Ikzdj.

k ifgys
izLrkouk
vktP;k foKku;qxkr rj Kkukpk izpaM foLQksV
>kyk vkgs- lxG;kp {ks=kae/;s Kkukph f{kfrts lkj[kh
foLrkjr vkgsr- Kku izkIr d:u ?ks.;kps izeq[k lk/ku
Eg.kts f'k{k.k o izeq[k voLFkk Eg.kts fo|kFkhZn'kk-
fo|kFkhZn'kk vkVksiY;kojgh Kkuksikluk pkyq jkgq
'kdrs- ijarq v'kk Kkuksikldkaps izek.k vYip] Eg.kqup
fo|kFkhZ voLFksrp eqykauk tkLrhr tkLr Kku laiUu
dj.;kpk iz;Ru >kyk ikghts- fo|kF;kZauhgh vkiY;k
vk;q";kpk iG u iG Kkud.k xksGk dj.;kr O;rhr dsyk
ikghts- [ksnkph xks"V gh dh- ßvkeps fo|kFkhZ gs
fo|kFkhZ rj jkfgys ukghrp] ex KkukFkhZ rj nqjp jkgks]
rs dsoG ijh{kkFkhZp >kys vkgsr- ;k ijh{kspk rk.k lrr
R;kP;k MksD;koj jkgkr vlY;kus rks vkysY;k ifjfLFkrhyk
lkeksjs tkÅ 'kdr ukgh-ÞR;kP;k MksD;kojhy ekufld rk.k
gk fnolsafnol ok<rp vkgs- vkf.k gk ekufld rk.k deh
dj.;klkBh izkphu _"khequhauh lkafxrysY;k /;kui/nrhpk
voyac dj.ksp ;ksX; Bjsy- /;kukeqGs Lej.k'kDrh]
,dkxzrk] /kS;Z] vkRefo'okl] bPNk'kDrh b-
eu%'kDrhpkgh fodkl gksrks- rlsp ekufld fod`rhapsgh
fujkdj.k gksÅ 'kdrs- Lokeh foosdkuankP;k ers]
ßf'k{k.kkps eq[; lkj Eg.kts eukph ,dkxzrkÞ gs vkgs-
vkf.k gh ,dkxzrk lk/; dj.;klkBh /;ku lk/kuk gk ,deso mik;

1
vkgs- ;ko:u /;ku gs fo|kF;kZaP;k ekufld fodklkyk o
,dq.k O;fDRkRo fodklkyk fdrh vko';d o lkgk¸;Hkqr vkgs
gs y{kkr ;sbZy-
ekuokus panzkoj tk.;ki;Zar oSKkfud izxrh
lk/kyh vlyh rjh Li/ksZP;k ;k ;qxkr ekufld =kl fnolsafnol
ok<rp vkgs- ygkukiklqu rj o`/nkai;Zar losZp =klke/;s
fnlrkr- folkO;k 'krdkrhy ekuokpk lokZr eksBk 'k=q vlsy
rj rks ekufld =kl vkgs- Eg.kqup ;ksxk] /;ku] v/;kfRed
mikluk ;kaP;kdMs laiq.kZ txkrY;k vla[; yksdkapk dy
ok<rp pkyyk;- eu%'kkarhlkBh ywIr >kysyh cq/ndkfyu
foi';uk lk/kuk iksQkor vkgs- fo'ks"k Eg.kts gk ekufld
=kl vki.kp fuekZ.k dsyk vkgs- dkj.k R;kpk FksV lac/k
euk'kh vkgs- eu gs d/khp 'kkar ulrs- izphu dkGh f'k{k.k
ns.kÚ;k T;k laLFkk gksR;k R;kauk xq:dqy fdaok vkJe
vls Eg.kr- Eg.kqu gh izkphu f'k{k.k i/nrh xq:dqy i/nrh
fdaok vJke i/nrh ;k ukokus vksG[kyh tkrs- 'kkGk gs
xq:aps fuokl LFkku rj gksrsp ijarq f'k";kaukgh rsFksp
jkgkos ykxs- R;keqGs xq:aph fo|kF;kZaoj iq.kZ osG
ns[kjs[k jkgr vls- ijarq] vkt f'k{k.k o fo|kFkhZ ;kapk
lac/k dsoG dkgh rklakiqjrk o rksgh ijh{ksyk useysyk
vH;klØe iq.kZ dj.;kiqjrkp ;srks-
vktP;k Li/ksZP;k ;qxkr dkgh rjh fo'ks"k
dj.;kph tckcnkjh rj fo|kF;kZaoj vkgsp ijarq R;kposGh
oxkZrhy la[;k] ,dw.k 'kS{k.khd okrkoj.k] vusd fo"k;kpa
nMi.k] 'kS{k.khd {ks=kr ljdkj rQZs dj.;kr ;s.kkÚ;k

2
?kks"k.kk] lkekftd ifjfLFkrh ;k loZ xks"VhaeqGs
fo|kFkhZ Hkkackoqu xsyk vkgs- ifj{kk toG vkyh dh]
fo|kF;kaZP;kekxs R;kaP;k ikydkaph Hkq.kHkq.k lq:
gksrs] R;krqugh ngkoh ckjkfops o"kZ vlsy rj fopkjk;ykp
udks- fo|kF;kZauk vH;kl dj vla lkax.ks Bhd vkgs ijarq]
vH;kl dj.ks Eg.kts useds dk;] dsysyk vH;kl dlk y{kkr
Bsokok] R;klkBh dk; djkos gs dks.k lkax.kkj\ vkgs
vH;klØekr r'kh O;oLFkk\ izkphu dkGh vH;klØekr /;ku]
/kkj.kk] vklku] izk.kk;ke b-pk lekos'k gksrk-
vkRelk{kkRdkj gs f'k{k.kkps /;s; gksrs- ijarq] vktpk
fo|kFkhZ gk dsoG ijh{kkfHkeq[k >kysyk vkgs- dsoG
ijh{kk mRrh.kZ d:u uksdjh feGfo.ks gs ,dp /;s;
R;kP;kiq<s vkgs- gs /;s; xkBrkukgh R;kyk vusd
vMp.khauk lkeksjs tkos ykxrs- v'kk osGh R;kP;k
eukojhy rk.k gk lrr ok<r vlrks] rks Lor%ps fu.kZ;
?ks.;kr dqBs rjh deh iMrks- v'kk osGh ;k leL;spk lkjklkj
fopkj d:u ;k leL;soj fparu d:u] ;k leL;sdMs fu%i{k
Hkkousus ikgwu tj ;koj vkiY;k izkphu _"khequhauh
lkafxrysY;k fofo/k mik;kaph lkaxM ?kkykfo'kh okVsy-
vkf.k R;krY;k R;kr ljrs'ksoVh eyk Eg.kkosls okVsy dh
;k mik;kae/kqu _"khequhaP;k lkax.;kizek.ks /;ku/kkj.kk
gkp mik; ifj.kkedkjd] ;ksX; vkf.k jkeck.k mik; Bjsy-
vkiY;k Hkkjr ns'kkph 100 dksVh tula[;k
vkgs- R;kr r:.koxZ ¼lk/kkj.k o; 13 rs 45½ 60 rs 70%
vlsyp- ns'kkps HkforO; ;kp fi<hP;k gkrkr vlrs rsOgk
fujksxh ;k fi<hoj loZ nq"Vhus laLdkj o mik; gks.ks

3
xjtsps vkgs- vkjksX; gs dsoG ojojps uOgs] rj 'kjhfjd]
ekufld] vk/;kfRed o lkekftd g;k pkjgh Lrjkaoj vlkos
ykxrs rsOgkp LoLFk lekt o ns'k fuekZ.k gksÅ 'kdsy
LoLFk lekt o izxfr'khy ns'k fuekZ.k dj.;kph tckcnkjh vkt
f'k{kd o ikydoxkZoj vkysyh vkgs- dkj.k ,d f'k{kdp lqtk.k
ukxfjd fuekZ.k d: 'kdrks foHkDr dqVqac i/nrheqGs
vf/kdka'k eqys ?kjh [kqi osG ,dVhp vlrkr ?kjkr loZ lq[k
lqfo/kk] euksjatukph lk/ku] vuqHkoh ekxZn'kZukph
vHkko] oMhy/kkjh eaMGhfo"ka;h okijyh tk.kkjh
vokZP; Hkk"kk o R;kauk fnysyh fdaer ik'P;kr laLÑrhps
izn'kZu b- loZ eqykaP;k Le`frd{ksoj ifj.kke djrkr- vkt
fo|kFkhZ gs dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k dkj.kkus r.kkoxzLr
>kysyh vkgs R;keqGs dkgh lqK O;Drh eu%'kkarhpk
ekxZ 'kks/k.;kr fdaok eu%'kkarh izkIr dj.;kr x<Y;k vkgs
[kja rj dk;eLo:ih eu%'kkarh goh vlsy rj /;kulk/kuspk
voyac dj.ks fgrdkjd Bjsy-fo|kF;kZe/;s tkLrhr tkLr jksx
gs ekufld r.kkokeqGs mRiUu gksrkr- R;keqGs
fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`frd{ksoj ifj.kke gksrks- vkt txkfrd
ifjfLFkrhp v'kh fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs dh] lokZukp
dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k r.kkokus xzklysys vkgs
r.kkoeqDr O;Drh feG.k nqjkikLr >kys vkgs- dkGth
vkgs rh r:.k fi<hph] fo|kF;kZaph ns'kkrhy r:.kkaP;k
'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkf.k ckSf/nd lqn`<rsojp ns'kkph
lqn`<rk voyacqu vlrs ns'k lqn`< dj.;kph tckcnkjh gh
tkLrhr tkLr f'k{kdkoj vkgs- tsOgk f'k{kd vnk'kZoknh

