1

lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk losZ{k.k

 çeq[k Hkkjrh; v/;;u
¼1½ lek;kstu laca/kh Hkkjrh;
v/;;u
 çeq[k fons'kh v/;;u
¼1½ lek;kstu laca/kh fons'kh
v/;;u
 2

lacaf/kr lkfgR; dk loZs{k.k

ekuo dks fdlh Hkh {ks= dk laiw.kZ Kku
iqLrdksa ls ,oa iqLrdky; esa miyC/k midj.k lkexzh
ls gh gks ldrk gSA fdlh Hkh {ks= esa Kku izkIr
djus ds fy, 'ksk/kdrkZ dks iqLrdky; ,oa mlds vusd
lk/kuksa ls ifjp; izkIr djuk iM+rk gS] rHkh mldk
'kks/k izca/k izHkkoiw.kZ cu ldrk gSA orZeku le;
esa baVjusV Hkh ,d izHkko'kkyh ek/;e ds :i esa
'kks/kdrkZvksa ds lkeus vk;k gS] ftldh lgk;rk ls u
dsoy Hkkjrh; o fons'kh lkfgR; dk v/;;u fd;k tk ldrk
gSA cfYd fo"k; ls lacaf/kr gq, dk;ksZ dh laiw.kZ
tkudkjh Hkh izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
lanHkZ lkexzh dk v/;;u le; lk/; rks vo'; gksrk
gS] ijarq 'kks/k dk;ZØe dk ;g ,d vR;ar mi;ksxh i{k
gSA ,d ckj 'kSf{kd lkfgR; dh dqath izkIr gks tkus
ij iqLrdksa ,oa if=dkvksa ds can Kku ds }kj dks
[kksyus ds fy, vuqla/kkudrkZ mls mfpr :i esa
iz;ksx djrk gSA 'kks/kdrkZ bl lkfgR; dks i<+dj
vius mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ djus okyh lkexzh dk p;u dj
ysrk gSA vkSj ladfyr djus esa lfØ; gks tkrk gSA
lkFk gh lkFk lacaf/kr fo"k; ds v/;;u ds
'kks/kdrkZ dks Hkh irk py tkrk gS fd lacaf/kr fo"k;
 3

esa fdruk laHko gS lkFk gh mlus vkus okyh leL;k,

¡ o fuokj.k rFkk mudh izkfIr;ka Hkh irk py tkrh gS
ftlus vius {ks= esa 'kks/kdrkZ dks lgk;rk feyrh gS
,oa uohurk ykus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA
lek;kstu ls lacaf/kr Hkkjrh; v/;;u
¼1½ Jherh [kqjkuk jktdqekjh ¼1976&77½
%&
'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;
esa ^^çfrHkk'kkyh ,oa 'kSf{kd n`f"V ls fiNM+s
Nk=ksa dk lek;kstu laca/kh leL;kvksa dk
v/;;u** ,e-,M- Lrj ij fd;k ftlds fuEufyf[kr fu"d"kZ
gSaA
 4

fu"d"kZ %&
1-Nk=ksa dk fo|ky; ds çfr vlarks"k gS fd mUgsa
i;kZIr Ldwy lkexzh miyC/k ugha gksrh gSA
2-v:fpiw.kZ fo"k; gSA
3-çnÙkksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd dqN ,d 'kSf{kd
n`f"V ls fiNM+s Nk=ksa dk i<+kbZ esa
detksj gksus ds dkj.k lkfFk;ksa }kjk vLohdkj
fd;k tkrk gSA
4-mfpr volj ugha feyukA
5-d{kk esa Nk=ksa dk vo/kku jgukA
6-f'k{kd dk O;ogkj fiNM+s Nk=ksa ds çfr dBksj
gSA
¼2½ JhokLro vatuk ¼1989&90½ %&
'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;
esa fd'kksj ckydksa ,oa ckfydkvksa esa lek;kstu
rFkk mudh oS"kf;d miyfC/k ds laca/k esa
rqyukRed v/;;u ,e-,M- Lrj ij fd;k ftlds fu"d"kZ
fuEufyf[kr gSaA
fu"d"kZ %&
1-Nk=&Nk=kvksa esa laosxkRed] lkekftd rFkk
lexz lek;kstu ds e/; lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
2-'kSf{kd n`f"V ls Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/;
lkFkZd varj ik;k x;kA
 5

