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SDM 5001 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 2
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE ANALYSIS

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SDM 5001 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 2.1
ANALYZING SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

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Traditional Meanings of Architecture

Fundamental design of STRUCTURE


o Man-made structure that is important, large, or highly
creative
Great Wall of China

Style or Idea or Character of STRUCTURE


easily recognizable

Singapore Skyline

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Definition of Systems Architecture
Systems Architecture
A group of interrelated An art of style and method
elements forming a of design of structure for
collective entity specific purposes
(Lesson 1)

A Systems Architecture is a concept model to


describe a system with interacting elements
producing forms, functions and behaviors that
satisfy stakeholders requirements
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What is System Architecture?
A system architecture is analogous to an architectural style in buildings

It consists of a few key features and rules for combining them so that architectural integrity/concept is
preserved

In most system designs, typical architecture patterns are used to produce system architecture
An innovative system will require a new system architecture to be created

A system architecture is determined by:

o A set of element types


o A physical layout of the elements indicating their interrelationships
o A set of constraints surrounded by the environment
o A set of interaction mechanisms

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Example: A Systems Architecture of Human Body
Systems Architecture of Human Body is an arrangement
of elements and subsystems and the allocation of
functions to them to meet living human body system
requirements

Components: chemical elements, cellular structure


Sub-Systems: skeletal, digestive, circulatory, respiratory
Interfaces: bone joints, organs connections, blood vessels
Forms: brain, lungs, bones, heart, stomach, skin
Functions: body frame, energy supply, intelligence, body protection
Behaviour: walk, eat, play, digestion, energy, waste, memory
Environment: planet earth
Stated Purpose: human body systems functioning properly in a healthy body

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ANALYSIS OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
Why do we want to analyse System Architecture?
o Understand how a system works
o Diagnose problems in systems
o Improve on existing system designs
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FUNCTION

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Representation of Function
Function Behavior

A + B = C
Subject Operand
(Element) (Element)
Operator
(Interaction)

Process

Function = Process with Operand


verb + noun
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Function
Where does Function come from?
Function is the result of “process interacting with operand”

What is an Operand?
An operand is the object of a process or operation:
“something” on which an operation is performed
An operand is also “one of the inputs (quantities) for an operation”
An operand is a “thing” that is being “acted upon”

What is a Process?
A process is a pattern of activity or transformation that is undergone by operands
This process is allowed when there is an interaction between the elements

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Function = Process + Operand
Function Process Operand
Protection Defending Bricks and Enemies

Great Wall of China

Function Process Operand


Spreadsheet Maths Operations Keyboard Input
Word Processor Formatting Monitor Display
Microsoft Office

Function Process Operand


Medical Treatment Surgery Patients, Doctors
Education Instruction Students, Lecturers

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Representation of Systems Functions
SYSTEM of INTEREST
ARCHITECTURE
boundary

A simple systems with a single function (behavior)


1. Systems elements (operands) interact with a process
Systems Elements Interactions 2. Process is output by systems as a function the systems
3. This function can be abstracted to represent a system

concrete abstract

Subject
Processes Function
Operands
input Interaction work output system

Matter, Energy, Process is work Function is a process that


Data, Signal performed on, or in transforms inputs into outputs.
response to, It describes an action taken by
incoming operands the system or by one or more
of its elements.
Measurable Noun Active Verb
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INTRODUCTORY EXAMPLES

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Software Program for Multiplication
Purpose / Objective Multiplication

Concept of Operations 𝑋 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑛


Adding the number, 𝑋, multiple times (𝑛 times)

𝑛
Function (Mathematical) 𝑋𝑛 = 𝑖=1 𝑋𝑖

Process 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥𝑛−1 + 𝑥 where 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛 are the Operands

System Language Function = Addition (Process) with 𝑥, 𝑛 (Operands)

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Software Program for Multiplication
Function Parameters are
input x = 0, i = 0, n Function multiple (x, n) operands x and n
y = 0;
for i = 1 to n
𝒙𝒏 = 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 + 𝒙 y=y+x process
next i
Return y
i=i+1
End Function

Interfaces ( )
i=n? Multiplication System
No // Multiplication Program //
Yes input x, n
output Print 𝑥𝑛
y = multiple (x, n);
Print y
End
end

Flow Chart

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Basic and Secondary Functions of a Wooden Pencil
Basic Function:
Function o Principal reason for the product’s
Object Operand
Basic or Secondary
existence
Eraser Remove Marks Secondary o Has value to the Customer
Secure Eraser Secondary o Loss of Basic Function results in total
Band loss of market value for the design
Improve Appearance Secondary o May be Performance and / or Brand
Support Lead Secondary
Body Transmit Force Secondary
Accommodate Grip Secondary
Secondary Function:
o Assist in, or necessary for, the
Protect Wood Secondary realization of a Basic Function
Improve Appearance Secondary o Targets for modification and/or
Paint elimination to:
Display Information Secondary
o Reduce cost
Deliver Message Secondary o Reduce design complexity
Lead Produce Marks Basic o Achieve Breakthrough in design

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EXAMPLE
ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE – PART 1
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF BREAD MACHINE

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heating element

baking pan
kneader

kneader
coupling

program
controller

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Process Flow Diagram Process Flowchart
Prepare Ingredients

How do we find out processes?