4
jkghy rsOgkp rs fo|kF;kZiq<s vkn'kZokn fuekZ.k d:
'kdrhy-
ß/;kulk/kukÞ gs eukp ifjiq.kZ foKku O;ogkjkdMs vkf.k
txkdMs gh c?k.;kph lq;ksX; utj nsrs- vkiyh Lej.k'kDrh
nkaMxh vlkoh vkf.k ikfgts rsOgk ts dkgh vkiY;kyk
vkBok;ps vlsy rs vpqdi.ks vkBork ;k;yk goss vls
lokaZukp okVr vlrs i.k cÚ;kp t.kkauk gs lk/; gksr ukgh
gs tjh [kjs vlys rjh /;kulk/kusus Lej.k'kDrh ok<q 'kdrs
gs izR;sdkus /;kukr Bsokos-
vkiY;k Hkkjr ns’kkph 100 dksVh tula[;k vkgs-
T;kr r:.koxZ ¼lk/kkj.k o; 13 rs 45 ½ 60 rs 70 % vlsyp
ns’kkps HkforO; g;kp fi<hP;k gkrkr vlrs- rsOgk fujksxh
g;k fi<hoj loZ n`”Vhus laLdkj o mik; gks.ks xjtsps
vkgs- vkjksX; gs dsoG ojojps uOgs] rj ‘kkjhjhd ekufld]
vk/;kfRed o lkekftd g;k pkjgh Lrjkaoj vlkos ykxrs
rsOgkp LoLFk lekt o ns’k fuekZ.k gksÅ ‘kdsy- r:.kkaps
vkjksX; gs cgqrka’kh ckyi.kkiklwu :tr vlrs-
foHkDr dqVqac i)rheqGs vf/kdka’k eqys ?kjh
[kwi osG ,dVhp vlrkr ?kjkr loZ lq[k lqfo/kk euksjatukph
lk/ku] nwjn’kZu lap] E;qf>d flfLVe] egkxMs eksckbZy
daEI;wVj xsEl vknh loZ vlrp ca/ku o ns[kjs[k ukgh]
vuqHkoh ekxZn’kZukpk vHkko R;kr nwjn’kZuojhy
ekWMsy] ghjksps vuko’;d] vokLro gkoHkko] v’yhy
tkfgjkrh] flxjsV e|kps egkRE; oMhy/kkjh eaMGhfo”k;h
okijyh tk.kkjh vokZP; Hkk”kk o R;kjauk fnysyh fdaer]

5
ic laLd`rh ] ikJpkR; laLd`rhps izn’kZu eqykaP;k
Le`rhd{ksoj ifj.kke djrkr lrr bS;jQkupk okij dj.ks] Vh-
Ogh-ikg.ks b- eqGs dkukaoj vk?kkr gksÅu eqya
fpMfpMh o f’k?kzdksih] jkxhV gksÅu ekufld fodkj
ok<.;kl enr gksrs- vktP;k vi?kkr gks.;ke/;s lq)k gh eqya
uDdhp enr djrkr- vkrki;Zar ts eu dsoG nsokpk xkHkkjk
vlrks rs nsgkph frtksjh gksrs- n`”Vh cnyrs] c?k.;kpk
n`f”Vdksu cnyrks] vkjlk toGpk okVrks- vkt fo|kFkhZ gs
dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k dkj.kkus r.kkoxzLr >kysyh
VsU’kuus xzklysyh vkgs R;keqGs dkgh lqK O;Drh
eu%’kkarhPkk ekxZ ‘kks/k.;kr fdaok eu%’kkarh izkIr
dj.;kr x<Y;k vkgsr- [kja rj dk;eLo:ih eu%’kkarh goh
vlsy rj /;kulk/kuspk voyac dj.ks fgrdkjd Bjsy- lek/kku
gk eu%’kkarhpk ik;k vkgs- vlek/kkuh ek.klkyk
eu%’kkarh feG.k dky=;h ‘kD; ukgh- ,dk egRoiw.kZ
la’kks/kukr vla fun’kZukl vkya vkgs dh]fo|kf;kZae/;s 92
% jksx gs ekufld r.kkokaeqGs mRiUu gksrkr-
R;keqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj ifj.kke gksrks-
T;kosGh v/;kRe foKkukus ekufld r.kkokaoj la’kks/ku
lq: dsya] R;kosGh ,d xks”V y{kkr vkyh dh] Hkfo”;kr
;s.kkÚ;k fdaok ?kM.kkÚ;k xks”Vhfo”k;h r.kko fuekZ.k
gksrkr- [kjarj ?kM.kkjh xks”V gh Hkfo”;kr ?kM.kkj vlrs
fdaok rh rhrfd’kh foijhr ?kM.kkjgh ulrs- ex Hkfo”;kr
?kM.kkÚ;k xks”Vhps orZekukr VsU’ku ?;k;p dkgh
dkj.k vkgs dk \ i.k ukgh vktP;k ;qxkr ^VsU’ku* gk ‘kCn

6
fo|kFkhZ thoukpk ,d vfoHkkT; Hkkxp cur pkyysyk
vkgs-
vkt tkxfrd ifjfLFkrhp v’kh fuekZ.k >kyh vkgs
dh] lokZaukp dks.kR;k uk dks.kR;k r.kkokus xkzlysys
vkgs- r.kkoeqDr O;Drh feG.k nqjkikLr >ky vkgs dkGth
vkgs rh r:.k fi<hph] fo|kF;kZaph ns’kkrhy r:.kkaP;k
‘kkjhfjd] ekufld vkf.k ckSf)d lqn`<rsojp ns’kkph lqn`<rk
voyacwu vlrs- gs loZ tjh [kjs vlys rjh fo|kF;kZaiq<s
vkn’kZokn vkt mjysyk ukgh- ^ eh* vkf.k ^ek÷;klkBh*
gk fopkj izcG >kyk vkgs- lokZuk cjkscj ?ksÅu pky.;kph
Hkkouk u”V >kyh vkgs- ;krwu
oSQY;xzLrrk]O;lukf/kurk]vuSfrdrk ;k ckch fparspk
fo”k; cuY;k vkgs-^/;kulk/kuk* gs eukap ifjiw.kZ foKku
vlY;k dkj.kkus rs Lor%dMs] thoukdMs] lalkjkdMs
O;gkjkdMs vkf.k txkdMsgh c?k.;kph lq;ksX; utj nsrs-
,d ikÜpkR; lkfgfR;d HkkjrkcÌy fyfgrks-
^^HkkjrHkweh ekuooa’kkpk ikG.kk vkgs-
Ekkr`Hkk”kkaps ekgsj vkgs- bfrgklkph vkbZ vkgs-
iqjk.kkaph vkth vkgs- :<h] jhrh] fjoktakph i.kth vkgs-**
Tkj ekuokus thou tx.;kps LoIu ikfgys vlsy rj ;k
HkkjrHkwehojp [kjks[kjp Hkkjrh; eqy dqBY;kgh {ks=kr
deh ukghr vkt txkP;k udk’kkoj r:.k Hkkjrh; pedr vkgsr
mRlkg] tkse] /kMkMh] izfrHkk] cqf)eRrsP;k tksjkoj
loZ{ks=kr vk?kkMhoj vkgsr- R;kauk goa; QDr ;ksX;
ekxZn’kZu o ;ksX; fn’kk- Lokeh foosdkuan Eg.kr vlr ^
f’k{k.kkps eq[; lkj Eg.kts eukph ,dkxzrk* gs vkgs vkf.k

7
gh ,dkxzrk lk/; dj.;klkBh R;koj /;kulk/kuk gk ,deso mik;
vkgs /;kufo/kh Eg.kts orZekukr jkg.;kpkp fo/kh vkgs-
/;kukeqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k ,sd.;kP;k {kersrlq)k ifjorZu
gksrs rlsp R;kaP;k Le`rh d{ksojlq)k /;kukpk ifj.kke
fnlwu ;srks- /;kukeqGs eu ,dkxz gksrs- ,dkxz >kysys
eu dks.kR;kgh xks”VhP;k eqGki;Zar iksgkspw ‘kdrs-
ckg; txrkr lq)k ,[kknh xks”V izkIr djko.;kph vlsy rjhlq)k
eukph ,dkxzrk vko’;d vlrs ,dkxzrseqGs Lej.k’kDrh
ok<rs] eukps HkjdV.ks deh gksrs- /;ku Eg.kts ,dk
fujkxl eqykizek.ks lgt vkf.k ljG vl.ks-

1-2 leL;sph vko’;drk o egRo

deh o;kr dkgh fo|kFkhZ fpark djrkr]

vkRegR;sps fopkj djrkr dkgh fo|kF;kZauh ;kiqohZ
vkRegR;kgh dsysY;k vkgsr- ;k dksoG;k thokauk ;k
ekSY;oku thoukpk vdkyh uk’k djkok dk okVrks \ dkj.k
fnolsafnol ok<r pkyysyk vfu;af=r paxGokn] laLd`rhps
v/k%iru] laLdkjkauk frykatyh] tho?ks.kh Li/kkZ]
HkkSfrd oknkps vokLro Lrkse]v/;kRekdMs >kysys
nqyZ{k Lor%ojhy o thou i)rhojhy deh gksr pkyysyk

8
foÜokl o fu”Bk rlsp eqykaoj VhOgheqGs gks.kkjk
vfu”B ifj.kke vkRegR;sl dkj.khHkwr gksr vkgs- VhOgh
ikfgY;kus 13 o”kkZ[kkyhy eqykaoj vfu”V ifj.kke gksrks-
vlk fu”d”kZ lsaVªy bfULVV;wV vkWQ fcgsfofj;y lk;Ul ;k
laLFksus dk<yk vlwu lrr gy.kkjs fp=] cny.kkjs jax]
;keqGs esanwr gks.kkÚ;k jklk;fud izfØ;k ?kkrd vlrkr
vls R;kaps Eg.k.ks vkgs- ok<R;k o;krhy eqys
fpM[kksj] gÍh gksr vkgsr- R;kaP;k eqGk’kh tk.;kpk
iz;Ru dsyk rsOgk R;kps dkj.k VhOgh ikg.ks gsp
vlY;kps fl) >kys- VhOgh ikg.;kph izfØ;k lq: vlrkuk fopkj
izfØ;k can gksrs o tkx`rkoLFkk deh gksrs- rlsp
esanwrhy izfØ;k izkFkfed voLFksr tkrs- ;kyk ck;ks
lOgkZ;Ogy vls Eg.krkr- ;k voLFksr leksjP;k O;Drhph
d`rh vkiY;k izk.kkyk ?kkrd vlY;kus ladsr esanw nsrks
vkf.k cpkokph d`rh dj.;klkBh izo`Rr djrks- ;krwup gk
fpM[kksji.kk ;srks- eqykus dsoG 30 lsdan VhOgh
ikfgyk rjh rks vkØed gksrks-R;keqGs eqykaps
O;DrheRo vlarqfyr gksrs-f’kok; Hkkofud larqyugh
fc?kMrs-cq)hph ok< o oSpkfjd ikrGh lairs o eqys
vkRegR;sdMs izo`Rr gksrkr- ;krqu lqVdk QDr fu;fer
/;ku dsY;kus gksÅ ‘kdrs-
iwohZ xq:dqykr f’k{k.k fnys tk;ps gs fo|kFkhZ
xq:x`gh jkgqu ijesÜojh fparuklg fo|kH;kl djhr] R;keqGs
rs dq’kkxz cq)hps vkf.k psrU; thou txr-rsOgkpk izR;sd
f’k”; laLdkjh vlk;pk- R;keqGs ijesÜojkus fnysY;k
nsgkP;k ek/;ekrwu /;kuk}kjs ijekRe izkIrh dj.ks gs /;s;

