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UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60
I
— . wnARY
CURRENT SERIAL RECORD
I
^ NOV 2 71950 i't

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Oscar L. Chapman, Secretary
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

Albert M. Day, Director
North American Fauna 60
RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA
BY
EDWARD A. GOLDMAN
With
Foreword, Appendix, and Revision
of Bibliography
By
Hartley H. T. Jackson
UNITED STATES
(;oVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
WASHINGTON : 1950
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printiilf? Office

Wasiiington 25, D. C. - Price 15 cents
FOREWORD
The present iiioiiograi)h, The Raccoons of North aiifl Middle .\nier-
ica, was completed by its author, Edward Alphonso Goldman, in
December 1940, and earlj' in 1941 was submitted for publication in the
North American Fauna series. Advent of World War II delayed its
printing, and at the time of the death of Major Goldman, September 2,
1946, he had been so engrossed in the preparation of his manuscript

on Biological Investigations in Mexico that he had not revised the
raccoon manuscript. In the meantime one new subspecies Procyon
lotor megalodous Lowery had been described and several papers relating
to raccoons had been published. Since Major Goldman's death
another subspecific name Procyon lotor maritiiii ua Dozier has appeared
and a few other papers have been published.
In this final review and analysis of the manuscriijt it is believed de-
sirable to leave Goldman's views and expressions as little changed as
possible. Accordingly all editing has been done with this in view and
only such changes made as would clarify and collate the text, or make
consistent abbreviations and citations. Some important items to be
noted have been indicated and explained in footnotes. No deletions
of pertinent matter have been made. The bibliography (p. 87) has
been extended to include literature i)ublished to date. The two
subspecies, Procyon lotor nieyalodous Lowery (1943, p. 225) and Procyon
lotor maritimus Dozier (1948, p. 286), descriptions of which may be
foimd in the appendix (p. 84), have been included in the distributional
map of species and subspecies of the subgenus Procyon (fig. 1) but have
not been included in the list of North American species and subspecies,
with type localities (p. 27^, in the key to species and subspecies (p. 29),
or in the general discussion throughoiit the text.

Ill
CONTENTS
Page
Introduction 1
History 2
Habits 5
Food and general activities 7
Senses and instincts 9
Breeding 13
Hibernation 14
Economic status 14
General characters 17
Pelage and molt 19
Variation 20
Geographic variation 20
Individual variation 20
Explanations 23
Measurements i 23
Colors 23
Specimens examined 23
Use of key to species and subspecies 24
Genus Procyon Storr 25
Key to subgenera 27
List of North American species and subspecies, with type localities. _ 27
Subgenus Procyon Storr 28
Key to species and subspecies of the subgenus Procyon 29
Sul)genus Euprocyon Gray 80
Appendix 84
Bibliography 87
Index 151
V
ILLUSTRATIONS
Plate Page
1. Pacific Northwest Raccoon (Procyon lotor pacificus) Frontispiece
2. Skins (dorsal view) Procyon lotor lotor, Procyon cancrivorus panamensis^ 109
3. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon lotor lotor, P. I. hirtus 111
4. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon lotor litoreus, P. I. elucus 113
5. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon lotor incautus, P. maynardi 115
6. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon lotor excelsus, P. I. psora 117
7. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon lotor hernandezii, P. I. pumilus 119
8. Skulls (lateral view) Procyon pygmaeus, P. insularis insidaris 121
9. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor lotor, P. I. hirtus 123
10. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor litoreus, P. I. elucus 125
11. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor incautus, P. maynardi 127
12. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor excelsus, P. I. psora 129
13. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor hernandezii, P. I. pumilus 131
14. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon pygmaeus, P. insularis insularis 133
15. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon lotor lotor, P. I. hirtus 135
16. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon lotor litoreus, P. I. elucus 137
, 17. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon lotor incautus, P. maynardi 139
18. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon lotor excelsus, P. I. psora 141
19. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon lotor hernandezii, P. I. pumilus 143
20. Skulls (ventral view) Procyon pygmaeus, P. insularis insularis 145
21. Skulls (dorsal view) Procyon lotor elucus (male), P. I. elucus (female)
P. I. lotor (lateral view of mandibular ramus) 147
22. Skulls (dorsal and ventral views) Procyon cancrivorus panamensis 149
Figure
1. Map, showing distribution of species and subspecies of subgenus Procyon. 24
2. Map, showing distribution of subgenus Euprocyon {Procyon cancrivorus
panamensis) in Panama 81
VI
THE RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE
AMERICA
By EDWARD A. GOLDMAN, Senior llinlogist, Biological Surveys, Branch of
WildliJ, l;,s,arch
INTRODUCTION
The raccoons, genus Procyon, colloquially known as "coons," belong
to the carnivorous family Procyonidae, which also includes the Ameri-
can genera Nasua, Nasuella, Bassaricyon, and Potos, and the Old
World genera Ailurus and Ailuropoda of the subfamily Ailurinae.
The members of the Procyon lotor group (subgenus Procyon) with a ,
transcontinental range from southern Canada to Panama, except in

parts of the Rocky Mountain region, and including those inhabiting
several distant islands, are among the most familiar and characteristic
of North American mammals. This group is not known to occur
south of Panama. It is overlapped in the Isthmian region by the
so-calledcrab-eating raccoons of the subgenus BJuprocyon, which
range from that northern limit as far south as Paraguay in South
America. The raccoons have been greatly reduced in numbers or
have disappeared in many formerly wooded sections, owing to clearing
antl intensive human occupation. Despite adverse conditions, how-
ever, they have maintained themselves in many places with remarkable
tenacity. Ti-apping for other fur bearers may have reduced the
north(>rn fiinge to some extent, but the general range of the group has
been little diminished. At the present time raccoons reach their
northern limit in regular occurrence on Vancouver Island, B. C.
The continental forms of the sut)genus Procyon constitute a com-
pact assemblage of closely allied geographic races all assignable to
Procyon lotor. Complete intergradation is evident in numerous cases
and the relative value and combination of characters presented indi-
cate such close relationships that it can safely be assumed where lack
of material leaves gaps in the known ranges.
In the present revision of the raccoons are treated the North Amer-
ican continental species as far as the eastern border of Panama and the
PLATE 1
Pacific Northwest Raccoon {Procyon lulur pacijicus).
1
2 NORTH AjMERICAN FAUNA 6 0, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
species on outlying islands along both the Atlantic and the Pacific
coasts. Thirty species and subspecies are recognized. Twenty-nine
of these are assigned to the subgenus Procyon and one to the subgenus
Euprocyon.
The revision is based mainly on a study of raccoon material in the
collection of Biological Surveys, Fish and Wildlife Service, and in
other collections in the United States National Museum. These and
358 specimens borrowed from other museums make a total of 1,337
e^xamined. The assemblage included the types or topotypes of most
of the known species and subspecies.
For the loan of specimens the writer is especially indebted to Dr.
Thomas Barbour, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.; the late Dr. Joseph Grinnell, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology,
Berkeley, Calif.; Dr. W. H. Osgood, Chicago Natural History Mu-
seum, Chicago, 111.; Dr. H. E. Anthony, American Museum of Natural
History, New York City; Dr. R. M. Anderson, National Museum of
Canada, Ottawa, Canada; the late OldfieldThomas of the British
Museum (Natural History) ; Francis Kermode, Provincial Museum,
Vancouver, British Columbia; Dr. L. E,. Dice, Museum of Zoology,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; and the late D. R. Dickey,
Pasadena, Calif. Grateful acknowledgment is also due to Percy Shu-
feldt, La Cueva, N. Mex., for the generous donation of specimens
collected by him in Campeche, Mexico. Notes on his examination of
specimens in the British Museum have been kindly furnished by Dr.
Remington Kellogg, United States National Museum, Washington,
D. C. Stanley P. Young, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
D. C, generously supplied the photograph for the frontispiece.
Dr. E. W. Nelson became keenly interested in the raccoons, as shown
by his work on those inhabiting the Florida Keys (1930a).' During
the same time and in the following year new subspecies were described
jointly by Nelson and the writer in preparation for a revision of the
group; but other projects claimed attention and our collaboration
could not be carried beyond this preliminary stage.
HISTORY
The raccoons represent a highly successful branch ofa well-developed
phylogenetic Their ancestry has been traced far back to the
tree.
genera Phlaocyon and Cynodictis of the Lower Miocene or Oligocene
periods. Early progenitors of these animals probably also gave rise
to such divergent modern families as the Canidae, the Ursidae, and the
Mustelidae. For detailed discussion of the phylogenetic relation-
ships of the raccoons see the authors listed in the Bibliography (p. 87),
especially Wortman and Matthew (1899, p. 109), Matthew (1930, p.
1 Publications referred to parenthetically by date are listed in the Bibliography, pp. 87-106.
RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 3
129), and Greo;ory (1933, p. 83). The genus Procyon was well i-epre-
sented in the early Pleistocene of Nortii America, when
it already
ranged across the present United States from the Atlantic to the
Pacific. Among Pleistocene species described were Procyon priscus
Le Conte (1848, p. 106) from Illinois, Procyon simus Gidley (1906, p.
553) from California, and Procyon nanus Simpson (1929, p. 575) from
Florida.
The name "raccoon" is derived from Indian appellations of the
animal, which have been variously rendered as "aroughcun,"

"arathlvone," and "arakun." The familiar abbreviation "coon" is
in general colloquial use in the United States. An animal as common
and conspicuous and possessing such peculiar and interesting traits as
the raccoon could not remain long unobserved by explorers and set-
tlers in its country, and as it became better known it was accorded a
prominent place in the folklore of the United States.
The earliest reference to a raccoon found in the literature is by
Captain John Smith (1612, ]). 13), who in describing the animals of
Virginia says: "There is a beast they call Aroiujhcnn, much like a
hadijer, hiii vseth to live on trees as Squirrels doe." This refei-ence
was closely followed by that of Purchas (1614, ]). 761) in describing
the same i-egion.
Untler the name "Mapach," and apparently as "Tepe Maxtlaton,"
and pei'haps under others, the raccoon was recorded by Hei'iiandez
(1651, tract 1, pp. 1, 9) in southern Mexico. The voyager around the
world, Dampier (1729, p. 276), mentions the abundance of these
animals on the Tres Marias Islands, off western Mexico, whicii he
visited in 1686. The eaiiv systematic term Vvlp ajfini.s Adk ricaiia
'i
was a])pli('d by Ray (1()93, p. 179). in connection witli a generalized

description of animals probal)ly repi'esenting both the sul)genera
Procyon and Euprocyon then un(liir(>rentiated and very imperfectly
Ivnown from both North and South America. Quaint desci'iptions of
the raccoon in the Carolinas were published by Lawson (1718, p. 121),
and by Catesby (1743, p. XXIX). Hans Sloane (1725, p. 329) credits
the animal to Jamaica as follows: "The Racoons are commonly liere
in the mountains, and live in hollow fiddlewood Trees, from whence
they mak<' Paths to go to s(>ek Sugar Canes, wliich is their chief, if not
only Sustenance." No specimens are available from Jamaica, and if
this record was well founded it seems strange that it has not been
supplemented by others.
Evidently noting the general resemblances, Linnaeus closely asso-
ciated the raccoon with the bear in the 1740 edition of his Systema
Naturae (p. 35) as Ursus cauda clomjata in contradistinction to the
true bear, Ursus cauda abrupta. Under the same name in 1747 (pp.
277-289, table 9, figs. 1 and 2) he publislied a lengthy description of
4 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
the raccoon accompanied by the earhest illustrations seen by the

author. Of these, figure 1 is a sketch of the entire animal. In figure
2 attention is directed to the strongly developed and peculiarly
formed os penis, or baculum.
The accounts of the raccoon in Pennsylvania and New Jersey by
Peter Kalm in 1753 (Benson 1937, pp. 52-53, 111, 242-243) formed a
part of the basis for Linnaeus' short description of Ursus lotor in the
tenth edition of his Systema Naturae (1758, p. 48). Recognizing
distinctive characters, Storr (1780, p. 35) used Procyon as the generic
name for the group typified by Ursus lotor Lixuiaeus. G. Cuvier (1798,
p. 113) described Ursus cancrivorus, the crab-eating raccoon from
Cayenne which later became the type of the subgenus Euprocyon Gray
(1864, p. 705). Only a few new North American species or subspecies
were added during the nineteenth century by Wagier (1831, p. 514),
Gray (1842, p. 261), Baird (1857, p. 215), Bangs (1898a, p. 219; 1898b,
p. 92), and Merriam (1898, p. 17; 1899, p. 107). Short papers descrip-
tive of new forms by Merriam (1900, p. 151; 1901, p. 101), Aliller
(1911, p. 3), Mearns (1914, pp. 63-66), Hollister (1914, p. 142),
Goldman (1913, p. 15), Nelson (1930a, pp. 7-10), and Nelson and
Goldman (1930a, p. 82; 1930b, pp. 453-459; 1931a, pp. 17-20; 1931b,
p. 308) have since appeared.
RACCOON NAMES NOT CLEARLY ASSIGNABLE

The following names that have been proposed for species of the
raccoon are unrecognized or unassigned owing to the author's inability
to associate them with any particular region, or because of some
obvious defect in status. If the type specimens of any of these are
extant, it is possible that any such accompanied by skulls, may aft'ord
clues to their identity; because of the range of individual variation in
subspecies, however, there is likely to be considerable uncertainty.
Skins subject to fading over a period of many years are of very limited
value for comparative purposes, beyond the determination of the
subgenus.
Procyon nivea Gray, Charlesworth's Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, p. 580, 1837. "In-
habits North America, Texas." "Fur soft, silky, white. Tail one-colored."
No type specimen designated. Doubtless based upon an albino, as suggested
in the original description. At least two subspecies occur in Texas. Name
unidentifiable.
Procyon brachyurus Wiegmann, Archiv fiir Naturgesch., dritter jahrgang, erster
band, p. 369, 1837. "Patria: Antillae?" Based on two specimens said to have
come from the West Indies (see pp. 354—355), but their place of origin was
regarded as uncertain by the describer, as shown by the notation. Figured by
Wagner in Schreber's Saugthiere (p. 143 C). The plate illustration is of two
brownish animals, the tail shown in one as quite short.
Procyon obscurus Wiegmann, Archiv fiir Naturgcsch., dritter jahrgaiig, erster band,
p. 370, 1837. "Patria ignota." Figured by Wagner in Sclireber's Saugthiere
(p. 143 D). The plate illustration is of a very dark-colored animal. This seems
to be unidentifiable.
[Proajon brachyurus] var. fiisca Burmeister, Verzeichniss Zool. Mus. Univ. Halle-
Wittenberg Saugeth., Vogel Amphib., 1850, p. 13. Based on Procyon obscurus
Wiegmann and Procyon obscu?-us Wagner, in Sclireber's Saugthiere, Suppl.,
vol. 2, p. 159, 1841, without description.
[Procyon lotor] var. melanus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 704. No type
locality indicated. No type specimen designated. "Nearly black."
Unidentifiable.
[Procyon lotor] var. albina CJray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1864, p. 704. (Nomen
nudum.)
I' r\t)i hernandezi castaneus de Beaux, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 35, p. 624, April 26,
ii(iii[
From Mexico. Based on a specimen (No. 357) which had been in

1910.
the Royal Zoological Mu.seum, Florence, Italy, since 1857. According to
the description in part (p. 621), "Die Korperfarbe ist ein echtes und rechtes
Kastanienbraun mit prachtvoll silbrigem Glanze." The color of raccoons is
so variable that a single specimen does not afford reliable differential char-
acters. The color described is unusual for a raccoon and might be due to
fading or to erythrism. If the skin is accompanied by a skull, comparison of
the latter with those of the several geographic races known to occur in
Mexico might afford a clue to identity.
Pr[ocyon] lotor rufescens de Beaux, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 35, p. 625, April 26, 1910.
Type locality unknown ("?Heimat"). Type specimen not designated.
About 10 specimens
said to have been examined. Body color more or less
with rich red brown. Apparently not identifiable.
sufFu.sed
Pr[ocyon] l[otor] flavidus de Beaux, Zool. Anzeiger, vol. 35, p. 626, April 26, 1910.
Type locality "Southern United States?" Type specimen not designated.
Only one skin examined. Color dirty yellow. Hairs of back neither ringed
nor tipped with black. Apparently not identifiable.
Pr[ocyon] hudsonicus Brass, Aus dem Reiche der Pelze, p. 564, April 1911. No
type designated. Described as "sehr gross und granbraun." Apparently
based upon commercial .^kins assumed by the describer to be from Hudson
Bay where no raccoons occur. The name is therefore unidentifiable.
HABITS
Few North American animals are endowed with more interesting or
attractive ways than the raccoons. The general habits, as recorded
by many observers, seem everywhere to be very similar for the mem-
bers of each of the two subgenera. In Panama, Procyon and
Euprocyon share to some extent the same local habitat, both favoring
the vicinity of swamps and streams and both being addicted to the
crab-eating habit as shown by stomachs examined. But Procyon
seems to be more arboreal than Euprocyon, and the two probably
depart materially in general behavior. Dr. Thomas Barbour informed
the author that the local representatives of both subgenera have been
kept in captivity at the biological station on Barro Colorado Island
:
6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 6 0, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
in Gatun Lake, Canal Zone, and that he has noted that Procyon
"washes" its food in the characteristic manner while Euprocyon does
not. The writer's own general observations indicate that under

natural conditions Procyon does not regularly wash its food and
suggest that washing may be limited mainly to food supplied to
animals in captivity. As Euprocyon has a very restricted range in
North America, the present discussion is limited chiefly to the mem-
bers of the typical subgenus Procyon.
Much has been written on the life history of the raccoon of the
eastern United States which may be assumed to apply, with some
reservations, to all members of the Procyon lotor group. The peculiar
habits of the raccoon began to attract the attention of the settlers
during the early colonial period, as is shown by the following quaint
and somewhat fantastic account of this animal in the Carolinas by
Lawson (1718, p. 121)
The Raccoon is of a dark-gray Colour; if taken young, is easily made tame, but
is the drunkenest Creature living, if he can get any Liquor that is sweet and
strong. They are rather more unlucky than a Monkey. When wild, they are
very subtle in catching their Prey. Those that live in the Salt- Water, feed much
on Oysters which they love. They watch the Oyster when it opens, and nimbly
put in their Paw, and pluck out the Fish. Sometimes the Oyster shuts, and
holds fast their Paw till the Tide comes in, that they are drown'd, tho' they swim
very well. The way that this Animal catches Crabs, which he greatly admires,
and which are plenty in Carolina, is worthy of Remark. When he intends to
make a Prey of these Fish, he goes to a Marsh, where standing on the Land, he
lets his Tail hang in the Water. This the Crab takes for a Bait, and fastens his
Claws therein, which as soon as the Raccoon perceives, he, of a sudden, springs
forward, a considerable way, on the Land, and brings the Crab along with him.
As soon as the Fish finds himself out of his Element, he presently lets go his
hold: and then the Raccoon encounters him, by getting him cross-wise in his
Mouth, and devours him. There is a sort of small Land-Crab, which we call a
Fiddler, that runs into a Hole when an_y thing pursues him. This Crab the
Raccoon takes by putting his Fore-Foot in the Hole, and pulling him out. With
a tame Raccoon, this Sport is very diverting. The Chief of his other Food is all
sorts of wild Fruits, green Corn, and such as the Bear delights in. This and the
Possum are much of a Bigness. The Fur makes good Hats and Linings. The
Skin dress'd makes fine Womens Shooes.
More accurate early descriptions of the animal in Pennsylvania
and New Jersey are those of Kalm (Benson 1937, pp. 52-53):
The quadruped, which Dr. Linne in the memoirs of the Royal Academy of
Sciences has described by the name of Ursus cauda elongata, and which he calls
U7-SUS Lotor, in his Systema Naturae, is here called a raccoon. It is found ver}'
frequently and destroys many chickens. It is hunted by dogs, and when it runs
up a tree to save itself a man climbs up after it and shakes it down to the ground,
where the dogs kill it. The flesh is eaten and is reputed to taste well. The bone
of its male parts is used for a pipe cleaner. The hatters purchase their skins and
make hats of them, which are next in quality to those of beavers. The tail is
worn round the neck in winter and therefore is likewise valuable.
And quoting Kalm further (Benson 1937, pp. 242-243):

have already inontioiicd something of the rafcoou; I shaU here add more of
I
tlie nature of this animal and its mode of hving in its habitat, in a place which is
properly its native country [vicinity of the then village of Raccoon at or near the
present town of Swedesboro, N. J.]. The English call it everywhere by the name
of raccoon, which name they have undoubtedly taken from one of the Indian
nations; the Dutch call it hci^pun, the Swedes, espan, and the Iroquois, attigbro.
It commonly lodges in hollow trees, lies close in the daytime, never going out
except on a dark, cloudy day; but at night it rambles and seeks its food. I
have been told l.)y several people that in bad weather, especially when it snows
and blows a storm, the raccoon lies in its hole for a week without coming out
once; dviring that time it lives by sucking and licking its paws. Its food consists
of the several sorts of fruit, and corn, while the ears are soft. In gardens it often
does a great deal of damage to the apples, chestnuts, plums, and wild grapes,
which are its favorite food; to the poultry it is very cruel. When it finds the
hens on their eggs, it first kills them, and then eats the eggs. It is caught by
dogs, which trace it back to its nest in hollow trees, or by snares and traps, in
which a chicken, some other bird, or a fish is put for bait. It generally brings
forth its in May when it prepares its nest.
two or three yoimg Some people eat
its flesh. with all its feet at once; on account of (his and of several other
It leaps
qualities many people here reckoned that it belonge(l to the genus of bears. The
skin is sold for eighteen pence at riiilad<'li)liia. I was told that the raccoons
were not nearly so numerous as they were formerly; yet in the more inland parts
they were abundant. I have mentioned before the use which the hatters make
of their furs, that they are easily tamed, and that they like sweetmeats, etc.
Of all the North American wild ciuadru])efis none can be tamed so easily as this
one.
In regard to the duration of Ufe iu the raccoons under natural

conditions, no information is now at hand. Such data should become
available in the future through the tagging or otherwise marking of
animals captured and liberated. According to Flower (1931, p. 177),
a male raccoon lived in the Rotterdam Zoological Garden from Sep-
tember 30, 1890 to May 6, 1900, 9 years, 7 months, and 6 days, and
an albino was in the London Zoological Garden from May 6, 1884,
to February 27, 1898, 13 years, 9 months, and 21 days. He also
mentions a crab-eating raccoon that lived in the London Zoo 15
years, 10 months, and 5 days. Lowery (1936, p. 19) quotes Claude
Odum of Bernice, La., who said that he kept a raccoon in captivity 14
years.
FOOD AND GENERAL ACTIVITIES
Throughout the vast range of the group, raccoons favor the vicinity
of water in forested regions; but they also occur along streams travers-
ing open desert areas. Although raccoons are truly omnivorous,
feeding to a considerable extent on a great variety of plant substances
such as acorns, beechnuts, berries, persimmons and other fresh fruits
of many kinds, and corn in the "milk" stage, most of their food is
obtained in or near shallow water in swamjjs and marshes, and along
the shores of streams, lakes, and brackish lagoons, and even along the
sea coasts, as in the Florida Keys and other islands. In such places,
frogs, small fishes, crayfish, crabs, clams, oysters, insects, small
mammals, reptiles, and other animal foods are sought, as shown by
the characteristic telltale footprints revealing the course of nocturnal
wanderings and by stomach examinations.
As water recedes to lower levels and pools become detached, fish,
of which raccoons are very fond, are more readily captured by them.
Referring to some Avater holes near Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp,
Va., in October 1895, A. K. Fisher reported: "Judging from the
tracks about these pools, as many as a dozen must have come every
night to feed on the fish imprisoned therein. The heads of catfish,
pike, eels, and perch were found in abundance under the bushes and
along the edges where the raccoons had dropped them." According
to Mary J. Rathbun (1918, p. 401), the fiddler crab {Uca pugilator)
is the main food of the raccoon on the bay shores next to the Gulf
in Texas. Young birds and eggs in the nest are often taken, and
departing from the usual aquatic habitat, the raccoons occasionally
make raids on the farmer's poultry.
A complete list of the miscellaneous items composing the diet of
raccoons would be exceedingly long and would vary in accordance
with the season and Avith local conditions. On Key Largo, Fla.,
E. W. Nelson found the raccoons feeding extensively on the ripening
fruit of the marlberry (Icacorea paniculata) in March. The taking
of dry berries may be resorted to when more acceptable food supplies
are insufficient. Examination of stomach contents has revealed the
hard seeds of the hackberry and juniper berries in Texas raccoons and
Vernon Bailey found these animals feeding upon manzanita (Arcto-
staphylos) berries in California. The eating of grasshoppers has been
reported in Texas.
Although raccoons enter the water freely, much time is spent in
patrolling the muddy shores. Closely crowded tracks, suggesting the
imprints of human baby hands and feet, often mark the lines of least
resistance up and down the banks of streams or through swamps, and
well worn gradually formed, disappearing in places at the
trails are
edge of the water where it was necessary for the animals to wade or
swim, and reappearing again on the farther side. In addition to
water, trees, especially hollow ones affording shelter, are almost indis-
pensable for the well-being of most raccoons. There seems to be evi-
dence that the clearing of timber, especially the cutting of the large
shelter trees needed for refuge and hibernation, has been an important
factor in reducing the numbers of these animals in the northern part
of their range. In the warmer southern territory, where hibernation
does not occur, shelter trees are evidently not so essential. Mangrove
swamps, with no large trees within many miles, are regularly inhabited
by large numl>ers of raccoons that seem able to forego supplies of fresh
water. Although hollow trees are favored for the shelter afforded,
holes in banks and rocky ledges are also occupied, especially in locali-
ties where such trees are few or absent. Raccoons are mainly noc-
turnal in their search for food, but they sometimes come out during
the (hiy. and are especially fond of sunning themselves, usually sprawled
in a variety of postures on the larger upper limbs of trees.
sp:nses and instincts

