝑒 −3𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = 8𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡ ≠ 0, ∀𝑥⁡ ∈ 𝑅
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 5𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡
2. Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝑦 " + ⁡5𝑦 ` + ⁡6𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 + 3)(𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 2)
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3) = (𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 2) = (𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ ]⁡
𝑦1`(𝑥) 𝑦2`(𝑥)
−3𝑥
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡ ]⁡
−3𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = 𝑒 6𝑥 ⁡ ≠ 0, ∀𝑥⁡ ∈ 𝑅
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡
(𝐷2 + 6𝐷 + 9)𝑦 = 0
85
(𝐷 + 3)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 3) = (𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦2⁡(𝑥) = ⁡𝑋𝑒 −3𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2⁡𝑋𝑒 −3𝑥 ⁡
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷+∝)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −1 + 𝑖√3
∝ 2 =⁡∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −1 + 𝑖√3
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −𝑥 cos √3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −𝑥 sen √3𝑥⁡
5. Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝑦 " − ⁡ 𝑦 ` − ⁡2𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 − ⁡𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 2)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 1)
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 2) = (𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 1) = (𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ ]⁡
𝑦1`(𝑥) 𝑦2`(𝑥)
2𝑥
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡ ]⁡
2𝑒 −𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = 𝑒 2𝑥 ⁡ ≠ 0, ∀𝑥⁡ ∈ 𝑅

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 2𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −𝑥 ⁡
6. Encontrar una base del espacio solución de la ecuación diferencial 𝑦 " − ⁡ 𝑦 ` − ⁡6𝑦 = 0
86
(𝐷2 − ⁡𝐷 − 6)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 + 2)𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 3𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 3)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦2(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 2)
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 − 3) = (𝑒 3𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 2) = (𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦1(𝑥) 𝑦2(𝑥)
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ ]⁡
𝑦1`(𝑥) 𝑦2`(𝑥)
3𝑥
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = [⁡ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡ ]⁡
3𝑒 −2𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡
𝑊[⁡𝑦1(𝑥), 𝑦2(𝑥)] = 𝑒 6𝑥 ⁡ ≠ 0, ∀𝑥⁡ ∈ 𝑅

𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −2𝑥 ⁡
(𝐷2 + 12𝐷 + 36)𝑦 = 0

(𝐷 + 6)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
𝑦1(𝑥) = ⁡ 𝑒 −6𝑥 ⁡ ∈ 𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 6)⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡
𝑁𝑢𝑐(𝐷 + 6) = (𝑒 −6𝑥 ⁡)
𝑦2⁡(𝑥) = ⁡𝑋𝑒 −6𝑥
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −6𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2⁡𝑋𝑒 −6𝑥 ⁡
8. Resolver la ecuación diferencial (𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 4)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷+∝)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −1 + 𝑖√3
∝ 2 =⁡∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −1 + 𝑖√3
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −𝑥 cos √3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −𝑥 sen √3𝑥⁡

9. Resolver la ecuación diferencial 𝑦 " − ⁡4𝑦 ` + ⁡13𝑦 = 0
87
(𝐷2 − 4𝐷 + 13)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷+∝)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
∝ 1⁡ = ⁡2 ± 3𝑖
∝ 2 =⁡∝ 1⁡ = ⁡2 ± 3𝑖
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 2𝑥 sen 3𝑥⁡
(𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 5)𝑦 = 0
(𝐷+∝)2 𝑦 = 0⁡
∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −2 ± 2𝑖
∝ 2 =⁡∝ 1⁡ = ⁡ −2 ± 2𝑖
𝑦 = 𝑐1𝑒 −2𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + ⁡𝑐2𝑒 −2𝑥 sen 2𝑥⁡
15.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES NO HOMOGENEAS A COEFICIENTES CONSTANTES

METODO DEL ANULADOR
 (𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = cos(2𝑥)
(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −𝑋
𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 4)
(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 2 + 4) = cos(2𝑥)
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)

(𝐷 2 − 𝐷 − 2)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)) = cos(2𝑥)
−4𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 2𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) − 2𝑘2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)

−6𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 2𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)
−6𝐾2𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) = cos(2𝑥)
1
𝐾2 =
6
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −𝑋 + 1/6(𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋))
88
 (𝐷 2 − 4)𝑌 = 𝑥
(𝐷 2 − 4)𝑌 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −2𝑋
𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 )
(𝐷 − 4)(𝐷 2 ) = 𝑥
2
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋

(𝐷 2 − 4)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋) = 𝑥
(𝐷 2 − 4)(𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑋) = 𝑥
−4𝐾3 − 4𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋
−4𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋
1
𝐾4 = −
4
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −2𝑋 − 1/4(𝑋)
 (𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = e 𝑋
(𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐶2𝑒 −3𝑋
𝐿2 = (𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)(𝐷 − 1) = e 𝑋
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑋 + 𝐾3e 𝑋

(𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)(𝐾1𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑋 + 𝐾3e 𝑋 ) = e 𝑋
(𝐷 2 + 5𝐷 + 6)(𝐾3e 𝑋 ) = e 𝑋
𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 + 5𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 + 6𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 ) = e 𝑋
12𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 = e 𝑋
1
𝐾3 =
12
1
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐾1𝑒 −2𝑋 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑋 + ( ) e 𝑋
12
 (𝐷 2 + 4)𝑌 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4) = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑥)
𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 1)
(𝐷 + 4)(𝐷 2 + 1) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
2
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)

(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐾1𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
3𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋) + 2𝑘4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋)
3𝐾3𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋)
1
𝐾3 =
3
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐾1𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾2𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑥) + 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)/3
89
 (𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑦 = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 ∓ 3)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 −3𝑥
𝐿2 = (𝐷 − 5)2
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑋𝑒 5𝑥

24𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 𝐾4(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑥𝑒 5𝑥
(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = 𝑒 5𝑥 ((𝐷 + 5)2 + (𝐷 + 5) − 6)(𝑋)

(𝐷 2 + 𝐷 − 6)(𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 ) = (1 + 24𝑋)
24𝐾3𝑒 5𝑥 + 11𝐾4 + 24𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋

24𝐾4𝑋 = 𝑋
1
𝐾4 = −
24
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐾1𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐾2𝑒 −3𝑥 − (𝑋𝑒 5𝑥 )24
 (𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑌 = 𝑥

(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)𝑌 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥

𝐿2 = 𝐷 2
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐷 2 ) = 𝑥
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋) = 𝑥
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 − 3)(+𝐾4 + 𝐾5𝑋) = 𝑥
11𝐾5 − 6𝐾4 − 6𝐾5𝑋 = 𝑋
−6𝐾5𝑋 = 𝑋
1
𝐾5 = −
6
𝐾4 = 11/36
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶3𝑒 3𝑥 − 𝑋/6 + −11/36
 𝑌 2 + 4𝑌 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4)𝑦 = 0)
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋)
𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 1)
(𝐷 + 4)(𝐷 2 + 1) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
2
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)

2
(𝐷 + 4)(𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 4)(𝐾3𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾4𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠2(𝑋)) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
3𝐾4𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) = 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑥)
90
1
𝐾4 =
3
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑆𝑒𝑛(2𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝑋) + 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)/3
 𝑌 ′′ + 𝑌 = 𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋)
𝐿2 = (𝐷 2 + 2𝐷 + 1 + 1)2
(𝐷 2 + 1)(𝐷 2 + 2𝐷 + 1 + 1)2 = 𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 1)(𝐶1𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑋) + 𝐶2𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝑋) + 𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) = 𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
(𝐷 2 + 1)(+𝐾3𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥) + 𝐾4𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)) = 𝑋𝑒 𝑋 𝐶𝑜𝑠(𝑥)
 𝑌′ − 𝑌 = 𝑋
(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 𝑋
(𝐷 − 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑋
𝐿2 = (𝐷)2
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐷)2 = 𝑋
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑋 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3𝑋
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐶1𝑒 𝑋 + 𝐾2 + 𝐾3𝑋 ) = 𝑋
(𝐷 − 1)(𝐾2 + 𝐾3𝑋 ) = 𝑋
𝐾3 − 𝐾2 − 𝐾3𝑋 = 𝑋
−𝐾3𝑋 = 𝑋
𝐾3 = −1
𝐾3 − 𝐾2 = 0
𝐾2 = −1
𝑌𝐺 = 𝐶1𝑒 𝑋 + 𝐾2 − 1 − 3𝑋
 (𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 𝑋 + 𝑒 𝑋+1

(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)𝑦 = 0
𝑌𝐻 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑋
𝐿2 = (𝐷) (𝐷 − 1)
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)(𝐷) (𝐷 − 1) = 𝑋 + 𝑒 𝑋+1
𝑌𝑃 = 𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑒 𝑋+1
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)(𝐶1𝑒 2𝑋 + 𝐶1𝑒 −𝑋 + 𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑒 𝑋+1 ) = 𝑋 + 𝑒 𝑋+1
(𝐷 − 2)(𝐷 + 1)(𝐾3 + 𝐾4𝑒 𝑋+1 ) = 𝑋 + 𝑒 𝑋+1
−𝑋𝐾4 − 𝐾4 + 3𝐾4 − 3𝐾3 = 𝑋 + 𝑒 𝑋+1
91