3-lexz oS"kf;d miyfC/k ds e/;eku ds e/; varj

lkFkZd ugha gSA
4-Nk=kvksa esa lek;kstu rFkk miyfC/k ds e/;
laca/k lkFkZd ugha gSA
¼3½ frokjh vk'kk nsoh ¼1980&81½ %&
'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;
esa mPp cqf) ,oa fuEu cq) Nk=kvksa dh lek;kstu
laca/kh leL;kvksa dk v/;;u ,e-,M- Lrj ij fd;k ftlds
fu"d"kZ bl çdkj gSaA
 6

fu"d"kZ %&
1-vf/kdka'k Nk=kvksa ds lEeq[k fo"k; laca/kh
leL;k,¡ gSa fuEu cqf) dh 'kr&çfr'kr Nk=kvksa
dh fo"k;oLrq dfBu yxrh gSA mPp cqf)
Nk=kvksa ds lEeq[k fo|ky; esa ,sfPNd
fo"k;ksa ds vHkko dh leL;k gSA
2-çnÙkksa ls fofnr gksrk gS fd fuEu cqf) dh
Nk=kvksa dh i<+kbZ esa detksj gksus ds
dkj.k lgikfB;ksa }kjk vLohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA
3-f'kf{kdk ds dBksj O;ogkj ls dqN Nk=k,
¡ vlek;ksftr gSaA
4-dqN fuEu cqf) dh Nk=kvksa dks i;kZIr v/;;u
lkexzh miyC/k ugha gksrh vr% vlek;ksftr
gSaA
5-çnÙkksa ds voyksdu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd dqN
Nk=kvksa ds lEeq[k LoHkko laca/kh vknrsa
'kh?kz Øks/k vkuk >q>¡ykgV vkfn dh leL;k,
¡ gSaA
6-dqN Nk=k,¡ vfu;ferrk dk f'kdkj gSaA dqN
fuEu cqf) Nk=k,¡ ckSf)d n`f"V ls vik= gSaA
¼4½ esuu ih-,u- ¼1982½ %&
'kks/kkFkhZ us Nk=ksa esa mudh 'kS{kf.kd
miyfC/k] cqf)] foHksndkjh] vfHk:fp] lek;kstu ,oa
 7

vkdka{kk Lrj esa laca/k dk fu"iknu fd;kA ;g dk;Z

ih-,pMh- ,tqds'ku ,e-,l-;w- esa dh gSA
fu"d"kZ %&
1-mPp ,oa fuEu laiknu gsrq vkB foHksndkjh
dkj.k vyx fd, x,A muesa ls dqN lkekU;]
ekufld] ;ksX;rk] nwjh laca/kh] xf.krh;
;ksX;rk] ;kaf=dh; fopkj] Hkk"kk ç;ksx]
'kS{kf.kd miyfC/k dkj.kA
2-;g lglaca/k v/;;u gsrq dsoy lkr pj lkFkZd :i ls
Nk=ksa ls lacaf/kr gSA
 8

¼5½ lDlsuk deys'k ¼1985½ %&

'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; ds lo.kZ o gfjtu
fd'kksj Nk=ksa ds lek;kstu dk v/;;u ,e-,M- Lrj ij
fd;k ftlds fu"d"kZ bl çdkj gSaA
fu"d"kZ %&
1-lo.kZ Nk=ksa dk lkekftd lek;kstu gfjtu
Nk=ksa ls T;knk vPNk gSA
2-lo.kZ Nk=ksa dk 'kS{kf.kd lek;kstu gfjtu
Nk=ksa ls T;knk vPNk gSA
3-lo.kZ Nk=ksa dk lexz lek;kstu gfjtu Nk=ksa ls
lexz lek;kstu ls T;knk gSA
4-gfjtu laosxkRed lek;kstu lo.kZ Nk=kvksa dh
vis{kk T;knk gSA
5-gfjtu Nk=kvksa dk laosxkRed lo.kZ
Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk T;knk gSA
6-lo.kZ Nk=kvksa dk 'kS{kf.kd lek;kstu gfjtu
Nk=kvksa dh vis{kk T;knk vPNk gSA
¼7½ jsìh vkbZ-Ogh-vkj- ¼1983½ %&
'kks/kdrhZ us ek/;fed Lrj ds Nk=ksa dk
'kSf{kd lek;kstu rFkk oS"kf;d miyfC/k ds e/;
laca/k ns'kkarjh; v/;;u ih-,pMh- Lrj ¼euksfoKku½
ij fd;k gSA
fu"d"kZ %&
 9