Mix Ingredients to
o Reverse Engineering Dough
o Observation and Imitation of similar
processes
Knead and Heat
o Experiment and Scientific Principles Dough

Rest Dough

Knead Dough

Bake Dough to
Bread

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Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD) is a multi-tier, time-sequenced,
step-by-step flow diagram of a system functional flow

FFBD diagram shows the “Flow of Functions” from one function to another
function (series) or one function to many functions (parallel or mixed)

How do we find out Functional Flows?


By grouping Activities in Process Flows and
Interactions of Operands/Elements to make Functions

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Operands Process Flowchart Functional Flow
Flour, Yeast, Milk, Block Diagram
Prepare Ingredients
Water, Sugar
Bread Mix Mixing Function
Mix Ingredients to
Dough
Fermentation
Dough Function
Knead and Heat
Dough
Dough with Kneading Function 1
Mixed Yeast
Rest Dough

Dough with Rising Function


Gas Knead Dough

Dough with Kneading Function 2


mixed Gas Bake Dough to
Bread

Bread Baking Function


End
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Functional Architecture

Functional Architecture
a set of logical activities or functions that are arranged in a specific order and,
when activated, achieves a set of activity (functional) requirements

How do we draw a Functional Architecture?


From Functional Flow Block Diagram (FFBD)
By dividing and allocating the functional requirements into different
sub-functions and modes of operation

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Functional Architecture
Flour, Yeast, Milk,
Water, Sugar
Combining
Mixing Function
Motor
Bread Mix t1
Kneading

Sub Functions/Modes of Operation


Fermentation Function Motor
Dough t2
Activities

Kneading Function 1 Kneading


Motor
Fermented
Dough
Rising Function t3
Rise Dough

Kneading Function 2 Kneading


Motor
Ready Dough t4
Baking Function Heating Oven
Bread t5 25
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FORM

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American Architect (1856-1924)
Father of Skyscraper Buildings

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Form Function

In the past, man dreamed of flying


Wright Brothers understood that thrust and lift
Man imitated the physical form of flying animals were required for flight
(example: wings, tails) without understanding
They assigned different components for these
their aerodynamics functions
functions (example: propeller for thrust, and
wings for lift)
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Form Function
o Physical or Informational o An activity, operation, or
representation of a system transformation of a system
o Stable and Independent existence o Contributes to performance of system
o Form is made up of elements of a o Function is made up of processes
system and there is relationship o Function is executed by Form
between the elements of the system o Function emerges from interaction of
o Example: structure, module, elements in the system
component o Example: behavior, response, output

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Form and Function
Form Function
Protection - Keep out enemies
Brick Wall
Watch Tower

Great Wall of China

Form Function
Lines of Codes Spreadsheet
Structured Programming Word Processor
Microsoft Office

Form Function
Building, Beds Medical Treatment
Medical Equipment Training

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Form is the structural relationship of the elements of the system
Form can be
o physical (eg components, modules)
o abstract (eg lines of code or instructions in software programs)
o hierarchical (eg organization, institution, firm, department)

Steps in Analyzing Form


1. Define the Use of Context (conditions and instances of systems operation)
2. Define the System and System Boundary
3. Identify the Elements in the System
4. Mapping out the Relationship and Order of Elements in the System with
4.1] Functional Architecture and
4.2] Physical Layout of the System
5. Identify Connections of Elements to show the Interfaces 31
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EXAMPLE
ANALYSIS OF SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE – PART 2
FORM ANALYSIS OF BREAD MACHINE

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Flour, Yeast, Milk,
Water, Sugar
Mixing Function Combining
Bread Mix

Sub Functions/Modes of Operation


Fermentation Function Kneading

Controller (sub-systems)

Replace Timing Function


with Micro Controller
Dough
Activities

Kneading Function 1 Kneading


Fermented
Dough
Rising Function

Rise Dough

Kneading Function 2 Kneading

Ready Dough
Baking Function Heating
Bread 33
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In Analyzing an existing Systems Architecture, the Form already exists

The task is to map and to match the physical components which


enable the functions
This process is called Functional Allocation

Types of Functional Allocation:


o One Function to One Form (eg baking →heating element)
o Many Functions to One Form (eg mixing and fermenting →container)
o Many Functions to Many Forms
(eg mixing kneading baking →→controller)

Question: Which the above Functional Allocation is best? Why?


