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INTRODUCTION
Human brain is the first and foremost controller that controls the sympathetic
and para-sympathetic activities. Brain is the seat of intelligence, initiator of body
development and movement, and controller of behavior. Human brain is the most
complex organ which consists of more than 100 billion nerve cells which
communicates through synapses. Neurons are the nerve cells which carry
information from one organ to another organ of body. The human brain is the
centre of control of the nervous system. Various Neuro-transmitter provide the
channel of communication through various neurons. The communication channel
linked through synapses of earlier nerve cell with the dendrites of next nerve cell.
Our human brain responsible for awareness about environment, control of the
movement of muscles and maintaining the internal temperature. Every creative
thought, feeling, and plan is developed by our brain. Brain is the CPU of world's
most complicated bio-computing machinery, which act as the center of thoughts,
emotions, wisdom, communication, coordination of muscular movements from
sense organ(pain, taste, sight, hear, touch) etc.
Brain tumors are basically categorized on the basis of origin, location, area of
tumor and biological characteristics of tissue. Various types of brain tumors are:
• GLIOMAS: Glioma develop from Glial cells which are supporting cells in the
bram.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: MRI scarmer produced highly detailed
and resolution images of MRI brain by using radio frequency (RF) signals in
magnetic field.
Computed axial tomography (CAT) scan: CAT scanner uses X- rays which
produce, depicts the tumor from different orientation of brain and skull.
Biopsy: A small part of tissue in surgically taken out from the disease organ in
which tissue sample is analyzed for the diagnosis of malignancy under pathological
observation. Biopsy is generally done when the information is needed to provided
proper treatment.
Brain angiogram: A contrast agent is injected into veins for proper resolution in
brain vessel at abnormal tissue accumulation.
MRI imaging modality is the best suited technique for detecting the brain tumor.
1.5 IMAGE PROCESSING USING MATLAB
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Whereas a literature review goes into the depth of the literature surveyed. It
is a method of re-examining, evaluating or assessing the short-listed literature
[literature survey phase]. Review of literature provides a clarity understanding of
the research/project.
2.2 SURVEY
This paper has represented the proposed strategy for the detection and
extraction of the brain tumor from the patient's tomography scanned pictures. This
planned methodology incorporates with a number of noise removal functions by
using median filtering, watershed segmentation and morphological operations. In
this paper, MATLAB software package has been used for the detection and
extraction of growth from brain tomography scanned pictures.
The planned methodology during this paper for the detection of tumour is
using segmentation and bar graph thresholding. It is with success applied for the
detection of tumour and its geometrical dimensions (image data, area, dimension of
pixel). The current study discusses regarding preprocessing, division of image into
left and hemisphere and their intensity plot. The segmentation method has been
done using thresholding purpose.
In this paper, the proposed strategy describes the detection; extraction and
classification of tumor from mri scan pictures of brain; which includes
segmentation and morphological functions.
In this paper varied feature has been extracted like distinction, unsimilarity
homogeneity, entropy, angular moment, and regionprops. Severity of the sickness
is notable, through categories of tumor that is completed through neuro-fuzzy
classifier and making a user friendly envirormient exploitation MATLAB GUI
tool. During this paper ten patients samples has been taken for detection and
classification. It is precised for limited dataset.
SYSTEM MODEL
3.1 INTRODUCTION
In order to reduce the feature vector dimensions and increase the discriminative
power, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used. PCA is appealing since
it effectively reduces the dimensionality of the data and therefore reduces the
computational cost of analyzing new data. Then, the problem of how to classify on
the input data arises.
In recent years, researchers have proposed a lot of approaches for this goal,
which fall into two categories. One category is supervised classification, including
support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN). The other category
is unsupervised classification, including self-organization feature map (SOFM) and
fuzzy c-means. While all these methods achieved good results, and yet the
supervised classifier performs better than unsupervised classifier in terms of
classification accuracy (success classification rate).