9
vlk;ps- ifj.kkeh ‘kq) vkpkj o fopkjkaoj vk/kkjhr thou i)rh
fodflr >kysyh gksrh o vkRefoÜokl ok<ysyk gksrk-
R;keqGs vdkyh thou laifo.ks vlk izdkj uOgrk- vkrkph 6
oh 7 oh ph eqys vH;klkP;k rk.kkeqGs f’k{k.k {ks=krhy
tho?ks.;k Li/ksZik;h o ikyd o f’k{kd] lekt ;kaP;k
vis{kkiqrhZlkBh izlaxh fuekZ.k >kysY;k
dedqori.kkeqGs thoukpk ukgd var djhr vkgsr- ;k
vkRegR;sps dkj.k dk; \ rj vkRelkr o vkRecG feGr
ukgh- ,[kk|k r.kkoiw.kZ fdaok oknkP;k izlaxkr
HkkousP;k vkgkjh tkÅu fo|kFkhZ vkiys thou Lor%
laifor vkgsr- fo|kFkhZ MkWDVjp cuyk ikfgts] baftuhvj]
lh, cuyk ikfgts] Li/ksZr rks loZJs”B vlyk ikfgts] gs
Bjfo.kkjs vki.k dks.k \ gs fo|kF;kZaukp Bjow |k-
R;kaP;k vkoMhps {ks= R;kaukp fuoMw |k-
r.kko gk ek.klkP;k thoukpk vfoHkkT; Hkkx vlwu
rks foÜoO;kih vkgs- ek= /;kukus rks fuoMw ‘kdrks-
l|%fLFkrhr ‘kkGkae/kwu dsoG iqLrdh Kku fnys tkrs-
/;ku vkf.k ;ksxklus f’kdfoys tkr ukgh- vktdky vkbZ &
ofMykaojp visf{kr laLdkj ulY;keqGs eqykai;Zar /;ku
/kkj.ksps laLdkj tkr ukghr-rs l{ke gksr ukghr vkiyk
vkRek gkp ;k foÜokpk drkZ&/krkZ vkgs- gs lR; R;kauk
ekfgr ukgh-vkRecG gs dks.kR;kgh Li/ksZyk p ladVkyk
rksaM ns.;kl mi;qDr vkgs gs Kku R;kauk ulrs-
R;keqGs eqys dedqor gksrkr-vi;’k Lohdkj.;kph o R;kl
lkeksjs tk.;kph R;kaph rkdn deh iMrs- vkRecG deh
iMrs o rs e`R;wP;k Lok/khu Lor% gksrkr-

10
 gs ?kkr vi?kkr] vkRegR;k Fkkacok;P;k vlrhy]
foÜokl ‘kkarh fuekZ.k djk;ph vlsy rj ljdkjus brj
fo”k;kaizek.ks ns’kHkjrY;k ‘kkGkarwu /;ku gk fo”k;
lDrhpk] xjtspk vkgs- ujkpk ukjk;.k dj.;kps gs dke
ns’kHkjkrY;k f’k{k.k laLFkkauh gkrh ?ks.ks vko’;d
vkgs- njjkst ldkGh] izkFkZuk gksrs gh izkFkZuk
Eg.kts bZÜojkiq<s dsysys uez o var%dj.kiwoZd
fuosnu izkFkZusP;k osGh 30 fefuVs /;kukps oxZ
?ksrys rj fo|kF;kZaP;k thoukr gGwgGw vkReKkukpk
izdk’k iMwu R;kaps vkRecG ok<sy-
vkReKku Eg.kts loZKkukps vf/k”Bku] loZKkukph
jkt/kkuhp- ;k vkRE;kps Kkup vkiY;kyk gksr ukgh-
R;keqGs ;k foÜokyk vKkukiksVh nq%[kkauk lkeksj
tkos ykxrs- ljdkjus /;ku gk fo”k; f’k{k.kkr mrjfoyk rj
R;keqGs fo|kF;kZaph vkRe’kDrh rj fodflr gksbZyp
f’kok; tkrhHksn] /keZHksn o dyg dk;eps feVrhy- xjhc]
Jhear Hksn feVrhy-
T;kyk vkRek lkiMyk rks xjhc vlyk rjh R;kyk
vuhrhus iSls feGfo.;kpk o dfjvj dj.;kpk gO;kl jkgr ukgh-
R;kyk thoukr dkghp deh iM.kkj ukgh R;keqGs rk.k
mn~Hko.kkj ukgh vkf.k v’kk vkRegR;kgh gks.kkj
ukghr- txHkjkr gs Kku ?kjk?kjkr iksgpys ikfgts- ukikl
>kys rj Hkhrh okVk;ps dk; dkj.k \ dsoG ân;krhy
vkRE;kph vksG[k ulY;keqGs vkf.k lHkksorkyP;k
O;oLFkseqGs vkf.k lektkP;k nckokeqGs fo|kFkhZ
[kpwu tkrkr- gs euks/kS;Z ok<fo.;klkBh ‘kklukus loZ

11
‘kkGkae/kwu /;ku gk fo”k; lDrhpk djkok- R;keqGs
[kpwu xsysys fo|kFkhZ tksekus mHks jkgrhy- bfrgklkr
Mksdkoya rj gh xks”V vkiY;k /;kukr ;sbZy-
T;kus&T;kus /;ku d:u vkReizkIrh dsyh R;k izR;sdkus
vkivkiY;k {ks=kr mRrqax ;’k izkIr dsys vkgs o vtjkej
>kysys vkgsr-vk|doh eg”khZ okYehdh] izHkw Jhjke]
Hkxoku Jhd`”.k]xkSre cq)];s’kwf[kzLr]egaen
iSxacj]xq:ukud]lar dchj] jked`”.k ijegal] Lokeh
foosdkuan] lkbZckck] Lokeh leFkZ] xtkuu egkjkt ;k
egkiq:”kkauh /;kukrwu vkREkizkIrh d:u thou lQy
cufoys-
/;ku gk fo”k; tkrikr fojghr o /keZ fojghr vlwu
vf[ky foÜokP;k dY;k.kklkBhp vkgs- /;ku d:u ijekRek
izkIrhyk iksgpysY;k larkaP;k n’kZuklkBh eksBseksBs
ea=h] vf/kdkjh] iariz/kkugh mRlqd vlrkr- ;ko:u /;ku gh
fdrh eksBh fMxzh vkgs gs y{kkr ;sbZy- T;k nsg:ih
{ks=kr v/;kRe vlrs R;k nsgkiq<s loZKkuh yksVkax.k
?kky.;kl bPNqd vlrkr-thoukpk vkf.k ns’kkpk lokZafx.k
fodkl ,dkp osGh djko;kpk vlsy rj /;ku gk fo”k;
vH;klØekr ;s.ks [kwip vko’;d vkgs- R;klkBh dks.krkgh
[kpZ ukgh LVªDpj ykxr ukgh- QDr /;ku dj.;kph ekufldrk
fuekZ.k d:u MksGs feVowu fufoZpkj gksÅu ‘kkari.ks
v/kkZrkl vkRE;kps Lej.k dsys dh] nsgkph pSrU;:ih
cWVjh vkiksvki pktZ gksrs vkf.k Kkukpk izdk’k iMrks-

12
1-3 leL;k fo/kku%

ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy ek/;fed ‘kkGsrhy fo|kF;kZaP;k

Le`rhd{ksoj /;kulk/kuspk gks.kkjk ifj.kke] ,d izk;ksfxd
vH;kl -

1-4 Lak’kks/kukph mfÌ”Vs %&

1- Ekk/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 oh P;k fo|kF;kZaP;k

Le`rhd{ksps ekiu dj.ks
2- /;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj gks.kkÚ;k
ifj.kkekpk vH;kl dj.ks
3- fo|kF;kZauk /;kulk/kusps egRo iVowu lkax.ks
4- ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 ohP;k fo|kF;kZaoj /;kukPkk
>kysyk ifj.kke rikl.ks-

1-5 ifjdYiuk %&

13
 /;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj dks.krkgh
ifj.kke gksr ukgh-
1-6 O;kIrh %&
la’kks/kuklkBh ejkBh ek/;ekrhy ek/;fed Lrjkojhy
fo|kF;kZaPkk lekos’k dsysyk vkgs-

Ek;kZnk %&
1- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs QDr ukxiqj ‘kgjkrhy nf{k.k
Hkkxkiqjrsp e;kZnhr vkgs-
2- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs ek/;fed ‘kkGsiqjrsp e;kZnhr vkgs-
3- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs b;Rrk 8oh P;k fo|kF;kZaiqjrsp
e;kZnhr vkgs-
4- izLrqr la’kks/kukr b;Rrk 8oh P;k fo|kF;kZaO;frfjDr
brj fo|kF;kZapk fopkj dsyk tk.kkj ukgh-

1-7 lacaf/kr lKkaps Li”Vhdj.k

/;ku %&
r= izR;;Sdrkurk /;kue~ A
Eg.kts ,dk {k.kkyk th Hkkouk fpRrke/;s vlsy
rhp iq<hy vusd {k.kkae/;s fVd.ks] gh R;k Hkkousph

14
,drkurk gks;- /kkj.k T;k ns’kkoj Eg.kts T;k Hkkxkoj]
:ikoj dsyh vlsy R;k ns’kkoj rh izR;;Sdrkurk dj.ks Eg.kts
^/;kulk/kuk* gks;-
fdaok
Ekukoj ts :Ik /kkj.k dsysys vkgs R;koj cjkp dkGi;Zr y{k
dsanzhr dj.ks Eg.kts /;ku-
Le`rh %&
‘kS{kf.kd vuqHkokaps laiknu dj.;kr vkY;kuarj rs
vuqHko lkBoqu Bso.;kph vkf.k dkgh dkGkuarj R;kauk
psrukoLFksP;k {ks=kr vk.krk ;s.;kph equ”;kph {kerk
Eg.kts Le`rh* gks;-

lanHkZxzaFklqph

15
1- vkxykos] izfni, ¼2000½] ^la’kks/ku i)rh ‘kklu o
ra=s fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
2- fHkarkMs fo- jk- ¼1994½] ^’kS{k.khd
la’kks/ku i)rh* uqru izdk’ku]
lnkf’koisB-
3- pkUnuk] vks-ih ¼2007½] ^fueZy lqjHkh] fueZy
VkalQkWesZ’ku izk-fy- iw.ks-
4- Mchj ] MkW- fnik ¼2006½] ^cq)heRrk
vkf.k ltZu’khyrk* Jh eaxs’k
izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
5- Mchj] MkW- fnik ¼2002½] ^eul* ph ladYiuk o
v”Vkax ;ksxlq=]Jh eaxs’k
izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
6- ?kksjeksMs] ds-;w- ¼2008½] ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/kukph eqyrRos* fo|k izdk’ku]
ukxiwj-
7- dqyd.khZ] MkW-Mh-vkj- ¼2009½] fo|k izdk’ku]
ukxiwj-
8- dqekj] ds-lqHkk”k ¼2009½] ‘kS{k.khd
ekul’kkL=] fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
9- eqGs]jk-‘k-mekBs] fo- rq- ¼1983½] ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/kukph eqyrRos * fo|k cqDl] vkSjaxkckn-
10- Buch, M.B. (1972-1978), Second Survey of Research in
Education, centre of advance study in
education faculty of education
psychology. Baroda: M.S. University.
11- Buch, M.B. (1978-1983), Second Survey of research in
Education, society for educational