1-'kS{kf.kd lek;kstu rFkk oS"kf;d miyfC/k esa

lkFkZd :i ls laca/k FkkA
2-ekufld ;ksX;rk ,oa oS"kf;d miyfC/k la;r :i ls
lacaf/kr FksA
3-'kS{kf.kd lek;kstu] lkekftd vkfFkZd Lrj ls
lacaf/kr ugha FkkA
¼7½ leS;k vuqih ¼2000½ %&
lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjks ds
vkRelacks/k ,oa lek;kstu dk rqyukRed v/;;u ,e-,M-
dh mikf/k ds fy, y?kq'kks/k gSA
 10

fu"d"kZ %&
1-lkekU; fd'kksjksa ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa dk
lexz vkRe lacks/k Kkr djus ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudyk
fd lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lexz
vkRelacks/k ds e/;eku ds e/; lkFkZd varj ugha
ik;k x;kA
2-lkekU; Nk= fd'kksj ,oa fodykax Nk=
fd'kksjksa ds vkRe lacks/k ds fofHké ?kVdksa
esa dksbZ lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA
3-lkekU; ,oa fodykax fd'kksjksa ds lek;kstu esa
lkFkZd varj ugha gksxkA
4-lkekU; Nk= ,oa fodykax Nk= fd'kksjksa ds
lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gksxkA
¼8½ nqcs vuqHkk ¼2007&08½ %&
'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk egkfo|ky;
esa vkoklh; fo|ky; vkSj lkekU; fo|ky; ds cPpksa
esa lek;kstu ,oa nwljksa ij fuHkZjrk dk rqyukRed
v/;;u ,e-,M- Lrj ij fd;k ftlds fuEu fu"d"kZ gSaA
fu"d"kZ %&
1-vkoklh; fo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/;
lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gS vr% blls ;g
Li"V gksrk gS fd vkoklh; fo|ky; ds
Nk=&Nk=kvksa dh lek;kstu {kerk leku gSA
 11

2-lkekU; fo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/;

lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
3-laiw.kZ Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; lek;kstu esa
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
4-vkoklh; fo|ky; ,oa lkekU; fo|ky; ds
Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds e/; lek;kstu esa lkFkZd
varj ugha gSA
 12

¼9½ fouksns uouhrk ¼2007&08½ %&

'kks/kkFkhZ us lkxj fo'ofo|ky; esa
fd'kksjkoLFkk esa lkxj 'kgj ds ckyd ,oa
ckfydkvksa ds lkekftd lek;kstu dk v/;;u ,e-,M- Lrj
ij fd;k ftuds fu"d"kZ bl çdkj gSaA
fu"d"kZ %&
1-'kkldh; fo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds
laosxkRed lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k
x;kA
2-v'kkldh; fo|ky; ds Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lkekftd
lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha ik;k x;kA
3-lexz Nk=ksa ,oa lexz Nk=ksa ds laosxkRed
lek;kstu esa lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
4-lexz Nk=&Nk=kvksa ds lexz vk;keksa ds e/;
lkFkZd varj ugha gSA
lek;kstu ls lacaf/kr fons'kh v/;;u
¼1½ 7710 %&
uokulu MsfoM] Mwuj 2052 ,oa tVj foykse lhl
Hkw LVhu gkse LohMu us lek;kstu dk v/;;u fd;k
U;w;kdZ ,oa okMZ gky LVsV & 1985] 6] 121] 50A
¼2½ 2410 %&
 13