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Mapping Functions to Physical Components

Physical Components
Functions
Ingredients Pan Kneader Motor Heater Controller Housing
Preparing X X X
Fermentation X X X X X
Kneading 1 X X X X X
Rising X X X
Kneading 2 X X X X X
Baking X X X X
Cooling X X X

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Mapping Functions to Physical Components
Many to One One to One

Ingredients Pan Kneader Motor Heater Controller Housing


Preparing X X X
Fermentation X X X X X
Kneading 1 X X X X X
Rising X X X
Kneading 2 X X X X X
Baking X X X X
Cooling X X X

Many to Many

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Physical Architecture - Schematic
prepares programs

User
Ingredients

System Boundary
mixes
supports

holds heats times


Pan Oven

displays
Controller

Enclosure
aligns
inside

encloses drives times


Kneader Motor

supports

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Sub Systems Identification
prepares programs

User
Ingredients

System Boundary
mixes
supports

holds heats times


Pan Oven

displays
Controller

Enclosure
aligns
inside

encloses drives times


Kneader Motor

supports

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Physical Architecture – Structure
Handle Cover
Menu

Glass Window

Baking Pan

Power Switch
Enclosure

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Pan Handle

Kneader

Drive Shaft

Drive Coupling
Sub System Pan and Kneader Sub System Controller

Heating
Element

Sub System Heating Oven Sub System Electric Motor


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Example: Global Aviation Systems Architecture

Physical Systems Block Diagram

What are the capabilities in this SoS?


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(Source: EIA 632 Process of Engineering a System)
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END OF LECTURE 2.1
ANALYZING SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

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SDM 5001 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 2.2
SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS AND COMPONENTS

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SYSTEMS INTERFACES

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Systems Interactions and Interfaces
Internal Interactions within the System of Interest
These are Processes performed among system elements
External Interactions with the System Environment
These are Inputs or Outputs at the system interfaces located at the system boundary

Bread Machine Trading Firm (Amazon)


Ingredients Mixture Sales and Warehouse
Motor and Kneader Warehouse and Account
Internal Interactions
Pan and Heater Account and Purchase
Controller and Motor and Heater Logistics and Warehouse
External Interactions (Input) Ingredients into Pan Customer to Sales
User input Controller Supplier to Logistics
External Interactions (Output) Bread out from Pan Purchase to Supplier
Warehouse to Customer

ALL Interactions take place … at Systems Interfaces


ALL Processes take place ….… inside the Systems
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Systems Interfaces
Interfaces are the points of contact between interacting system elements and other subsystems
(internal interface) or environment (external interface) at the system boundaries

o Interfaces embed component parts or subcomponents within the physical architecture

Example Bread Machine : Controller Online Seller (Amazon)


Customer can purchase
Hide Complexity Sequence of operations
easily from overseas
One control for motor and heating Trading firm takes care of
Stabilize System
– reduce mistakes logistics problem
Trading firm can source from
Integration, Design Designer focus on hardware only
many suppliers
Uncertainty in supply and
Uncertainty Controller may fail
demand

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INTERACTION MATRIX

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Dependency Structure Matrix
Two Types of DSM
Dependency Structure Matrix (DSM) Component Based
Shows interactions with interfaces between elements in the system

Design Structure Matrix (DSM) Process or Tasks activities


Shows order of processes or tasks in the system operation
Applications
1. To explore the sequence/order of processes and feedback in the Systems
2. To investigate
a) Interaction of System Elements/Subsystems with each other
b) Dependency of Systems Elements/Subsystems among each other
c) Emerging Behaviour of Interacting Processes
(especially in concurrent processes and poorly structured Systems)
3. To design for partitioning and modularization of the Systems

Other Types of DSM


Two Dimension Matrix: Subsystems vs Processes, Subsystems vs Subsystems, Processes vs Processes
Three Dimension Matrix: Subsystems vs Processes vs Subsystems
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DSM Notation
DSM is a tool for investigating interactions and exposing interface requirements between the system
elements/subsystems

o The two dimensions (column and row) in the matrix are processes, functions, or components elements
o “X” is marked in the matrix cell when there is a interaction between one element with a second element

needs

Reading Across Horizontally Row A D G Reading Down Vertically Column D D G


o A feeds output to cells D and G o D needs input from cells A and C
o A provides info to cells D and G A X X o D requires info from cells A and C A X X
feeds B X B X
C X C X

N
E
F E E D S
D
S
Warning: Some text reverses the notation for reading horizontally and vertically 7
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Reading Across Horizontal Row Reading Down Vertical Column

D G D G
A X X A X X
B X B X
C X C X

Feed Need
ROW Supply COLUMN COLUMN Require ROW
Elements Transfer Elements Elements Depend Elements
Send Receive

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Illustration: How to Read DSM Interaction Matrix
Sequence of Arrangement or Process
Element 1 provides info/output to Element 2 (reading horizontally across element 1

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
row)
Element 2 requires/input fromElement 1 (reading vertically down element 2 column)