16
 research and development, Baroda :
M.S. University.
12- Buch,M.B. (1983-1988), Third Survey of Resarch in Education,
New Delhi : NCERT.
13- Buch, M.B. ( 1983-1988), Fourth Survey of Educational Research,
New Delhi : MCERT.
14- Buch, M.B. ( 1988-1992), Fifth Survey of Educational Research,
New Delhi : NCERT

izdj.k nqljs
iwoZ la’kks/kukpk vk<kok
2-1 iwoZ la’kks/kukpk vk<kok ?ks.;kpk gsrw
‘kS{kf.kd la’kks/kukr iwujkoyksdukl vfr’k;
egRokps LFkku vlrs rs iwohZps dk;Z let.;kl enr djrs
vkf.k uohu la’kks/kukP;k cka/k.khdfjrk ik;k miyC/k
djrs- dks.kR;kgh fo”k;kojhy la’kks/ku gkrkr ?ksrY;koj
R;kckcr iqohZ dk; vH;kl >kysyk vkgs ;kpk vk<kok
?ks.ks vko’;d vlrs-v’kkizdkjs gk vH;kl Qkj egRokpk
vlwu R;keqGs leL;sph fuoM la’kks/ku e;kZnk Bjfo.ks]
la’kks/ku vkjk[kMk Bjfo.ks] uequk fuoM ekghrh ladyu
oxhZdj.k fo’ys”k.k la[;k’kkL=h; i)rhpk fo”knhdj.kkr
mi;ksx d:u fu”d”kZ dk<.ks ;kloZ ckcrhr laca/khr
lkfgR;kpk vk<kok ?ks.ks vko’;d vlrs-

17
2-2 iwoZ la’kks/kukps egRo

1- nqlÚ;k la’kks/kdkus ;klkj[kkp iz’u dlk gkrkGyk gs letrs-

2- leL;k lksMfo.;klkBh dks.kdks.kR;k i)rh o ra=s okijkoh
;kph lqpuk feGrs-
3- la’kks/kdkyk ekghrh ulysyh uohu vk/kkj lkeqxzh
miyC/k gksrs-
4- iqoZ la’kks/kukeqGs la’kks/kdkyk Lor%P;k vH;klkph
,sfrgkfld ik’oZHkqeh letrs-
5- Lor%P;k la’kks/ku iz;Rukaps eqY;ekiu djrk ;srs o
brjkaP;k dk;kZ’kh R;kph rqyuk djrk ;srs-

1. Sidhaye, Narendra & Anaapure Anjali

EFFECT OF YOGA AND MEDITATION ON EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF B.

ED. STUDENTS(Experimental Study Done During 2007-08)

OBJECTIVES

The main Objective of the study was to investigate the effect of Yoga and
Meditation on emotional intelligence of B. ED.Students.

18
 Finding

1. The findings of the study have practical implications for the design of
educational.
2. Training interventions grared toward enchanced emotional
intelligence of students.
3. To develop a better understanding of own emotions as well as
emotions of others,paving way for Success in chosen Carrers.

2. H.H.Shri Mataji Nirmala Devi, Conference for Doctors, Italy 2/10/98.

One thing that I state now is not written in medical science,that the
Brian which is exhausting its energy all the time, from where does it get
the energy ? The grey matter you see is exhausted all the time.So from
where does it get the energy ? So this is the centre (Swadhistam chakra)
which gives energy to thw brain, but when we are too futuristic,worrying
type, we are very much,all the time working out then this energy of this
center only goes to the brain and all other organs do not get the energy
sufficient.

19
 Now this center is very important because it gives energy to
our liver, to pancreas,to our intestines, to our kidneys, can you imagine
such an important center it is ! This Swadisthan.But the most important
work it does is very which I don’t know you will accept or not but it
supplies energy to our grey cells which we are using all the time. When we
are thinking too much, when we are acting physically and mentally,this
center has to supply energy to our brain we can call it to our grey cells
which we are using all the time.When we are doctors, we are using our
gray cells how much? We have no idea. There is nobody who has found
out how much we use our brains but we are going exhausting our brains
and also we are very futuristic.All doctors are futuristic,May be they want
to find out something in the pure sense of the word or may be they have
certain ideas or may be it is money,may be anything but they are very very
futuristic and in that trend of futuristic behavior also there is a big
competition so the don’t know what to do. They have to be futuristic and
think but what will happen.

3. H.H. Shri Mataji, Delhi, India 25.03.1993

The right sides looks after our intelligence, thinking etc.the

left side looks after our emotional side.I will tell you about one chakra,
which is swadisthana,which moves around the void.This is the one, which
is responsible for producing or manufacturing the aortic plexus,that’s only
in the physical side.when we think the energy we use in our thinking is
usedup.We are using our brain is made of fat cells. This center converts

20
the fat of the stomach for the use of the brain and that is how those who
thinkink too much go into imbalances,Futuristic people are planning all the
time.The poor center which has to diother jobs like looking after the
liver,pancreas, spleen,kidneys, and intenstine, so with a right sided
futuristic persons the first problem can come is with the liver.In the
medical science I don’t think they have much knowledge about the liver.It
is a very important organ in the body.The function of the liver is to absorb
all the poison of the body and convery it into heat,which passes through
the blood stream.When you start thinking to much how to do this job.So
we whole is saturated in the stomach.The person has heat here, and then
the heat starts passing upwords through the right heart. It crets problem
and that problem is called Asthma. Then this heat passes into the
throat,which creats a kind of a cold where you will sneeze twenty times in
the morning. There are two types of liver one is leathargic liver and other
overactive liver.I am talking of the overactive liver where a person
develops cold, Sneezing, temper, anger, acidity and tension. Then this heat
passes over and can go to the heart at a very young age. Supposing there
are boys who are playing tennis or exercise of vigorous nature and
drinking, this might affect and can cause a massive heart attack at a very
young age.The same heat when it passes to the throat we develop throat
trouble, hoarseness etc. When it moves down to your pancreas then the
poor pancreas is also suffering because it has no energy from the center,
the a person develops diabetes. Too much of thinking gives diabetes.
People who think too much, sugar gives diabetes. In Maharashtra people
drink tea where sugar is so much that the spoon stands up. Nobody gets

21
 diabetes because they are villagers, living simple lives, not thinking of
tomorrow,how to do this or that. Only the people lives simple , not
thinking of tomorrow,how to do this or that. Only the people who are
sitting on their seats planning thinking, worrying gets diabetes.

4. Badve, Rashmi Narendra (M.Ed,Nagpur University ,1992) Effect of yoga

on logical and analytical thinking abilities in high school students.

Objectives :
The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of yoga
on logical and analytical thinking abilities in adolescents.

Finding :

22
 1) The results of the present study indicate that the regular practice of
yoga enhance the intellectual abilities in adolescents.

2) This training one can acquire through the practice of yoga. The
whole purpose of yoga is to train the mind of a person so that he is
enabled to live an awakened, seif – dirested, holy life and gives us
the power to triumph over the difficulties. At the student level what
are the practical means to achieve organized thinking ?
3) For that first of all students should be taught to understand the
workings of his mind and discover the root cause of his problems.
Another process is to detach his self from the mental disturbances.

4) The third process is to bring about the necessary inner

transformations to solve his problems. All these processes of mental
training and the whole science of consciousness have been detal
with great depth in patanjali yoga system.
5. MENON,P.N (1982)

‘ Performance of students at poly technique in relation to their academic

achienvement,intelligence differential aptitude,adjustment and aspiration
level’.

Ph.D Education University,Nagpur.

Objectives :

23
 1. To find out whether the level of occupation aspiration influenced
student’s performance in the exams.
2. To find out whether asprition level of students has relationship
with their performance in the polytechnic exams.

Finding :

In the correlation study only seven variables were significantly

related to students performance.

6. OMMEN, T.,Comparison of Isometrics, Yogic Physical Culture and

combination training on body composiyion and physical fitness status of
high school boys. -Phy.Edu.Kur.U.1981

Objectives :-

1. To find out the effect of isometric, yogic physical culture and

combination training on the variables of body composition.

24
 2. To compare the effect of sometrics yogic physical culture and
combination training on the variables of the body
composition.
3. To find out the effect of the isometrics, yogic physical culture
and combination training on physical fitness.

Findings :-

1) Isometric and combination groups showed an improvement

in body density sfter the training session.
2) Isometric and combination groups had significant
preponderance over the yogic physical culture group in the
reduction of the percentage of the facts.
3) There was significant increase in the gain score sof lean mass
in all the groups after the training period.

7. BISHT, A.R. “A study of stress in relation to school climate and academic

achievement (Age group 13-17)” – Phd. Edu. Kum. U 1980

Objectives :-
1) To identify the causative factors of the stress.
2) To study the academic stress and institutional stress of students
in refrence to three main effective variables viz. Need of
academic achievement school climate academic achievement.