The sensory organs in raccoons are evidently highly developed.
Many observers accord these animals a reputation for great curiosity
and cunning, and a cleverness or adroitness, involving a high order of
general intelligence. As a result of experiments Cole (1907, p. 261)
concluded that "in the rapidity with which it forms associations the
raccoon seems to stand midway between the monkey and the cat. In
the complexity of the associations it is able to form it stands nearer
the monkey." It is remarkable, as pointed out by Stock (1929, p. 288),
that although Procyon occurred in California during the Pleistocene, no
member of the family has been found in the Rancho La Brea deposits.
This is probably due to the caution of raccoons in approaching and
investigating water holes or such natural traps as the miry, sticky tar
pits presented.
The and instincts of raccoons, as exhibited by animals in
senses
captivity,have been carefully studied and well described by Cole
(1912), who concluded that although most of the senses are strongly
developed, that of smell is less utilized than the others. His results
seem worth quoting at length
The most conspicuous behavior of the raccoon seems to be associated with the
sense of touch, which is highly developed in the palm of the forepaw and the tip
of the nose. During their hours of activity the animals were most often busy in
exploring with their paws the floor and objects on the floor of the room in which
they were kept. Dark places, as your pocket or a knothole, are explored by
. . .
touch hundreds of times. Notwithstanding the strength of the raccoon in

. . .
clinging and climbing, no touch is softer or more gentle than that of his forepaws
when engaged in this investigating activity.
An evidence that the nose is sometimes used for pure touch is the fact that these
animals frecjuently investigated the experimenter's hands, and even his face, with the
nose. This also seemed to be an affair of pure curiosity and C(uite breathless. . . .
Occasionally they would both touch a strange object with the nose and sniff
at it also. . . .
The is especially marked.

raccoon's taste for sweets All other foods were
promptly deserted for cane sugar by my animals. My raccoons avoided all
. . .
food which had a purely sour taste, yet ripe apples and peaches were eaten which
have for human taste a slightly acid tang along with the sweet flavor. Unlike
herbivorous animals the raccoon refuses to taste salt. . . .
876119°— 50 2
Next to sugar the raccoons preferred boiled beef and they were almost equally
fond of uncooked apples, peaches, plums, and cherries. My animals never ate
the raw beef which we offered them a few times. Some raccoons have been forced
to eat it but they do not appear to thrive on such food. My raccoons were often
seen to catch and eat flies. They would eat grains of corn, even when dry and
hard, if they were hungry. Bread made of either corn-meal or flour was readily
accepted. It seems evident, therefore, that the raccoon in his native haunts lives
upon forest fruits and buds, and upon flies, beetles, minnows, etc. . . .
So far as I could observe the raccoons did not often employ the sense of smell,
though this may have been due to their captive condition. In no case did they
seem to find pieces of meat on the floor by means of smell. If one of them saw
a small piece of meat dropped in the hay on the floor he would search for it care-
fully but beyond a distance of a few inches he did not seem to smell it. They
found small pieces of loaf sugar on the floor quite as promptly as they did meat,
yet from the standpoint of the human sense of smell sugar has no odor.
In one case smell was evident. When the animals were to be fed the basin of
food was usually placed on the step while the door was being unlocked. During
this time all of the raccoons sniffed noisily at the crack beneath the door. When
it was opened, however, they looked for the food basin. So in this case smell was
evident only when sight could not be used.
The studies of Cole indicated that the raccoon has a keen sense of
sight. In regard to hearing he says:
This appears to be the special protective sense of the raccoon. The slightest
sound produced (1st) perfect immobility, and (2d) fear and scurrying to the
highest part of their place of confinement. . . .
Every sound at a distance was listened to intently for several .seconds after the
experimenter had ceased to hear it. On one occasion all the raccoons became
still and yet the observers could hear no sound. Investigation showed that a
man was trundling a wheelbarrow over the grass plot at least 100 yards distant
from the house in which the raccoons were kept.
The sound caused by dropping on the floor a piece of meat, one-half the size of
a grain of corn, was often heard by each of the animals. They turned directly
toward the source of the sound. Hence they not only hear faint sounds but
localize them well. Localization was further tested by putting raccoon No. 3 in
a large box with a solid back. The experimenter then scratched on the outside of
the back of the box with a small stick. The raccoon turned directly to the spot.
The place was changed some two feet. He turned instantly to the new place and
grasped with both forepaws at the exact spot. He did this repeatedly. His
behavior suggests that localization of sound is much more definite than that of the
human ear. His grasping at the spot might indicate that the raccoon catches
some small prey partly by the aid of hearing. . . .
On the principle that animals which make sounds hear sounds we may, in con-
nection with hearing, mention the sounds which the raccoon is capable of making.
A warning growl always accompanied eating when they were fed. When hungry
they sometimes emit a sound about midway between a whine and a purr, "a
whimpering cry." This sound is well-known to woodsmen and is far more char-
acteristic of the young than of the adult animal. When forcibly held their
. . .
whining and growling is somewhat similar to that of a dog. In fighting the animal
gives short, sharp barks as he snaps.
Turning once more to the whining-purr, there is less and less of it (in captivity)
as the animals grow older and only long waiting for food produces it. In the
forest, it may be used as a call to others. A very young raccoon, making this cry
from loneliness or in search of its mother, will cease tomake it if gently stroked or
scratched.
Of the cliinbiiii; liabit Cole says:

This instinct involves the sense of support, which is present before the raccoon
])Ossesses either the strength or the nuiscular co-ordination necessary for climbing,
and the impulse to cling to any support. The sense of support is best described by
an example. When raccoon No. 5 was probably not more than two weeks old I
jilaced him one day u]3on the top of a small closed box six inches high. He groped
over the top of this box . with his forepaws extended, feeling the way.
. . But
the moment his paws felt the edge of the box ihr animal shrank back and began to
grope in another direction. Again he would find the edge and again shrink back
and start anew. Aijparcnily at this age vision did not serve to show him that he
might safely drop to the floor. It seems Hkcly that his impulse enables the young
I
raccoon to remain safely in a high nesl even ili(>nu,h it were not enclosed.
. . . .
When the raccoon is a month old it is able to sustain its weight by clinging to a
support by any one of its paws and tliis it docs instinctively. ... As soon as the
young raccoon can walk well any bush or tree arouses his impulse to climb. At
first there is some awkwardness and two of our animals were seen to fall from a
small tree, when about eight weeks old. A little later they could hardly be
dislodged at all. ... As Brehm states, the raccoon often climbs along a branch
with his i)ack down "like a sloth or an ape". My raccoons always laid hold of
. . .
one bough before releasing the other. They go from one bough to another very
([uickly yet they rely much more on their strength than on their agility.
Cole agrees with otlier oljservers in the conclusion that raccoons are
very playful:
One would sit for a long time and play with his hind feet or the tip of his tail.
Three were observed to play in this fashion for one and a quarter liours, with
almost no pause. \\'hilc my animals had In work twice a day for their food I
observed only momentary play, or perhaps curiosity, as the tendency to pick tip a
straw or bit of cornhusk and roll it for a moment between their forepaws. In
some degree, tlierefore, their play seems to depend on the possession of surplus
energy. W'hen well rested they played roughly with each other in mock fights,
running and seizing each other gently with the teeth, rolling over and over in their
tussles. In this play they would often climb to the shoulder of the observer,
whereby he may learn both the strength of their grip and the sharpness of their
claws. They also make a pretense of biting your hand in play, a characteristic
reaction of the pet raccoon.
In this connection Cole quotes Beckmann, as follows:

"In the numberless leisure hours which every captive raccoon has he does
thousands of things in order to dispel the tedium. Now, he sits upright in a
secluded corner, and with a most earnest expression he is busied in trying to tie
a straw around his nose. Now, he plays thoughtfully with the toes of his hind
foot, or snatches after the wagging end of his long tail. At another time he lies
on his V)ack and has a whole heap of hay or dry leaves hugged against his belly and
he tries to tie down this loose mass by drawing his tail tightly over it with his
forepaws."
The impulse to follow which seems to be inherent in young animals

of many kinds was noted by Cole, who says
After learning to walk, the raccoons would all follow me, or anyone else, with
the utmost eagerness. If I ran they struggled through the grass at their best
rate, giving the instinctive cry more and more shrilly as I got further away from
them, and ceasing to give it when they overtook me. In the middle of the
seventh month this instinct to follow began to wane. When released from their
place of confinement each one tended to go on an exploring tour of his own and
to make for a nearby tree. At this time they would still follow if called. A
month later no one of the four would follow at all, and their period of infancy
was past.
Although Cole regards the raccoon as especially good-natured,

". yet anger or ferocity was observed in these animals at about
. .
the twelfth week of their age. Though scrupulous care was taken to
keep the animals tame they became fierce if they were left without
being handled for a few days. In the fighting attitude the ears are
laid back, the head lowered and the posterior portion of the body
sharply hum^ped up. Growling and unfleshing the teeth accompany
this fighting attitude and, when provoked the raccoon is an ugly
fighter." He found that his raccoons showed fear by starting at
sounds, and the sudden darkening of the room caused by the door
blowing shut produced in young animals a panic for a moment.
Indift'erence to each other's behavior was marked. No certain
evidence of the sexual instinct was noted by Cole until the twelfth
month.
In regard to the practice of washing food that caused Linnaeus to
apply the name lotor, and the Germans Waschhdr, Cole says: "My
raccoons did not always dip their food in water. No doubt this was
partly due to their being fed together so that they formed the habit
of eating rapidly. Nevertheless, I do not believe that the
. . .
raccoon in his native state will carry food very far for the purpose of
'washing it'." Whitney (1931, p. 35) comments on this point as
follows: "Unquestionably the most common error into which writers
have fallen in regard to the habits of raccoons is that the raccoon
washes most of the food that he eats ... in the wild state the
raccoon washes almost nothing that he eats." He regards the error
as due to observations made on animals in confinement. It is obvious
that the washing of many kinds of food taken by raccoons, especially
at a distance from water, would be impracticable. It is probable that
under natural conditions raccoons wash only shellfish and other food
gathered in or about water, the washing being often necessary to
remove sand or other gritty matter.
Concerning the sleep of raccoons, Cole writes
There are two rather characteristic positions in sleeping. In one the animal
lies on his back with his forepaws placed over his eyes. A young raccoon, when
held and somewhat frightened, also puts both forepaws over his eyes, thus giving
a somewhat comical appearance, suggestive of "hiding its face in its hands."
Another position in sleep consists in rolling the body almost into a ball with the
top of the head placed flat on the floor between the forelegs. In this position even
the ears are hardly visible. Though the animal does sleep in other positions
these two are most common. It would seem that the raccoon sleeps best, there-
fore, with his eyes not only closed but covered, and for protection he depends
most upon his lofty nest and its concealment from enemies.
Among mental attributes of the raccoon, both Davis (1907, p. 486)

and Whitney (1933, p. 112) regard curiosity as an outstanding
characteristic.
BREEDING
The period of gestation in Procyon lotor, at least in the northern
part of its range, has been determined by various authorities to be

about 9 or 10 weeks. One of the more definite records is that of
Gander (1928), relating in a single instance to Procyon lotor psora in
southern California. An animal kept in captivity was mated January
27 to 29 and the young were born April 3. Another record is that of
Brown (1936) of 69 days from first coition.
A litter of small young was collected by E. A. Preble at Tuckerton,
N. J., Jtine 23; one taken by B. V. Lilly at Abbeville, La., suggests
that in southern localities the season may be more irregular. Rac-
coons breed but once a year and four yoting are usually produced at
a birth, but the niunber may vary from two to six. In regard to
breeding in the Adirondacks of northern New York, Merriam (1884,
p. 94) says:
The Raccoon makes its home high up in a hollow of some large tree, preferring
a dead limb to the trunk itself. It does little in the way of constructing a nest,
and from four to six young are commonly born at a time, generally early in April
in this region. The young remain with the mother about a year.
The act of copidation, rarely recorded in raccoons under natural

conditions, was witnessed by the author on Blackbeard Island, Ga.,
April 19, 1939. From a point of vantage on high ground in the woods
a mated pair, unconscious of his presence, was observed in short
grass in the open marsh about 75 yards away. With a pair of field
glasses a very clear view of the animals in bright simshine was obtained
at short range. Wlien first seen at 2:05 p. m., the female, surmounted
by the male, was in a standing position and sexual conjunction
appeared to be already complete. Rhythmical movements of the
hind quarters of the male were interrupted by periods of quiet. Several
times he shifted position slightly from one side to the other, but
remained most of the time with his head resting near the median line
of the back of the female. The latter remained passive until at the
end of about half an hour by the watch she laid her ears back and turned
her head, showing her teeth and apparently snarhng at the male,
although even at the short distance no sound was heard. The male
quietly slipped from her, and both animals moving only a few feet
immediately resumed their search for small crabs that were numerous
in the marshy ground. The fur on the lower part of the back of the
female had become considerably rumpled, but this was ignored by her
in the search for food.
HIBERNATION
The winter activities of raccoon vary in southern and northern
latitudes. In the southern United States and southward the raccoons
are active throughout the year. In the North these animals become
torpid, and there is a kind of hibernation or partially suspended
animation, similar to that of the bears and only approximating the
deep lethargic winter sleep of some other northern animals. In
describing behavior in winter in Canada, Wesley Mills (1892, sec. 4,
p. 50) refers to W. Yates, of Hatchly, Ontario, and says: "This
observer has made some very interesting observations on a tame rac-
coon (Procyon lotor). This creature lived in a hollow log lined with
straw and drowsed away the greater part of December and January,
leaving any food placed before him unnoticed. The raccoon is
known to spend the greater part of the winter in hollow elm trees
in this part of the country, and Mr. Yates points out that the cutting
down of most of these trees resulted in the raccoons betaking them-
selves to underground burrows including those once occupied by
foxes." According to Seton (1929, p. 252): "In the Red River
Valley [Canada], the sleep lasts from mid-November to early March."
Concerning hibernation in the Adirondacks of northern New York,
Merriam (1884, p. 93) writes: "The Raccoon hibernates during the
severest part of the winter, retiring to his nest rather early, and
appearing again in February or March, according to the earliness or
lateness of the season. Disliking to wade through deep snow he
does not come out much till the alternate thawing and freezing of the
surface, suggestive of coming spring, makes a crust upon which he
can run with ease."
ECONOMIC STATUS
Raccoons are naturally prolific, and owing to very extensive geo-
graphic range and adaptability the forms of Procyon lotor constitute
a wildlife asset of major recreational and economic importance. In
the extreme scarcity of money days raccoon sldns supplied
in pioneer
an important element maintain their existence.
in helping the people to
In 1788 (Chase 1911) the residents of a mountain section in Tennessee
organized the local "State of Franldin." Money was scarce, and the
salaries of piil)lic oflicials wei-e paid in animal skins, inchuling the

follow! no;: ". . . secretary to his excellency, the (governor, 500 rac-
coon [skins] ; . . . clerk of the house of commons, 200 raccoon [skins];
members of assembly, per diem, 3 raccoon [skins]; ." Through-
. .
out the pioneer days raccoon skins were regular articles of barter.
The skins were especially popular for making caps and coats, the
latter use extending to the present time as garments for both men and
women. Although their original numbers have greatly decreased,
owing to the reduction or elimination of suitable habitat incident to
human encroachment, raccoons have persisted where many other
native animals have become extinct. Aside from the fur produced,
their value in providing, excellent nocturnal sport for an army of
hunters and exercise for the "coon" dogs nearly throughout the
forested sections of the country is well known. This hunting asset
is becoming better appreciated by State game commissions and
sportsmen's associations, and the liberation of raccoons in suitable

places is a regular pai't of the annual progi-am of wildlife management.
The meat, especially of young raccoons, is an accepted article of
food in some parts of the country and is very palatable. During the
early days in California, according to Newberry (1855, p. 47), raccoons
in considerable numbers were sold in the San Francisco market,
commanding a price of one to three dollars each.
Raccoons are human interests in some places to a
destr-uctive to
limited extent. Of the economic status of the animal in its typical
region, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, Rhoads (1903, p. 182) says:
Dr. Warren reports answers from correspondents which condemn this animal
as a stealer offish, especially trout. Others say it does not catch many of these
but is after crayfish chiefly. His raids on nesting turkeys I can vouch for, the
eggs being sucked. His destruction of poultry is occasionally severe and he likes
green maize ears dearly. No doubt he is a destroyer of birds' nests, eggs and
young, both terrestrial and arboreal. He cat dies some mice, but being a slow
sort of fellow, prefers more leisurely employ iiient.On this account, he is quite a
vegetarian, grapes, nuts, fruits and certain vegetables falling to his share. His
furs for warmth and his carcass for food about compensate for the direct losses
sustained by liumanity in his depredations.
In the Gulf Coast Region, where raccoons still abound, conditions

are described by Kopman (1921, p. 28) thus:
One of the principal foods of the raccoon in Louisiana is crayfish. Among
vegetable foods, corn in the milk, persimmons, wild grapes, and palmetto berries
are very acceptable to the "coon." As a destroyer of poultry the raccoon is
often a great nuisance, and it takes many wild birds. These animals are estab-
lished on many of the bushy islands of the coast, and they eat the eggs and young
of the seabirds and other aquatic species breeding there On Marsh Island and
other bird and game preserves on the coast owned by the State, the Department
of Conservation has had to provide for systematic trapping of the raccoon. . . .
In considering the natural enemies of birds, Forbush (1916, pp.

