Animal Nutrition

Makanan Hewan
• Makanan
• Makan
• Gizi
• Zat Makanan
• Nutrien
 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Energy Nutrients
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
 Water
• Most Important Nutrient

• Needed in largest amounts of all nutrients

– 65%-85% of body weight at birth
– 45% to 60% of body weight at maturity
– 90%-95% of blood is water
 Functions of Water
• Transportation of other
nutrients and waste
products

• Temperature regulation

• Maintains shape of cells

• Lubricates joints and

organs in the body
 Sources of Water
1. Drinking Water

2. Water within the feed

3. Metabolic water
 1. Drinking Water
Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption
• Heat
• Dry Matter Consumption
• Dietary Factors
– Feeds high in water reduces drinking
– Feeds high in fiber, salt, and proteins increase
drinking
 1. Drinking Water
Things That Affect Drinking Water Consumption

• Function of the animal (lactating cow vs. dry cow)

– Dairy Cow 4-5 lbs of water= 1 lb of milk
– Dairy Cows allowed water twice a day milk production
reduced by 15%
 1. Drinking Water
How much water do mature, non-stressed animals
need?
Swine= 2-5 gal/hd/day

Sheep= 1-4 gal/hd/day

Cattle= 8-16 gal/hd/day

Horses= 10-14 gal/hd/day

 2. Water Within The Feed
• Grains can range from 8% to 30% water

• Forages can range from 5% in a dry hay to

more than 90% water in lush young grass
 3. Metabolic Water
• Water produced by the body during chemical
reactions

• 5-10% of total water intake

 Water Loss
How is water lost from the animals body?
1. Urine

2. Feces

3. Sweat

4. Milk production
 Water Deficiencies
What happens if animals are deprived of water?
1. Reduced feed consumption
– Reduces amount of feed eaten by 27%
– Reduces feed efficiency by 33%
– Reduces weight gain by 50%
2. Weight Loss

3. Water Intoxication
– 4-5 days without water animal will drink up to 50% of body
weight in ½ hour
4. Death

All of these lead to a loss of what?___________________

 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Energy Nutrients
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
 Energy Nutrients
There are 3 types of energy nutrients, what are
they?
1. Carbohydrates

2. Fats

3. Oils
 Energy Nutrients
Where do animals get energy nutrients?
• Grains
– Corn, Oats, Wheat, Barley, Rye

• Forages
– Corn Silage, Straw, Pasture Grasses

• Animal Fats

• Molasses
 Energy Nutrients
What are the functions of energy nutrients?

1. Provide Energy
2. Maintain body temperature
3. Muscle development
4. Growth
5. Development of fetus
 Energy Nutrients
What happens if animals don’t get enough
energy nutrients?
• Slow growth
• Delayed puberty
• Decreased milk production
• Weight Loss
• Less resistance to diseases and parasites
 Energy Nutrients
Animals need more energy nutrients when they are doing
what?

1. Producing Milk
– Energy needs double

2. Pregnant
– Energy needed for baby

3. Working
 Energy Nutrients
What is the most important energy nutrient?

Carbohydrates
 Energy Nutrients -Carbs
What are the 4 things carbohydrates are made up
of?
1. Sugars

2. Starches

3. Cellulose

4. Lignin
 Energy Nutrients- Carbs
What are the functions of carbohydrates?

1. Provide energy for the cells

– Chemical reaction very much like burning
2. Provides energy for muscle movement
– Heartbeat, Walking, Breathing
3. Produce heat to keep animal warm
4. Extra carbs are stored as fats
 Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are
they?
1. Simple Carbs
– Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE’s)
– Consist of sugars and starches
– Supply immediate energy
– Come from cereal grains
 Energy Nutrients- Carbs
There are 2 types of carbohydrates, what are they?
2. Complex Carbs
– Known as fiber
– Consist of cellulose and lignin
– More difficult to digest than simple CHO’s
– Fiber is found primarily and roughages such as hay
and pasture plants.
– Examples are alfalfa, brome grass, orchard grass, and
bluegrass.
 Energy Nutrients- Carbs
Fiber Content
• Dry weight- weight of a feed with the moisture
content removed

• The dry weight of most grains and roughages

ranges from 65-80% CHO

• Mature roughages contain more fiber when

harvested than those that are less mature

• The mature plant is not easily digested

• Ruminants can digest large amounts of fiber

 Energy Nutrients
Carbohydrates are the most important energy
nutrient what are the other 2 energy
nutrients?

Fats and Oils

 Energy Nutrients- Fats and Oils
• Contain more carbon and hydrogen than do
CHO’s

• Fats have 2.25 times the energy value of CHO’s

• Fats are solid at room temperature, oils are liquid

• Easily digested by animals

 Energy Nutrients
How do we measure the amount of energy
nutrients in a animal feed?

Calories
 Energy Nutrients
What is a calorie?
• Unit of energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree
centigrade
– From 14.5 to 15.5 degrees centigrade
• Energy in feeds is expressed in the unit of
measurement of the calorie.
• Kilocalorie (1,000 cal) states the heat content
of feed.
 Energy Nutrients Review
1. What are the three types of energy nutrients?
2. Name 2 sources of energy nutrients
3. Name 2 functions of energy nutrients
4. What are 3 things that can happen if an animal
doesn’t get enough energy nutrients?
5. What is the difference between complex carbs
and simple carbs?
6. Why can cows digest fiber better than pigs?
7. Explain what a calorie measures
 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Energy Nutrients
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
 Proteins
What are proteins?
• Organic compounds that
are made up of amino
acids

• Amino acids are the

building blocks of proteins

• Most expensive part of

animal ration
 Proteins
What are the functions of proteins?