25
 Findings:-
1) All the distributions of the different variables were almost
normal.
2) Age wise there was no difference on the mean stores of those
variables.
3) All the three independent variables were positively and
significantly co related.
4) Only school climate and academic achievement were co related
negatively for the female sample though it was not significant.
5) The need for academic achievement was the second best
predictor but for males it was the best predictor

2-2 U;k;koyksdu-
iwoZla’kks/kukpk vk<kok ?ksrY;kuarj vls
vk<Gwu ;srs dh] /;kulk/kuk o ;ksxkpk Hkkofud
cqn~/;kadkoj] fo|kF;kZaP;k rdZ‘kDrhoj] ’kkfjjhd] ekufld

26
izxrhoj gks.kkjk ifj.kke] laxhrkus O;DrheRokoj gks.kkjk
ifj.kke b- fo”k;kaoj la’kks/ku >kysys vkgs-
ek/;fed Lrjkojhy fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`frd{ksoj /;ku
lk/kusus gks.kkjk ifj.kke ;kapk rqyukRed vH;kl vko’;d
okVrks- Eg.kwu la’kksf/kdsus izLrqr la’kks/kuk djhrk
ojhy fo”k;kph fuoM dsyh vkgs-

27
 izdj.k frljs
la’kks/kukph izfØ;k
3-1 la’kks/ku i)rh %
nSuafnu thou txr vlrkauk euq”;kyk fofo/k
leL;k tk.kor vlrkr o euq”; ;k leL;k vkiY;k fjrhus
lksMfo.;kpk iz;Ru dfjr vlrks rlsp ‘kS{kf.kd {ks=krhy
la’kks/kukdfjrk izkeq[;kus [kkyhy i)rhpk okij dsyk tkrks-
la’kks/kuklkBh vko’;d ekfgrh dks.kR;k i)rhus ladfyr
dsyh tkrs\ fu;a=d ;a= dks.krs vkgs\ la’kks/kuklkBh
lk/kus dks.krh okijyh vkgsr\ {ks=kph e;kZnk dqBoj
vkgs\ b- ckch y{kkr ?ksrY;k tkrkr R;kuqlkj la’kks/ku
i)rhps rhu xVkr oxhZdj.k dsys tkrs-
1- ,sfrgkfld la’kks/ku i)rh
2- losZ{k.k la’kks/ku i)rh
3- izk;ksfxd la’kks/ku i)rh

3-1-1 ,sfrgkfld la’kks/ku i)rh %

,sfrgkfld la’kks/kukps mfÌ”V orZeku

?kVukapk vFkZ yko.;kP;k n`”Vhus lanHkZ Eg.kwu
HkqrdkGkrhy ?kVukapk ekxksok ?ks.ks gs gks;-
,sfrgkfld la’kks/kukps Hkqrdkyhu ?kVukaps ;FkkFkZ

28
 n’kZu vkf.k fo’ys”k.k dj.;kdjhrk ‘kkL=h; i)rhpk mi;kstu
Et.ktsp ,sfrgkfld la’kks/ku gks;-

3-1-2 losZ{k.k la’kks/ku i)rh %

‘kS{k.khd la’kks/kukph nqljh izeq[k i)rh
^^ losZ{k.ki)rh**gks;- ‘kS{k.khd la’kks/kukr g;k i)rhpk
fo’ks”k izek.kkr mi;ksx dj.;kr vkyk vkgs- losZ{k.k i)rh
gh orZeku dkGk’kh laca/khr vkgs- vH;klkfo”k;h fofo/k
{ks=krhy orZeku fLFkrh fuf’pr dj.ks gk losZ{k.kkpk
gsrw vkgs- la’kks/kukr nq¸;e egRo vlysyh i.k O;ogkjkr
izkeq[;kus izpyhr vlysyh gh i)rh vkgs- frpk fo’ks”k
iz;ksx gksr ulyk rjh frP;k ukokP;k ckcrhr ,der ukgh-
losZ{k.k’ vkn’kZeqyd losZ{k.k Lrj vkf.k o.kZukRed i)rh
v’kh fofo/k ukokauh rh izpyhr vkgs-

3-1-3 izk;ksfxd la’kks/ku i)rh %

29
 ‘kS{k.khd frljh i)r Eg.kts izk;ksfxd la’kks/ku
i)rh gks;- izk;ksfxd la’kks/kukr izk;ksfxd i)rhpk voyac
dsyk tkrks- izk;ksfxd la’kks/ku gs Hkfo”; dkGk’kh
laca/khr vlqu ifjLFkrhr dsysY;k fof’k”V cnyakpk ifj.kke
riklwu nksu pykrhy dk;Zdkj.k laca/k ‘kks/k.ks R;k
vk/kkjs Hkkfdr dj.ks gk izk;ksfxd la’kks/kukpk gsrw
vkgs- ,sfrgkfld la’kks/ku dkGkph ekghrh nsrs- losZ{k.k
vktph rj izk;ksfxd la’kks/kukph mn;koj n`”Vh vlrs-
ifgY;kr HkqrdkGkpk ekxksok nqlÚ;kr orZekukpk cks/k]
rj frlÚ;kr Hkfo”;kpk ‘kks/k vlrks-

3-2 izLrqr izca/kklkBh fuoMysyh i)rh

izLrqr izca/kklkBh la’kks/ku gs izk;ksfxd
i)rhus dj.;kr vkys vkgs- gh la’kks/kukph i)rh vkgs- ;k
i)rhr Hkfo”;dkyhu ‘kS{k.khd leL;k gkrkG.;kdMs vf/kd
tksj vlrks-
izk;ksfxd i)rhrhy vko’;d ckch %&
1- fu;a=.k
2- ;kn`PNhdj.k
3- vko`Rrh

30
 izk;ksfxd i)rhP;k ik;Ú;k %&
1- leL;sph fuoM vkf.k e;kZnk-
2- laca/khr lkfgR;kps losZ{k.k-
3- izk;ksfxd vfHkdYi fuf’pr dj.ks-
4- tula[;k Li”V dj.ks-
5- iz;ksxkph vaeyctko.kh-
6- Qykaps ekiu-
7- Qykaps fo’ys”k.k o vFkZfuZospu-
8- fu”d”kZ dk<.ks-
9- iz;ksxkpk vgoky r;kj dj.ks-

3-3 izk;ksfxd i)rhph oSf’k”Vs

1- izk;ksfxdrsr vH;kldkyk vkiY;k bPNsuqlkj ?kVuk
?kMfork ;srkr o fof’k”V ifjfLFkrhr cny d:u Qykrhy
cnykaph uksan djrk ;srs-
2- iz;ksxke/;s LokJ;h pykyk Lok/khu Bsowu o brj
ckg; pykauk fu;af=r d:u LokJ;h pykpk vkJ;h pykoj
gks.kkjk ifj.kke riklyk tkrks-

31
 3- Lkaiw.kZ iz;ksxkr ckg; pykaps fu;a=.k]
;kn`fPNdj.k o vko`Rrh ;k ckchdMs y{k fnys tkrs-
4- fu;a=.kkP;k ra=kr ckg; pykauk nwj Bso.ks]
R;kauk fLFkj Bso.ks] ifjfLFkrhps larqyu o
izfrlarqyu dj.ks ;kapk vraHkkZo gksrks-
5- Ikzk;ksfxd vfHkdYi nksu izdkjps vkgsr-
1- dk;kZRed 2- ?kVdkRed
dk;kZRed vfHkdYikr ,dyxV] lekuxV] vkoZru
xV o cgqxV ;k pkj izdkjPkk varHkkZo gksrks- ;k
la’kks/kuk dfjrk la’kksf/kdsus ,dyxV vfHkdYikpk okij
dyssyk vkgs- R;ko:u lglaca/k dk<ysyk vkgs-

3-4 uequk fuoM

Tkula[;sP;k rF;kfo”k;h iwokZuqeku dj.;kdfjrk
,dq.k tula[;srwu O;Drhpk NksVk lap fuoM.;kr ;srks- ;k
lapke/;s vis{khr tula[;sph loZ oSf’k”V;s vlrkr-la’kks/ku
djrkuk laiw.kZ yksdla[;spk fopkj dj.ks ‘kD; gksr
ulY;keqGs R;k yksdla[;sps izfrfuf/kRo d: ‘kd.kkÚ;k
ygku ?kVdkapk vH;kl dj.;kr ;srks vkf.k R;ko:u laiw.kZ
yksdla[;sP;k n`”Vhus fu”d”kZ dk<ys tkrkr-

32
3-5 la’kks/kulk/kus
fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{kspk vH;kl dj.;kdjhrk
izR;kogu i/nfrus Le`rhd{kk riklus ;k i/nrhpk okij dj.;kr
vkyk vkgs-

3-6 tula[;k
^^ U;kn’kZ vH;klkr T;kaP;k fo”k;h fu”d”kZ dk<k;ps vlrkr
R;k loZ O;DrhP;k leqgkyk tula[;k vls Eg.krkr-
izLrqr la’kks/kukP;k tula[;sr ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy ek/;fed
Lrjkojhy ejkBh ek/;ekrhy b;Rrk vkBohP;k fo|kF;kZauk
fuoMys vkgs-

3-7 U;kn’kZ-

‘kkGk ‘kkGsps oxZ fo|kFkhZ fo|kFkhZuh ,dw.k

Ø uko la[;k la[;k la[;k
1 ia- 8oh 10 10 20
cPNjkTk
O;kl fo|ky;

33
 2 Xktkuu 8oh 10 10 20
fo|ky;
3 Laktqck 8oh 10 10 20
gk;Ldqy
4 bafnjk 8oh 10 10 20
xka/kh
fo|ky;
5 riL;k 8oh 10 10 20
fo|keanhj
,dw.k 100

3-8 lanHkZ xzaFk

1- vkxykos ] izfni] ¼2000½ ^la’kks/ku Ik/nfr
‘kklu o ra=s* fo|k izdk’ku]
ukxiwj-
2-fHkarkMs fo-jk- ¼1994½ ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/ku i/nrh * uqru
izdk’ku] lnk’kho isB] iq.ks-

34
3-?kksjeksMs]ds- ;q- ¼2008½
^‘kS{k.khd la’kks/kukph eqyrRos* fo|k
izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
4-eqGs] jk- ‘k- mekBs] ¼1983½ ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/kukph eqyrRos* fo|k
cqDl] vkSjaxkckn-

Ikzdj.k &pkSFks

35
 Lakdfyr ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k o vFkZfuoZpu
4-1 izLrkouk %&
la’kks/ku vgokykrhy gk egRokpk VIik vkgs-
ekfgrh ladyukP;k vk/kkjkojp la’kks/kukyk fn’kk izkIr gksr
vlrs- la’kksf/kdsus la’kks/ku lk/kuk}kjs xksGk dsysyh
ekfgrh rh oLrqfu”Bi.ks uksanfoyh ikfgts la’kks/kukrhy loZ
fu”d”kZ gs ekfgrhojp vk/kkjysys vlrs- f’k{k.k’kkL=kr ekfgrh
loZ lkekU;kr% O;Drhuk fopkjysY;k iz’ukaP;k fdaok r;kP;k
leksj izLrqr dsysY;k psrdkP;k lanHkkZr R;kauh O;Dr
dsysY;k izR;qRrjkP;k fdaok izfrfØ;kaP;k uksanhP;k Lo:ikr
vlrkr- ekfgrh Eg.kts O;DrhP;k izfrfØ;kaph uksanh gks;-
ekfgrh oLrqfu”B vkf.k okLrfod vlrs-
la’kks/kukr ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k ;kyk egRokps
LFkku vkgs- fo’ys”k.k gh la’kks/kukph jpukRed cktq vkgs-
ekfgrhP;k fo’ys”k.kk}kjs fu;ekaps o fl)karkps lkekU;fdj.k
djrk ;srs ekfgrh fo’ys”k.kkr lkj.kh; ofxZdj.k o lkadsrhdj.k
;kyk vR;ar egRo vkgs-
la’kks/kuklkBh ekfgrhps ladyu dsY;kuarj R;kps ;ksX; vls
fo’ys”k.k dsys tkrs o ;k fo’ys”k.kko:u R;kpk fuf’pr vlk ,d