24-25) discusses the raccoon as follows:
There is some evidence to the effect that the raccoon robs birds' nests, but it
is not numerous enough now in settled regions to be very destructive. Its fond-
ness for green corn has not endeared it to the farmer, and the sportsman and
angler believe that it destroys game and fish. Add to these alleged reasons for
its destruction the increasing price for its skin in the market and we can see why
the "coon" is not destined long to be a great factor as an enemy of birds, except
possibly on lands where all animals are protected.
An early mention of the raccoon in New England is by Josselyn (1672),

who says: "The Raccoonliveth in hollow trees, and is about the size
of a Gib Cat; they feed upon Mass, and do infest our Indian Corn
very much; they will be exceeding fat in Autumn; their flesh is some-
what dark, but good food roasted."
Corn is grown extensively throughout much of the range of the
raccoon, and perhaps more complaints are lodged against the animal
for damages to this staple crop than to any other human interest.
Cornfields adjoining woodland inhabited by raccoons may be in-
vaded, usually for only a short distance, about the time that the
ears reach the "milk" stage. The stalks are pulled down, or the
ears stripped off and partly eaten and left scattered over the ground.
In some of the most serious instances noted by the writer more than
one-half of the corn was destroyed on areas several acres in extent.
Other grain crops (as, for example, kafir corn) and fruits and vege-
tables of many kinds are also subject to some injury. Personal
observations have shown that raccoons sometimes become nocturnal
despoilers of the nests of waterfowl.
General observations over a wide range indicate that the depre-
dations of raccoons are sporadic in relation to human interests,
involve few individuals, and are usually so limited and local in extent
that they are quite negligible. The removal of one or two offenders
by trapping or shooting will put a stop to the raids in most cases.
In a very few instances systematic trapping may be necessary to reduce
a local raccoon population that has become too numerous and destruc-
tive. The isolated cases of damages sustained are, in general, far
outweighed by the asset value of the species.
The northern subspecies of Procyon lotor are among the most
important fur bearers, but pelts of the forms of the crab-eating
raccoon, Procyon (Euprocyon) cancrivorus, are of little value, owing
to the short, thin, bristly character of the pelage.
Some idea of the numbers
of raccoon {Procyon lotor) pelts that have
been handled as furs may
be gained from estimates based upon sta-
tistical studies made in 1925 by Frank G. Ashbrook of the then Bureau
of Biological Survey, United States Department of Agriculture
(now part of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the In-
terior), and Horace McMullen, of the then National Association of

J.
the Fur Industry and McMullen 1925). The data

(Ashbrook
gathered from the principal fur auctions in the United States and in
London, and from raw fur receiving houses indicated that the average
yearly production of i-accoon pelts for the 10 years preceding 1925
was t)0(),0()0 to 1,000,000. These figures were also taken to represent
the average yearly consumption for the period stated. [The most
recent (1948) information compiled by the P'ish and Wildlife Sci-vice
indicates an annual take of from 1 to Iji million pelts in the United
States.]
The raccoon has an assured place as one of the more important
American fur-hearing animals and will continue to hold this position
so long as it can t)e maintained in suitable numbers. [It is outiuun-
bered only by the muskrat, opossum, and skunk in pelts taken.!
The natural su])])ly of raccoon fiu-s is being gradually reduced
through the general encroachment of civilization upon the range of
the animal. Aside from trapping for the fur, hunting for sport with-
out ailequate regulations, and harassment by dogs, the drainage of
water areas and the cutting of timber, especially the older trees afford-
ing convenient sheltering hollows, have I'esulted in conditions unfa-
voral)le for raccoons. Displaying wonth'rful adaptability, raccoons
still maintain themselves even in many well-settled areas, often in the
vicinity of human habitations or even large cities, with a persistence

truly reinarkal)le. Experiments have been conducted on raising
raccoons in captivity. Much should be done, however, to furthei'
better management of the raccoon in the wild, not only as an important
fur beai-er and for the sport afforded in its chase, but as a characteristic
American animal of outstanding general interest owing to its peculiar
and attractive liabits.
GENERAL CHARACTERS
The raccoons as a whole present a narrow range of variation in
external appearance. The general color pattern, including the black
facial mask and the barred tail, is everywhere very similar, even for
the two subgenera. The subgenus Procyon, embracing the numerous
forms of the typical North American group, is, however, easily dis-
tinguished by the normal, or backward direction of the hair on the
nai)e, by the presence of underfur, and by the grayish forearms and
thighs. In Euprocyon, on the other hand, the pelage of the nape is
reversed, underfur is absent, and the forearms and thighs arc usually
blackish instead of grayish.
The normal number of mammae seems to be six in both Procyon and
Euprocyon, but has been found to vary to eight in the latter subgenus.
Cranial and dental subgeneric distinctions are pointed out in the
treatment of subgeneric characters.
18 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
In both subgenera the plantigrade structure of the feet is an out-

standing feature. The fore feet somewhat resemble tiny hands, with
long fingers opposable to a high degree, possessed of great strength,
and 3êt capable, in Procyon at least, of being used with a remarkable
The digits of the hind feet are much
deftness and delicacy of touch.
opposable, and the imprints of the broad flattened soles along
less
muddy shores may be likened to those of a small child's feet. Al-
though the favorite haunts of the members of both subgenera are in
the vicinity of water and much time is spent upon the ground, Procyon,
as compared with Euprocyon, is provided with claws that are narrower,
sharper, more compressed laterally, and strengthened by greater ver-
tical depth at the base, better adapting this subgenus for climbing and
a more arboreal life. In Panama, where the two subgenera occur
together, the crab-eating habit is shared in common, but may be in-
dulged in to a greater extent by Euprocyon than by Procyon. The
broader, less trenchant cusps in the molariform teeth of Euprocyon,
as compared with those of Procyon, are better fitted for crushing hard
substances. Along the coast of Salvador, mangrove swamps are in-
habited by a local form, Procyon lotor dickeyi, which feeds extensively,
perhaps principally, upon crabs. The abrasive effect of such a diet
on the teeth of a member of the typical subgenus is there strikingly
shown by the early wear and rapid shearing off of the crowns of the
molars, leaving the premolars comparatively little affected. In some
of the older specimens of dickeyi the molar crowns are reduced until a
mere shell remains near the roots. This may, however, be due to
some unusual local condition as such rapid or extensive wear has not
been observed anywhere else.
The black mask varies somewhat in extent, and some forms are
paler than others, but o^ving to general uniformity in pattern of color-
ation in each suligenus, recourse must usually be had to size and to
cranial and dental modifications in tracing the relationships of species
and subspecies.
In the subgenus Procyon most of the sutures of the skull are easily
traced at birth. Among the earliest sutures to close are those of the
basicranial segment surrounding the foramen magnum. The supra-
and basioccipital are all firmly united, and the
occipital, exoccipitals,
sutures have disappeared before the permanent dentition is fully in
place. The union between these bones and the remainder of the skull,
however, remains distinctly visible until finally closed later with ad-
vancing age. The jugals unite with the maxillae earlier than with
the squamosals. Progressive obliteration extends to the maxiUo-
premaxillary sutures and to the median line between the frontals,
while the parietal sutures remain distinct. The closure of the parietal
sutm'es may be taken as an indication of maturity. In old age aU the
bones of the skull become coalesced, among the last to unite firmly
being the nasals and the mandibles. A well-developed, sometimes
high and trenchant, sagittal crest commonly present in the older males
is less frequent and less prominent in the females; but in many old
adults of both sexes the temporal impressions do not unite to form a

crest. The deciduous dentition is retained only a short time. The
permanent middle incisors appear before the molars.
In the continental forms of the subgenus Procyon subspecific dis-
tinctions rest upon combinations of relatively slight characters,
indicating close relationships. Although the characters do not stand
out very conspicuously as a rule, and due allowance must be made for
individual variation, they are maintained with a fair degree of con-
stancy over areas often of considerable extent. Some of the more
extreme forms of the intergrading series are very similar in external
appearance, but are differentiated by well-marked details of cranial
structure. Skull characters, rather than color, must therefore be
relied upon in determining systematic relationships. In dental
sculpture all the forms are very similar, but they vary greatly in the
size of the teeth and, to some extent, in the form of the molar crowns.
In tracing the relationships of the numerous forms of the subgenus
Procyon the principal characters of taxonomic value are the following:
General color, whether light or dark, plain grayish, or suffused with
ochraceous buff, or vaiyiug shades of rusty rufous; relative develop-
ment of the black mask, whether continuous across middle of face,
extent of black postauriculai' spots, and of white facial markings;
general form of the skull (especially of the brain case and the frontal
profile), massiveness, development of poslorhital processes and of
zygomata, width of palate, size of auditory bullae; size and relative
l(>ngth and breadth of large molariform teeth. The males are usually
decidedly larger than the females in all dimensions, but the sexes agree
closely in ch'tails of cranial structure.
PELAGE AND MOLT

The j)elag(> differs widely in the subgenera Procyon and Euprocyon,
as pointed out in the treatment of sid)generic characters. In the
subgenus Procyon it is longer, softer, and much denser than
Eupro- in
cyon, the denseness being largely due to the fine undcrfui-, which
differs in texture from the longer overfur or guard hairs, and which is
absent in Euprocyon. Owing to the differences in tiensity and texture
of the hairs, Euprocyon is of little value for the fur.
The annual molt in the subgenus Procyon extends over a lengthy
period during the summer, at least in the more northern and more
heavily furred subspecies. The new pelage, rather short in the fall;
becomes longer in the winter. In the subgenus Euprocyon — inhabiting

tropical countries —no definite seasonal molt seems apparent.
VARIATION
Variation in the raccoons is assignable to several categories, of
which perhaps the most obvious are geographic and individual.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION
The raccoons are believed to intergrade throughout the vast range
of the species Procyon lotor on the North American mainland, and the
component subspecies are the expression of geographic variation in
size, weight, color, and minor details of structure in response to
environmental and genetic influences. Some of the insular forms

present a greater degree of dift'erentiation, evidently due to isolation,
and are regarded as distinct species. The largest form of the genus,
Procyon lotor excelsus, inhabits interior valleys, principally the Snake
River Valley in southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and
southern Idaho. Large, but less extreme, geographic races occupy
the other Western States and the mainland of Middle America.
These give way to smaller subspecies in the eastern United States,
the minimum size being reached by those living on the Florida Keys.
Maria Madre and Maria Magdalena of the Tres Marias Islands
Group oft" western Mexico are occupied by Procyon insularis, a large
form regarded as specifically distinct from the mainland animal.
Small species of raccoons inhabit New Providence Island in the
Bahamas, and Guadeloupe and Barbados Islands of the Lesser
Antilles. The smallest species of raccoon known was well named
Procyon pygmueus from Cozumel Island, Yucatan.
Geographic variation in color in the raccoons is limited mainly to
the general tone and to the relative development of the black mask
and other facial markings. The paler subspecies, such as Procyon
the thinly timbered desert areas in the Colorado
lotor pallidus, iiiliabit
River Valley and adjoining territory, while darker races have de-
veloped in the eastern United States and in densely forested regions
of heavy precipitation in Central America. In considering the pallid
coloration of raccoons from desert areas, as along the Colorado River,
it should be understood that these animals are restricted to the
vicinity of water, yet they share the general pallor that is a marked
characteristic of the mammals of the region as a whole.
INDIVIDUAL VARIATION
By individual variation reference is made to all the degrees of

divergence from a typical mean exhibited by large series of conspecific
skins and skulls from any given locality. In the raccoons the range
of this variation in size, color, and cranial about the same as
details is
.
that for which due allowance must be made in other groups of carni-
vores. Since the subspecies of Procyon lofor are geographic races
with confluent geographic ranges, an unusually large individual of a
small form may be similar in size to an unusually small individual of
a large form, and color and cranial details may vary in comparable
ratio. Owing to individual variation, some specimens, especially
from unknown localities, may be difficult- to identify subspecifically.
They may usually be distinguished, however, by the combination of
characters presented
Apparently, abnormal individual variations in general color are
common in the raccoons. A half-grown example (No. 253823, U. S.
Natl. Mus.) from Nelson County, Va., exhibits an apparent case of
erythrism. The usual black facial mask, postauricular spots, dark
l)ands on the tail, and the normally dark tips of hairs are light yel-
lowish brown; the usual white areas tend toward creamy white. In
a specimen from Santee, S. C. (No. 178391, U. S. Natl. Mus.), the
usual black tips of the hairs over the back and the dark tail rings are
light brownish. The dark facial markings ar(> also inclined toward
l)rown instead of black, and the basal color of the fur in general is
lighter than normal.

No definitely melanistic raccoons have been examined, but in a
specimen from Red Bluff, Cahf. (No. 14466, U. S. Natl. Mus.), there
is an intensification of the overlying black on the upper parts, due to
the unusual extent of the black on the tips of the hairs and the cor-
responding reduction of the light subapical zone on these hairs. As
a result the back appears to be almost solid black. The usual light
bars are present on the tail, and the white facial markings are normal.
The occurrence of albino raccoons is reported from time to time.
An adult male from Paducah, Ky. (No. 151657, U. S. Natl. Mus.), is
pure white except on the nape where the white is suffused with
yellowish.
The weight of the northern raccoons undoubtedly varies consider-
ably according to the season; the animals become very fat in the fall,
especially in regions where they must hibernate. The more southern

raccoons that are active throughout the year do not accumulate so
great a store of fat, and even their shorter pelage would weigh less.
The weight differs, of course, in accordance with size in animals of
comparable age, sex, and condition in the various species and sub-
species. Comparatively few weights, however, appear to have been
reliably recorded and are available for comparison. Whitney (1931,
p. 31) reports the taking of more than 300 raccoons (Procyon lotor
lotor) in Massachusetts and Connecticut during a 7-year period.
Of the 300, every one that appeared to be uncommonly large was

weighed on accurate scales. The largest weighed 22 pounds and 10
ounces. Whitney believed, however, that the average would be

about 13 pounds as the weights included those of a good many animals
taken in the fall that had been born in the spring of the same year
and had not been able to attain a weight of much more than 10
pounds. Eighteen raccoons regarded by Whitney as of uniformly
greater weight were taken by him in the fall near Brunswick, Maine.
Eight of these weighed more than 23 pounds each, the largest, 27
pounds, including, a sack estimated to weight three-fourths of a
pound.
A large, fat, adult male raccoon (Procyon lotor hirtus) collected by
Vernon Bailey (1923, p. 124) at Elk River, Minn., November 5,
1886, was recorded by him as weighing 30^2 pounds. Another male
of the same subspecies taken at Fargo, N. Dak., by O. J. Murie,
November 9, 1919, weighed 24 pounds. Average animals from the
same localities would undoubtedly weigh much less.
Weights of specimens of Procyon lotor elucus, which is active through-
out the year and does not become so fat as the more northern sub-
species, were obtained in winter by E. A. Mearns on Saw Grass
Island, Catfish Creek, Polk County, Fla. Five adult males from the
island ranged from 10 to 12 pounds in weight, the average being 11
pounds. The weight of three adult females from the same locality
ranged from 7.7 to 10 pounds, the average being 9 pounds. Weights
of the diminutive raccoon Procyon lotor auspicatus, of Key Vaca,
one of the Florida keys, were obtained late in winter by E. W. Nelson.
Five adult males were found by him to i-ange in weight from 4 to 6
pounds, with an average of 5.3 pounds. Two adult females from the
same locality weighed 4 and 5 pounds, respectively.
Individual variation in cranial and dental development is extensive
in scope and may render difficult the determination of some speci-
mens, especially if from unknown localities. The variations are
noticeable especially in the foi-m of the brain case and frontal profile,
relative prominence of postorbital processes, size of auditory bullae,
and size of large molariform teeth. Dental abnormalities are pre-
sented in a few cases. In two individuals, one of Procyon lotor
litoreus from Saint Simon Island, Ga., and the other of Procyon
gloveralleni of Barbados, Lesser Antilles, the first premolars in both
jaws are absent. Supernumerary teeth sometimes suggest early
division of the dental matrix. In a skull of Procyon lotor hernandezii
from Colima two canines are present on one side in the upper jaw, one
somewhat smaller being posterior to the normal canine in the space
usually occupied by the first premolar which is absent. On the side
opposite the double canines the first premolar is also absent, there
being a hiatus between the canine and second premolar. The
mandible is normal.
.
EXPLANATIONS
MEASUREMENTS
All measurements The weights
of specimens are in millimeters.
given are in pounds. Adult males usually exceed adult females in
dimensions, and the measurements are, therefore, presented according
to sex. In some cases so few nearly typical examples are available
that the measurements given may not represent the normal range
of individual variation, and too broad generalizations, therefore,
should not be based on them.
The external measurements, unless otherwise stated, were taken
in the fleshby the collector, as follows:
Toial length. —
Nose to end of terminal tail vertebra.
Tail vertebrae. —
Upper base of tail to end of terminal vertebra.
Iliiid foot. — Heel to end of longest claw.
The following cranial measurements were taken with a vernier
caliper b}' the author:
Greatest length.—Length from anterior premaxillae
tip of supra- to
occipital in median over foramen magnum.
line
( —Length from anterior of premaxillae to
'oiidylobdsal length. tip
posterior plane occipital condyles.
of
Zygomatic — Greatest distance across zygomata.
breadth.
Interorbital breadth. — Least distance between orbits.
Lead width palatal
of — Width between outer sides palate
shelf. of
at const behind posterior molars.
I'iction
Mafillanj row. — Distance from front

tooth canine back of
of to
])osteriormolar at alveolar border.
Crown of
lengtli carnassial. — Greatest length of crown of upper
u])per
carnassial along outer side.
Crown width of carnassial — Greatest transverse diameter of
iippir
crown of uppei- carnassial.
COLORS
Owing to the banding of the individual hairs, raccoons present
coarsely blended colors difficult to segregate. For
this reason very
limited use has been made, m
quotation marks, of names of colors
from Ridgway's "Color Standards and Color Nomenclature, 1912."
In the description of colors generally understood, modifying or com-
parative terms have been employed in naming tones, many of which
are not well defined.
SPECIMENS EXAMINED
Specimens examined, unless otherwise indicated, are in the collec-
tions of theUnited States National Museum, including the Biological
Surveys collection.
USE OF KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

The key and subspecies of the subgenus Procyon is
to the species
based largely on the geographic ranges, as trenchant characters
cannot be assigned to intergrading geographic races, and most of
the insular forms treated as species are imperfectly known. The key
supplements the map (fig. 1) in affording a clue to the identification
of particular specimens from known localities.
Figure 1. — Distribution of species and subspecies of the subgenus Frovijon:

1. P. lotor lotor. 12. P. I. mexicanus. 23. P. I. pumilus.
2. P. I. hirt'us. 13. P. I. palliduH. 24. P. insularis insularis.
3. P. I. varius. 14. P. I. psora. 25. P. i. vicinus.
4. P. I. litoreus. 15. P. I. pacificus. 26. P. maynardi.
5. P. I. solutus. 16. P. I. excelsus. 27. P. pygmaeus.
6. P. I. elucus. 17. P. I. Vancouver ensis.' 28. P. minor.
7. P. I. marinus. 18. P. I. grinnelU. 29. P. glover alleni.
8. P. I. inesperatiis. 19. P. I. hernandezii. 30. P. I. maritimus.
9. P. 1. auspicatus. 20. P. I. shufeldti. 31. P. I. megalodous.
10. P. I. incautus. 21. P. I. dickeyi.
11. P. I. fuscipes. 22. P. I. crassidens.
Genus PROCYON Storr
Procyon Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mammal., p. 35. 1780. Type Ursus lotor Linnaeus.
Campsiiirus Link, Beytr. Xaturg. 1 (2): 87, 1795. Type Ursus lotor Linnaeus
(see Hollister, p. 146, 1915).
Lotor Geoffroy and Cuvier, Mag. Enc. 2: 187, 1795.
Lotor Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., 3^" Theil., 2'^ Abth., p. 1080, 1816.
Euprocyon Gray, Zool. Soc. London Proc. 1864: 705 (subgenus). Type Ursus
cancrivorus Cuvier.
Maniprocyonus Herrera, Sin. Vulg. Cient. Vert. Mexicanos 1899: 18.
Euprocyon Goldman, Smithsn. Misc. Coll. 60 (22): 16, Feb. 28, 1913 (genu.s).
Euprocyon Hollister, U. S. Natl. Mus. Proc. 49 (2100): 146, Aug. 13, 1915 (sub-
genus) .
Distribution. — Southern Canada to southern Brazil and northern

Argentina, and some of the outlying islands.
Generic characters. —
Form robust head broad, with short, pointed
;
muzzle; ears meiUum-sized, pointed upper lip hairy across median line;
;
soles of feet naked, smooth, without well-developed digital pads; digits

free, very long, the first more than half the length of the second; claws
nonretractile; tail shorter than body, cylindrical, distinctly annulated;
baculum long, curved ant! l)ilobed distally; mammae 6, arranged in
three pairs, as follows: pectoral, 2; abdominal, 2; inguinal, 2.
Skull broad and massive; rostrum broad; brain case broad posteri-
orly, tapering gradually anteriorly; interorbital and ])ostorbital con-
strictions moderate; postorbital processes of maxillae usually more
developed than postorbital processes of frontals; sagittal crest high
and trenchant in some old adults, absent in others, the temporal ridges
not imiting along median line. Mastoid processes long, stout, strongly
everted, rounded distally; hamular processes rounded, with knob-like
ends; auditoiy^ bullae large, inflated on inner side, the outer side
sloping gradually to external auditory meatus. Mandible heavy,
inferior border evenly rounded; symphysis short; coronoid process
rising high and ciu'ving backward over condyle.
Dental formula: i 3/3 c 1/1 pm 4/4 m 2/2 = 40.
Dentition heavy; molar crowns moderately high, with prominent
cusps; first and second upper premolars simple unicuspids; third upper
premolar with a high conical principal cusp and a postero-internal
shelf-like cingidum sometimes bearing a small cusplet; crown of fourth
upper premolar subquadrate, about as long as broad, with five prin-
cipal cusps; crown of first upper molar usually slightly broader than
long, with four principal cusps; second upper molar subtriangular, with
three principal cusps; crown of first lower molar elongated, sub-
rectangular, with five distinct cusps. First upper premolar with a
single root; second and third upper premolars 2-rooted; fourth upper
premolar 3-rooted. Incisors heavy, the crowns more or less distinctly
grooved when unworn. Canines oval in cross section at alveoli,
87G119°— 50 3
conical, without distinct grooves, the upper canines not strongly

everted.
Remarks. —The genus Procyon is readily distinguished from the other
living genera of Procyonidae. It is most closely allied to Nasua, but
appearance as well as internal structure.
differs strikingly in external
It shares with Nasua the general pattern of white and black facial
markings, hairy mid-section of upper lip, and annulated tail, but
departs in more robust form, shorter snout, pointed ears, free digits,
short front claws, and short, cylindrical instead of tapering tail.
Important and dental details, espe-

similarities in cranial structure
cially the molar cusps, are apparent, but the skull diverges notably in
its short and broad, instead of narrow and elongated outlines. Among
other cranial characters that distinguish Procyon from Nasua are the
greater breadth of the palate between the molars in relation to breadth
of bony palate behind molars (palate nearly parallel-sided throughout
its length in Nasua) upper molariform tooth rows curved posteriorly,
;
instead of being nearly straight; mastoid processes much more promi-

nent; and canines more rounded and conical, instead of flattened and
saber-like, with trenchant anterior and posterior edges. The genus
Procyon differs from the genus Nasuella in about the same characters
as from Nasua.
The genus Procyon is more distantly related to the genus Bas-
saricyon which it approaches in general type of dentition, but with
which it contrasts strongly in color and in many important structural
details. Procyon is a much larger, more heavily built animal than
Bassaricyon, which also exhibits a departure in color, pelage, and other
external features. In Bassaricyon the color is more uniform, the face
somewhat grayish but lacking the black mask and white markings of
Procyon and the general body color ochraceous tawny. The general
pelage is much denser, softer, and has a silky quality very unlike that
of Procyon. The tail is longer in Bassaricyon, flattened instead of
cylindrical, and
indistinctly annulated.
is The ears are more rounded
in Bassaricyon than in Procyon, and a median projection of the
rhinarium extends across the lip to the mouth. The skulls of Procyon
and Bassaricyon are somewhat similar in general form, but differ in
many important features. Contrasted with that of Bassaricyon, the
skull of Procyon presents points of difference including the following:
Much larger, more massive (thin-walled and delicate in Bassaricyon) ;
brain case less inflated; orbits relatively smaller; postorbital processes

much less, and mastoid processes much more, developed; canines
without distinct grooves (canines with two distinct longitudinal
grooves on inner, and two on outer, surfaces in Bassaricyon).
Compared with the genus Potos, the most aberrant American mem-
ber of the family as currently recognized, the genus Procyon differs so
widely that the commonly accepted family alignment seems open to

some question. Potos contrasts strongly in nearly uniform coloration,
rounded ears, and long, tapering, short-haired, prehensile tail. The
rhinarium in Potos traverses the upper lip more as in Bassaricyon. In
the skull of Potos similarly striking contrasts with Procyon are evident.
The teeth may be regarded as somewhat similar in general form but
there the resemblance ends. The molar crowns in Potos are lower and
much simpler than in Procyon, being nearly flat and without well-
developed cusps at any age, the posterior molars almost completely
opposed, above and below. Anterior premolars, present in Procyon,
are absent in Potos, a condition correlated with the shortening of the
rostrum in the latter genus. The canines, normally rounded and
without distinct grooves in the adult stage in Procyon are flattened and
,
saber-like, with deeply grooved sides in Potos. The mandible in Potos

is remarkable for its depth and long, early-fused symphysis, the space
between the rami anteriorly U-shaped instead of V-shaped, as is usual

in the group. The lower border of the ramus, convex in Procyon, is
concave in Potos, owing to lateral compression and downward expan-
sion of the angle. Among other differential cranial features of Potos
and complete absence
are the parallel-sided palate, peculiar flat bullae,
of the mastoid processes so well developed in Procyon.
The genus Procyon requires no close comparison with the Old World
procyonid genera Ailurus and AUuropoda of the subfamily Ailurinae.
The characters of the Old World genera and their relationship to the
other procyonids have recently been discussed by Gregory (1936) and
by McGrew (1938). Among other important references bearing on
the classification of the Procyonidae are Hollister (1915), and Pocock
(1921).
KEY TO SUBGENPZRA
a'. Pelage of two kinds, long guard hairs and short, soft underfur; hair on nape
normal, not directed forward; palate extending behind posterior molars a
distance of more than one-fourth length of palate Procyon (p. 28)
a^. Pelage coarse and wiry, without underfur; hair on nape directed forward;
palate extending behind posterior molars a distance of less than one-fourth
length of palate Euprocyon (p. 80)
LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES, WITH TYPE