Original SVMs are linear classifiers. In this paper, we introduced the kernel
SVMs (KSVMs), which extends original linear SVMs to nonlinear SVM classifiers
by applying the kernel function to replace the dot product form in the original
SVMs. The KSVMs allow us to provide the maximum-margin hyper plane in a
transformed feature space.
The structure of the rest of this methodology is organized as follows. Next Part
gives the detailed procedures of preprocessing, including the discrete wavelet
transform (DWT) and principle component analysis (PCA) and then introduces the
motivation and principles of linear SVM, and then turns to the kernel SVM. After
that introduces the K-fold cross validation.
3.2 PREPROCESSING
3.2.1 SEGMENTATION
Real time diagnosis of tumors by using more reliable algorithms has been an
active of the latest developments in medical imaging and detection of brain tumor
in MR and CT scan images. Hence image segmentation is the fundamental
problem used in tumor detection. Image segmentation can be defined as the
partition or segmentation of a digital image into similar regions with a main aim to
simplify the image under consideration into something that is more meaningful and
easier to analyze visually.
Gabor adapted the FT to analyze only a small section of the signal at a time.
The technique is called windowing or short time Fourier transform (STFT) [23]. It
adds a window of particular shape to the signal. STFT can be regarded as a
compromise between the time information and frequency information. It provides
some information about both time and frequency domain. However, the precision
of the information is limited by the size of the window.
3. 6 CLASSIFIER
SVM classifier is used for classification. SVM is fundamentally a
binary classification algorithm. This classifier is a part of machine learning that
gives computers the ability to learn. It is a set of learning methods that analyze data
pattern which is used for classification. In multi-SVM classifier, more than two
classes are classified. Multi-SVM is used to classify various type of tumors like
benign and malignant.
SVM is a binary classification method in which two classes for input data
has been fixed. For normal case, symbol ‘0’ has been taken; whereas, for abnormal
‘1’ has been taken. The parameters from feature extraction have been used for
classification
3.6.1 KERNEL SVM
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No tumor
No tumor
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No tumor
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No tumor
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No tumor
Otsu segmentation technique was adapted for segmentation and Discrete Wavelet
Transform(DWT) for extracting the features of tumor and SVM classifier for
classification. The accuracy of otsu segmentation is very less when compared to
Thresholding based segmentation. We used 20 images for training and 20 images
for testing.
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CONCLUSION
In this attempt, we implemented the best method to find the tumor growth in brain
using DWT+PCA+KSVM. And obtained 99.38% classification accuracy on
around 50 MR images. Future work should focus on the following four aspects:
First, the proposed SVM based method could be employed for MR images with
other contrast mechanisms. Second, the computation time could be accelerated by
using advanced wavelet transforms such as the lift-up wavelet. Third, Multi-
classification, which focuses on specific disorders studied using brain MRI, can
also be explored. Forth, novel kernels will be tested to increase the classification
accuracy. The DWT can efficiently extract the information from original MR
images with little loss. The advantage of DWT over Fourier Transforms is the
spatial resolution, viz., DWT captures both frequency and location information. In
the future, we will focus on investigating the performance of these algorithms. The
proposed DWT+PCA+KSVM with GRB kernel method.
From another point of view, this kind of classifiers is really designed by “artificial
intelligence” or “computer intelligence”. The computer constructed the classifier
using its own intelligence not the human sense. Our method belongs to the latter
one. Our goal is to construct a universal classifier not regarding to the age, gender,
brain structure, focus of disease, and the like but merely centering on the
classification accuracy and highly robustness. This kind of classifier may need
further improvements since the patients may need convincing and irrefutable proof
to accept the diagnosis of their diseases. There are literatures describing wavelet
transforms, PCA, and kernel SVMs. The most important contribution of this paper
is to propose a method which combines them as a powerful tool for identifying
normal MR brain from abnormal MR brain.