36
vFkZ ykoyk tkrks- T;keqGs x`fgrd`R; o ifjdYiuk ;kyk fuf’prh
izkIr gksrs- ;kojp la’kks/kukps Qfyrs vk/kkjhr vkgs-
;k izdj.kkr xksGk dsysY;k ekfgrhph la[;k’kkL=h;
lkFkZdrk iMrkGwu ikg.;klkBh e/;eku] izek.kfopyu vkf.k ‘ t ’
ifj{k.k ;k lka[;k’kkL=h; ifjek.kkapk voyac dj.;kr vkyk o R;ko:u
feGkysyh ekfgrh iq<hy rDR;ke/;s fnysyh vkgs- ;kr ,dyxV
vfHkdYikpk okij lglac/k dk<.;kr vkysyk vkgs-

Lkq=s %&
1- e/;eku (M) = AM + (ef1xN1) xi
Where M = e/;eku
AM = x`ghr e/;eku
X1 = fopyu
f = okjaokjhrk
N = fon;kFkhZ la[;k
i = oxkZarj ykach

∑ 1x 2
∑ x 2
2- izek.kfopyu 61 = i √ ∫ − ( ∫ )
2𝑎 N

37
 Where 6 = izek.kfopyu
X ’ = e/;ekukiklwu fopyu
f = okjaokjhrk
N = fon;kFkhZ la[;k
i = oxkZarj ykach
∑ F1 X1 Y1
− 𝐶𝑥𝐶𝑌
N
𝑟= 2 1
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 −𝑐𝑥 2 √∑ 𝑓𝑦 −𝑐𝑦 2
𝑁 𝑁

𝐷
Økarhd vad (C.R.) = 6𝐷

4-2 lkaf[;dh; izfØ;k%&

 fo|kF;kZaps /;ku lk/kusiwohZps o /;ku lk/kusuarjps
Le`rhxqa.kkdkps e/;eku o izek.kfopyu
lkj.kh Ø - 01
Xkq.k Okkjaokjhrk Okkjaokfjrk oxZe/; X’ F1x’ F2x’ F1x’ F2x’
x F1(Before) F1(After) (XM)

130.139 o 9 134.5 4 0 36 0 144

120.129 11 36 124.5 3 33 108 99 324
110.119 19 31 114.5 2 38 62 76 124
100.109 15 11 104.5 1 15 11 15 11
90.99 28 7 AM- 94.5 0 0 0 0 0

38
80.89 11 1 84.5 - -11 -1 11 1
1
70.79 6 3 74.5 - -12 -6 24 12
2
60-69 6 2 64.5 - -18 -6 54 18
3
50-59 4 0 54.5 - -16 0 64 0
4

,dq.k N1=100 N2=100 N=200 29 204 343 634

AM = (90+ 99)/2 = 94.5

e/;eku (M1) = AM + ( ∑ f1x’/N1 )x’

∴ = 94.5+(29/100) x 10
∴ = 97.4
e/;eku (M1) = 97.4

e/;eku (M2) = AM (∑f2 x’/N2) x i

∴ M2 = 94.5 + (204/100) x 10

∴ M2 = 114.9

e/;eku (M2) = 114.9

39
izek.kfopyu %&

∑ 𝑓1𝑥 ∑𝑥 2 1 2
61 = 𝑖 √ 𝑁 − ( 𝑁 )

343 29 2
= 𝑖 √100 − (100)

= 10 √3.43 − 0.084

= 10 √3.346

= 10 × 1.829

61 = 18.29

∴ 61 = 18.29

2
∑ 𝑓2𝑥 2 ∑ 𝑓2𝑥
∴ 61 =𝑖 √ − ( )
𝑁 𝑁

634 204 2
= 10 √ −( )
100 100
= 10 √6.34 − 4.16
= 10 √2. 18
= 10 × 1.476

40
∴ 62 = 14.76

∑ 𝑓𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ − 𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑦
𝑟 =
2 1
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑐𝑥 2 √∑ 𝑓𝑦 − 𝑐𝑦 2
𝑁 𝑁

∑ 𝑓𝑥 29
𝑐𝑥 = = = 0.29
𝑁 100
∑ 𝑓𝑦 204
𝑐𝑥 = = = 2.04
𝑁 100
∑ 𝑓𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′
𝑐𝑥 𝑐𝑦
𝑟 = 𝑁
2 2
√∑ 𝑓𝑥 − 𝑐𝑥 2 √∑ 𝑓𝑦 − 𝑐𝑦 2
𝑁 𝑁
296
−(0.29×2.04)
100
= 343 634
√ −(0.29)2 √ −(2.04)2
100 100

r = 0.877

𝐷
𝐶. 𝑅. =
6𝑛

𝑀2 − 𝑀1

61 2 61 2 6 61
√ 𝑁 + 𝑁 − 2𝑟
1 1 √𝑁1 𝑁1

41
61 18.29 18.29
= = = 1.829
√𝑁1 √100 10

62 14.76 14.76
= = = 1.476
√𝑁1 √100 10

𝑀2 − 𝑀1
𝑡=
61 2 62 2 6 61
√ 𝑁 + 𝑁 − 2𝑟
1 1 √𝑀1 𝑁1

114.9 − 97.4
=
√3.345 + 2.179 − 2 × 0.877 × 1.829 × 1.476

𝑡 = 19.70

𝑁 = 100

∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = 296

∑ 𝐹𝑥 ′ = 29

42
 ∑ 𝐹𝑦 ′ = 204

50- GO- 70-79 80-89 90-99 100-109 110-119 120-129 ISO- Total iY fy fy'2 ft

69 139
59 fxy

∑ 𝐹𝑥 2 = 343

∑ 𝐹𝑦 2 = 634

43
 130 12 1 2 -4 1 818 72 6 12 9 4 36 144 88
139
-4

120 -9 3 -3 0 18 6 3 90 15 6 45 5 9 36 3 108 324 144,

129
70
110 12 2 6 -8 2 -4 -8 2 -4 0 14 0 12 6 2 12 3 4 31 2 62 124 28
119

100 -4 2 0 221 11 1 11 11 .2
109 _2
70'
90-99 0 0 030 010 7 0 0 0 0

10 20
80-89 313 1 -1 -1 1 3

70-79 16 2 8 6 1 6 3 _2 -6 12 22

GO-69 12 1 9 2 -3 -6 18 21

12 19
50-59 0 -4 0 0

F 4 6 6 11 28 15 19 11 0 100 204 634

tX -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4

t Fx -16 -18 -12 -11 0 15 38 33 0 29

Fx'2 64 54 24 11 0 15 76 99 0 343

tt
28 42 -12 -21 0 32 110 117 296
fxy

fo|kFkkZauk fnysY;k iwoZpkp.kh o mRrjpkp.khrhy

okjaokjhrk n’kZfo.kkjk rDrk-
lkj.kh Ø-&2
4-3 mfnn~”V Øekad 1%&

44
Ekk/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 oh P;k fo|kF;kZaP;k
Le`rhd{ksps ekiu dj.ks
Lkkj.kh & 2
Pre - Test
IQ No of Student (f)
More than 140 0
130-139 0
120-129 11
110-119 19
90-109 43
80-89 11
70-79 6
50-69 10
25-49 0
Less than 25 0
Total 100

11

10

6 43

11.1

45
 lkj.kh Ø-2 o:u] fo|kF;kZaph iwoZpkp.kh ?ksryh vlrk
11% fo|kFkhZ dq’kkxz cq)kadkps vkgs] 19% fo|kFkhZ
f’k?kz cq)kadkps vkgs] 43 % fo|kFkhZ lkekU; cq)kadkps
vkgs] 11% fo|kFkhZ vYilkekU; cq)kadkps vkgs- 6%
fo|kFkhZ vYicq)h cq)kadkps vkgs] rj 10 % fo|kFkhZ
eancq)h cq)kadkps vkgs-;ko:u /;kulk/kusiqohZps lkekU;
cq)kad vl.kkjs fo|kFkhZ tkLr vkgs-

I.Q. ofxZdj.k

140 vkf.k R;kis{kk tkLr vykSdhd ( Genius)

130-139 vlkekU; ( Above Medinary )

12- 129 dq’kkxz ( Very Superior)

110-119 f’k?kz ( Superior)

90-109 lkekU; (Normal)

80-89 vYi lkekU; ( Below Normal )

70-79 vYicq)h (Border line)

50-59 Eakncq)h (Moran)

46
 25-49 tMcq)h ( Imbeciles)

25 is{kk deh fuZcq)h (Idiots)

4-4 mfnn~”V Ø- 2
/;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj gks.kkÚ;k
ifj.kkekpk vH;kl dj.ks
Post Test
IQ No of Student (f)
More than 140 0
130-139 9
120-129 36
110-119 31
90-109 18
80-89 1
70-79 3
50-69 2
50-69 2
25-49 0
Less than 25 0
Total 100

47
 18%
31%

3%
2%

9%

36%

lkj.kh Øekad 3 o:u fo|kF;kZaph mRrjpkp.kh ?ksryh

vlrk 9% fo|kFkhZ vlkekU; cqn~/;kdkaps vkgs- 36%
fo|kFkhZ dq’kkxz cqn~/;kdkaps vkgs- 31% fo|kFkhZ
f’k?kz cqn~/;kdkaps vkgs- 18% fo|kFkhZ lkekU;
cqn~/;kdkaps vkgs- 1% fo|kFkhZ vYilkekU;
cq)kadkps vkgs- 3% fo|kFkhZ vYicq)h cqn~/;kdkaps
vkgs- rj 2% fo|kFkhZ eancq)h cqn~/;kdkaps vkgs-
;ko:u /;ku lk/kusuarj dq’kkxz o f’k?kz cqn~/;kad vl.kkjs
fo|kFkhZ la[;k tkLr vkgs-