LOCALITIES
Subgenus PROCYON Storr
Procyon lotor lotor (Linnaeus) Pennsylvania (p. 33).
lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman Elk River, Minn. (p. 37).
lotor varius Nelson and Goldman Castleberry, Ala. (p. 38).
lotor litoreus Nelson and Goldman Saint Simon Island, Ga. (p. 40).
lotor solutus Nelson and Goldman Hilton Head Island, S. C. (p. 41).
lotor ehicus Bangs Oak Lodge, Brevard County, Fla.
(p. 42).
lotor marinus Nelson Chokoloskee, Fla. (p. 44).
.
LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES, WITH TYPE

LOCALITIE S— Continued
Subgenus PROCYON Storr— Continued
Procyon Jotor inesperatusNelson Upper Matecumbe Key, Fla. (p. 46).

lotor avspicatiis Nelson Marathon, Key Vaca. Fla. (p. 47).
lotor incautus Nelson Torch Key, Fla. (p. 48).
lotor fuscipes Mearns Fort Clark, Tex. (p. 49)
lotor mexicamis Baird Espia, Chihuahua, Mexico (p. 52).
lotor pallidus Merriam New River, Colorado Desert, Calif.
(p. 54).
lotor psora Gray Sacramento, Calif, (p. 56).
lotor pacificiis Merriam Lake Keechelus, Wash. (p. 58).
lotor excelsus Nelson and Goldman Owyhee River, Oreg. (p. 60).
lotor vancouverensis Nelson and Gold- Vancouver Island, British Colum-
man. bia (p. 61).
lotor grinneUi Nelson and Goldman La Paz, Baja Calif, (p. 62).
lotor hernandezii Wagler Vallej' of Mexico, Mexico (p. 64).
lotor shufeldti Nelson and Goldman La Tuxpena, Campeche, Mexico
(p. 65).
lotor dickeyi Nelson and Goldman Barra de Santiago, Salvador (p. 67).
lotor crassidens Hollister Talamanca, Costa Rica (p. 69).
lotor pumilus Miller Ancon, Panama (p. 70).
insulai-is insularis Merriam Maria Madre Island, Tres Marias
Islands, Mexico (p. 72).
insularis vicinus Nelson and Goldman_^ Maria Magdalena Island, Tres
Marias Islands, Mexico (p. 73).
maynardi Bangs New Providence Island, Bahamas
(p. 75).
pygmaeus Merriam Cozumel Island, Yucatan (p. 76).
minor Miller Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe Island,
Lesser Antilles (p. 77).
gloveralleni Nelson and Goldman Island of Barbados, Lesser An-
tilles (p. 79).
Subgenus EUiPROCYON Gray

Procyon cancrivorus panamensis (Goldman). _ Gatun, C. Z. (p. 82).
Subgenus PROCYON Storr

[References under Genus Procyon Storr. p. 25]
—Nearly transcontinental from southern Canada

Distribution. to
Panama; occurring on some
also the outlying of islands.
Subfieneric — Contrasted with the subgenus Euprocyon:
characters.
Pelage longer and of two kinds—long coarse guard hairs and short,
soft underfur; hair on nape normal, not directed forward; claws nar-
rower, more compressed laterally, of greater vertical depth at base,
and more sharply pointed. Bony palate extending behind posterior
molars a distance of more than one-fourth the total length of palate.
Molariform teeth, except first premolars, smaller, with narrower,
more sharply pointed cusps; connecting ridges between principal cusps
higher, more trenchant.
—
Remarks. The subgenus Procyon overlaps the range of the sub-
genus Eitprocj/on in Panama, but the eharacters pointed out ai'e quite
distinetive.
Key to Speciks and Subspecies of the Subgenus PROCYON

(Typical ariults)
a'. Geograjjliic range continental.
6'. Geographic range eastern United States and southern Canada, west to near
longitude 90°.
c'. Size smaller; hind foot usually less than 120 nun.; geographic range excluding
greater part of Florida,
Color darker; geographic range southeastern Canada and the North-
d'.
eastern States, mainly north of latitude 35° .P. I. lotor (j). 33).
cP. Color paler; geographic range Southeastern States, mainly south of
latitude 35° P. I. varius (p. 38).
c^. Size larger; hind foot usually more than 120 mm.; geographic range greater
part of Florida P. I. elucus (p. 42).

b-. Geographic range not including eastern United States far beyond longitude
90°.
cK (Jeographic range mainly east of longitude 105°, and north of latitude 22°.
rf'. Color darker, more suffused with buff; pelage longer; geographic range
mainly upper Mississippi and Missouri River drainage_^P. I. hirtus (jj. 37).
(P. Color paler, more suffused with gray; pelage shorter; geographic range
mainly Texas and northeastern Mexico P. l.fusr/'iii s p. 49). i
(-. Geographic range not mainly east of longitude 105° and north of lai ii mlc 22°.
Geographic range mainly west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range.
eK Color darker; geographic range mainly southwestern British ColumV)ia,
western Washington, and western Oregon P. I. pacificus (p. 58).
e^. Color paler; geographic range mainly California P. I. psora (p. 56).
d^. Geographic range not mainly west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade
Range.
Size larger; geographic range mainly Snake and Humboldt River drainage
in Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada P. I. excelsus (p. 60).
e^. Size smaller; geographic range not including Snake and Humboldt River
drainage in Idaho, Oregon, and Nevada.

/'. Color paler; geographic range Colorado River drainage
P. I. pallidus (p. 54).

p. Color darker; geographic range not including Colorado River drainage.
gK Geographic range southern Baja California P. I. grinnelli (p. 62).
g-. Geographic range not including southern Baja California.
h^. Geographic range mainly north or west of Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
i'. Color paler; geographic range northwestern Mexico south to about
latitude 22° P. I. mexicanus (p. 52).

i^. Color darker; geographic range high tableland and coastal regions of
Mexico from about latitude 22° to Isthnuis of Tehuantepec
P. I. hernandezii (p. G4).
/i^. Geographic range mainly south or east of Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
i'. Color paler; geographic range mainly north of latitude 14°, including
Yucatan Peninsula P. I. shufeldti (p. 65).
i^. Color darker; geographic range mainly south of latitude 14°.
j'. Skull less massive; known geographic range southwestern coast of
Salvador P. I. dickeyi (p. 67).

.
Skull more massive; known geographic range excluding southwestern

coast of Salvador.
k^. Skull longer and narrower; dentition heavier; known geographic
range Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Honduras
P. 1. crassidens (p. 69).
yfc^. Skull shorter and broader; dentition lighter; known geographic
range Panama P. I. pumilus (p. 70).
a^. Geographic range insular (at least in part)
Geographic range off Pacific coast.
c*. Georgaphic range Vancouver Island P. I. vancouverensis (p. 61).
Geographic range off west coast of Mexico [P. insularis and subspecies],
d*. Color paler; geographic range Maria Madre Island, Nayarit
P. i. insularis (p. 72).

d-. Color darker; geographic range Maria Magdalena Island, Nayarit
P. i. vicinus (p. 73).
6^. Geographic range off Atlantic coast (at least in part),
c'. Geographic range far offshore islands (Bahamas and Lesser Antilles).
d^. Geographic range Bahama Islands (New Providence Island)
P. maynardi (p. 75).
Geographic range Lesser Antilles,
d^.
e'. Color darker; upper carnassial longer than broad; geographic range
Barbados Island P. gloveralleni (p. 79).
e^. Color paler; upper carnassial shorter than broad; geographic range
Guadeloupe Island P. minor (p. 77).
c^. Geographic range coastal islands (at least in part),
d'. Size larger; hind foot more than 90 mm.; geographic range southern
Florida Keys and islands and coasts of Georgia and South Carolina.
Geographic range southern Florida Keys (at least in part).
p. Color darker; geographic range very close to or extending to Florida
coast.
gr^ Size larger; total length (adult male) more than 700 mm.; geographic
range Upper Matecumbe and other keys near base of main Florida
chain P. I. inesperatus (p, 46).
g^. Size smaller; total length (adult male) less than 700 mm.; geographic
range keys of Ten Thousand Islands group and adjacent coast
P. I. ynarinus (p. 44).
p. Color paler; geographic range outer half of Florida Keys,
gfi. more than 110 mm.; palatal bridge
Size larger; hind foot (adult male)
extending on median line beyond plane of last molars more than 12
mm. geographic range Big Pine Key group, near extreme end of
;
Florida chain P. I. incautus (p. 48).

g^. Size smaller; hind foot (adult male) less than 110 mm.; palatal bridge
extending on median line beyond plane of last molars less than 12

mm.; geographic range Key Vaca P. I. auspicatus (p. 47).
e^. Geographic range islands and coasts of Georgia and South Carolina.
/I. Dentition heavier; crown length of upper carnassial usually more than
9 mm. geograpliic range Saint Simon Island, neighboring islands, and

;
coast of Georgia P. I. litoreus (p. 40).

p. Dentition lighter; crown length of upper carnassial usually less than
9 mm.; geographic range Hilton Head Island, neighboring islands, and
coast of South Carolina P. I. solutus (p. 41).
d^. Size smaller; hind foot about 90 mm. or less; geographic range Cozumel
Island, east coast of Yucatan P. pygmueus (p. 76).
PROCYON LOTOR GROUP

Disirihution. —Transcontinental (except parts of the Rocky
in
Mountain region) from southern Canada to Panama, and islands as
far distant as the Tres Marias oft" the west coast of Mexico and the
Bahamas and Lesser Antilles, West Indies. Altitudinal range is from
sea level up along streams to about 5,000 feet in parts of the Rocky
Mountain region (a few animals reaching as high as 8,500 feet eleva-
and to more than 9,000 feet in the mountains near Ajusco south
tion),
of the Valley of Mexico. It occupies the Tropical, Austral, Transition,
and lower part of Canadian Zones.
Characters. —
Contrasted with Procyon cancrivorus and related forms:
Pelage of nape inclined backward; pelage consisting of two distinct
kinds of hairs — soft, dense, velvety underfur, and longer, stiffer,
projecting overlying hairs; throat and postauricular areas blackish;

cusps of larger molariform teeth relatively high and trenchant, with
distinct connecting ridges.
—
Remarks. The Procyon lotor group includes P. lotor and subspecies
of the mainland from Canada to Panama and closely adjacent islands.
To the group may also conveniently be referred several more distant
insular forms regarded as specifically distinct, but closely allied, as
shown by similarity in important characters. These inhabit the Tres
Marias Islands oft" the west coast of Mexico, Cozumel Island off Yuca-
tan, and several rather widely separated islands of the West Indies.
How the particular West Indian islands now inhabited were reached
by raccoons and why these animals do not occur on many other
islands of the archipelago where conditions seem similarly suitable are
interesting suljjects for speculation. Sloane (1725, p. 329) referred to
the occurrence of the animal in Jamaica, as follows: "The Raccoons
are commonly here in the Mountains, and live in hollow fiddlewood
Trees, from whence they make paths to go to seek Sugar Canes, which
is their chief, if only Sustenance." As there appear to be no later
records and as Sloane referred vaguely to various authors who described
raccoons elsewhere, he probably confused Jamaica with some other
island.
The members of the group as a whole dift'er among themselves in
tone of coloration, but the pattern of color markings is essentially the
same, and all forms are much alike in general external appearance.
They require close comparison as a group only with the crab-eating
raccoon, Procyon {Euprocyon) cancrivorus, the range of a northern
representative of the latter being overlapped inPanama. The char-
acters that have been mentioned, however, readily separate the two
groups.
PROCYON LOTOR (Linnaeus)

[Synonymy under subspecies]
Distribution. —Transcontinental (except in the Rocky Mountain

region) from southern Canada Panama, and islands near mainland
to
coast. The altitudinal and zonal ranges have been given under the
distribution of the various subspecies.
General characters. — Size variable, general color of upper parts
ranging from iron grayish to blackish, more or less suffused with
ochraceous buff, especially on nape and lighter caudal rings; pelage
long, full, and soft in the northern subspecies, much shorter, thinner,
and stift'er in the more southern forms. Similar in external appearance
to, but differing in cranial characters from, distant insular animals
recognized as belonging to distinct species.
Color. —
Upper parts in general varying from iron grayish to blackish,
more or less suffused with buff, rusty, or "orange rufous," especially on
nape, the general tone depending much upon the relative width and
distribution of light subapical bands and black tips of long hairs;
dorsum more or less heavily overlaid with black, tending to thin out
and become grayer along sides; top of head varying mixtures of black
and white or gray, producing a grizzled eft"ect; face with a sharply
delimited black mask usually reaching from cheeks across eyes and
muzzle, with median extensions downward to rhinarium and upward
on forehead, more or less interrupted between the eyes, however, in
some forms; facial mask bordered above by conspicuous white lines
extending from near middle of foi'ehead backward under ears or to
sides of neck; sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; tufts of stiff,
whitish vibrissae 50 to 100 millimeters in length, arising from sides of
muzzle, and smaller, less conspicuous tufts arising, one on each side
over eyes and sides of cheeks; under parts, in general, thinly overlaid
with long grayish or huffy over hairs, only partially concealing the
dense brownish underfur; throat crossed by a distinct blackish or
brownish area, separated from facial mask by narrow white lines
extending posteriorly from muzzle; ears clothed with short grayish or
buffy hairs, with black areas varying in size and distinctness at
posterior base; forearms and thighs similar to under parts, but hind
legs more or less distinctly blackish near heels; fore feet whitish; hind
feet usually whitish, but dusky of ankles sometimes extending down
on metatarsus; toes of hind feet with a few grayish or dusky bristles
usually extending beyond ends of longest claws tail above with five to
;
seven conspicuous black rings and a black tip, alternating with broader
grayish or buffy rings, the black rings less sharply defined and some-
times interrupted below.
—
Remarks. Procyon lotor is divisible into 25 geographic races which
on the mainland form a closely intergrading series. The species
attains its largest size in P. I. excelsus of the Snake River Valley in
southeastern Washington, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, and
the smallest forms are from the Florida Keys. The palest subspecies
inhabit the hot arid delta of the Colorado River and adjoining regions,
and the darkest have developed in the regions of heavy precipitation
in Central America.
PROCYON LOTOR LOTOR (Linnaeus)
Eastern Raccoon
[f7rsMs] lotor Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) 1: 48, 1758.
[Meles] lotor Boddaert, Elenchus Animal "Habitat in America."
1 : 80, 1784.
Tiedemann, Zoologie. Zu seinen Vorlesungen entworfen, erster
L[otor] vulgaris
band, Mensch und Saiigthiere, p. 380, 1808, (part). From North America,
Mexico, and the Antilles.
Procyon annulatus G. Fischer, Zoognosia 3: 177, 1814 (part). "Habitat in Ameri-
cae maritimis."
Procyon lotor Illiger, Abhand. Konig Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, 1804-1811, pp.
70, 74, 1815.
Procyon gularis Hamilton Smith, Jardine's Nat. Lib. 15: 222, 1848. From State
of New York.
Type — Pennsylvania.^
locality.
Type. — Not known to exist.

Distribution. — Nova Scotia, southern New Brunswick, southern
Quebec, and southern Ontario south through the eastern United
States to North Carolina, and from the Atlantic coast west to Lake
Michigan, Indiana, southern Illinois, western Kentucky, and probably
eastern Tennessee. Lower Austral to Canadian Zones.
General characters. —
A rather small, dark form with long, full, soft
pelage; skull with moderately high, narrow frontal region, and weak
or obsolescent postorbital processes. Similar to P. I. hirtus of Minne-
sota, but much smaller; pelage less extremely long, and less suffused
with ochraceous buff; skull smaller. Differs from P. I. solutus of
Hilton Head Island and the coastal region of South Carolina in darker,
less grayish coloration, more elongated skull, and other cranial
details. Resembles P. I. litoreus of Saint Simon Island and the coastal
region of Georgia, but pelage longer and softer, and cranial characters,
especially the much smaller molariform teeth, distinctive. Much
like P. I. varius of Alabama, but larger, usually darker, and pelage
much longer; skull larger and of heavier proportions.
Color. — Upper parts, in general, varying shades of buffy grayish
(becoming ochraceous buff or rusty rufous on nape and across shoul-
'Typc locality fixed by Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lomion. Hill. ]>. 140.
ders in some individuals) overlaid with black, the general tone due
mainly to black-tipped hairs with a lighter subterminal zone, the dark
brownish underfur showing through to some extent; sides of body
somewhat lighter, the black tips of hairs shorter or black-tipped hairs
lessnumerous than on median dorsal area; top of head mixed black
and white or grayish, giving a coarsely grizzled effect; black mask
enclosing eyes, but more or less discontinuous on middle of face where
a blackish median line is more or less distinctly isolated by lighter
lateral lines; upper surface of muzzle usually brownish; facial mask
bordered above by rather broad and conspicuous whitish lines extend-
ing posteriorly across cheeks to sides of neck; sides of muzzle, lips,
and chin white; under parts, in general, thinly overlaid with long
grayish or buffy overhairs only partially concealing the dense under-
fur, which varies from near wood brown to chestnut bown; throat
crossed by a brownish or blackish area, separated from facial mask
laterallyby narrow whitish or buffy lines extending posteriorly from
muzzle; ears densely clothed inside and out with short, whitish or
buffy hairs, merging with the general pelage on external basal portion;
black postauricular patches usually large and conspicuous; forearms
and thighs similar to under parts, but hind legs more or less distinctly
blackish near heels; fore and hind feet, including toes, whitish, the
soles black and naked; tail above with five to seven narrow black
rings and a black tip, alternating with broader grayish or ochraceous
buffy rings, the black rings less sharply defined and sometimes inter-
rupted below. Young (in first pelage) Color markings as in adults,
:
but top of head, nape, and postauricular spots nearly pure brownish
black, in contrast to the lighter, generally buffy, tone of dorsum, over
which the black-tipped hairs beginning to appear are still incon-
spicuous.
Cranial characters. —Skull rather small, with moderately high, nar-
row frontal region; brain case depressed near fronto-parietal suture;
postorbital processes of frontals small or obsolescent; postorbital
processes of jugal well developed. Very similar to that of P. I. hirtus,
but much smaller, less massive; sides of frontals behind orbits usually
more deeply indented or constricted, the result being that sides of
brain case are more rounded or bulging, less tapering anteriorly;
dentition relatively the same. Not very unlike that of P. I. solutus,
but longer and relatively narrower; frontal region usually narrower;
palatal shelf longer, extending farther posteriorly beyond posterior
molars; dentition usually somewhat lighter, the large molariform teeth
rather narrow, but maxillary tooth row longer as a rule, owing to wider
spacing of premolars. Similar in general form to that of P. I. litoreus,
but smaller, and dentition relatively much lighter, the difference most
marked in the molariform teeth. ComiDared with that of P. I. varius,
the skull of P. I. Jotor is larger and heavier; jiigal broader; sides of

frontals behind orbits usually more deeply indented or constricted;
maxillary tooth row longer; posterior upper premolar and upper
carnassial usually distinctly larger.
Measureinents. —
Adult female from Liberty Hill, Conn.: Total length, 832 milli-
meters; tail vertebrae, 247; hind foot, 1 18. Adult female from Minerva, N. Y. 805; :
225; 105. Adult male from Granville, Nova Scotia: 837; 240; 116. Two adult
males from Dismal Swamp, Va., respectively: 800, 800; 245, 285; 115, 110. Adult
female from Dismal Swamp, Va. 800; 250; 115.
: Skull: Adult female from Lib-
erty Hill, Conn.: Greatest length, 114.4; condylobasal length, 109.8; zygomatic
breadth, 74.1; interorbital breadth, 23; least width of palatal shelf, 14.8; maxillary
tooth row (alveoli), 41.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.8, crown width, 9.2.
Male and female from Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., respectively: Greatest
length, 117, 110.9; condylobasal length, 112.9, 107.4; zygomatic breadth, 71.8,
G7.9; interorbital breadth, 22.7, 23.3; least width of palatal shelf, 16.2, 16.2; max-
illary tooth row, 42.4, 41.9; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.3, 8.3, crown width,
8.9, 9.3. Male and female from Dismal Swamp, Va., respectively: Greatest
length, 116, 111.6; condylobasal length, 109.2, 105.7; zygomatic breadth, 76.4,
68.5; interorbital breadth, 25, 23.3; least width of palatal shelf, 16.2, 16.5; maxil-
lary tooth row, 41.9, 39.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.8, 8.5, crown width,
9.2, 9.1.
—
Remarks. Although indivitlual variation is considerable, and due
allowance should be made for it, the general characters of P. I. lotor
are maintained with a fair degree of constancy throughout its range.
Specimens from the northern part of the area have somewhat longer
pelage and average somewhat darker than those from the southern
part, but individuals contrasting strongly in color, some very dark
and others light in tone, may be found at the same locality. Inter-
gradation with P. I. hirtus, P. I. soluius, P. I. litoreus, and P. I.
varius is evident, but the transition from one geographic race to another
seems to be rather abrupt. [See also appendix, p. 84.] Specimens of P.
I. lotor from Belleville, 111., and New Richmond, Mich., approach
hirtus and might be referred to that form. Those from Dismal Swamp,
Va., and eastern North Carolina are variable; some being near-typical
lotor, while others grade toward solufus.
lotor Boddaert, L[otor] vulgaris Tiedemann, and Procyon
[Melcs]
annulatus G. Fischer are substitute names for [Ursus] lotor Linnaeus.
Procyon gularis Hamilton Smith was based on a live individual "in the
State of New York," in which the "wliole throat was black." There
is no reason to assume that the animal differed from the typical form
of the region, in which the amount of black on the throat is quite

variable.
Specimens examined. — Total number, 181, as follows:
Connecticut: Liberty Hill, 3;' West Greenwich, 2 (skulls only); exact locality un-
known, (skull only).
1
District of Columbia: Washington, 1 (skull only).
3 Mus. Comp. Zool.