ys tsjl fjpkZM ,l ¼U;wdsyh Qksfu;k

csjdksyh½ lek;kstu dk rjhdk rhljk laLdj.k U;w;kdZ
,<+ okMZ] ,e- xzksfgr 1976&12 , 401 ist 12&35
VsLV cqd QkWj vaM xzstq,V LVqMs.Vy bu
lkbdkWykthA2
¼3½ 8157 %&
csdj ekdZ vkj okaf'kxVu LVsV ;w fMtj Vs'kubu
LVwDV ,aVj us'kuy 1979 Qjojh [kaM 398 ch-
4017&4018 ysdj ekdZ vkj- us ;kaf=d le`fr]
O;fäRo ,oa lek;kstu ds ckjs esa laca/k LFkkfir
fd;kA3
¼4½ 1358 %&
Hkys u fcyh lqlu ,e- yqfl;kuk LVsV ,oa ,-,e-
dkSy us chekj dksf'kdk] ,uhfe;k MkbfcVht ,oa
lkekU; 'kkjhfjd fodkl ds e/; rqyuk O;ogkfjd
lek;kstu dk v/;;u fd;kA4
¼5½ 3480 %&
gsjksM~Vkl tqfbybZ Vw Qyksjht oSokfgd
thou esa lek;kstu fyaxh; larks"k dk lek;kstu ,oa
O;ogkj ds e/; laca/k LFkkfir fd;kA5
¼6½ 819 %&
 14

dkaxj tkuts ;w dksyjksM= esMhdy flVh vkj

Msuoj Ldwy ,oa dkyst ds cPpksa ds lek;kstu dks
ysdj v/;;u fd;kA6
¼7½ 3532 %&
tks=k jysDl ,oa os;j vuLVj vkjhtksuk LVsV ;w
us Nk=ksa ds thou ds ladV dkyhu le; dk
euksoSKkfud lek;kstu dk v/;;u fd;kA7
¼8½ 8157 %&
csdj ekdZ vkj- okaf'kxVu LVsV ;w fMtjVs'k
,uLVsªDV ,aVjus'kuy 1979 Qjojh [kaM 398 ch-
4017&4018 ekdZ vkj- us f'k{kdksa vkSj Nk=ksa
ds chp lek;kstu dk v/;;u fd;kA8
¼9½ 4888 %&
ds lgj Msfu;y gksjLVªk 2-9 us twfu;j
gkbZLdwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ij fd;s x;s ç;ksxksa dk
çeq[k fujh{k.k laca/kh lh[kuk ,oa LohÑfr ls
lek;kstu dk v/;u fd;kA
fMtjVs'ku ,IlVªDV baVjus'kuy 1989A
fn fczfV'k tujy vkQ lkbdkWyksthdy tujy
LsY'ku okY;we 16&17] 1925&26 çdk'kd
dsfEczt ;wfuoflZVh çsl yanu Qhlys] bZ-lh-;w-A
vksfid eSulh ,aM fyxkVj ls xszl ¼1975½ us
flufl=s lbZ iflax
 15

lacaf/kr lkfgR; ds loZs{k.k ds }kjk

'kks/kkFkhZ dks vius 'kks/kdk;Z esa vf/kd lqfo/kk
çkIr gks tkrh gSA blls iwoZ v/;;uksa dh lwpuk o
lacaf/kr rF;ksa dh tkudkjh çkIr gks tkrh gS ftlls og
vius v/;;u dks oSKkfud o vFkZiw.kZ cukus dk ç;kl
djrh gS vkSj lko/kkuhiwoZd viuh leL;k ds lek/kku
esa layXu gks tkrh gSA
çdkf'kr o vçdkf'kr 'kks/k v/;;uksa ds
leh{kkRed loZs{k.k }kjk çLrqr leL;k dks ;kstuked
jhfr ls Øec) o lw=c) djds lek/kku djus esa
vR;kf/kd lgk;rk feyrh gSA
 16

lanHkZ xzaFk
1. Psychology abstract volume 56, August, 1976 Number -2 Published by
the Americal Psychological I.N.C. 1200 Senesth Street N.W.
Washlington D.C. 20036 P.S.
2. Psychology abstract volume 56, August, 1976 Number -2 Published by
the Americal Psychological I.N.C. 1200 Senesth Street N.W.
Washlington D.C. 20036.
3. Volume 62, October 1979, Page No. 843.
4. Volume 62, July 1979, Page No. 135.
5. Volume 62, August 1979, Page No. 349.