4-5 mfnn~”V & 3

fo|kF;kZauk /;kulk/kusps egRo iVowu
lkax.ks

48
fo|kF;kZauk /;ku lk/kusfo”k;h ekfgrh nsowu
fo|kF;kZadMwu /;ku lk/kuk djowu ?ksryh- /;ku
lk/kuk ?ksr vlrkauk fo|kF;kZauk R;kaP;k izR;sd
fo”k;kps vkdyu deh osGkr dj.;kr enr >kyh- o fpRr
,dkxz >kY;keqGs fo|kFkhZ deh osGkr tkLr vH;kl d:
‘kdys-

4-6 mfnn~”V Ø-4

ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 ohP;k fo|kF;kZaoj
/;kukPkk >kysyk ifj.kke rikl.ks-
lkj.kh Ø-4 o:u izkIr C.R. eqY; 19.70 brds vkgs- rDR;ke/;s
t ps eqY; 0.01 Lrjkoj 2.58 o 0.05 Lrjkoj 1.96 vkgs-nksUgh
lkFkZdrk Lrjkoj izkIr C.R. ewY; rDR;krhy t eqY;kis{kk
tkLr vlY;keqGs izkIr C.R. ps eqY; lkFkZd vkgs R;keqGs
‘kqU; ifjdYiuspk R;kx dj.;kr vkyk vkgs ;kpkp vFkZ
ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 ohrhy fo|kF;kZaP;k
Le`frd{ksoj /;ku lk/kusiqohZP;k o uarjP;k Le`frd{ksr
lkFkZd Qjd vkgs- Eg.ktsp /;kulk/kuseqGs
fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`frd{kspk fodkl gksrks-

49
ifjdYiuk %&
1½ /;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`frd{ksoj
dks.krkgh ijh.kke gksr ukgh-
Lkkj.kh Ø& 5
N M SD R C.R Tab t lkFkZdrk
iwoZpkp.kh 100 97.4 18.29 0.01- lkFkZd
2.58 vkgs-
mRrjpkp.kh 100 114.9 14.76 0.877 19.70 0.05- lkFkZd
1.96 vkgs

50
 Ikzdj.k & ikpos
Lak’kks/kukpk lkjka’k fu”d”kZ lwpuk f’kQkjlh

5-1 izkLrkfod %&

izLrqr leL;spk vH;kl ikp izdj.kkr foHkkxyk vkgs-
pkSF;k izd.kke/;s ladfyr dsysY;k ekfgrhps
fo’ys”k.k]ofxZdj.k ] vFkZfuoZpu dsys vkgs- ;k ikpO;k
izdj.kke/;s ladfyr ekfgrho:u fu?kysys fu”d”kZ] dsysY;k
f’kQkjlh rlsp iq<hy la’kks/kuklkBh fo”k; fnysys vkgsr- ukxiwj
‘kgjkrhy ek/;fed ‘kkGsrhy fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj
/;kulk/kusPkk gks.kkjk ifj.kke ^^ ,d izk;ksfxd vH;kl ** ;k
leL;soj ts dk;Z dsys rs lkjka’k :ikus iq<hy izek.ks lkaxrk
;sbZy- ekuokus izR;sd {ks=kr dsysyh us=nhid izxrh gh
cq)hP;k tksjkoj dsyh vkgs- rj cq)h Eg.kts dk;\
izdj.k ,d e/;s cq)hP;k osxosxG;k O;k[;k ns.;kr
vkY;k vkgsr- cq)hpk ;ksX; okij dj.;kps lkeF;Z vkgs- euke/;s
o R;koj fuea=.k BsoY;kuarj fpRr]’kq)],dkxz gksr vlrs- rs

51
/;ku lk/kusuh izdj.k ,d e/;s /;ku lk/kusph laiw.kZ ekfgrh
ns.;kr vkyh vkgs-
izdj.k nksu e/;s iwoZ la’kks/kukpk ‘kS{kf.kd
la’kks/kuke/;s vuU; lk/kkj.k egRo y{kkr ?ksÅu izLrqr
la’kks/kuk’kh lacaf/kr lekykspu dj.;kr vkys vkgs-
izdj.k rhu e/;s la’kks/ku izfØ;k o lk/kukaph foLr`r
ekfgrh ns.;kr vkyh vkgs- tula[;k] vkn’kZ] la’kks/kukph i)rh
;kfo”k;hph ekfgrh ;k izdj.kkr ns.;kr vkyh vkgs- ‘kaHkj
fo|kF;kZapk vkn’kZ Eg.kwu fuoM.;kr vkys vkgs- izLrqr
la’kks/kukdfjrk izk;ksfxd i)rhpk voyac dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-

Ikzdj.k pkj e/;s e/;s ladfyr dsysY;k ekfgrhP;k vFkZ

fo’ys”k.kklkBh dks.kdks.kR;k la[;k’kkL=h; ra=kpk voyac
dsyk xsyk gs lkaxwu lw=krhy izR;sd jk’khpk vFkZ Li”V
dsyk vkgs- la’kks/ku ekfgrhps fo’ys”k.k o dk;Zi)rh Li”V
dj.;kr vkyh o R;kuqlkj izR;sd ifjdYiusps ijh{k.k] lR;ki.k]
lkaf[;dh; ra=kpk voyac dsyk xsyk ;ke/;s izFke
ifjdYiuslacaf/kr lkj.kh]lkFkZdrk]la[;k]’kkL=h; ifj.kke ewY;]
ifjdYiuspk Lohdkj vFkok R;kx vkf.k R;kuqlkj vFkZfuoZpu
dj.;kr vkys- Ikzdj.k 5 e/;s la’kks/kukps fu”d”kZ dk<.;kr vkys

52
o ;k fu”d”kkZo:u mik;;kstuk lwpfo.;kr vkyh vkgs- rlsp] iq<hy
la’kks/kuklkBh fn’kk ns.;kr vkY;k vkgs-

5-1-1 leL;k fo/kku %&

^^ ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy ek/;fed ‘kkGsrhy
fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj
/;kulk/kuspk gks.kkjk ifj.kke**
& ,d izk;ksfxd vH;kl-

53
5-2 mfnn~”Vs %&
1- Ekk/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 oh P;k fo|kF;kZaP;k
Le`rhd{ksps ekiu dj.ks
2- /;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj gks.kkÚ;k
ifj.kkekpk vH;kl dj.ks
3- fo|kF;kZauk /;kulk/kusps egRo iVowu lkax.ks
4- ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 ohP;k fo|kF;kZaoj /;kukPkk
>kysyk ifj.kke rikl.ks-
5-
5-3 Lak’kks/kukph O;kIrh %&
la’kks/kuklkBh ejkBh ek/;ekrhy ek/;fed Lrjkojhy
fo|kF;kZaPkk lekos’k dsysyk vkgs-

5-4 Lak’kks/kukP;k e;kZnk %&

1- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs QDr ukxiqj ‘kgjkrhy nf{k.k
Hkkxkiqjrsp e;kZnhr vkgs-
2- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs ek/;fed ‘kkGsiqjrsp e;kZnhr vkgs-
3- izLrqr la’kks/ku gs b;Rrk 8oh P;k fo|kF;kZaiqjrsp
e;kZnhr vkgs-
4- izLrqr la’kks/kukr b;Rrk 8oh P;k fo|kF;kZaO;frfjDr
brj fo|kF;kZapk fopkj dsyk tk.kkj ukgh-

54
5-5 ifjdYiuk %&
1½ /;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZaP;k Le`rhd{ksoj
dks.krkgh ifj.kke gksr ukgh-

5-6 Lak’kks/ku i)rh %&

izLrqr la’kks/kukr la’kks/ku dj.;kdjhrk izk;ksfxd i)rhPkk
voyac dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-

5-7 tula[;k %&

izLrqr la’kks/kukP;k tula[;sr ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy ek/;fed
‘kkGsrhy fo|kF;kZaPkk lekos’k dj.;kr vkyk gksrk-

5-8 U;kn’kZ %&

1½ ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy nf{k.k Hkkxkrhy nksu ‘kkGkaph
fuoM lk/;k ;kn`PNhd i)rhus dj.;kr vkyh vkgs-
2½ ukxiwj ‘kgjkrhy b;Rrk 8 ohrhy fo|kFkhZ izLrqr
la’kks/kukps U;kn’kZ vkgs-

5-9 Ekfgrh ladyukps lk/kus %&

55
 izLrqr la’kks/kukr ekfgrh laxzfgr dj.;kdfjrk izR;kogu
i/nrhpk okij dj.;kr vkyk vkgs-

5-10 fu”d”kZ %&

1½ ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 oh P;k fo|kF;kZapk
cq)heRrsps /;ku lk/kusiqoksZ ekiu dsys vlrk 11%
fo|kFkhZ dq’kkxz cq)kadkps 19% fo|kFkhZ f’k?kz
cq)kadksp ] 43% fo|kFkhZ lkekU; cq)kadkps 11%
fo|kFkhZ vYilkekU; cq)kadkps vkgs- 6% fo|kFkhZ
vYicq)h cq)kadkps] rj 10% fo|kFkhZ eancq)h
cq)kadkps vkgs- ;ko:u /;kulk/kusiqoksZ lkekU; cq)kad
vl.kkj fo|kFkhZ la[;k tkLr vkgs-
2½ fo|kF;kZadMwu djowu ?ksr vlrkauk fo|kF;kZauk
R;kP;k izR;sd fo”k;kps vkdyu dj.;kr deh osGkr enr

56
 enr >kyh- o fpRr ,dkxz >kY;keqGs fo|kFkhZ deh
osGsr tkLr vH;kl d: ‘kdys-
3½ ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk vkBohrhy fo|kF;kZaps
/;kulk/kusuarj ekiu dsy vlrk 9% fo|kFkhZ vlkekU;
cq)kadkps 36% fo|kFkhZ dq’kkxz cq)kadkps 31%
fo|kFkhZ f’k?kz cq)kadkps 18 fo|kFkhZ lkekU;
cq)kadkps 1% fo|kFkhZ vYilkekU; cq)kadkpk 3%
fo|kFkhZ vYicq)h cq)kadkps rj 9% fo|kFkhZ
eancq)h cq)kadkps vkgs-
;ko:u vlk fu”d”kZ dk<yk tkrks dh /;kulk/kus uarj
dq’kkxz]f’k?kz cq)kad vl.kkjs fo|kFkhZ la[;k tkLr vkgs-
4½ fo|kF;kZaP;k cq)heRrsoj /;ku lk/kusph
ifj.kkedkjdrk rikl.;kdfjrk C.R. ps eqY; dk<.;kr vkys-
‘t’ ps 0.01 o 0.05 ;k Lrjkoj vuqØes 2.58 o 1.96 vls
eqY; vkgs- o izkIr C.R. ps eqY; 19.70 brds vkgs- ‘t’
ps eqY; gs izkIr eqY;kis{kk deh vkgs-;kpkp vFkZ
ek/;fed Lrjkojhy b;Rrk 8 ohrhy fo|kF;kZaP;k
cq)heRrsoj /;kulk/kusiqohZps o uarjps cq)heRrsr
lkFkZd Qjd vkgs-;ko:u vls Li”V gksrs dh

