Introduction:

A community is a tiny or large social unit (several people) who've something in common,
such as norms, religious beliefs, values, or personality. Often - however, not always - areas
share a feeling of place that can be found in an area (e.g. a country, town, town, or
neighborhood). Durable relationships that expand beyond immediate genealogical ties
also identify a feeling of community. People have a tendency to define those cultural ties
as important with their id, practice, and functions in social establishments like family,
home, work, federal, society, or mankind, most importantly. Although areas are usually
small in accordance with personal communal ties (micro-level), "community" could also
make reference to large group affiliations (or macro-level), such as countrywide
communities, international neighborhoods, and virtual areas.
A number of ways to categorize types of community have been proposed. One such
breakdown is as follows:

Location-based communities: range from the local neighborhood, suburb, village, town
or city, region, nation or even the planet as a whole. These are also called communities
of place.
Identity-based communities: range from the local clique, sub-culture, ethnic group,
religious, multicultural or pluralistic civilization, or the global community cultures of
today. They may be included as communities of need or identity, such as disabled
persons, or frail aged people.
Organizationally based communities: range from communities organized informally
around family or network-based guilds and associations to more formal incorporated
associations, political decision making structures, economic enterprises, or professional
associations at a small, national or international scale.
The usual categorizations of community relations have a number of problems:
- they tend to give the impression that a particular community can be defined as just this
kind or another;
- they tend to conflate modern and customary community relations;
- they tend to take sociological categories such as ethnicity or race as given, forgetting
that different ethnically defined persons live in different kinds of communities —
grounded, interest-based, diasporic, etc.
In response to these problems, Paul James and his colleagues have developed a taxonomy
that maps community relations, and recognizes that actual communities can be
characterized by different kinds of relations at the same time:

Grounded community relations: This involves enduring attachment to particular places

and particular people. It is the dominant form taken by customary and tribal communities.
In these kinds of communities, the land is fundamental to identity.
Life-style community relations: This involves giving give primacy to communities coming
together around particular chosen ways of life, such as morally charged or interest-based
relations or just living or working in the same location. Hence the following sub-forms:
- Community-life as morally bounded, a form taken by many traditional faith-based
communities.
- community-life as interest-based, including sporting, leisure-based and business
communities which come together for regular moments of engagement.
- community-life as proximately-related, where neighborhood or commonality of
association forms a community of convenience, or a community of place (see
below).
Projected community relations
This is where a community is self-consciously treated as an entity to be projected and re-
created. It can be projected as through thin advertising slogan, for example gated
community, or can take the form of ongoing associations of people who seek political
integration, communities of practice based on professional projects, associative
communities which seek to enhance and support individual creativity, autonomy and
mutuality. A nation is one of the largest forms of projected or imagined community.
In these terms, communities can be nested and/or intersecting; one community can
contain another. For example, a location-based community may contain a number of
ethnic communities. Both lists above can used in a cross-cutting matrix in relation to each
other.
Location
For more details on this topic, see Community of place.
Possibly the most common usage of the word "community" indicates a large group living
in close proximity. Examples of local community include:

A municipality is an administrative local area generally composed of a clearly defined

territory and commonly referring to a town or village.
Wakefield, Massachusetts is an example of a small town which constitutes a local
community.
Although large cities are also municipalities, they are often thought of as a collection of
communities, due to their diversity.
A neighborhood is a geographically localized community, often within a larger city or
suburb.
A planned community is one that was designed from scratch and expanded more or less
following the plan. Several of the world's capital cities are planned cities, notably
Washington, D.C., in the United States, Canberra in Australia, and Brasília in Brazil. It was
also common during the European colonization of the Americas to build according to a
plan either on fresh ground or on the ruins of earlier Amerindian cities. Community
service is a free service.
Literature Review:
Few research works were conducted on the niche index and its application on human
community. Some of them are given below:
Kanjitani,Y., Okada, N., and Tatano, H. (2005)” Measuring quality of human community
life by spatial-temporal age group distributions- a case study of recovery process in a
disaster affected region”. Natural hazard review. In this paper calculated spatial-temporal
age group distribution through niche index for disaster risk evaluation in Kobe city, Japan.
This city was severely damaged by the 1995 Grat Hanshia-Awaji earthquake; it is inferred
that the niche index may possibly to damage reduction. Further, community health in the
recovery process in the Nagata Ward, Kobe city is evaluated by using the niche indices
and related statistical tests. The results show that the quality of the community
deteriorated after the disaster even in the area where the building recovery speed was
relatively rapid.
Ohta, Y., Koyama, M., and Watoh, Y. (2000). “Estimation of survival rate curve at the 1995
Hyogoken Nanba Earthquake Association for the Development of Earthquake prediction”.
In this paper, the smash up and injure condition of earthquake are analyzed and predicted
its development by raising the quality of human community in terms of its age group
distribution. It showed that the survival rate of persons trapped in the debris decreased
sharply over time. It considered the working age people can be the most powerful
rescuers and inferred that the number of rescued people depends significantly on the
numbers of working-age people are located nearby.