Element 2 output provides info to input from Element 3 and Element 4


Sequence of Arrangement or Process

Element 1 X X (reading horizontally across row element 2)


Element 3 requires info/input from Element 2 (reading top down column 3)
Element 2 X X Element 4 depends on Element 2 for info/insturction (reading top down column 4)

Element 3 X X
Element 6 needs info from Element 3 and Element 4 (reading top down column 6)
Element 4 X Element 3 feeds info/output to Element 1 and Element 6 (reading across row element
3)
Element 5 X
Element 6 Element 3
o Transfers info from its output to Element 1 (read horizontally Element 3 row)
o Requires info or depends on Element 2 output (read vertically Element 3 column)

Element 5 provides/transfers info to Element 4 (read horizontal Element 5 row)


depends on input from Element 4
Element 4 requires/ depends on info from Element 5 (read vertical Element 4 column )

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DSM Interaction Matrix: Serial Connection

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
Element 1 X X 1 2
Element 2 X X Direct/Serial Connection
Cells or Modules are connected in Series
Element 3 X X
Tasks that require Input from previous
Element 4 X tasks to complete

Element 5 X
Element 1 sends info to Element 2 (reading left right horizontal in Element 1)
Element 6 Element 2 receives info from Element 1 (reading top down vertical in Element 2)

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DSM Interaction Matrix: Parallel Connection

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
2
4
Element 1 X X Parallel Connection
Element 2 X X Element 3 and Element 4 are independent elements
with no direct connections
Element 3 X X Cells or Modules are connected indirectly to Module 2
Tasks that independent and can be performed at the
Element 4 X same time and do not require an input from each other

Element 5 X
Element 6 Element 2 transfers info to Element 3 and Element 4
(reading left right horizontal in Element 2)

Element 3 depends info from Element 2 Element 4 depends info from Element 2
(reading top down vertical in Element 3) (reading top down vertical in Element 4)

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DSM Interaction Matrix: Coupled Connection

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
6
Element 1 X X
Coupled Connection
Element 2 X X Element 5 and Element 6 are inter-related
Cells or Modules that depend on each other for connection
Element 3 X X Tasks that require rework of previous tasks once they are
Element 4 X connected (iterated tasks)

Element 5 X X
Element 6 X
Element 5 supply info to Element 6
(reading left right horizontal in Element 5)

Element 5 receives info from Element 6


(reading top down vertical in Element 5)

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How to Read DSM Interaction Matrix
Feedforward
Region
Independent
or Dependent
Elements

Element 2
Element 3
Element 1

Element 2

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6

Element 1

Element 5

Element 3

Element 4

Element 6
Element 1 Element 1

Element 2 Element 5 X
Element 3 Element 3

Element 4 Element 4

Element 5 X Element 2
Feedback Element 6 Element 6
Region
Interdependent Feedback from cell 5 to cell 2 Feedforward from cell 5 to cell 2
or Coupled
Elements

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Where is the Interface in the Matrix?

Output

Element 1 collapse Element 1

Input
Interface

Element 2 Element 2

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Dependency and Numerical DSM

o Cells (numbered “1”) closest to the diagonal cells (blue

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
cells) have direct impacts or received direct impacts from
the Element in the diagonals
Element 1 1 2 3 4 5 o Cells further away from the diagonal cells have less and
Element 2 1 1 2 3 4 less impact from the diagonal cells as we move further
away
Element 3 2 1 1 2 4 Interaction forces are weaker as we mover further away
Element 4 3 2 1 1 2 from the diagonal
Element 5 4 3 2 1 1
o Numerical values are used to qualify the degree of impact
Element 6 5 4 3 2 1 and dependency of the Elements with respect to the
diagonal Elements
Scale
1 Very High Dependency with diagonal cells
2 High Dependency with diagonal cells Important Note
3 Moderate Dependency with diagonal cells For process and task DSM: the further away from the
4 Low Dependency with diagonal cells diagonal, the larger the impact on the system
5 Very Low Dependency with diagonal cells

….. Can you think of examples in the Beer Game?


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Number of Interfaces Increases with Separation

Element 1

Element 2

Element 3

Element 4

Element 5

Element 6
Element 1 1 2 3 4 5 Element 5 Element 4 Element 3 Element 2 Element 1
Element 2 1 1 2 3 4
Element 3 2 1 1 2 4
Element 4 3 2 1 1 2
Element 5 4 3 2 1 1 Element 6
Element 6 Element 6 Element 6 Element 6
Element 6 5 4 3 2 1

1 Interface 2 Interfaces 3 Interfaces 4 Interfaces 5 Interfaces

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INTERACTION MATRIX 1
DESIGN STRUCTURE MATRIX
SEQUENCE OF PROCESSES

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Logical Architecture

The proper order and arrangement of functions and processes


of operations in Design Structure Matrix creates the
Logical Architecture of the System

Logical Architecture embeds the systematic design of Functional


Architecture and Physical Architecture which makes the System
behave and satisfy User requirements