57
/;kulk/kuseqGs fo|kF;kZapk cq)heRrspk fodkl gksr
vlrks-

58
 lqpuk

1-Ekk/;fed f’k{k.k eaMGkdfjrk lqpuk %&

 Ekk/;fed f’k{k.k eaMGkauh /;ku lk/kusps izf’k{k.k
izR;sd f’k{kdkauk n;kos-
 izR;sd ‘kkGsr ifgyh rkfldk lq: gks.;kiqohZ
fo|kF;kZadMwu /;ku lk/kuk djowu ?ks.;kr ;koh-
 f’k{kdkadjhrk la’kks/kuij dk;ZØe jkcfo.ks-
 la’kks/kukdjhrk f’k{kdkauk vkfFkZd lgk;rk miyC/k
d:u ns.ks-

2-f’k{kdkadfjrk lqpuk %&

 f’k{kdkauh Lor% /;ku lk/kusps egRo iVowu n;kos-
 f’k{kdkauh Lor% fu;fer /;ku lk/kuk dj.ks o fu;feri.ks
fo|kF;kZadMwu /;ku djowu ?;kos-
 f’k{kdkauh fo|kF;kZauk /;ku lk/kusPkk vH;klkojp
ukgh rj vkiY;k O;fDreRokoj Qk;nk gksrks gs
iVowu n;kos ts.ksd:u fo|kF;kZaph /;ku
lk/kusfo”k;h ftKklk ok<.;kl enr gksÅ ‘kdsy vkf.k
R;kapk fodkl djrk ;sbZy-
 f’k{kdkauh /;ku lk/kusPkk fo|kF;kZauk Qk;nk gksr
vkgs dh ukgh ;kps osGksosGh ekiu dj.ks-

59
  f’k{kdkauh ikydkauk /;ku lk/kusps egRo iVowu
n;kos ts.ksd:u ikyd ?kjh fo|kF;kZdMwu /;ku lk/kuk
djowu ?ksrhy-

3- ikydkadjhrk lqpuk %&

 /;ku lk/kusps egRo iVowu ?ksÅu ikY;kauk
/;kulk/kuslkBh izksRlkgu n;kos-
 vH;klkyk cl.;k vxksnj ikY;kadMwu fu;feri.ks /;ku
djowu ?ks.ks-
 /;ku lk/kusdfjrk ikY;kauk iks”kd okrkoj.k fuekZ.k
d:u ns.ks-

4 Lak’kks/kdkadfjrk lqpuk %&

 Lak’kks/kdkauh iq<hy la’kks/kuklkBh /;ku
lk/kuslkacr ;ksxlk/kuk ?ks.;kr ;koh-
 mijksDr la’kks/ku tkLr fo|kF;kZadjhrk Eg.ktsp tkLr
U;kn’kZ ?ksowu djrk ;sbZy-
 la’kks/kdkauh /;ku lk/kusuh fo|kF;kZapk
Hkkofud]’kkfjjhd] ekufld o vk/;kfRed fodklkoj
la’kks/ku djrk ;sbZy-

60
 lanHkZxzaFklqph
1- vkxykos] izfni, ¼2000½] ^la’kks/ku i)rh ‘kklu o
ra=s fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
2- fHkarkMs fo- jk- ¼1994½] ^’kS{k.khd
la’kks/ku i)rh* uqru izdk’ku]
lnkf’koisB-
3- pkUnuk] vks-ih ¼2007½] ^fueZy lqjHkh]
fueZy VkalQkWesZ’ku izk-fy-
iw.ks-

61
4- Mchj ] MkW- fnik ¼2006½] ^cq)heRrk vkf.k
ltZu’khyrk* Jh eaxs’k izdk’ku]
ukxiwj-
5- Mchj] MkW- fnik ¼2002½] ^eul* ph ladYiuk o
v”Vkax ;ksxlq=]Jh eaxs’k
izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
6- ?kksjeksMs] ds-;w- ¼2008½] ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/kukph eqyrRos* fo|k izdk’ku]
ukxiwj-
7- dqyd.khZ] MkW-Mh-vkj- ¼2009½] fo|k
izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
8- dqekj] ds-lqHkk”k ¼2009½] ‘kS{k.khd
ekul’kkL=] fo|k izdk’ku] ukxiwj-
9- eqGs]jk-‘k-mekBs] fo- rq- ¼1983½] ^‘kS{k.khd
la’kks/kukph eqyrRos * fo|k cqDl]
vkSjaxkckn-
10-Buch, M.B. (1972-1978), Second Survey of Research in
Education, centre of advance study in
education faculty of education
psychology. Baroda: M.S. University.
11- Buch, M.B. (1978-1983), Second Survey of research in Education,
society for educational research and
development, Baroda : M.S. University.
12-Buch,M.B. (1983-1988), Third Survey of Resarch in Education,
New Delhi : NCERT.
13-Buch, M.B. ( 1983-1988), Fourth Survey of Educational Research,
New Delhi : MCERT.
14-Buch, M.B. ( 1988-1992), Fifth Survey of Educational Research,
New Delhi : NCERT

62
 ifjf’k”V Ø- 1
Le`rhd{kk rikl.;kdfjrk fo|kF;kZauk fnysY;k ‘kCnakph ;knh
‘k;Zr
xxu
vk’p;Z
izHkko
dhrhZ
jktegy
rq:ax
fgjosxkj
O;ofLFkr
Mcds
Vadys[ku
>.k>.khr
nhiksRlo
vkBo.k
tydqaHk
l’kDr
ifjokj
vfu;fer
fnup;kZ
izdk’ko”kZ

63
 Ifjf’k”V Ø-2
Le`rhd{kk pkp.khrhy xq.k
fo|kF;kZaph
vuqØekad IkwoZpkp.kh mRrjpkp.kh
ukos
izktDrk
1 111 222
oj?ks
Ikjs’k
2 109 218
ns’keq[k
Ekqdqan
3 99 198
dMq
4 fugky oklfud 92 184
5 vfnck lgsj 98 196
6 Ikz.kc feJk 95 190
7 Lkkxj isBs 91 182
gkfnZd
8 93 186
vk”Vsdj
9 lqqeax jko 90 180
fgeka’kq
10 89 178
ukljs
;’koar
11 87 174
pkS/kjh
fofn’kk
12 84 168
esJke
fo’kky
13 83 166
lksuqus

64
 Js;k
14 87 174
?kksjkMdj
HkqousÜojh
15 86 172
dSFks
‘krkCnh
16 84 168
nghoys
vadhrk
17 88 176
xksYgj
,s’o;kZ
18 85 170
tksxs
rstLohuh
19 76 152
dqtsZdj
Ekkulh
20 65 130
xksaMkus
21 Lkk;ek [kku 77 154
22 Ghjy lqpd 73 146
23 Ekfu”kk uk;j 72 144
izFkes’k
24 78 156
xkoaMs
vkfnR;
25 79 158
xgsjokj
oSHko
26 66 132
usekMs
27 vFkj [kku 69 138
fj”kHk
28 68 136
‘kkL=dkj
29 fi;q”k vrdjs 63 126
30 fojkt rkils 65 130
Ikzfrd
31 67 134
egk<ksys

65
32 Ukwj vyh 68 136
g”khZr
33 69 138
djksVh;k
Lkskehy
34 75 150
cuksMs
35 ‘keZnk ‘ks[k 73 146
Lakfprk
36 71 142
xksis
Ek`.kky
37 70 140
ikBd
38 Ikqtk okgus 60 120
vk;q”kh
39 55 110
pkS/kjh
40 ‘kqHke mds 56 112
:Xosn
41 53 106
ukansdj
Lakdsr
42 51 102
yVkjs
43 vkfny’ks[k 54 108
44 Ek;qj dksBs 57 114
45 Ikjs’k baxys 59 118
46 xkSjo ‘kekZ 58 116
47 ;’k tkacqGdj 52 104
48 jtr pksiMs 56 112
49 xkSjo [kMrdj 55 110
Ek;qjh
50 54 108
[kkMs
51 Lkkxj ysaMs 58 116
Lusgy
52 40 80
foHkqrs

66
 mRd”kkZ
53 49 98
Hkkaxs
vadqj
54 45 90
eksMd
f’koe
55 44 88
xk;/kus
56 xkSjo rjkj 48 96
;ksxs’k
57 47 94
dksdkVs
v:a/krh
58 42 84
usekMs
59 Eaknkj okuh 41 82
60 Rkkjd fp=ho 43 86
jsuqdk
61 40 80
?kksVdj
Lkkghy
62 49 98
ckxMs
63 Ikz.ko xoGh 47 94
64 v{k; xkdjs 48 96
65 /kuJh fxjMdj 45 90
Lkqns’k
66 40 80
Hkxr
‘k’kkad
67 44 88
cukjls
Ek`.kkfyuh
68 41 82
HkM
vfHkthr
69 39 78
ukjuojs
70 J`rh pjMs 36 72
71 iqtk dkGs 35 70

67
72 Ikzfrd Mojs 33 66
Lakdsr
73 32 64
dGedj
fu[khy
74 34 68
vYyMokj
75 Jhjke olqys 33 66
xkSjo
76 31 62
iMksGs
Lkkxj
77 30 60
Hkk.kkjdj
Pkk:nRr
78 37 74
ckUrs
79 f’k’khj ikaMs 34 68
80 lqfo/kk [kSjs 32 64
f’koe
81 39 78
nsorkjs
82 mToy iVsy 38 76
Laktksx
83 36 72
gjMs
84 ‘kqHke ok?k 35 70
85 vUoj ‘ks[k 36 72
Ekqdqy
86 28 56
fgaxs
Js;k
87 27 54
ckjkgkrs
djh’ek
88 23 46
dqaHkydj
89 izfrd chlsu 24 48
vadqj
90 22 44
ns’keq[k

68
 jksghr
91 21 42
pkS/kjh
g”kZn
92 20 40
f=osnh
LoIuhy
93 25 50
ns’keq[k
94 ‘osrk ykacV 18 36
Ikqtk
95 17 34
ikaxqG
96 ‘kqHke ers 16 32
97 vadhr ckjLdj 15 30
98 fi;q”k oatkjh 14 28
99 vfer jkeVsds 19 38
100 J)k nq/ks 20 40

69
 Ikfjf’k”B Ø- 3
iwoZpkp.khrhy Le`rhd{kk xq.kkadkps e/;eku 114-9
vlwu R;kps izek.k fopyu
18-29 vkgs-

70