In the purpose of Bangladesh, it is essential to build community that could able to cope
with the disastrous effects in terms of protection, evacuation, management and
mitigation by understanding its quality. Overlap of different age group populations
especially younger and older group bare a significant importance in this case. Young
people and elderly people serve as spatial criterion of risk potential against disaster.
Distribution of younger and older population can be observed through the niche index,
shows overlapping values of these two populations that express the quality of the
community. These indices used as ecology, are employed as measurement techniques
and are interpreted in terms of safety and communication that proposes disaster risk
evaluation which may possibly pertain to damage reduction (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005).
For evaluating the community’s status of recovery from a disaster, it is look at the invisible
community environment as well as the physical recovery situation. Ecological modeling is
one possibility for evaluating the quality of life because the human community is
considered to have several features in common with animal communities, especially in
terms of pursuing safety (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005). In a human community, youths are a
strategic segment of the population and organized youth can bring about critical changes
in society. Their concentration in a community indicates healthy condition of such
community. Thus, if the elderly population of a community becomes concentrate and
polarized and young population relatively segregated from the elderly, that makes the
quality of community deteriorated after the disaster, even in the area where building
recovery speed is relatively fast.
The spatial and temporal distribution of age groups assumed that different degrees of
overlap between age groups, which is referred to as the cohabitative communication
level, represent the health of the community in daily life including safety in case of
disasters. In both case of safety and communication assumptions, the ‘niche index’ can
be a good measure for evaluating the quality of community life and monitoring the
invisible and constantly changing human community situation (Kanjitani,Y et al, 2005). It
is assumed that the loss of elderly people is reduced to a greater when the working age
people are located close to the elderly, as compared with the situation in which the
working-age people are located far from the elderly i.e. the more the young people are
segregated from the elderly, the more the community become deteriorated. This
measurement study through niche index of a disaster-affected community implies the
scale of deterioration of that community.
In Bangladesh, various types of disaster are affected which deteriorates the community’s
health in terms of safety, security, excavation and communication. Community health
against disaster indicates the deterioration level of a community. Community health
relates to the population and resource allocation and their availability, affordability
against disaster. In a human community, youth are considering as powerful widget of
influencing community condition, as they are active portion of the human society.
Bracketed within the age group of 15-30 years, the youth constitute over 30% of the
population of the Bangladesh. And around 6% of the total population of Bangladesh
constitutes the elderly population who are slow imperceptive, progressive degenerative
process advancing with chronological age, leading to increased functional deterioration
and vulnerability. The rate of their increase is fairly high, i.e. the elderly population (aged
60 above) in Bangladesh in 1911, 1951, 1981, 1991 and 2000 were 1.37, 1.86, 4.90, 6.05
and 7.25 millions respectively and the projected figures for, 2015 and 2025 are 12.05 and
17.62 millions (Banglapedia,2007). In the case of risk potential against disaster this change
in population will have serious consequences in disaster affected community. The ratio of
the young and elderly people as well as their overlapping values has a great importance
for seeking out the risk evaluation and potentiality against disaster in relation to the
damage and recovery condition of a community. As a consequence, community health
identification through niche index can be used for the implementation of disaster
recovery program and for overall planning of disaster affected region.
Conclusion:
Joining a community of like-minded people means that have an increased chance of
meeting someone who’s willing to take under their wing and mentor. Having a strong
community gives much benefit. Community building that is geared toward citizen action
is usually termed "community organizing." In these cases, organized community groups
seek accountability from elected officials and increased direct representation within
decision-making bodies. Where good-faith negotiations fail, these constituency-led
organizations seek to pressure the decision-makers through a variety of means, including
picketing, boycotting, sit-ins, petitioning, and electoral politics. Community organizing is
sometimes focused on more than just resolving specific issues. Organizing often means
building a widely accessible power structure, often with the end goal of distributing power
equally throughout the community.