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Abstract
The water availability for agricultural irrigation was more difficult. The water
decreases due to the changes in land use, while demand for food is increasing due
to population growth. Climate changes increasingly threaten water security for
irrigation, which ultimately also impact on food security. While developed rice
seeds or cropping systems to increase food production such as SRI (system of rice
intensification), but the system of irrigation which is less precise, also will
threaten water security and agricultural production. Provision of proper irrigation
based on the crop water requirement in accordance to the crop development itself.
The provision of water irrigation continuously, is a waste, because it is not
excessive given the extent required. The provision of water intermittently,
managed based on the need, will save water, but still provide optimum
agricultural production. To find a system of proper water irrigation is necessary to
do some simulations using the CropWat 8 program, issued by FAO. From the
several simulations, it can be found some way or system of irrigation water right.
This system supports water resistance, so that agricultural production is also
optimized, which in turn will provide sustainable food security.
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
INTRODUCTION
General Background
The East Nusa Tenggara Province have rice fields covering an area of 348,70 ha.
From that area consist of the technical irrigated area as 98,95 ha (Kepmen PU,
2014), including 3,871 ha of irrigation areas Bena (BWS-NT II, 2013). Bena
irrigated areas using water from the river Noelmina, with a maximum water
design of 7,2 m3/s to irrigate an area of 3,871 ha (Figure 1). The Bena irrigation
area in google earth map is illustrated in Figure 2. The monthly rainfall data from
Panite rainfall station during the year of 1989 until 2014 is illustrated as Figure 3.
There are no data on the year of 1990 and 2005. The lowest rainfall is happened
on the year of 2012 (443,6 mm/year), then the year of 2013 (473 mm/year).
Triggered by an urge to improve food sovereignty and the decreasing water flow
on the river, it is necessary to study concerning the system irrigation water
provision in Bena irrigated area to improve sustainable water resilience. The
objective of the study are to find some strategies needed to use the river water
resources optimally, efficient and provide maximum production.
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
Note:
: existing irrigated area
: potential irrigated area
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
Mawardi Erman (2007) states that irrigation is an attempt to get water availability
for crop by construct the artificial channels and some structures to support
agricultural production. The Law of Indonesia Government Number 11 (the Act)
in 1974, has stated that the regulation and management of irrigation should be
done thoroughly and sustainably to achieve maximum efficiency for the
prosperity fair and equitable of the people. Water management is also stated by
the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing No. 09 / PRT
/2015 on the Use of Water Resources, in article 3, paragraph 2 stated that the
purpose of utilization of water resources sustainable by saving water resources
accurately in the use of resources and its water infrastructure.
System of Rice Intensification (SRI) method is rice cultivation techniques that can
enhance the productivity of rice by changing the management of plants, soil,
water and nutrients. This method was first discovered accidentally in Madagascar
between 1983 and 1984 by French Jesuit monk named FR. Henri de Laulani, S.J.
By its discovery, this further methodology in the French and English language.
Then in 1990 formed Tefy Science Association (ATS), a Non Governmental
Organization (NGO) Malagasy to introduce SRI. Four years later, Cornell
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
Provision of proper irrigation water is based on the water needs of the crop in
accordance with the development of the crop itself. Water requirement for crop in
any stage of development is not the same. It is more determined by the number of
leaves, as the crop develops in the process of photosynthesis, which is required
water. Then the introduction of irrigation water right must be based on the amount
of water is required in the process of photosynthesis.
Mathematically can be formulated in the following formula:
Irreq = ETcrop - Reff …………..……………….……………….…….(3)
where: Irreq: irrigation needs, ETcrop: crop water needs (for photosynthesis) Reff:
effective rainfall that can be utilized by crop
Several ways of irrigation water to the fields, which can be done with five (5)
ways (Hansen, VE Israelsen, OW, Stringham, GE, 1992 p. 4): 1) flooding, 2)
large or small furrow 3) sub-irrigation, 4) sprinkle and 5) trickle system.
The water provision for rice crop is better by inundation (flooding) and furrows
system, carried by continuous flow or intermittent flow.
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
The amount of water requirement released from buildings is calculated using the
following formula:
Qi = qi * Ai ......................................................................................... (4)
Sato (2007) in some parts of East Indonesia (NTB) mention that this method is
able to increase the yield productivity of 5 tons/ha increased to 9 tons/ha. The
same thing happened in the district of Cianjur, West Java, where the average
production reaches 10-12 tons/ha. SRI is an example to boost rice production with
agricultural technology. SRI method is chosen because: first, there is efficiency
seed input and water savings. Second, there will encourage the using of organic
fertilizer. Application of SRI method can maintain soil fertility, in addition to
reducing on inorganic dependency (Secretariat of Agriculture, 2007).
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
Examination of the water use efficiency from existing condition, which uses the
system of continuous flow system, compared to other alternatives applied in this
system of intermittent flow system water supply. From the assessment of water
needs from existing conditions compared to other alternative water needs applied,
will produce optimal water balance. Irrigation efficiency showed the efficiency of
water used, which is the ratio between the amounts of water used by a given
amount of water. To optimize utilization of water resources from the river, the
water use efficiency should followed by optimal productivity.
Methodology of Study
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
rice crop should be timely correct and the amount of irrigation water also enough,
so that can save water and adequate water for downstream.
Tertiary irrigation efficiency in the fields can be increased by making the building
a good rice field. Irrigation efficiency value based on the result of planning by
67.50% i.e. 90% on the primary channel, secondary channels 90% and 85% with
tertiary canals that irrigated rice area of ± 10.91 ha. But the value of the
measurement results of efficiency dropped to 37.6%, which resulted in the
irrigated rice area is reduced. This condition can be scaled back if the problems in
the field can be prevented or overcome. The increasing efficiency of irrigation and
irrigated rice area improvement can be recalculated.
From the calculation, it can be seen that the water supply intermittent system
gives more water-efficient than continuous flow system, which equal to:
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5thInternational Seminar of HATHI, 29-31 July 2016, Bali
REFERENCES
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