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Interfaces 1 Sequence of Processes

Process 1 Process 2 Process 3 Process 4


Process 1 X
Process 2 X
Process 3 X
Process 4 X
Get all the processes in line with the diagonal

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Interactions 1 – Sequence of Processes (Bread Machine)
Sequencing is the ordering of activities and processes in a logical and efficient manner

Preparing Fermentation Kneading 1 Rising Kneading 2 Baking Cooling

Preparing X Mixing
Fermentation X Kneading
Kneading 1 X Resting
Rising X Kneading
Kneading 2 X Baking/Heating
Baking X
Cooling
Cooling X

Sequence of Feed Forward Operations


o Right (Output) Arrow and Down (Input) Arrow
o Processes in Operations

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Interactions 1 – Sequence of Processes (Bread Machine)

Preparing Fermentation Kneading 1 Rising Kneading 2 Baking Cooling

Preparing X Mixing
Bread Mix
Fermentation X Kneading
Dough
Kneading 1 X Resting
Fermented
Rising Dough X Kneading
Rise Dough
Kneading 2 X Baking/Heating
Ready Dough
Baking X
Bread Cooling
Cooling X

Sequence of Feed Forward Operations Sequence of Feedback


o Right (Output) Arrow and Down (Input) Arrow o Left (Output) Arrow and Up (Input) Arrow
o Processes in Operations o Output from Processes

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INTERACTION MATRIX 2
DESIGN STRUCTURE MATRIX
SUB-SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS AND EMERGING BEHAVIOR

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Interfaces 3a Interaction of Components

Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 4


Form 1 X
Form 2 X X
Form 3 X X
Form 4 X X
Explore each Cell in the Matrix to Analyse Possible Interaction between Physical Forms

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Interfaces 3b Emerging Behavior of Interacting Processes

Function 1 Function 2 Function 3 Function 4


Function 1 X
Function 2 X
Function 3 X
Function 4 X
Explore each Cell with the surrounding Cells in the Matrix to Analyse Possible
Interactions between Functions

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Interactions 3a – Dependency of Components (Bread Machine)

Ingredients Pan Kneader Controller Motor Heater Housing


Ingredients X X X
Pan 1 X X X X
Kneader 2 1 X X X X
Controller 1 X X X X
Motor 1 1 X X
Heater 3 1 X X
Housing 4 3 3 1 1 X

Scale
1 Very High Dependency with diagonal cells
2 High Dependency with diagonal cells Upper Triangular Matrix is a Inverse of
3 Moderate Dependency with diagonal cells Lower Triangular Matrix
4 Low Dependency with diagonal cells
5 Very Low Dependency with diagonal cells (not shown)

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INTERACTION MATRIX 3
DESIGN AND DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX
ORDER AND RELATIONSHIPS

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Physical Architecture

The proper order and arrangement of components in


Dependency Structure Matrix creates the
Physical Architecture of the System

Physical Architecture ensures that the interfaces and connections


are in proper locations to allow Logical Architecture to carry out
the functions and processes uninterrupted

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Interfaces 2 Relationship and Order

Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 4


Function 1 X
Function 2 X
Function 3 X
Function 4 X
Get all the forms next to each other
An empty cell means there is no interface connection between the
neighbouring forms
Gap
with no interfaces of Form 1 Form 2 Form 3 Form 4
Element 2 with Element
1 and Element 3 Function 1 X
Function 2
Function 3 X
Function 4 X
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Interactions 2 – Relationship and Interactions (Solutions)
Assigning and Mapping of Processes to Components or Elements
Ingredients Pan Kneader Motor Heater Controller Housing
Preparing X X X
Fermentation X X X X X
Kneading 1 X X X X X
Rising X X X
Kneading 2 X X X X X X
Baking X X X X
Cooling X X X
Pathway 1 is blocked because of Pathway 2 to complete the process
missing elements and interfaces

Possible Solutions Issues and Requirements in Solutions


1. Unblock Pathway 1 in green 1. Moving Component/Element to a Suitable Location to fill in missing Gap
2. Use Pathway 2 in blue 2. Incorrect Process Sequence (horse before cart)

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Interfaces 2 – Pathway 1 Solution (Interface DSM)

Ingredients Pan Kneader Controller Motor Heater Housing


Preparing X X X
Fermentation X X X X X
Kneading 1 X X X X X
Rising X X X
Kneading 2 X X X X X X
Baking X X X X
Cooling X X X

In this first example, the Controller and Heater columns are switched
This is to build interface connections to all cells sequential and continuous interfaces (yellow cells) between
for the Component Elements (so that the functions are also continuous)

Other Issue
From the process view point, the order of the processes is not correct
Example: Controller (most important subsystem) is placed after kneader, which means kneader could not
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function properly without Controller supplying input to the kneader (eg timing stop/start)
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Interfaces 2 – Pathway 2 Solution (Process DSM)