;
Illinois: Belleville, 2 (skulls only); Olive Branch, 2 (skulls only);* Rosiclare, 1.*
Indiana: Bicknell, 2 (skulls only); Culver, 1 (skull only); Pitcher Lake, Posey
County, 1 (skull only) Porter County, 1 (skull only) ;
Russiaville, 1 (skull
only); Salamoiiia, 1 (skull only).*
Kentucky: Mammoth Cave, 1; Paducah, 1.
Maine : Bethel, 4 (3 skulls without skins) ;^ Bucksport, 2 (skulls only) ;3 Ellsworth,

I (skin only) :3 Greenville, 1;^ Penobscot River, 2; Umbagog Lake, 1 (skull
only) f LTpton, 1.'
Maryland: Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Dorchester County, 5 (1 skull

without skin) [referable to P. maritimus, see appendix, p. 85]; Bowie, 1
I.
(skull only) ;
Branchville, 1 ; Cabin John, 1 Jefferson, 2 (1 skull -ndthout skin)
;
Laurel, 7 (skulls only) ; Marshall Hall, 1 (skull only) ; Patuxent River, 1

(skull only).
Massachusetts: Ayer, 1 (skull only);^ Brookhaven, 1 (skull only); Pepperell, 1

(skull only);' Stockbridge, 1 (skull only).'
Michigan: Constantine, 1 (skin only);* Detroit, 1 (skull only); New Richmond, 1

(skull only).
New Hampshire: Ossipee, 1 (skull only).

New Jersey: Tuckerton, 3.
New York: Adirondack Mountains, 9 (skulls County, 4 (skulls only); Essex
only); Fort Montgomery, 2 skin without skull);" Hastings,
1;* Hastings
(1
on Hudson, 4 (2 skins without skulls) ;' Lake George, 1 (skull only) Lewis ;
County, 1 (skull only) Leyden, 1 (skull onhO Locust Grove, 1 Long

;
; ;
Island, 1;' Monroe County, 1 (skull only);* Minerva, 3;' Netherwood, If

Piseco, 1; Saint Lawrence County, 2 (1 without skin and 1 without skull);
Schoharie, 1 (skin only) ;' Schroon Lake, 1 (skull only) Severance, 8 (skulls ;
only); Sing Sing, 16 (skulls only); West Point, 2 (skins only).

North Carolina: Asheville, 6 (5 skiills without skins); Coinjock, 1 (skin only);
Highlands, 1 (skin only) Moore County, 1 (skull only) Pisgah National
; ;
Forest (Bent Creek), 3 (skulls only) Raleigh, 1 (skull only). ;
Nova Scotia: Bridgetown, 1;' Digby, 1; Granville, 3.*
Ontario: Credit River, 1 (skull only);* Preston, Waterloo County, 1 (skull only).^
Pennsylvania: Allegheny County, 2 (1 without skin and 1 without skull) ;

Carlisle,
7 (skulls only); Chester County, 1 (skull only).
Vermont: Newfane, 1 (skull only).
Virginia: Amelia County, 1 (skull only); Buckingham County, 2 (skins only);

Chesterfield, 1 (skull County, 1 (skull only) Clarke
only) ; Chesterfield ;
County, 1 (skull only); Dismal Swamp, 5 (1 skull without skin); Fredericks-

burg, 4 (skulls only); Gunston, 2 (skulls only); Morrison, 1 (skull only);
Nelson County, 1 (skin only); Smith Island, 2; Warwick County, 1 (skull
only); Washington, 4 (1 skull without skin).
3 Mus. Comp. Zool.

-Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist.
Univ. Michigan Mus. Zool.
« Mus. Vert. Zool.
' Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
* Natl. Mus. Canada.

PROCYON LOTOR HIRTUS Nelson and Goldman
Upper Mississippi Valley Raccoon

Procyon lotor hirtus Nelson and Cioldman, Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 455, Nov. 11,
1930.
Type locality. —Elk River, Sherburne County, Minn.

Type. —No. 187926, male adult, skin and skull, United States
National Museum (Merriam collection) ; collected by Vernon Bailey,
March 4, 1886.
—
Upper Mississippi and Missouri River drainage areas
Distribution.
from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains east to Lake Michi-
gan, and from southern Manitoba and probably southwestern
Ontario and southeastern Alberta south to southern Oklahoma and
Arkansas. Overlapping divisions of Upper Austral and Transition
Zones; entering Canadian Zone to a limited extent near Lake Supei-ior.
A large, dark subspecies with long, full, soft
pelage, usually suffused with ochraceous buff; skull with high, narrow
frontal region, and weak or obsolescent postorbital processes. Similar
to P. I. lotor of the eastern United States, but much larger; pelage
longer and usually more suffused with ochraceous buff. Size about
as in P. I. juscipes of Texas, but color darker, the pelage much longer
and denser, more suffused with buff instead of grayish, the light
subapical zone of hairs over upper parts less extensive and permitting
the under color to show through; skull differing in slight details.
Color. —
Similar to P. I. lotor but usually more suffused with
ochraceous buff.
Cranial characters. — Skull very similar to that of P. I. lotor in general
form, but much larger, more massive; brain case usually more tapering
anteriorly, the sides of frontals diagonally below and behind post-
orbital processes less deeply indented or constricted; postorbital
processes of frontals weakly developed, or obsolescent, as in lotor.
About the same in size and in most important details as P. l.fuscipes,
but interorbital and postorbital regions usually narrower; frontal area
similarly high, but usually less flattened, with a narrower, more
distinct, V-shaped median depression.
Measurements. — An adult male from Fargo, N. Dak.: Total length, 880 mm.;
tail vertebrae, 265; hind foot, 125. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 127.1;
fondylobasal length, 122.2; zygomatic breadth, 80.5; interorbital breadth, 25.8;
least width of palatal shelf, 15.8; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 45.8; upper
carnassial, crown length, 8.8, crown width, 9.
Remarks. — The raccoon of the upper part of the Mississippi Valley

is readily distinguished from its eastern relative, P. I. lotor, by much
larger size, especially of the skulls. It is less easily separated from
P. I. juscipes of Texas, which is of about the same size, but typical
specimens differ in color and in cranial details as pointed out. Liter-
. .
gradation is evident, but in the sum of characters presented these
widely ranging forms are quite distinct.

—
Specimens examined. Total number, 61, as follows:
Colorado: Arkins, 1 (skull only); Cherry Creek, Arapahoe County, 2 (1 skull
without skin); Estelene, 1; Las Animas, 1; Loveland, 1; Tuttle, 1; Wray, 4
(1 skin without skull; 3 skulls without skins).
Illinois: Chicago (Jackson Park), 1; Henderson County, 1; Joliet, 1 (skin only).
Iowa: Keosanqua State Park, Van Buren County, 1.^
Kansas: Manhattan, 1 (skull only).
Minnesota: Beltrami County, 1; Elk River (type locality), 13 (6 skulls without
skins)
Missouri: Independence, 1 (skull only); Marble Cave, 1 (skull only).
Nebraska: Beemer, 2 (skulls only); Haigier, 1 (skull only) Johnstown, ;

1 (skull
only); Republican Fork, Platte River, I (skull only); Valentine, 1 (skull
only)without exact locality, 1 (skull only)
;
New Mexico: Bear Canyon, Raton Range, 1 (skull only); Raton Range (mouth
of Trinchera Pass), 1.
North Dakota: Fargo, 1; Grafton, 1 (skull only); Towner, 1.
Oklahoma: Fort Cobb, 1 (skull only); Frederick ("20 miles from"), 1 (skin
only); Mount Scott, 4 (1 skull without skin); Redfork, 1 (skin only).
Texas: Canadian, 1 (skull only).
Wisconsin: Delavan, 6 (5 skulls without skins); Okee, 1 (skull only); without
exact locality, 1 (skull only).
Wyoming: New Haven, 1.
PROCYON LOTOR VARIUS Nelson and Goldman

Alabama Raccoon
Procyon lotor varius Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 456, Nov. 11,
1930.
Type locality. — Castleberry, Conecuh County, Ala.

Type. —No. 158246, female adult, skin and skull. United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection) collected by A. H. ;
Howell, October 10, 1908.

Distribution. —
Extreme southwestern Kentucky, Tennessee, Missis-
sippi, northern Louisiana, Alabama, northwestern Florida, and western
Georgia. Mainly Lower Austral Zone.
—
General characters. A small subspecies most closely resembling
Procyon lotor lotor, but smaller, usually paler, pelage much shorter,
and skull differing in detail. Differing from P. I. elucus of Florida in
paler color, rather decidedly smaller size, and in cranial features.
Similar to P. I. fuscipes of Texas in color, but much smaller, with a
different skull.
Color. —
Upper parts in general light buffy grayish, with a light
ochraceous buffy suffusion along median dorsal area, becoming more
intense on nape and shoulders, thinly overlaid with black; sides
clearer gray, the black-tipped hairs of dorsum thinning out; top of
head mixed brownish black and gray; facial mask brownish black,
'Iowa State College.

;
hocominjj rusty brownish on median line between eyes, and ochraceoiis

buffy on upper surface of muzzle; sides of muzzle, lips, and chin
white; under parts in general thinly overlaid with buffy grayish;
ihroat patch brownish black; ears grayish with small black patches
at posterior base; legs grajnsh, becoming whitish on feet; tail above
with about five or six black rings and a black tip, alternating witli
light ochraceous buffy rings, the dark rings becoming buffy and less
distinct below.
—
Cranial characters. Skull small and slender, with weak or obsoles-
cent postorbital processes of frontals; very similar to that of P. I.
lotor, but smaller and more delicate in structure; jugal narrower;
sides of frontals diagonally behind and below postorbital processes

usually less deej)ly indented or laterally constricted; maxillary tooth
row shorter; posterior upper premolar and upper carnassial usually
distinctly smaller; very similar to that of P. I. elucus in general form,
but rather decidedly smaller; brain case narrower, frontal region

flatter, less "humped." Compared with that of P. I. fmcipes the skull
is much smaller, more slender, with narrower frontal region, and
postorbital processes of frontals (not very prominent in fuscipes) less
developed.
Measurements. — Type:
Total length, 720 mm.; tail vertebrae, 218; hind foot,
103. An adult male fromHurricane, Ala.: 772; 258; 109. Skull: Type:
Greatest length, 104.8; condylobasal length, 98.6; zygomatic breadth, 64.4;
interorbital breadth, 22. .5; least width of palatal shelf, 14.6; maxillary tooth row
(alveoli), 39.8; upper carnassial, crown length, 7.8, crown width, 7.9.
Remarks. — The Alabama raccoon agrees more closely in combina-

tion of characters with typical lotor than with any of the other known
subspecies, although its distribution area constitutes a wedge, sepa-
rating the ranges of elucus, fuscipes, and litoreus. [See appendix,
p. 84.] Intergradation with these forms is evident, but the lines of
demarcation between them appear to be fairly sharply drawn.
—
Specimens examined. Total number 57, as follows:
Alabama: Ashford, 2 (1 skull without skin); Barachias, 5 (skulls only); Castle-
berry, 2; Huntsville, 1; Hurricane (4 miles north), 2; Orange Beach,
11 (9 skulls without skins); Perdido Bay, 1 (skull only); Sylacauga, 2
(skulls only).
Florida: Apalachicola, 5 (skulls only).
Georgia: Geneva, Talbot County, 1 (skull only); Juniper, Talbot County, 6;i"
Nashville, 2 (1 skin without skull); Talbot County, 5 (skulls only).
Kentucky: Hickman, 2.
Louisiana: BatonRouge, 1;" Morrow, Saint Landry Parish, 1 (skull o!ily)
Mississippi River (mouth), 1 (skull only) " [referable to P. I. mcgalodoiis,
see appendix, p. 84].
Mis.sissippi: liay Saint Louis, 1 (skin only); Saucier, 1; Washington, 2.
Tennessee: Arlington, 1 ;
Big Sandy, 1; Clarksville, 1.
1"Mus. Conip, Zool.

" Louisiana State Univ. Mus.
'2 Southern Forest Expt. Sta. Collection.
PROCYON LOTOR LITOREUS Nelson and Goldman

Saint Simon Island Raccoon
Procyon lotor litoreus Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 457, Nov.
11, 1930.
Tyiê locality. — Saint Simon Island, Glynn County, Ga.

Type. — No.
2450, adult (probably male), skull only. United States
National Museum; collected by Samuel W. Wilson; entered in museum
catalog, August 7, 1856.
— Coastal
Distribution. and islands strip of Georgia. Austrori-
parian division of Lower Austral Zone.
General — Size medium and color
characters. dark, much as in
Procyon lotor elucus of Florida; length and texture of pelage about the
same; skull dif5ering in detail, especially in the much heavier den-
tition. Similar to P. I. lotor of Pennsylvania in color, but pelage
shorter, more bristly, and cranial characters distinctive. Differing
from P. I. solutus of South Carolina in more bufl'y or brownish colora-
tion and heavy dentition.
Color. —About as in P. I. elucus.
Cranial characters. — Skull
similar in general form to that of P. I.
elucus,but frontal region narrower and flatter, the sides usually more
compressed or abruptly indented behind postorbital processes, leaving
the brain case bulging laterally instead of tapering gradually into
orbit as in elucus; dentition much heavier throughout, the difference
being most noticeable in the large molariform teeth. Difiêring from
that of P. I. solutus in larger size and much heavier dentition. Com-
pared with that of P. I. lotor the skull is usually larger, with much heav-
ier dentition; postorbital processes of frontal weak or obsolescent as
in lotor and elucus.
—
Measurements. Adult topotype: Hind foot (dry skin) 107 mm. Skull: Type:
Greatest length, 116.6; condylobasal length, 109.4; zygomatic breadth, 72.9;
interorbital breadth, 22.2; least width of palatal shelf, 15.8; ma.xillary tooth
row (alveoli), 43.6; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.6, crown width, 9.9.
Remarks. — The
remarkably heavy dentition readily distinguishes
P. I. litoreus from
all others of the group inhabiting the eastern
United States. Its large teeth are equalled elsewhere in the group
only in some of the larger subspecies of the Western States and south-
ern Mexico and Central America. Specimens from Saint Simon
Island appear to reach the maximum in dental development, but are
closely approached by those from the adjacent mainland.
—
Georgia: Altamaha River (mouth), 5 (skulls only); Mcintosh County, 2 (skulls
only); Ossabaw Island, 1 (skin only); Saint Simon Island, 15 (2 skins, 13
skulls); Thunderbolt Creek, Chatham County, 2.
PROCYON LOTOR SOLUTUS Nelson and Goldman

Hilton Head Island Raccoon
Procyon lotor soluius Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Alainmal. 12 (3): 308, Aug. 24,
1931.
Tyj)e locality. — Hilton Head Island, Beaufort County, S. C.

Type. — No. male adult, skin and skull, United States
256027,
National Museum; collected by W. L. Brown, December 10, 1930.
Distribution. —
Coast region aud islands of South Carolina. Lower
Austral Zone.
General characters. — Size rather small; color gra^'isli; Ijlack mask
uninterrupted across face in two of every three individuals; winter
pelage rather long and dense. Similar, in general to P. I. litoreus of
Saint Simon Island and the coast region of Georgia, but color clearer
gray, less inclining toward huffy or brownish; skull characters, espe-
cially the much lighter dentition, distinctive. Difiering from P. I.
lotor in more grayish general coloration, less elongated skull, and other
cranial details.
Color. —Upper parts in general grayish, rather heavily overlaid
with black, especially on median dorsal area; rather small nape patch
suffused with ochraceous buff top of head mixed black and gray, the
;
gray predominant; l)lack mask usually continuous across middle of

face, prolonged upward along median line to middle of forehead and
downward over middle of muzzle to nose; sides of muzzle, lips, and
chin white; under parts in general thinly overlaid with silvery gray,
the dark brownish under color showing through; throat patch black-
ish; ears gray, with black patches at posterior base; limbs similar to
under parts, becoming brownish gray on feet, the hind legs with pure
black areas on outer side above heels; tail with about six black rings,
narrowest near base, and a black tip, alternating with light ochra-
ceous huffy rings.
Cr-anial characters. —Skull of medium size, rather broad, short, and
light in structure. Similar in general to that of P. I. litoreus but
smaller; dentition very much lighter. Compared with that of P. I.
lotor the skull is shorter and relatively broader; frontal region usually
broader and flatter; palatal shelf shorter; dentition usually somewhat
heavier, but maxillary tooth row shorter as a rule, the premolars more
closely crowded.
Measurements. — An adult male from Bulls Island, S. C.: Total length, 803
mm.; tail vertebrae, 244; hind foot, 117. Two adult females from Bulls Island,
S. C, respectively: 635, 749; 193, 260; 105, 107. Skull: Type: Greatest length,
111.7; condylobasal length, 108.2; zygomatic breadth, 75.1; interorbital breadth,
24.1; least width of palatal slielf, 16.4; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 42.1; upper
carna.ssial, crown length, 8.8, crown width, 9.2.
876111)"— 50 4
—
Remarks. The raccoon of Hilton Head Island and neighboring
islands, and the adjacent mainland is readily distinguished from P. I.
litoreus by much lighter dentition. Differentiation of this insular form
is apparently due to isolation, its typical habitat being separated from
the mainland by a broad and rather deep channel. Some skulls of
this form closely resemble some of those of P. I. varius, the general size
and dentition being very similar. Closely compared with those of
varius, however, the skulls are usually shoi'ter and broader, the frontal
region broader and flatter, the brain case more rounded and inflated,
and the cheek teeth somewhat larger. In addition, the longer pelage,
grayer coloration, and more complete black facial mask appear to be
distinctive.
Specimens examined. —Total number, 31, as follows:
South Carolina: Bulls Island, Charleston County, 11 (8 skins without skulls);

Eddings Island, 1; Edisto Island, Charleston County, 5; Hilton Head Island
(type locality), 9 (6 skulls without skins); Hunting Island, 1; Saint Helena
Island, 1; Santee, 2; Yemassee, Hampton County, 1 (skull only).!^
PROCYON LOTOR ELUCUS Bangs
Florida Raccoon
Procyon lotor elucus Bangs, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc. 28 (7) : 219, March, 1898.
Tyjye locality. — Oak Lodge, on a peninsula opposite Micco, Brevard

County, Fla.
Type. — No. 3502, old male adult, skin and skull. Museum of Com-
parative Zoology (Bangs collection) ; collected by Outram Bangs,
February 15, 1895.
—
Peninsular Florida, except southwestern part in-
Distribution.
habited by P. I. marinus, north to extreme southern Georgia; grading
into P. I. varius in northwest Florida. Tropical and Austroriparian
division of Lower Austral Zone.
—
A medium-sized, generally dark-colored sub-
General characters.
species, with a deep, rusty rufous nuchal patch prominent in many
typical examples; skidl characterized especially by greatly inflated
frontal vacuities usually giving the upper outline a decidedly "humped"
appearance. Much like P. I. litoreus of Saint Simon Island, Ga.;
general size, color, length and texture of pelage about the same; skull
differing in detail, especially the much lighter dentition. Similar to
P. I. Alabama, but color usually darker, size decidedly larger,
varius of
and cranial characters distinctive. Differing from P. I. marinus of the
13 Mus. Comp. Zool.