1. Build and repair body organs and tissues

– Ligaments, Hair, Hooves, Horns, Skin, Muscles

2. Production of milk, eggs, and wool

3. Fetus development
 Proteins
When do animals need the greatest amounts of
protein?
1. Young and Growing

2. Pregnant

3. Lactating (producing milk)

 Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?

1. Non-Essential Amino Acids

– Needed by animals

– Are synthesized by the body from other A.A.’s and

do not have to be provided
 Proteins
What are the 2 types of amino acids?

2. Essential Amino Acids

– Cannot be made from other A.A.’s

– Must be provided in the diet

– Nonruminants need most of their A.A.’s provided

 Proteins
What are the 2 sources of proteins?

1. Animal Proteins
– Meat and Bone Scraps
– Blood Meal
– Fish Meal

2. Vegetable Proteins
– Soybeans
– Peanut Meal
– Hay
– Pastures
 Proteins
Animal Proteins Source vs. Vegetable/Plant
Protein Source

Which is a better source?

Animal Proteins

Why?
They contain a good balance of the essential
amino acids
 Proteins
• Simple stomached animals need a balance of
the essential A.A.’s

• Cereal grains combined in the right amounts,

can provide a balanced ration

• Urea- synthetic nitrogen source that is mixed in

a ration to provide nitrogen for making AA’s in
the ruminants body
 Proteins
What is crude protein?

• The amount of ammonical nitrogen in the

feed (ammonia) multiplied by 6.25

• It may contain materials that are not true

protein
 Proteins
What is digestible protein?

• The true protein in a feed

• Not all protein is digestible

• 60% of the crude protein(CP) in a roughage diet is

digestible

• 75% of the CP in a high concentrate ration is

digestible
 Protein Review
1. What are proteins and what are the functions of
proteins?
2. Explain what crude protein is.
3. Name two sources of proteins and an example
of each.
4. Why do young animal require more protein that
older animals?
5. What is the difference between essential and
nonessential amino acids?
6. What is digestible protein?
 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Energy Nutrients
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
 Minerals
What are minerals?

• Inorganic substances that animals need in

small amounts

• Minerals contain no carbon

 Minerals
What are some functions of minerals?

1. Provide material for growth of:

– Bones, Teeth, and Tissue

2. Help with muscular activities

3. Reproduction

4. Digestion of feed
 Minerals
Minerals are divided into 2 groups, what are
they?

1. Major (macro) Minerals

2. Trace (micro) Minerals

 Minerals- Major
• Needed in large amounts

• 7 Macro Minerals
– Calcium

– Phosphorus

– Sodium

– Chlorine

– Potassium

– Sulfur

– Magnesium
 Minerals- Major
What are the most common major minerals
animal rations lack?
• Sodium

• Calcium

• Phosphorous
 Minerals- Major
Sodium
• Functions:
– Maintain osmotic pressure in cells
– Muscle and nerve activity

• Deficiencies:
– Reduced appetite
– Rough hair coat
– Cannibalism in chickens
– Dirt eating
 Minerals- Major
Calcium
• Functions:
– Bone development
– Nerve and muscle function

• Deficiencies:
– Rickets- in young animals bones are soft, bend
easily, and are malformed
 Minerals- Major
Phosphorus
• Functions:
– Bone and Teeth Development
– Appetite

• Deficiencies:
– Rickets
– Stiffness in joints
– Loss of appetite
 Minerals- Trace
• Needed in small amounts
– Sulfur
– Magnesium
– Iron
– Iodine
– Copper
– Cobalt
– Zinc
– Manganese
– Boron
– Molybdenum
– Fluorine
– Selenium
 Mineral Review
1. What are minerals?
2. What are minerals important?
3. What are 3 major minerals that animal feeds
commonly lack? Name one deficiency of
each.
4. What is the difference between major
minerals and trace minerals.
 5 Basic Classes of Nutrients
• Water
• Energy Nutrients
• Proteins
• Minerals
• Vitamins
 Vitamins
What are vitamins?

• Trace organic compounds needed in small

amounts by animals

• Needed for development of normal tissues

and for health, growth and maintenance
 Vitamins
Vitamins are divided into 2 groups, what are they?
• Fat-Soluble Vitamins (A,D,E,K)

– Dissolved in fat

• Water-Soluble Vitamins (C, B-Complex)

– Dissolved in water
 Vitamin A
• Function:
– Vision
– Conception Rates
– Disease Resistance

• Deficiencies:
– Night Blindness
– Blindness in calves
– Reproductive problems
 Vitamin D
• Function:
– Bone Development
– Growth

• Deficiencies:
– Rickets (young animals)
– Osteomalacia (older animals)
 Vitamin E
• Function:
– Reproduction
– Muscle Development
– E and Selenium together help immune system

• Deficiencies:
– Reproduction failure
– Muscular dystrophy
 Vitamin K
• Function:
– Blood Clotting

• Deficiencies:
– Blood doesn’t clot fast
 Vitamins
What are some sources of Vitamin A,D,E,K?

• Green Leafy Hay

• Yellow Corn

• Cod Liver

• Fish Oils
 Vitamin C
• Function:

– Formation of teeth and bones

– Prevents infections
 B- Complex
• Function:
– Appetite

– Growth

– Reproduction
 Vitamins
What are some sources of water-soluble
vitamins?
• Green Pastures and Hay

• Cereal Grains

• Milk
 Vitamin Review
1. What are vitamins and why are they needed?
2. List the fat-soluble vitamins and their functions
as well as deficiencies.
3. What are the sources of fat-soluble vitamins?
4. What is the function of Vitamin C?
5. What the sources of the water-soluble
vitamins?