Ingredients Pan Controller Kneader Motor Heater Housing


Preparing X X X
Fermentation X X X X X
Kneading 1 X X X X X
Rising X X X
Kneading 2 X X X X X X
Baking X X X X
Cooling X X X

In this second example, the Controller and Kneader columns are switched
This is to allow the Controller to provide input instructions to the Kneader, as well as Motor and Heater
Note the two Pathways are fully functional and merge at Motor Column to complete the entire baking process
Pathway 1 controls and instructs Kneading 1 (green)
Pathway 2 controls and instructs Kneading 2 (blue)
Learning Point:
In Process DSM, place the most commonly used processes at the beginning (ie top left corner) and the 31
remainder processes close to the diagonal line of the matrix © LGChan
INTERACTION MATRIX 4
DESIGN AND DEPENDENCY STRUCTURE MATRIX
CLUSTERING AND PARTITION

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Example: Clustering and Partitioning Matrix

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3

Component 4

Component 5

Component 6

Component 6

Component 4

Component 5

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3
Component 1 Component 5

Component 1 X X Component 6
Component 2
Component 2 X X Component 4 X
Component 3 X X Component 5 X
Component 4 X Component 3 Component 4 Component 1 X X
Component 5 X Component 2 X X
Component 6 Component 3 X X
Component 6

Original Matrix Process Architecture Partition Matrix

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Example: Creating Module and Interface
Kneading
Module

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3

Component 4

Component 5

Component 6

Component 6

Component 4

Component 5

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3
Component 1 X X Component 6

Interface
Component 2 X X Component 4 X
Component 3 X X Component 5 X
Component 4 X Component 1 X X
Baking
Component 5 X Component 2 X X Module
Component 6 Component 3 X X
How many Interfaces in Original Matrix? Partition Matrix with 2 Module Clusters
Answer: 8 minimum
How many Interfaces in Partition Matrix?
Answer: 1

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Partitioning/Clustering in Component Matrix to Modules

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Interactions 4 – Clustering and Partition (Bread Machine)
Clustering is the grouping of components in tightly knitted groups
Partitioning is re-arranging components into clusters or modules
Ingredients Pan Kneader Controller Motor Heater Housing
Ingredients X X X

source: dependency of components


Pan X X X X
Kneader X X X X
Controller X X X X
Motor X X
Heater X X
Housing X
Kneading Module Baking Module

Several components are grouped together as Modules


Each module produce a specific function
o Kneading Module: kneading function
o Baking Module: baking function

Interface between the 2 modules is at Controller Element and Motor Element


Can you find any feedback among the Component Elements in the System? 36
© LGChan
Design Considerations

Sequencing of Clustering of
Feedforward
Processes and Tasks Components

Component 6

Component 1

Component 5

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3
Loose

Process 6

Process 4

Process 5

Process 1

Process 2

Process 3
Cohesion

Process 6 X X Component 6 X X
X X Tight
Process 4 Component 4 X X Cohesion
Process 5 X Component 5 X
Process 1 X Component 1 X
Process 2 X Component 2 X
Process 3 X Component 3 X

Upper Triangle Middle Diagonal Band


Feedback

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Connections and Interactions

Component 2

Component 4

Component 6
Component 1

Component 2

Component 3

Component 4

Component 5

Component 6

Component 1

Component 3

Component 5

Component 1

Component 2

Component 3

Component 4

Component 5

Component 6
Component 1 X X X Component 1 X X X X Component 1 X X
Component 2 X X Component 2 X X Component 2 X
Component 3 X Component 3 X Component 3 X X
Component 4 X Component 4 X Component 4 X X X
Component 5 X Component 5 X Component 5 X X
Component 6 X Component 6 X Component 6 X

Component 1 and Component 3 Component 2 and Component 3 Component 3, Component 4 and


are connected in Series are connected in Parallel Component 5 are Coupled

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END OF LECTURE 2.2
SYSTEMS INTERACTIONS AND INTERFACES

39
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Free DSM Software Tools

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SDM 5001 SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE

LECTURE 2.3
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING CONCEPTS and TOOLS

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ABSTRACTION

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Abstraction
Definition
Abstraction (or “construct”) is a process by which concepts are derived from the usage and classification of
literal ("real" or "concrete") concepts, first principles, or other methods (Wiki)

Abstraction is a representation in terms of presumed essentials, with a corresponding suppression of the


non-essentials (Rechtin Maier 2009)

Use of Abstraction in Systems Architecting


o Abstraction is used to identify and construct elements and subsystems with the required properties
express through their interfaces
o Abstraction hides the complexity inside a system (from a certain viewpoint) and facilitates the reuse of a
system (from the class and properties)
o Abstraction enables designers of a system to think at a higher level
o designers do not have to deal with a lot of complex details
o designers can focus on overall architecture and spend more time in producing better designs

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Abstracted View

Level of
Abstraction

Zoom Out

SYSTEM OF INTEREST
Zoom In

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Abstraction is the process of hiding
complexity : separating what you
want to do from how to do it.