Ten Thousand Islands and P. I. inesperatus of Upper Matecumbe Key

in larger size, and the more elevated frontal region of skull.
Color. —
About as in P. I. litoreus. Very similar to P. I. lotor but
averaging somewhat paler, the hairs over median dorsal area with
shorter black tips and the nape more regularly and deeply suffused
with rusty or orange rufous.
—
Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of P. I. litoreus, but frontal
region broader, higher arched, or more "humped"; sides of frontals
usually less compressed or abruptly indented ix'hind orbits, leaving the
brain case tapering more gradually anteriorly, instead of bulging
laterally as in litoreus; dentition much lighter, the difference most
noticeable in the molariform teeth. Decidedly larger than those of
P. /. lotor, P. I. varius, P. I. marinus, or P. I. inesperatus, with brain case
broader, and frontal region more "humped"; postorbital processes of
frontals obsolescent or small as in other eastern forms.
Measurements. — Type
(from original description): Total length, 892 mm.; tail
vertebrae, 286; hind foot, 125. An adult male topotype: 800; 244; 120. Average
of five adult males from Saw Grass Island, Catfish Croek, Polk County, Fla. 812 :
(790-850); 259 (240-280); 126 (125-129); weight (pounds), 11 (iO-12). Average

of three adult females from same locality: 758 (745-770); 245 (235-255); 121
(117-123); weight (pounds), 9 (7.7—10). Sk,ull: Average of five adult males from
Saw Grass Island, Catfisli Crock, Polk County, Fla.: Greatest length, 119.4
(113.7-123); condylobasal Icniith, 114.5 (110.3-117.1); zygomatic breadth, 74.1
(72-76.6); interorbital breadth, 23.7 (22.3-24.8); least width of palatal shelf, IG
(14.9-17.3); maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 43.2 (41.7-44.6); upper carnassial,
crown length, 8.7 (8.4-9.1), crown width, 8.9 (8.8-9.2). Average of three adult
females from same locality: Greatest length, 113.6 (112.1-115.2); condylobasal
length, 108.8 (106.8-110.4); zygomatic breadth, 68.4 (66.6-70); interorbital
liivadth, 24 (23.3-24.5); least width of palatal shelf, 16.4 (15.4-17.6); maxillary
tooih row, 41.9 (41.3-42.7); upper carnassial, crown length, 8.8 (8.7-9), crown
width, 8.8 (8.6-9).
—
Pemarks. In P. I. elucus the inflation of the frontal sinuses reaches
its extreme development giving the skull a "humped" appearance in
outline, a character shared to some extent with other forms including
P. I. lotor. Typical examples of elucus are quite dark in color, and the
rusty rufous suffusion of the nape, appearing irregularly in many
subspecies, is more prevalent and of a deeper and richer tone than is
tisual in the group. Intergradation with litoreus, varins, and marinus
is evident, and while not clearly indicated probably occtn's with in-
esperatus which is known only from the mangrove-fringed islands along

the southeast coast of the peninsula of Florida. Specimens from as
far south as Naples on the west coast and Cutler, Dade County, are
clearh" referable to elucus.
. . ;
Florida : Allenhurst, 1 (skull only) ; Black Point,

Aucilla River, 6 (skulls only) ;
Dade County, 1 ; Blue Cypress Lake, Osceola County, Blue 1 (skull only) ;
Springs, 1 (skin only) Buena Vista, 1 (skull only) Citronelle, 4; " Cutler,
;
;
Dade County, 9 (1 skull without skin) Englewood, Sarasota County, 1; ;
Enterprise, 1 (skin only) " Fort Kissimmee, 18 (14 skulls without skins)
;
Gainesville, 3;'= Homosassa, 1 (skull only); Kissimmee, 1; Kissimmee River,

1; Lake Cj-press, 1; Lake Harney, 5 (1 skin without skull); Lake Hatch-ne-
haw, 15 (skulls only) Lake Kissimmee, 8 (7 skulls without skins) Lake
; ;
Monroe, 1; Matanzas Inlet, 1 (skull only); Miami, 1; Micco, 1 (skull only);

Naples, 3 (skulls only); New Berlin, 5; Oak Lodge (type locality on penin-
sula opposite Micco) ,2(1 skull without skin) " Orlando, 1 (skin only) Royal ;
;
Palm Hammock, 1 (skull only); San Mateo (5 miles northeast), 1 (skin only);
Saw Grass Island, Catfish Creek, Polk County, 12; Snapper Creek, Dade
County, 2; Tarpon Springs, 3 (2 skins without skulls; 1 skull without skin);'^
Taylor Creek, 2 (skins only) Wilson, 1 Welaka, 1 (skin only)
; ;
Georgia: Fargo, 8 (5 skulls without skins) Okefenokee Swamp, 2 (1 skull without

;
skin)
PROCYON LOTOR MARINUS Nelson

Tei\ Thousand Islands Raccoon
Procyon lotor marinus Nelson, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 82 (8): 7, July 10, 1930.
Type —Near Chokoloskee, Collier County,

locality. Fla.
—No. 254989, male adult, skin and
Type. United States Na- skull,
tional Museum; collected by E. W. Nelson, February 1930. 28,
Distribution. — Keys the Ten Thousand Islands Group, and ad-
of
joining mainland of southwestern Florida from Cape Sable north
through the Everglades to Lake Okeechobee (Ritta). Tropical Zone.
—
General characters. A very small subspecies with heavy dentition.
Not very unlike P. I. elucus and P. I. inesperatus in color, but smaller
than either, and cranial characters, especially the relatively larger
posterior upper premolar and carnassial, distinctive. Decidedly
darker than P. I. auspicatus or P. I. incautus and cranial characters
quite different.
Color. —Similar to that of P. but somewhat grayer, especi-
I. elucus,
ally on the head, the back usually less heavily overlaid with black;
rusty nape patch averaging less strongly marked, often obsolescent;
under parts and light rings on tail paler, less ocliraceous buffy; black
mask more restricted.
Cranial characters. — Skull much smaller and more delicately propor-
tioned than in P. I. elucus, frontal area much more depressed; brain
case more rounded; posterior upper premolar and carnassial relatively,
and sometimes actually, larger; palatal shelf about the same. Very
similar in general form to that of P. I. inesperatus, but smaller, with
n Mus. Comp. Zool.

15 Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
19 Four in Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist.; one in Mus. Comp Zool.
relatively and often actually larger (especially broader) posterior upper

premolar and carnassial. Differing from those of P. I. auspicatus and
P. I. incautus mainly in usually broader frontal region and much larger
posterior upper premolar and carnassial.
—
Measurements. Type: Total length, 665 mm.; tail vertebrae, 222;
hind foot, 105; weight (pounds), 7. Two adult male topotypes,
respectively: 642, 655; 214, 200; 100, 98; weight (pounds), 7, 8. Two
adult female topotypes: 610, 613; 200, 192; 93, 93; weight (pounds),
5, 5.5. Skull: Type: Greatest lengtli, 105.9; condylobasal length,
101.8; zygomatic breadth, 64.8; interorbital breadth, 22.3; least width
of palatal shelf, 13.9; ma.xillary tooth row (alveoli), 40; upper carnas-
sial, crown length, 9, crown width, 9.1. Two adult male topotypes:
Greatest length, 101.3, 106.7; condylobasal length, 98, 101.8; zygo-
matic breadth, 65.5, 69.5; interorbital breadth, 20.4 23.3; least width
of palatal shelf, 14.9, 15; maxillary tooth row, 39.8, 40.5; upper carnas-
sial, crown length, 8.9, 8.7, crown width, 9.7, 9.5. Two adult female
topotypes: Greatest length, 93.7, 94.7; condylohusal length, 90.1,
91.8; zygomatic breadth, 58.3, 60.6; interorbital breadtli, 20.5, 20.3;
least width of palatal shelf, 14.2, 14.1; maxillary tooth row, 36.4, 38;
upper carnassial, crown length, 8, 8.8, crown width, 9.2, 9.1.
—
Remarks. P. I. rnarinus is one of the smaller sul)species of raccoons
that have developed near the southern enfl of the peninsula of
Florida, not differing much in size from P. I. auspicatus and P. I.
incautus. It appears to be limited to the great maze of mangrove-
covered or -bordered islands, or keys, known as the "Ten Thousand
Islands" where raccoons are present in great numl)ers, and to parts
of the adjoining Everglades region. Specimens from Ritta at the
southern end of Lake Okeechobee appear to be referable to marinus.
Most of the islets mentioned are covered by the sea to a depth of
from 3 to 4 feet at each high tide, and are totally devoid of fresh
water. As most of these keys have no large trees to afford hollows
and no dry land the raccoons must make their homes on top of the
mangrove roots where they are forced to retreat by the incoming tide.
Specimens from Cape Sable show gradation toward P. I. elucus, which
ranges south to the eastern part of Dade County along the eastern
side of the peninsula. Although evidently closely related to elucus,
which occupies a different, but adjoining habitat, marinus maintains
its distinctive characters with remarkable constancy.
—
Florida: Cape Sable, 3; Chokoloskee (type locality), 38; Coon Key, Ten
Thousand Islands, 1;" Flamingo, Monroe County (skulls only), 3; " Ritta, 4
(skulls only).
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

"S Mus. Comp. Zool.
PROCYON LOTOR INESPERATUS Nelson

Matecumbe Key Raccoon
Procyon lotor inesperatus Nelson, Smithsii. Misc. Collect. 82 (8): 8, July 10, 1930.
Type locality. —Upper Matecumbe Key, Monroe County, Fla.

Type. — No. 255037, male adult, skin and skull, United States
National Museum; collected by E. W. Nelson, March 19, 1930.
Distribution. —
Key Largo Group, embracing fringing keys along
the southeast coast of Floiîda, from Virginia Key south to Lower
Matecumbe Key. Tropical Zone.
General characters. — Closely allied to P. I. elucus of adjacent main-
land, but averaging smaller and grayer; skull flatter. Difiêrs from
P. marinus, P. I. auspicatus, and P. I. incautus, representatives of
I.
neighboring groups of Floi'ida keys, in its larger, more robust form,

and combination of color and cranial characters.
in the
Color. — Much
as in P. I. elucus but usually somewhat grayer,
especially on head and face; black mask more restricted, the upper
surface of muzzle paler; dorsum rather heavily washed with black,
and rusty rufous nuchal patch well marked as in elucus; dark rings on
tail distinct, and light rings often strongly buft'y.
—
Cranial characters. Skull similar to that of P. I. elucus, but frontal
area markedly depressed, instead of highly arched, or "humped."
Dift'eringfrom those of P. I. marinus, P. I. auspicatus, and P. I. incautus
in larger sizeand more massive proportions posterior upper premolar
;
and carnassial actually, and therefore relatively, decidedly smaller

than in P. I. marinus. Compared further with those of auspicatus
and incautus, the palatal shelf extends farther behind the posterior
molars than in the former and the frontal region is usually broader
than in either.
—
Measurements. Type: Total length, 730 mm.; tail vertebrae, 250; hind foot,
115; weight (pounds), 8.5. Adult male from Key Largo: 795; 222; 124; weight
(pounds), 12. Adult female from Lower Matecumbe Key: 648; 228; 102; weight
(pounds), 5. SkjiU: Type: Greatest length, 114; condylobasal length, 108.1;
zygomatic breadth, 68.2; interorbital breadth, 23.1; least width of palatal shelf,
15.2; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 41; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.1, crown
width, 9.6.
Remarks. —Only a short distance separates the insular habitat of

the present subspecies from the adjacent Florida mainland which is
occupied by P. I. elucus. Nevertheless specimens from the various

keys of the Key Iârgo Group differ somewhat in color as pointed out,
and the skulls may at once be recognized by appreciably smaller size
and more flattened frontals. The skulls of those from Key Largo
and Virginia Key are larger than those from the more distant Upper
and Lower Matecumbe Keys, and in this respect grade toward the
mainland animal. The motor hiohway from Miami to Key West,

connecting keys by fills or viaducts enal)ling raccoons to pass from one
key to another will doubtless result, through interbreerling, in the
blending and obliteration of the interesting characters that now
distinguish the various races of the island chain.
Florida (Key Largo Group): Elliotts Key, 7; Key Largo, 5;^" Ligrmin Vitae
Key, 1: Lower Matecumbe Key, 7; Plantation Key, 2; Upper Matecumbe
Key, 1 (type); Virginia Key, 2.
PROCYOX LOTOR AITSPICATUS Nel.son
Key Vaca Raccoon

Procijon lotor auspiratus Nelson, Sinithsn. Misc. Collect. 82 (8): 9, July 10, 1930.
Type locality. — Marathon, Key Vaca, Monroe County, Fla.

Type.—l<lo. 255080, male adult, skin and skull, United States
Distribution. —
Key Vaca and doubtless closely adjoining keys of
the Key Vaca Group, a central section of the main chain off the
southern coast of Florida. Tropical Zone.
General characters. —A
very small, pale subspecies; skull with a
narrow, but rounded brain case. vSimilai' in size to P. I. marimis of
the Ten Thousand Islands and P. I. incaufiis of the Big Pine Key
Group, but decidedly paler than the former and differing in cranial
details from both. Distinguished from P. I. inesperatus of Upper
Matecumbe Key, by smaller size, much paler color, and by cranial
characters.
Color. —Very pale, similar to that of P. I. incautus, but not quite
so extreme, much palei' throughout than P.
I. inespterahis or P. I.
marinus, the upper parts usually thinly overlaid with rusty brownish,
and the undcrfiu- of a lighter brownish tone than in inesperatus or
marinus; black facial mask more restricted; dark rings on tail narrow^n-,
more brownish, but usually distinct all around.
—
Cranial characters. Skull very small, with a short palatal shelf
and moderately heavy dentition. Similar to that of P. I. marinus,
but somewhat smaller, with shorter palatal shelf, and lighter dentition.
Smaller than that of P. I. inesperatus, with brain case relatively nar-
rower, palatal shelf shorter, pterygoids less divergent posteriorly.
Compared with that of /. incautus the skull is smaller, with shorter
palatal shelf and narrower zygomata.
—
Measurements. Type: Total length, 644 mm.; tail vertebrae, 214; hind
foot, 99; weight (pounds), 5.5. Average of five adult male topotypes: 057
(634-700); 236 (214-275); 100 (96-107); weight (pounds), 5.3 (4-6). Two adult
Mus. Comp. Zool.
2» Two in Mus. Comi). Zool.
female topotypes, respectively: 603, 620; 212, 232; 83, 97; weight (pounds), 4, 5.
Skull: Type: Greatest length, 100; condylobasal length, 94.7; zygomatic breadth,
64.6; interorbital breadth, 19.4; least width of palatal shelf, 13.9; maxillary tooth
row (alveoli), 37.4; upper carnassial, crown length, 7.8, crown width, 8.6. Aver-
age of five adult male topotypes: Greatest length, 102.1 (99.9-105.9); condylo-
basal length, 97 (94.3-101); zygomatic breadth, 63.5 (60.2-66.2); interorbital
breadth, 20 (18.8-22.7); least width of palatal shelf, 14 (13.4-15); maxillary
tooth row, 38 (36.4-38.9); upper carnassial, crown length, 7.8 (7.6-8.1), crown
width, 9 (8.7-9.3). Two adult female topotypes: Greatest length, 93.6, 97.5;
condylobasal length, 89.4, 94; zygomatic breadth, 59.8, 58.7; interorbital breadth,
18.8, 19; least width of palatal shelf, 14, 13.8; maxillai-y tooth row, 35, 36.6;
upper carnassial, crown length, 7.4, 7.7, crown width, 8.3, 8.6.
Remarks. —The Key Vaca raccoon is one of the most sahent in

characters of the subspecies inhabiting the Florida Keys. It re-
sembles P. I. incautus in pale coloration, but departs from all in
combination of cranial features. Its range is the most restricted of
any of the Florida races.
—
Specimens examined. Thirteen, from type locality.
PROCYON LOTOR INCAUTUS Nelson

Torch Key Raccoon
Procyon lotor incautus Nelson, Smithsn. Misc. Collect. 82 (8): 10, July 10, 1930.
Type locality. — Torch Key, Big Pine Key Group, Monroe County,
Fla.
Type. —No. 255060, male adult, skin and skull, United States
Distribution. —
Big Pine Key Group, near southwestern end of
chain of Florida keys. Tropical Zone.
—
General characters. A small, very pale subspecies, palest of the
Florida forms, with skull highly arched, and narrow between orbits.
Closely resembling P. I. auspicatus of Key Vaca in color, but cranial
characters, especially the narrower, high frontal region, distinctive.
Decidedly paler than P. I. marinus or P. I. inesperatus of Upper
Matecumbe Key, and skull differing in important details.
Color. —Very pale, similar to that of P. I. auspicatus, but averaging
even paler, especially on head and face, the black mask more restricted,
more distinctly interrupted between eyes, the whitish areas cor-
respondingly extended and more completely isolating the dusky
median streak; upper surface of muzzle light buffy; rusty nuchal
patch conspicuous, inclining toward yellowish in worn pelages; dark
rings on tail rusty brown, as in auspicatus, but usually broader.
Cranial characters. —
Cranium small, with narrow, highly arched
frontal region and light dentition. Averaging larger than that of
P. I. auspicatus, with frontal region narrower, usually more highly
arched; palatal shelf extending farther behind plane of last molars;
pterygoids more molariform teeth smaller.

divergent posteriorly;
Similar in general to those of P. marinus and P. I. inesjx'rafus,
I.
hut distinguished by narrower frontal region and smaller molariform

teeth.
Measurements. —Type: Total length, 694 mm.;

vertebrae, 263; hind foot,
tail
118; weight (pounds), 8.5. Average males from Big Pine Key and
of five adult
No Name Key: 710 (656-738); 247 (21f, 273); 111 (108-113); weight (pounds),
8 (7.5-9.5). Average of four adult fcnialrs from Torch Key (type locality),
Boca Chica Key, and No Name Key: 688 (660-720); 240 (226-253); 105 (103-
110); weight (pounds), 6.1 (5.5-6.5). Skull: Type: Greatest length, 111;
condylobasal length, 104.7; zygomatic breadth, 66.7; interorbital breadth, 19.8;
least width of palatal shelf, 14.9; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 38.8; upper
carnassial, crown length, 7.8, crown width, 8.5. Average of seven adult males
from Big Pine Key and No Name Key: C'.rcaK-i length, 109.8 (105-113.8);
condylobasal length, 102.9 (97.8-106.2); zygomaii.- I)rca(lth, 69.4 (62.5-78.1);
interorbital breadth, 21.8 (19.6-23.9); least width of palatal shelf, 14.8 (13.9-16);
maxillary tooth row, 39.2 (38.1-40.4); upper carnassial, crown length, 7.8 (7.6-8),
crown width, 8.6 (8-9). Average of four adult females from Torch Key, Boca
Chica Key, and No Name Key: Greatest length, 104.9 (101-107.7); condylobasal
length, 94 (96.5-100.5); zygomatic bren.lth, (il.9 (60.7-64.2); interorbital breadth,
21.1 (20-22.2); least width of palatal shelf, 14.4 (14-15); maxillary tooth row,
38 (37.4-38.5); upper carnassial, crown length, 7.5 (7.3-7.8), crown width, 8.3
(7.8-8.8).
Remarks. — The home of this race of raccoons is on the group of
Florida Keys farthest from the mainland. As is the case with the
other Florida Key raccoons they live mainly, and sometimes entirely,
in mangrove swamps without access to fresh water except during rains.
The brilliant light of their environment may have affected their
general color more than the others, as suggested by their pale, faded
tints. In general form and proportions the skull resembles that of
P. I. elucm rather more closely than those of its geographically nearer
instilar relatives. It is much smaller, however, and stiggests a minia-
ture of that of the mainland animal.
—
Florida: Big Pine Key, 16; " Boca Chica Key, 2; Geiger's Key, 2; "Key West, 3
(1 skull without skin); No Name Key, 5; Stock Island, 3; " Torch Key
(type locality), 2.
PROCYON LOTOR FUSCIPES Mearns

Texas Raccoon
Procyoii lotor fuscipes Mearns, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 27: 63, March 20, 1914.
Type locality. — Las Moras Creek, Fort Clark, Kinney County, Tex.
(altitude 1,011 feet).
-'Ten in Mus. Conip. Zool.

" Mus. Conii). Zonl,
One in Mus. Comp. Zool.
Type. — No. 63055, male adult, skin and skull, United States Na-
tional Museum; collected by Edgar A. Mearns, February 6, 1893.
Original number 2273.
Distribution. —Texas,
except extreme northern and western parts,
southern Arkansas, Louisiana, except delta region of Mississippi, and
south into northeastern Mexico, including Coahuila and Nuevo Leon,
to southern Tamaulipas, Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran divisions
of Lower Austral Zone.
—
General characters. A large, dark grayish subspecies, with pelage of
medium length and texture skull with high, moderately broad frontal
;
region and wealdy developed postorbital processes. Size about as in

P. I. hirtus of Minnesota, but color grayer, less suffused with buff;
mask more uniformly black and continuous across face and on upper
surface of muzzle; pelage much shorter and less dense. Similar to
P. I. mexicanus of Chihuahua, but decidedly darker, and cranial
characters distinctive. Resembling P. I. varius of Alabama in general
color, but somewhat grayer and much larger, with a different skull.
Similar in size to P. I. hernandezii of the Valley of Mexico, but less
grayish, the postauricular spots larger, more conspicuous; skull less
flattened and differing in detail.
Color. — Similar to that of P. I. varius, but averaging somewhat
grayer, less suffused with buff; mask usually more uniformly black and
continuous across middle of face and on upper surface of muzzle to
nasal pad.
Size and general proportions of skull nearly as
in P. I. but interorbital and postorbital regions usually broader;
hirtus,
frontal region similarly high, but usually flatter, with a less distinct,
V-shaped, median depression. Similar in size to that of P. I. mexi-
canus; frontal region similarly high behind plane of postorbital
processes, but more elevated anteriorly, the upper outline more convex;
brain case more depressed near fronto-parietal suture interorbital and ;
postorbital regions usually narrower; postorbital processes of frontals

shorter, the upper margin of orbit less deeply concave. Compared with
that of P. I. varius the skull is much
and heavier, with broader
larger
frontal region. Not very imlike that of P. I. hernandezii, but less
flattened, the frontal region more elevated; brain case usually more
depressed near fronto-parietal suture; postorbital pi'ocesses of frontals
lessprominent, the upper margin of orbit less deeply concave; posterior
upper premolar and upper carnassial usually smaller.
Measurements. —
Type: Total length, 900 mm.; tail vertebrae, 290; hind foot,
i;32. Two adult males from Laredo, Tex., respectively: 860, 850; 298, 275;
136, 131. An adult male and female from Sabinas, Coahuila: 922, 760; 330, 260;
136, 116. Skull: Type: Total length, 130.2; condylobasal length, 125; zygomatic
RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLP: AMERICA 51
breadth, 84.4; interorbital breadth, 26.9; least width of palatal shelf, 16.2: maxil-
lary tooth row (alveoli), 47.4; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.5, crown width.
!).(). An adult male and female from Sabinas, Coahuila: Greatest leny;t li, 130. ti,
117.7; condylobasal length, 123.9, 112.1: zygomatic breadth, 82.8, 75.."); inter-
orbital breadth, 24.4, 24; least width of palatal shelf, 18.1, 15.9; maxillary tooth
row, 46.9, 43.3; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.9, 8.7, crown width, 10, 9.4.
Remarks. —P.
Juscipes requires rather close comparison with P. I.
I.
hirtus to the north and P. I. hernandezii to the soiitli, but typical

specimens diflfer in combination of characters as pointed out. It is
readily distinguished from P. I. varius by much larger size and from

P. I. mexicamis by darker color. Intergradation with all of these may
safely be assumed. In typical fuscipes, however, the facial mask
usually extends as a broad, iniiformly black ai'ea across the face as in
P. I. mexicanus and western subspecies in general, instead of being
more or less distinctly interrupted by whitish longitudinal lines, one on
each side near inner angle of eye, tending to isolate a narrow, elongated
black median patch as in hirtus, varius and other eastern continental
forms. In fuscipes the brain case, on the other hand, is somewhat
depressed near the fronto-parietal suture and the postorbital processes
of the frontals are very short or obsolescent, characters shared with
hirtus, variusand the eastern subspecies in contrast with mexicanus and
the more western and southern continental forms in which the depres-
sion of the brain case is less evident, and the postoi'bital processes of
the fi-ontals are well developed.
Specijnens examined. —Total number, 100, as follows:
Coahuila: Muzquiz, 1; opposite Langtry, Texas, 3; Sabinas, 3.
Louisiana: Abbeville, 8 (3 skins without skulls); Abbeville (24 miles southwest),
3: Iowa, 1 (skull only) Lake Ridge, 1; Morgan City, 1; Tallulah, 12 (10 skulls
;
without skins). [All specimens except those from Lake Ridge and Tallulah
probably are referable to P. I. megalodous.]
Nuevo Leon: Monterrey, 1.
Tamaulipas: Alta Mira, 1 (skull only); Bagdad, 1; Camargo, 3; Marmolejo, l;^^
Alatarnoros, 3 (2 skulls only).
Texas: Angleton, 1; Aran.sas National Wildlife Refuge, Refugio County, 2;
Aransas County, 2 (skulls only); Broome, 1 (skin only); Brownsville, 1;
Canyon, 2; Carlsbad (10 miles east), 3; Columbia, 1 (skull only); Corpus
Christi, 2; Dickinson Bayou (opposite Galveston), 1; Eagle Pass, 1: Fort
Clark, 2 (including type); Grady, 1 (skull only); Kerrville, 2 (skulls only);
Kountze, 1; Langtry, 1; Laredo, 5 (3 skins without skulls); Liberty, 1 (skull
onlj') Lomita Ranch, 2 (skvills only) Long Point, 1 (skull only) Los Ratones,
;
;
;
Zapata County, 1; Mason, 4; Matagorda, 6 (5 skulls without skins): Padre

Island, 1 (skull only); Port Lavaca, 1 (skull only); Rankin, 2; Sour Lake, 4
(3 skulls without skins); Texarkana (10 miles northwest), 2; Washington
County, 1 (skull only); Water Valley, 2 (skulls only).
Univ. Micliiijan Mu.s. Zool.