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UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR

FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA CIENCIAS FÍSICAS Y MATEMÁTICA

CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA CIVIL

EJERCICIOS DE ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE TODO EL SEMESTRE

PROFESOR: MATEMÁTICO JORGE LARA

NOMBRE: CASA TOAPANTA FRANKLIN ROLANDO

dy/dx = (y^2 +1)*x y

dy/dx = 2*x^5 *(1+y)*1/2 y

dy/dx = x(x^2 +y^2)/(4y^3) y

2.-GRAFICAS DE SOLUCIONES DE EQUILIBRIO

𝑦 ′ = 0⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡0 = 𝑦 2 − 4𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡; ⁡⁡⁡𝑦(𝑦 − 4)

Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente

Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente

𝑠𝑒𝑛 = 0⁡⁡⁡ ↔ ⁡⁡⁡𝑦 = 𝑛𝜋, 𝑛∈Ζ

Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente Decreciente Estrictamente creciente Decreciente

3.- ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES HOMOGENEAS

2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = ⁡ −(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥

c) (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(2𝑥 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥 − 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥

f) (5𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0

4.- ECUCION DIFERENCIAL VARIABLE SEPARABLE

 [𝑦⁡(1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0]

𝑑𝑟 = −⁡𝑟 tan ∅⁡⁡𝑑∅⁡

 (cos 𝑥)(1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 + ⁡⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0

 (⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 ⁡𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 + (tan 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡

∫(⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛2 ⁡𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ − ∫(tan 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦

 (⁡𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦)𝑑𝑥⁡ + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥𝑦 ln 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡𝑒 𝑥 ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

𝑢 = 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = ⁡ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = ln 𝑦⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡

 2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0

2𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 + ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡)⁡⁡𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦

𝑢 = 1 + 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = tan 𝑦⁡⁡

 3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥⁡ + (⁡1 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡⁡𝑑𝑦⁡= 0

3𝑒 𝑥 tan 𝑑𝑥⁡ = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 − ⁡ 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡) 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 ⁡𝑦⁡⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

𝑢 = 1 − 𝑒 𝑥 ⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑢 = tan 𝑦⁡⁡

−⁡3 ln|⁡𝑢⁡| = ⁡ − ln|⁡𝑢⁡|

(1 + ⁡ 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑥 = −⁡⁡(1 + ⁡ 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑦

 𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡

𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑦⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(⁡1 + 𝑥 2 ) cos 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡⁡

 2𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡

2𝑥⁡(𝑦 + 1⁡)⁡𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

 𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 + (⁡1 − ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡)⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = −⁡(⁡1 − ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡)⁡𝑑𝑦 = 0

∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑥⁡⁡ = ⁡ ∫ −⁡1 + ⁡⁡𝑏𝑦 5 ⁡𝑑𝑦⁡

𝑢 = 𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡ ∫ 𝑑𝑣⁡ = ⁡ cos 𝑥

𝑑𝑢⁡ = 𝑑𝑥⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡⁡𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥⁡

𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 − ⁡ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥⁡𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡∫ 𝑑𝑦 + 6⁡ ∫ 𝑦 5⁡ ⁡𝑑𝑦

𝑥⁡𝑠𝑒𝑛⁡𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝑦 − ⁡ 𝑦 6⁡ + 𝐶⁡⁡ = 0

 (⁡𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 ⁡𝑦 + 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦 = 0

(⁡𝑥𝑦 2 − 𝑥⁡)𝑑𝑥 = ⁡ −⁡(𝑥 2 ⁡𝑦 + 𝑦⁡)𝑑𝑦

5.-ECUACIONES DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:

2. 𝑦 ′ = (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 5)𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡

𝑙𝑛|𝑧 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑧| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑧 + 1| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑢| + 𝑐

5. 𝑦 ′ = (2𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0⁡

7. (2𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑦 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

11. (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + (3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0

12. (2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 0

6.- DIFERENCIALES DE LA FORMA:

1 (𝑥 + 1)2 − 2(𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 + 1) − (𝑦 + 1)2

5𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑣 5(𝑢 − 1⁄3) − 𝑣 + 11⁄3 𝑑𝑣 5𝑢 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣

1 (𝑥 − 3)2 − 2(𝑥 − 3)(𝑦 + 2) − (𝑦 + 2)2

dy/dx = 2x^5 (1+y)*1/2 y