Physical Layout of PC Motherboard Abstracted View of PC Motherboard

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Examples of Abstraction
Mathematics: complex number (square root of negative number)

Software Engineering: application programming interface (API)


between an application and the operating system
Middleware programs
Software
Programming: C++ libraries, R Packages

Internet: Amazon One-Click Check-Out

Semiconductor: system on a chip


ASIC (application specific integrated circuit) design

Computer System OS abstraction layers: hardware, firmware, assembler,


operating system and processes

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VIEWS AND SYSTEMS

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Views and Viewpoints
A View is a description of the entire system from the perspective of a set of related concerns (IEEE 1471-
2000)

A view
o a representative model which share the attributes, properties that are relevant to the same concerns of
the client
o technical (engineering), functional (capability), operational (process), strategic (business), etc.

A Viewpoint is template, pattern, or specification for constructing a view

The purpose of views and viewpoints is to enable engineers to


o comprehend very complex systems by making it simply to understand
o organize the elements of the problem
o Identify and solve problems around domains of expertise and to separate concerns

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High Point of View

SYSTEM OF INTEREST

Low Point of View


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PARTITIONING
He who can properly define and divide is to be considered a god (Plato)

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Many Levels of a Complex Systems

System Level 0
System Level 0

Sub System Level 1

Sub System Level 2

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Partitioning

Partitioning is to divide the Systems into Sub-Systems (or Clusters or


Modules) of specific interests
(eg functions, properties, location, etc) for strategic design and analysis

Two general methods of partitioning:

Decomposition Layering
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Partitioning - Decomposition
Decomposition is a process to separate into component parts or elements
into simpler compounds (usually called modules).
Decomposition break down the complexity of the subsystem in the module

Each Module has specific functions or relationships or physical properties


(that is, each module has certain common properties as determined by the
system designer)

Each level of abstraction reveals more details (more abstract) or less details
(less abstract) about the overall systems

Decomposition is commonly used in product architecture


(example: modular design)
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Example of Decomposition

Decomposition of Functions in a Systems Decomposition of Automobile Systems

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Partitioning - Layering
Layering is a specific form of partitioning by using Point of Views

Layering helps to keep the architecture with functions or behaviour


which are focused to satisfy the user requirements at each layer
(that is, each layer addresses a particular point of view to satisfy a user specific
requirement)

Layering is commonly used in


o software programming
(example: middleware, user interface, office applications)
o computer systems
(example: kernel, operating systems, storage, network)
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Example: Software Layered Systems
Application Layer Provides network services required by client
7 Layer OSI
Open Systems Ensures data is uniformly structure and
Presentation Layer
Interconnection formatted for network transmission
Defines control structures that manage
Session Layer
communications between computers
Transport Layer Provides reliable data flow and error recovery
Defines network addresses and how data
Network Layer
packets are routed over the network
Defines specific methods of data transmission
Data Link Layer
over physical layer
Physical components (eg cable connectors)
Physical Layer
that carry data

5 Layer TCP/IP model of OS and Applications Software services


Client Computer Systems
Kernel Library and routines

Assembler Machine language

Firmware Specifies hardware

Hardware Physical Components


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Example of Layered Systems Architectures
Common across Platforms
Layer 4
Platform Independent
Layer 4 Unique to Platform Domain
One solution
to many Layer 3 Layer 3
One problem
problems with many
Layer 2 Layer 2 solutions

Layer 1 Unique to Problem Layer 1 Common across Problem Domains

Platform Uniqueness Problem Domain Uniqueness


A common platform used for solving many types of problems A common problem with many platform solutions

View Point: Solution to Problems View Point: Problem to Solutions


Each Layer addresses a solution which can be partitioned for more problems Each Layer addresses a problem which can be partitioned for more solutions

Example: Transport Domain Problem has


Example: Internet platform used for many applications many solutions within the overall problem

Express Train
Layer 4 Internet Platform

subway

budget

normal
direct

hub
bus
car
Layer 4

Layer 3 Secured Platform Unsecured Platform

Internatio
Govern Entertainm Layer 3 Road Rail Domestic
Layer 2 Business Social nal
ment ent

Layer 2 Land Problem Air Problem


Shopping

Payment

Military

Games

Videos
Email
Legal

Blog

Layer 1
Layer 1 Transportation Problem

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How to Partition – General Approach
Identify Specific Functions or Relationships
Search for system elements or technologies able to perform
functions and physical interfaces to carry input-output and control
flows

1. Partition using Same Criteria of Functional Elements


Partition (functions, scenarios, input-outputs, signals, etc) into clusters,
modules or sub-systems using the given criteria and allocate partitioned sets
to system elements