PROCYON LOTOR MEXICANUS Baird
Mexican Raccoon
Procyon lotor, variete mexicaine I. Geoffroy-Saint Hilaire, Voy. sur la Venus,

Zoologie, p. 125, pi. VI, 1855. From Mazatlan, Slnaloa, Mexico.
Procyon hernandezii var. mexicana Baird, Mammal. North Amer., p. 215, 1857.
Procyon lotor mexicanus Mearns, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 27: 65, Mar. 20,
1914.
Type locality. — Espia, northwestern Chihuahua, Mexico.

Type. — No. 2018, probably female, adult, skull only (originally ac-
companied by skin which cannot now be found), United States
National Museimi; collected by C. B. R. Kennerly, April 1855.
Distribution. — New Mexico, except northeastern and northwestern
parts, southeastern western Texas, and south through
Arizona,
Chihuahua, eastern Sonora, Sinaloa and Durango to northern Nayarit,
Mexico. Ijower Sonoran to Transition Zone.
General characters. — One of the palest subspecies of the group; skull
with broad frontal area highly arched behind plane of well-developed
postorbital processes. Color and general size about as in P. I. pallidus
of the Colorado River Valley, but skull usually broader, especially
between orbits, and differing in other slight details. Decidedly paler
than P. l. fuscipes of Texas, or P. I. hirtus of Minnesota, and combina-
tion of cranial characters quite different. Similar in general to
P. I. hernandezii of the Valley of Mexico but paler, the upper parts
less extensively overlaid with black; skull more highly arched and
presenting other distinctive features.
Color. —
Upper parts in general coarsely grizzled iron grayish and
under parts light buffy about as in P. I. pallidus; black mask broad
and uninterrupted across face; rusty nuchal patch usually absent,
but faintly indicated in occasional specimens.
Cranial characters. — Skull most closely resembling that of P. I.
pallidus, but brain case, frontal area and palatal shelf usually broader;
frontals rather high behind plane of postorbital processes as in pallidus;
tooth rows usually shorter. Compared with those of P. I. juscipes
and P. I. hirtus the frontal region is similarly high behind plane of
postorbital processes, but less elevated anteriorly, the frontal outline
descending in a more nearly straight line with nasals; brain case less
depressed near frontoparietal suture; interorbital and postorbital
areas usually broader; postorbital processes of frontals longer, the
upper margin of orbit more deeply concave. Contrasted with that
of P. I. hernandezii the skull is of similar size, but less flattened, the
frontal region more elevated behind plane of postorbital processes;
interorbital and postorbital areas usually broader; maxillary tooth

row shorter; posterior upper premolar and carnassial smaller.
Measurements. — Adult male from Lochiel, Santa Cruz River, Ariz.: Total
length, 895 mm.; tail Adult female from Deming,
vertebrae, 365; hind foot, 121.
N. Mex.: 840; 305; 125. Adult male and female from Fort Lowell (near Tucson),
Ariz., respectively: 890, 820; 325, 305; 131, 125. Skull: Adult male from
Lochiel, Ariz., and adult female from Deming, N. Mex.: Greatest length, 121.1,
120.6; coiiflylobasal length, 114.6, 115.4; zygomatic breadth, 77, 78; interorbital
breadth, 24.2, 24.2; least width of palatal shelf, 55.7, 55.9; maxillary tooth row
(alveoli), 42.5, 42.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.7, 8.6, crown width, 9.7, 9.7.
Adult male and female from Fort Lowell, Ariz.: Greatest length, 123.3, 116.2;
condylobasal length, 115.6, 110.9; zygomatic breadth, 83.5, 78.8; interorbital
breadth, 28.8, 25.3; least width of palatal shelf, 17.6, 16.4; maxillary tooth row,
42.7, 43.6; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.5, 8.8, crown width, 9.5, 9.6.
—
Remarks. P. I. mexicanus shares extremely pale coloration with
P. I. pallidm of the Colorado River Valley, typical examples of the
two being externally indistinguishable. They are evidently very
closely allied, some specimens being pj'actically identical, but the
combination of cranial characters pointed out usually serves to
separate them as geographic races. The specimen described by
Baird and regarded as the type of mexicanus is a fully adult, but
undersized individual, probably a female (greatest length of skull,
113) which does not properly reflect the true characters of the sub-
species as shown by other specimens from the type region. The
type locality was originally given as Espia, Sonora. Examination
of Boundary Survey reports and statements by C. B. R. Kennerly,
the collector, show that it was taken at Espia, shown on modern
maps in extreme northwestern Chihuahua. The error was doubtless
due to lack of information in regard to the exact location of the
Sonora-Chihuahua boundary. To this subspecies are referred speci-
mens from Mazatlan, Sinaloa. A specimen from Mazatlan formed
the basis of the detailed description by Geoff roy-Saint Hilaire (1855,
p. 125) of a Mexican raccoon, "variete mexicaine," which, however,
he did not name. A specimen from northern Nayarit is referred to
mexicanus, but those from localities farther south seem more properly
assignable to P. I. hernandezii. Specimens from the upper part of
the Gila River Valley grade toward and might be referred to pall id us.
The series of 47 specimens from Escuinapa, Sinaloa, affords an unusual
opportunity for the study of individual variation.
—
Arizona: Fort Huachuca, 1; Fort Lowell, 2; Lochiel, 1; San Bernardino Ranch,
Cochise County, 1; Santa Catalina Mountains, 1 (skull only); Santa Rita
Mountains (McCleary's Ranch), 1.
Chihuahua: Casas Grandes, 1; Colonia Diaz, 1; Espia, 1 (type, skull only); San
Luis Moiiulains, 1.
54 NORTH AjXIERICAN FAUNA 60, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Durango: Rancho Santuario (northwestern Durango), 1 (skull only).^^
Nayarit: Acaponeta, 1.
New Mexico: Alcalde, 7 (skulls only); Central, Grant County, 1 (skull only);
Chloride,1; Deming, 1; Gila National Forest, 2 (skulls only); Magdalena
Mountains, 1; Redrock, 1; Rinconada, 1; Santa Rosa, 2; Velarde, 3 (skulls
only).
Sinaloa: Escuinapa, 47 (12 skins without skulls; 10 skulls without skins) ; ^sMazat^
Ian, 2; Rosario, 1.
Sonora: "N. Sonora, Lumholtz Expedition", 1 (skin only); Oputo, 2.
Texas: El Paso, 1 (skull only).
PROCYON LOTOR PALLIDUS Merriam

Colorado Desert Raccoon
Procyon pallidus Merriam, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 13: 151, June 13, 1900.
Procyon lotor ochraceus Mearns, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 27: 64, Mar. 20,
1914. Type from Sonoyta River, Sonora, Mexico, near Quitobaquito,
Pima Co., Ariz., No. 59900, male subadult, U. S. Natl. Mus.; collected by
Edgar A. Mearns, February 7, 1894.
Type locality. — New River, Colorado Desert, Imperial County,

Calif.
—
Type. No. 99272, female adult, skin and skull, United States
National Museum (Biological Survej^s collection) collected by Frank ;
Stephens, October 16, 1899.

Distribution. —
Colorado and Gila River Valleys and adjoining
territory from the delta north to northeastern Utah, and east to
western Colorado and northwestern New Mexico. Mainly Lower
Sonoran division of Lower Austral Zone, but ranging up along streams
into Transition Zone.
General characters. —One of the palest subspecies of the group;
skull with narrow frontal area highly arched behind plane of postorbi-
tal processes. Color and general size about as in P. I. mexicanus of
Chihuahua, but skull usually narrower, especially between orbits,
and differing in other slight details. Decidedly paler, more ashy
gray than P. I. psora of the Sacramento Valley; skull with upper
outline rising more prominently- behind plane of postorbital processes.
Simular to P. I. grinnelli, but slightly paler, and cranial characters,
especially the more abruptly sloping frontal profile from apex behind
plane of postorbital processes, distinctive.
Color. —
About as in P. I. mexicanus. •
Cranial characters. —Skull closely resembles those of P. I. mexicanus

and P. psora but brain case, frontal area and palatal shelf usually
I.
narrower; frontals high behind posterior plane of postorbital processes

as in mexicanus (flatter and rising less prominently in psora) ; tooth
Amcr. Mus. Nat. Hist.

rows usually loii<;or than in nirficanus. Compared with P. I. grinnelli

the brain case and interoi-hital region are narrower, and the anterior
IVontal outline descends in a more nearly straight line from apex
immediately behind the postorbital processes —upper outline of
frontals a more evenly convex curve in iirinnclLi.
MeasHrvinetits. —
Type: Total length, 855 nitn.; tail vertebrae, 295; hind foot,
128. Twoadult males from Colorado River, Mexican Boundary, Ariz., respec-
tively: 950, 875; 405, 340; 135, 126. An adult female from same locality: 845;
305; 128. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 117.6; condylobasal length, 111.1;
zygomatic breadth, 77.8; interorbital breadth, 25.5; least width of palatal shelf,
13.5; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 43.4; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.8,
crown width, 9.6. Two adult males from Colorado River, Mexican Boundary,
Ariz.: Greatest length, 133, 126.6; condylobasal length, 122.4. 120.6; zygomatic
breadth, 79.1, 78.6; interorbital breadth, 25.3, 24.8; lea.st width of palatal shelf,
15.4, 16.8; maxillary tooth row, 46.6, 43.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.7,
8.6, crown width, 10.4,9.5 An adult female from same locality Greatest length, :
119.6; condylobasal length, 114.1; zygomatic breadth, 77.1; interorbital breadth,

23.4; least width of palatal shelf, 14.6; maxillary tooth row, 41.7; upper carnassial,
•crown length, 8.7, crown width, 9.3
Remarks. —As the name indicates the present subspecies is charac-

terized by light coloration, a feature shared with P. I. mexicanm.
The I. ixilUdua and P. I. mexicanus is obvious but
close alliance of P.
difi'eringcombinations of cranial characters seem to warrant their
recognition as distinct, but not strongly marked forms. The type of
pallidus is an unusually pale specimen as shown by comparison with
others from localities so near that they must be regarded as typical.
The type of P. I. ochraceus is a subadult male in rather faded pelage
to which the name is doubtless due. It is not satisfactorily separable
from P. I. j)allidus.
Specimens examined. — Total mnnber, 29, as follows:
Arizona: Colorado River, Mexican Boundary, 3; Fort Apache (25 miles south-
east), 1; Lakeside, 1 (.skull only) ;
Mellen, 1 ;
Phoenix, 1 Springerville (3
;
miles northwest), 2; Tempe, 1; Topock, 1; Wupatki National Monument,

Coconino County, 1.
Baja California: Calexico (11 miles southeast), 1; Cocopah Mountains, 3 (skulls
only); New River (5 miles south of Mexicali), 1 (skin only); Pascualitos
Laguna, 1; exact locality unknown, 1 (skull only).
California: Colorado River (5 miles below Needles), l;-'6 Colorado River (near
Pilot Knob), 1;28 Colorado River (20 miles north of Picacho), 1;26 New
River, Colorado Desert, 1 (type); Pilot Knob, 1; Potholes, l.ê
Colorado: Navajo River, Archuleta County, 1 (skin only).
Sonora: Sonoyta River, near Quitobaciuito (type of ochraceus), 1.
Utah: Pine Valley, 1 (skull only); 8aint George, 1.
2« Mus. Vert. Zool.

PROCYON LOTOR PSORA Gray

California Raccoon
Procxjon psora Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10 : 261, Dec. 1842. •
Procyon Mearns, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 27: 66, Mar. 20,
lotor californicus
1914. Type from ocean beach near last Mexican Boundary Monument
(No. 258), San Diego County, Calif., No. 60675, female subadult, U. S. Natl.
Mus.; collected by Frank Xavier Holzner, July 16, 1894.
Type —Sacramento, Sacramento Coimty,
locality. Calif.
Type. —Perhaps British Museum; collected by Captain Belcher.
in
Distribution. — California, except extreme northwest coastal strip,
the northeastern corner and southeastern desert region, ranging south
through northwestern Baja California to San Quintin; extreme west-
central Nevada (Wilson Canyon, east slope of Sierra Nevada).
Lower Austral, Upper Austral, and Transition Zones.
General characters. — A large, moderately dark form with a broad,
rather flat skull. Very similar to P. I. pacijicus of Washington, but
averaging paler; skull usually more elongated and differing in detail.
Decidedly darker, less ashy gray than P. I. pallidus of the Colorado
River Valley, and cranial characters distinctive. Similar in general
to P. I. excelsus of the Snake River Valley, but much smaller and
usually darker; skull relatively narrower.
Color. —Similar in general to that of P. I. lotor, but upper parts
grayer, less suffused with buff under the overlying black-tipped haii's;
light ringson tail less bufi'y rusty nuchal patch usually absent or less
;
prominent; black mask continuous across face, as in western forms in

general, instead of more or less distinctly interi'upted on either side of
median line as in lotor.
Cranial characters. —Skull closely resembles that of P. I. pacijicus but
usually more elongated, the brain case less fully expanded, especially
anteroexternally ; interorbital region narrower; upper profile rather
flat and postorbital processes of frontals well developed as in
pacijicus. Similar to that of P. I. excelsus, but smaller, relatively
narrower. Compared with that of P. I. pallidus, the skull is of similar
size, but relatively broader, with flatter frontal region.
Measurement. — Adult
male from Tehama, Calif.: Total length, 880 mm.; tail
Adult female from Wheatland, Calif.: 870; 300;
vertebrae, 277; hind foot, 138.
120. Adult male and female from Nicasio, Calif., respectively: 901, 820; 348,
312; 132, 121. Skull: Adult male from Tehama and adult female from Wheat-
land, Calif.: Greatest length, 124.8, 120.4; condylobasal length, 120, 113; zygo-
matic breadth, 82.6, 79.2; interorbital breadth, 26.3, 26.8; least width of palatal
shelf, 17.6, 16.2; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 44.2, 43.9; upper carnassial,
crown length, 8, 8.6, crown width, 9.3, 9.6. Adult male and female from Nicasio,
Calif.: Greatest length, 124.5, 118.7; condylobasal length, 116.6, 114.2; zygomatic
breadth, 82, 78.4; interorbital breadth, 24.2, 25.8; least width of palatal shelf,
16.4, 16.1; maxillary tooth row, 43.2, 41.8; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.8,
8.6, crown width, 9.7, 9.3.
Remarks. — P. I. psora has commonly been treated by authors as

specificallydistinct from P. I. United States. lotor of the eastern
This is not so surprising as direct comparison of the skulls of these
widely separated subspecies reveals rather striking differences, especi-
ally the much larger general size, and broader, flatter frontal region
with much more prominent postorbital processes of -psora. These
differences, however, are completely biidged by the intervening forms.
P. I. psora passes gradually into P. I. pacijicus in northern California
and southwestern Oregon, and some specimens from those regions
might with similar propriety be referred to either form. Some
specimens from near the type locality of P. I. calirfornicus suggest
gradation toward P. I. pallidus, but general comparisons indicate that
californicus cannot satisfactorily be separated from psora.
Specimens examined. Total number, 198, as follows: —
Baja California: Laguna Hansen, I; ^' San Quintin, 1; San Ramon (mouth of
Santo Domingo River), 2; 2' San Telmo, 1 (skin only) Valle de las Palmas, :
1 (skin only). 2'

California: Areata, 2; Baird, 1 Bakersfield, 1 Banta, 1 (skull only) Berkeley,
; ; ;
4;" Bodfish, 1; Bradley, 3 (1 skull without skin, 2 skins without skulls);

Camp Meeker, 1; Carbondale, 1;" Carlotta, 1;" Cassel, 4 (skulls only) ;
Cazadero, 1 (skull only); ^~ Chico, 4; Colusa, 2 (1 skull without skin); Covelo,

1 (skull only) Cuddeback, Humboldt County, 2 (skulls only)
;
Cuyamaca ;
Mountains, 1;Cypress Point, Monterey County, 1 Dyerville (5 miles ; -''
south), 1; Eel River (southwest of South Yollo BoUy Mountain), 2; El

Portal, 2; Eureka, 1; " Fort Tejon, 2 (1 skull only); Gazelle (5 miles east),
2 (skulls only) Glen Ellen, 1; Grass Valley, 3; ^' Grizzly Island, 1; " Gualala,
:
1;
2-
Hay
Fork, Trinity County, 1; 2? Helena, 3; 2" Hoopa Valley, 1; Hum-
boldt Bay (Carson's Camp, Mad River), 1; Inverness, 1 (skull only); Isa-
bella, 1; 2' Jolon, 3; Julian, 2; " Kern River (25 miles above Kernville), 1;
Klamath River, Siskiyou County, Knight's Landing (near
1 (skull only);
type locality), 1; La Jolla, 1; Lake Merced, 1; 2' Lassen Creek, 1; Layton-
ville, 2; Lierly's Ranch, Mendocino County, 1; Little Browns Creek, Trinity
County, 2 (skulls only); Little Shasta, 3; Lockwood, 2; Marysville Buttes,

2; " McCloud River (near Baird), 3 (2 skulls without skins); 27 Mendota, 1;
Menlo Park, 1;" Mission, Santa Inez, 1; Mohave River, 1 (skull only);
Monterey, 2; Mount Diablo, 1; " Mount Saint Helena, 2; Mount Sanhedrin,
2 (1 skull without skin); -' National City, 2; Nelson, 1 (skull only); Nicasio,
10 (5 skulls without skins); Orland, 1 (skin only); Ornbaun Spring, Hum-
boldt County, 1 (skull only) " Pacific Ocean beach, near Monument 258,
;
Mexican Boundary, 1 (type of californicus) Paine Creek (Dale's Ranch) ;
Tehama County, 4 (2 skins without skulls); " Pescadero, 5; " Pine City, 2
(skulls only) Pitt River, Shasta County, 1 (skull only) Placerville, 2 (skulls
;
;
only) " Pleyto, 2 (skulls only) Point Pinois, 1 Point Reyes, 4 (2 skulls
; ; ;
without skins); Portola, 2; " Portola Lake, San Mateo County, 1; " Posts,
1; Red Bluff, 1 (skin only); Rio Dell, 1 (skull only); Rockport, 1 (skull only);
Round Mountain, 3 (skull only); Rumsey, 1; Saint John, Glenn County, 2;
San Eniigdio. 3; San Francisco, 1 (skin only) San Luis Obispo, 3; Sausalito, 1 ;
(skull only) " Shasta County, 1 Shasta Valley (6 miles east of Edgewood)
; ;
« Mus. Vert. Zool.
876119°— 5« 5
I; Snelling, 3;" Soquel Mill (40 miles east of Raymond), 1; South Yollo
Bolly Mountain, 1; Spalding, Eagle Lake, 3;" Spenceville, 1;" Stockton,
14; " Suisun Marsh, 1; " Tehama, 1; Three Rivers, 1; Tower House, Shasta
County, 1; Trinidad, 1; 2? Union Island, 1; Vacaville, 1; 2? Victorville, 1; "
Wawona, 1 (skull only) Weaverville, 2 (skulls only) " Wheatland, 1 Willow
;
; ;
Lake, Plumas County, 1; " Winthrop, 1 (skull only); Wolf, 1.27

Nevada: Wilson Canyon, east slope of Sierra Nevada, 1.
PROCYON LOTOR PACIFICUS Merriam

Pacific Northwest Raccoon
Procyon psora pacifica Merriam, North Amer. Fauna 16: 107, Oct. 28, 1899.
Procyon proteus Brass, Aus dem Reiche der Pelze, p. 564, 1911. West coast from
Puget Sound to the Cascade Mountains. (Not Procyon proteus Allen, 1904.)
Type locality. —Lake Keechelus, Kittitas County, Wash, (altitude

8,000 feet).
Type. —
No. 93137, adult [female], skin and skull, United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection) collected by C. ;
Hansen, January 15, 1898.

Distribution. —
Southwestern British Columbia, except Vancouver
Island, northern, central, and western Washington, western Oregon,
and extreme northwestern California. Upper Austral and Transition
Zones.
—
General characters. A dark subspecies with a relatively broad, flat
skull. Most closely resembling P. I. psora of the Sacramento Valley,
Calif., but darker; skull relatively shorter and broader. Similar to
P. I. excelsus of the Snake River Valley, southeastern Oregon, but much
smaller, darker, and cranial characters distinctive. Decidedly larger
than P. I. Vancouver ensis of Vancouver Island, and skull differing in
detail.
Color. —As in P. I. Vancouver ensis. Much as in P. I. psora, but darker,
the top of head and long guard hairs over upper parts in general more
extensively black; subapical light bands of hairs somewhat narrower,
tending to permit the basal color, which is of a darker tone (near dark
cinnamon brown), to show through; mask unmixed black continuous
across face and over upper surface of muzzle; rusty nuchal patch
usually absent or inconspicuous.
Cranial characters. —Skull comparatively short, broad and flat;
interorbital space very broad; postorbital processes of frontals well

developed. Resembling that
of P. I. psora, but usually less elongated,
the brain case more
expanded, especially anteroexternally inter-
fully ;
orbital region broader. Similar to that of P. I. excelsus, but smaller,

with brain case more rounded. Very similar in general form to that
of P. I. vancouverensis, but much smaller throughout; brain case
2' Mus. Vert. Zool.