2. Partition to Facilitate Production And Testing


Sub-systems should be independent as possible for production and testing

3. Partition for Minimal Interface Contact


Use a configuration which minimizes communications

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Granularity
Systems can be viewed from various degree or fineness of detailed information and analysis
Granularity describes the degree of subdivision which goes into the details of the systems

Coarse Grained Systems have few levels of Fine Grained Systems have more levels
decomposition/abstraction of decomposition/abstraction
(overview of systems is possible) (finer details of systems can be obtained)

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SYSTEMS MODELLING

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Systems Architecting – Modeling
System Architecting is the process of defining the Systems Architecture
It converts abstract ideas, visions, and concepts into physical, functional, or behavioral realization

Definition
A model is an approximation, representation, or idealization of selected aspects of the structure,
behavior, operation, or other characteristics of a real-world process, concept, or system (IEEE
610.12-1990)

Modeling is the creation of abstractions or representations of the system to predict and analyze
performances, costs, schedules, and risks and to provide guidelines for systems research,
development, design, manufacture, and management

What is a Reductionist Model?


A reductionist model describes a system by describing its parts and their interactions
It uses an analogy between the components of the model and the components of the system,
and describes how the system functions based on the interaction of its elements
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Classifying Models by Views
The model to use depends on Functional Development
o domain or type of Problem
o requirements of Client Require
ments
o views of the System
Operations Physical

Viewpoints Description
Requirements What the Client wants
Physical What the System is
Functional / Logical What the System does
Operations / Process How effectively the System does it
Development How the System is put together

(Ref: Reichtin Maier (2009) The Art of Systems Architecting 3rd ed Chapter 8 Boca Raton: CRC Press) 24
(Ref: Kruchten (1995) The 4+1 View Model of Architecture. IEEE Software Vol 12 No 6 pp 42-50) © LGChan
Architecture Views
Every system has at least five architectural views:

1. Requirements View are the to satisfy the needs, expectations, and specifications of
the stakeholders
2. Operations View is to express how the system operational assets are employed
(meaning deployed, operated, and supported) by the user.
The efficiency of the operation is measured by its performance of the system
outcomes
3. Functional View (Logical) supports the functional operation of the system all along
its life cycle, and may include functional, behavioral, and capabilities views/models
4. Physical View describes how a set of physical elements are composed, constructed,
configured, and interfaced to respond to external signals and inputs
5. Development View is the design of components and integration of systems

Each view is consistent with and traceable to other views


Representative models are created for each architecture view during systems architecting
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Modeling Techniques 1
The model to use depends on the domain of the problem and requirements of the client

1 Models of Forms
1.1 Scale Models (3D)
o Physical representation of architecture on a reduced size which allows the stakeholders to have a
conceptualized view of the system
o Examples: building models, ship models, aircraft models

1.2 Block Diagram Models (2D)


o In model of forms on paper, block diagrams correspond to physically identifiable elements of the
system
o Examples: Hatley Pirbhai, system interconnect diagrams, system flow diagrams, structure charts, class
and object diagrams, manufacturing process diagrams

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Modeling Techniques 2
2 Behavioral of Functional Models
2.1 Scenarios and Use Cases
o A thread or scenario is a sequence or ordered list of events of actions that represents the behavior
of the system. Models walk through activities
o Example: Use Case in SysML

2.2 Data and Event Flow Networks


o Models define the behavior of a system by a network of functions or processes, in graphical
hierarchy, that exchange data objects
o Example: function flow block diagram (FFBD)

2.3 Mathematical System Theory


o Models behavior of the system over time evolution with feedback
o Example: linear control theory, operations research, economics model, and dynamic system

2.4 Public Choice and Behavior Models


o Models behavior of human society such as public choice, consumer preferences
o Example: focus groups, consumer surveys, intelligent transport systems
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Modeling Techniques 3
3 Performance Models
o Models how effectively an architecture satisfies some chosen objectives, such as, accuracy,
adaptation, cost, reliability, etc (“ilities”)
o Example: formal methods in software engineering (comply with specifications)

4 Data Models
o Suitable for data-intensive systems for managing data storage and the relationships and structure
among data
o Example: big data models

5 Managerial Models
o Managerial models are commonly used in project management in the implementation of the project
Example: strategic models, budgeting and costing, quality control, flight simulator

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END OF LECTURE 2.3
SYSTEMS ARCHITECTING CONCEPT AND TOOLS

29
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DSM EXCEL Add-In

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Download

Download EXCEL Add In from


http://www.dsmweb.org/en/dsm-tools/research-tools/excel-macros-for-partitioning.html

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Untear Torn DSM Simulate DSM

Start DSM Menu

DSM
Pull Down Menu

Clear All Data Partition DSM Tear DSM

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Define New Elements in “Elements Info” Tab
Click Update for any
changes

Rows can be inserted


and deleted with EXCEL
commands

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Enter Relationships in “DSM” Tab

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Bottom Tab Worksheets

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