;
relatively larger, more inflated; nasals broader, narrowing more

abruptly to a point posteriorly; pterygoids longer, more diverging
posteriorly; maxillary tooth rows longer, the individual teeth much
larger.
Measurements. — Adult female from Steilacoom, Wash.: Total length, 830 mm.;
tailvertebrae, 270; hind foot, 129. Skull: Type (?) and an adult female from
Steilacoom, Wash., respectively: Greatest length, 113.8, 114.2; condylobasal
length, 109.2; zygomatic breadth, 79.9, 81.2; interorbital breadth, 26.8,
106.8,
27.3; least width of palatal shelf, 14.9, 16.9; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 41.4,
41.3; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.6, 7.9, crown widih, 9.4, 10. .\verage of
five adult males from Lake Cushnian, Wash. Great ot li ui;! h, 1 19.5 1 16.1-123.1)
: (
condylobasal length, 112.6 (109.5-116.5); zygomatic breadth, 81.7 (78.8-84.7);

interorbital breadth, 26 (25.1-27.1); least width of palatal .shelf, 16.8 (16.2-17.6);
maxillary tooth row, 43.6 (42.8-44); upper carnassial, crown length, 9.1 (8.8-9.4),
crown width, 9.8 (9.5-10).
—
Remarks. The present subspecies is the raccoon of the Pacific
Northwest coastal and Cascade Range regions, extending in small
numbers into the interior along the Columbia River Valley to north-
eastern Washington. Like the regional representatives of other
groups of mammals it is characterized by dark coloration. Compared
with P. I. lotor of the eastern United States, which is also dark in
color, the upper parts in pacijicus are more heavily overlaid with black,
the light subterminal bands of the longer hairs and the light rings of
the tail are grayer, less buft'y or yellowish, the top of the head is
blacker, and the mask is more uniformly black antl continuous across
the face. P. I. pacificus intergrades with P. I. psora in southwestern
Oregon and northwestern California, and with P. I. excelsus east of the
Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon. Procyon proteus
Brass was assigned to the raccoon of the west coast from Puget Sound
to the Cascade Mountains, which is within the range of typical P. I.
pacijicus. The name is also preoccupied by Procyon proteus Allen,
applied to a crab-eating raccoon in South America.
—
British Columbia: Hastings, 1; Port Moody, 3 (skulls only).
California: Crescent City, 5 (4 skulls without skins).
Oregon: Hig Summit Prairie, Ochoco National Forest, 1 (skull only); Blue River,
1 (skull only) ;
Bridge, 1 ;
Collywash Burn, 1 Estacada, 3 (2 skulls without
;
skins); Glendale, 3 (skulls only); Glide (24 miles east), 1; Glide (14 miles
northeast), Grant's Pass, 7 (32 miles south, 5 [1 skull without skin]; 43 miles
1;
northeast, 2 [1 skin without skull]); Hardman, 2; Pistol River (North Fork),
Curry County, 1; Port Orford, 5 (skulls only); Remote, 1 (skull only);
Riverside, 2.
Washington: Easton, 1; Hoodsport, 4 (skulls only); Lake Cushman, 10 (skulls
only) Lake Keechelus, 1 (type) Mount Vernon, 2 (skulls only) Orcas Island,
: ; ;
1 (skull only); Skokomish River, Olympic Mountains, 2 (skulls only);

Steilacoom, 5 (1 skin without skull): Tieton, 1; Toppenish, 3: Trout Lake,
south base of Mount Adams, 5 (skulls only); Whidby Island, 1 (skull only).
PROCYON LOTOR EXCELSUS Nelson and Goldman

Snake River Valley Raccoon
Procyon lotor excelsus Nelson and Goldman, .Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 458, Nov. 11,
1930.
Tyjê locality. — Owyhee River, Oreg., 10 miles west of Fairylawn,

Owyhee County, Idaho.
Type.—l<io. 236214, old male adult, skin and skull. United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection) ; collected by J. W.
Fisk, April 15, 1920.
DistribvHon. — Snake
River drainage in southeastern Washington,
eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho, the Humboldt River Valley,
Nev., and river valleys of northeastern California. Mainly Upper
Sonoran Zone.
—
General characters.- Size largest of the group; color rather pale,
similar in color to P. I. psora of California, but usually paler, and much
larger, with skull differing in detail. Closely allied to P. I. pacijicus
of Washington, but much larger, decidedly paler, top of head much
grayer, and cranial characters distinctive.
Color. —
Upper parts of body in general very light buffy grayish,
with a light ochraceous buffy suffusion along median dorsal area,
becoming pronounced on nape, moderately overlaid with black; sides
clearer gray, the overlying black-tipped hairs less numerous than on
dorsum top;
head a grizzled mixture of black and gray face with the
of ;
usual black mask and white markings; under parts in general thinly
overlaid with buffy grayish, the light brownish undertone showing
through; throat patch dark brownish; ears grayish with black patches
at posterior base; limbs grayish, the hind legs with small, unmixed
brownish areas on outer sides near heels; tail above with about six
black annulations and a black tip, alternating with somewhat broader,
light buffy rings, the dark rings usually becoming indistinct below.
Skull similar to that of P. I. psora, but larger
and more angular; frontal region broader, generally flattened, and
postorbital processes well developed, as in psora. Compared with
that of P. I. pacijicus the skull is larger, with brain case relatively
more elongated; frontal region broad as in pacijicus.
Measurements. — No skin measurements available. Slcull: Type: Greatest

length, 136.5 mm.; condylobasal length, 125.8; zygomatic breadth, 89.1; inter-
orbital breadth, 30.1; least width of palatal shelf, 17.2; maxillary tooth row
(alveoli), 47; upper carnassial, crown length, 9, crown width, 10.6.
—
Remarks. The present form is easily distinguished from all others
of the group by the large size and massive development of the skull.
No close cranial comparisons with forms east of the Rocky Mountains
are necessary as this race differs notably in the much larger size, and
—
broad, flat prominent postorbital processes

frontal region, with
frontal region generally high and narrow^ and postorbital processes
weak, or obsolescent, in forms east of Rocky Mountains.
—
California: Parker Creek, Modoc County, 1.^*
Idaho: Bruneau, 1 (skull only); Eiumctt, Gem

County, 1; Forest (Deer Creek),
1 (skin only); Hagerman, 4 (I without skin); Lost Valley Reservoir,
skull
head of Wieser River (altitude 5,000 feet), Adams County, 1 (skin only);
Preuss Mountains, 1 (skull only) Stanley Lake, Custer County (altitude
;
8,500 feet), 1 (skin only); Three Creek, 2 (1 skin without skull; 1 skull without
skin).
Nevada: Colconda, I (skull only); Montello, 1.
Oregon: Adel, 2; Dry Creek, Malheur County, 1 (skull only); Enterprise, 1
(skin only); Harper (8 miles east), 1 (skull only); Huntington, 1 (skull only);
Imnaha, 1 (skull only) Owyhee River (type locality, 10 miles west of Fairy-
;
lawn, Idaho), 2; Rome, 1; Tupper, 1 (skull only); Vansycle, 1 (skull only).

Washington: Alpowa, 1 (skull only); Garfield County, I; Touchet, I; \\'allula, 1;
Washtucna, 1.
PROCYON LOTOR VANCOUVERENSIS Nelson and Goldman

Vancouver Lsland Raccoon
Procyon lotor vancouverensis Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 458,
Nov. 11, 19.30.
—
Type locality. Quatsino Sound, Vancouver Island, British Colum-
bia,Canada. Transition and Canadian Zones.
Type. —
No. 135457, male aikdt, skull only. United States National
Museum (Biological Surveys collection) collected by Charles Sheldon,
;
November 1904.
Distribution. — Known only from Vancouver Island.
General characters. —A dark subspecies most closely allied to P. I.
jiacificus of Washington, but decidedly smaller, and cranial details

distinctive.
Color. —An adult (winter pelage) from Beecher Bay, Vancouver
Island: Upper parts in general gi-ayish, heavily overlaid with black;
small nape patch suft'used with ochraceous buft"; top of head mixed
black and gray, the black predominating; face with brownish black
mask, the dark color extending down along middle of muzzle to nose;
sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; under parts, in general, thinly
overlaid with buff gray, the dense brown underfur showing through;
throat patcli l)rownish, mixed with gray along median line; ears gray-
ish, with black patches at posterior base; limbs similar to under parts,
becoming soiled whitish on feet, but hind legs with unmixed, dark
brownish areas on outer sides above heels; tail with six narrow black
rings and a black tip, alternating with broader grayish rings, the blaclv
rings interrupted on under side near base.
2* Mus. Vert. Zool.
62 NORTH AjNIERICAN FAUNA 60, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Cranial characters. —Skull rather small, short, low, broad, and flat,
with well-developed postorbital processes. Very similar in general

form to that of P. I. paci/ficus, but much smaller throughout; brain case
relatively smaller and less inflated nasals narrower and more attenuate
;
posteriorly; pterygoids shorter, less diverging posteriorly; maxillary

tooth rows shorter, the individual teeth much smaller.
Measurements. — An adult from Beecher Ba.y, Vancouver Island: Hind foot

(dry skin), 112 mm. Type: Greatest length, 116; condylobasal length,
Skull:
108.9; zygomatic breadth, 77.5; interorbital breadth, 25.4; least width of palatal
shelf, 16.5; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 40.2; upper earnassial, crown length, 8.3,
crown width, 8.9.
Remarks. —The Vancouver Island raccoon is a well-marked sub-

species. It requires close comparison only with P. I. pacificus of the
adjacent mainland.
Specimens examined. — Total number, 40, as foUoAvs:
Vancouver Island, B. C: Alberni Valley (Hall's Ranch), 1; 29 Beecher Bay, 3 (2
skulls without skins) 3° Cadboro Bay, 1 (skull only)
; Errington, 1 2' Fort ;
;
Rupert, 1 (skull only) 3i French Creek, l;^^ Little Quahcum River, 1; 2'
;
Mount Tolmie, 1 (skull only) ;

Parksville, 2; 29 Quatsino Sound (type
locality), 21 (skulls only); Saii Josef River Valley, (skull only); Sooke, 2
1
(skulls only) ;
3" Victoria, 1 (skull only) ; exact locality unknown, 3 (skulls
only). 30
PROCYON LOTOR GRINNELLI Nelson and Goldman

Baja California Raccoon
Procyon lotor grinnelli Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Washington Acad. Sci. 20 (5):
82, Mar. 4, 1930.
Type locality. —La Paz, Baja California, Mexico.

Type. — No. 147181, male adult, skin and skuU, United States
National Museum collected by E. W.
(Biological Surveys collection) ;
Nelson and E. A. Goldman, February 15, 1906.

Distribvtion. —
Southern Baja California from the Cape region north
at least to San Ignacio. Tropical and Lower Sonoran Zones.
General characters. —A large, pale subspecies with a rather broad,
high, evenly arched skull. Similar to P. I. pallidus of the Colorado
Desert, but slightly darker and cranial characters, especially the more
. evenly arched profile of s'lvull, distinctive. Compared with P. I. psora
of the Sacramento Valley, general color paler, more grayish, less
deeply suffused with buff, the long black guard hairs over dorsum less
in evidence; top of head grayer, less heavily mixed with black; black
areas at posterior base of ears smaller; skull with frontal region more
highly arched.
" Mus. Vert. Zool.

30 Provincial Mus., British Columbia.
Color. —
Upper parts in general coarsely grizzled iron grayish, the
median dorsal area faintly suffused with pale buft', becoming pro-
nounced on back of neck, rather thinly overlaid with l)lack; toj) of head
gray, mixed with black, producing a grizzled cflcct; face with solid
black mask; white facial markings as usual in the group; under parts in
general oveilaid with very ])ale buffy grayish, the l)iown undei'tone
showing tlnougli; throat patch blackish; ears grayish, with rather
small black patches at posterior base; limbs similar to unck'r parts, but
becoming whitish on feet ; hind legs with small, pure biownisli areas on
outer side near heels; tail with the usual annulations and l)lack tip,
the light rings pale cream buff and tlie narrower (hu'k rings (6 to 7)
consisting of black-tipped hairs with an untlerlying buffy suffusion;
dark rings less evident on under side of tail and scarcely complete,
tending to fade out on median line, except near tip.
Skull similar to that of P. I. pallidus, but brain
case and interorbital region broader; frontals rising higher anteriorly,
the u])per outline a more evenly convex curve —
anterior frontal outline
desc(>nding in a more nearly straight line from apex immediately
behind postorbital processes in pallidus; dentition about the same.
Compared with that of /. jtsora the skull is less flattened, the frontal
region more highly arched; bi'ain case rather broad and other cranial
details much as in psora.
Measurements. —Type: Total length, 913 mm.; tail vertebrae, 335; hind foot,
132. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 122. 1 condylobasal length, 115.5; zygomatic
;
breadth, 77.9; interorbital breadth, 24.3; least width of palatal shelf, 16.7; maxil-
lary tooth row (alveoli), 44.1 upper carna.ssial, crown length, 8.8, crown width, 9.3.
;
Hcmarks. —Raccoons are de]3endent upon water for existence, and

owing to exceedingly arid conditions in the central section of Baja
California their general range is interrupted for considerable distances.
The form here descril)ed, which occupies the southern half of the
peninsula, ditl'ers rather markedly in combination of characters from
both of the more northern subspecies, P. I. psora and /*. /. pallidus.
It requires no very close comparison with P. I. mexicanus of the
adjacent mainland of Mexico, which in general, is paler, with the black
postauricular spots ol)solescent, and skull notably depressed in frontal
region.
Specimens examined. —Total nimiber, 11, as follows:
Baja California, Mexico: La Paz (type locality), 3;'- Mount Mirafiores, 3;

San Ignacio, 5.
32 One (skull only) in Mus. Vert. Zool.

3! Two in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
PROCYON LOTOR HERNANDEZII Wagler

Mexican Plateau Raccoon
Pr[ocyon\ hernandezii Wagler, Isis 24: 514, 1831.
Procyon lotor hernandezii Allen, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. 3: 176, Dec. 10, 1890.
Type locality. —Valley of Mexico, Mexico (specimens from Tlalpam

regarded as typical).^*
Type. — Not designated.
Distribution. —Southern part of tableland or plateau region of
Mexico and adjoining from Nayarit, Jalisco, and San Luis
coasts,
Potosi, south to near the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. Altitudinal range
from sea level to about 8,000 feet. Tropical to Transition Zone.
—
General characters. A large, dark grayish subspecies; skull some-
what flattened, with narrow frontal region and slender, wide spreading
zygomata; dentition heavy. Similar in general to P. I. fuscipes of
Texas, but upper parts grayer; skull flatter and differing in detail.
Decidedly darker than P. I. 7nexica;nus of Chihuahua, the upper parts
more extensively overlaid with black, and cranial characters distinc-
tive. Differing from P. I. shufeldti of Campeche in longer pelage; top
of head darker and back more heavily overlaid with black; skull more
slender.
Color. —Very similar to that of P. I. fuscipes but still grayer, less
buffy beneath overlying black; black postauricular spots smaller.
Young (in first pelage) : Similar to lotor of corresponding age, but top
of head and postauricular areas less extensively brownish black, and
black mask continuous across face (mask more or less interrupted
between eyes in lotor) ; feet dark brownish instead of buffy.
Cranial characters. — Skull size about as in P. I. fuscipes ^but more
flattened above, the frontal region less elevated, and brain case less
depressed near fronto-parietal suture; postorbital processes of frontals
usually longer, narrower, more acutely pointed upper margin of orbit ;
usually more deeply concave; posterior upper premolar and upper

carnassial usually larger. Similar to that of P. I. mexicanus, but
flatter, the frontal region less elevated; interorbital and postorbital
regions usually narrower; maxillary tooth rows longer; posterior
upper premolar and upper carnassial larger. Compared with that
of P. I. shufeldti the skull is more slender, less massive; interorbital
and postorbital regions narrower; dentition about the same.
Measurements. —Adult male from Tlalpam, Valley of Mexico, Mexico: Total
length, 905 mm.; tail vertebrae, 283; hind foot, 122. Two adult males from
Jalpan, Queretaro, and Patzcuaro, Michoacan, respectively: 894, 872; 340, 308;
129, 127. Two adult females, Tetela del Volcan, Morelos, and El Chico, Hidalgo:
860,825; 300, 264; 120, 122, Skull: Adult male from Tlalpam, Mexico: Greatest
3* Typo locality fixed by Nelson and Goldman, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 44: 17, Feb. 21, 1931.
length, 122.9; coiidylobasal length, 116.9; zygomatic breadth, 86; intororbital

breadth, 25.2; least width of palatal shelf, 16.8; maxillary tooth row (alveoli),
45.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.2, crown width, 10.3. Two adult males
from Acambaro, Michoacan, and Jalpan, Querctaro: Greatest length, 128.3,
123.7; condylobasal length, 124.8, 116; zygomatic breadth, 86.2, 83.1; interorbital
breadth, 24.2, 23.9; least width of palatal shelf, 16.4, 16.4; maxillary tooth row,
45.2, 44.2; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.3, 9.1, crown width, 10, 9.3. Two
adult females from Tetela del Volcan, Morelos, and El Chico, Hidalgo: Greatest
length, 118.1, 114; condylobasal length, 114.8, 109.3; zygomatic breadth, 79.3,
76.8; interorbital breadth, 24.7, 22.1; least width of palatal shelf, 16.4, 15.8; max-
illary tooth row, 44.2, 42.3; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.4, 8.2, crown width,
10, 9.4.
Remarks. — The
range of P. I. hernandezii in southern Mexico is
transcontinental, and while mainly at 4,000 to 6,000 feet on the table-
land of the interior it extends from sea level along the tropical coasts
to 8,000 feet altitude on the slopes of the mountains bordering the
Valley of Mexico. It intergrades on the north in eastern Mexico
with P. I. fuHcipes and in western Mexico with P. I. mexicanus.
Toward the southeast its range meets that of P. I. shujeldti.
—
Colima: Armeria, 1; Colima, 5 (3 skulls without skins); Manzanillo, 8 (3 skulls

without skins).
Guerrero: Papayo, 2; Tlapa, 1.
Hidalgo: El Chico, 1.
Jalisco: Arroyo de Plantinar, 1;^^ Atemajac, 3 (1 skull without skin); Barranca
Ibarra (Canyon de Oblatos), Rio Grande de Santiago, 1; Garabatos, l;^^ Las
Canoas, 2:^'' Zacoalco, 1; Zapotlan, 2 (1 skull without skin).
Mexico: Ajusco, Distrito Federal, 1 (skull only); Tlalpam, Distrito Federal, 1.
Michoacan: Acambaro, 2 (skulls only); Patzcuaro, 2 (1 skull without skin);
Querendaro, 3 (2 skulls without skins).
Morelos: Tetela del Volcan, 1.
Nayarit: San Bias, 1.
Oaxaca: Cuicatlan, 1.
Queretaro: Jalpan, 2 (1 skull without skin).
San Luis Potosi: Hacienda la Parada, 1; San Luis Potosi, 1.
Veracruz: Jico, 3; Mirador, 2 (1 skin without skull).
PROCYON LOTOR SHUFELDTI Nelson and Goldman

Campeche Raccoon
Procyon lotor shufeldti Nelson and Goldman, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 44: 17,
Feb. 21, 1931.
Type locality. —La Tuxpena, Champoton, Campeche, Mexico.

Type. — No. 177546, male adult, skin and skull, United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection); collected by Percy
W. Shufeldt, April 20, 1911.
Distribution. —From the Isthmus of Tehuantepec east through
Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Yucatan, Quintano Roo, British
Honduras, and Guatemala to western Honduras; limits of range

unknown. Tropical Zone.
General characters. —A large, rather pale, short-haired subspecies,
with massive skull. Similar in general to P. I. hernandesii of the
Valley of Mexico, but pelage shorter, color duller, top of head grayer
and back less modified by black-tipped hairs; black postauricular
spots (small in hernandezii) still less distinct; skull more massive and
difiêring in detail. Size about as in P. I. crassidens of Costa Rica, but
color decidedly paler and grayer, the upper parts less heavily overlaid
with black, and the sub terminal light zone of longer hairs more
extended and thus affecting the general tone; skull less flattened.
Differing from P. I. dickeyi in larger size, much grayer color, and in
cranial characters.
Color. —Upper parts in general usually light buffy gray, with rather
thinly distributed overlying black-tipped hairs resulting in a coarsely
grizzled blend; nape patch rusty rufous; sides lighter, the black tips of
hairs inconspicuous top of
;
head clearer gray, mixed with black, lacking
mask across face extend-
the light buffy tone suffusing the back; black
ing downward along median line of muzzle to nose and upward to
middle of forehead; lines bordering mask above, sides of muzzle, lips,
and chin white as usual in the group; under parts in general thinly
overlaid with very light buffy hairs, the light brownish underfur show-
ing through, but short and scarcely concealing the skin; throat patch
brownish; ears grayish; black postauricular spots small and incon-
spicuous; limbs similar in color to under parts, but over hairs denser,
becoming dull whitish on feet; hind legs with outer sides of anldes
brownish; tail above with seven to eight narrow blackish rings and a
black tip, alternating with light ochraceous buffy rings, less distinct
and tending to become confluent below, especially near base. Varying
in some specimens from paler and grayer to darker, with dorsum more
profusely overspread with black, and rusty rufous nape patch indis-
tinct or absent. Young (in first pelage) Similar to P. I. hernandezii,
:
but paler above, especially the top of head, which is scarcely differ-
entiated from back.
Cranial characters. —Skull similar in size to that of P. I. hernandezii,
but more massive; interorbital and postorbital regions broader; denti-
tion about the same. Similar in size and angularity to that of P. I.
crassidens, but less flattened, the frontal region higher arched behind
postorbital processes; dentition and other cranial details about as in
crassidens. Compared with that of P. I. dickeyi the skull is decidedly
larger, more massive; sagittal and lambdoid crests heavier, thicker and
less trenchant; palate broader; auditory bullae usually larger.
—
116. An adult female topotype: 909; 296; 128. Skull: Type: Greate.st length,
126.1; condylobasal length, 118.7; interorbital breadth, 26.8; least width of palatal
shelf, 16.8; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 45.1; upper carnas.sial, crown length,
9.6, crown width, 9.8.
Remarks. — The general range of the present subspecies embraces the

peninsiihi of Yucatan and adjoining territory as far south and west as
tile Istlunus of Teliuantepec. Like the representatives of otlier widely
ranging subspecies inhabiting the general i-(>gioii it is characterized by
pale colors. Occasional specimens, liowever, as one from Huilotepec
(near Tehuantepec), Oaxaca, have the upper parts more heavily over-
laid with black, indicating gradation toward the darker Central
American forms. It is closely allied to P. /. hcmandezii, but the
characters pointed out are distinctive.
—
BritishHonduras: El Cayo (near San Lorenzo), 1.'"
Campeche: La Tu.\pena (type locality), 3.
Chiapas: San Vicente, 1 (skull only).
Guatemala: El Espino, 1; northern Guatemala (e.xact locality unknown), 1.
Honduras: Santa Barbara, 1.'"

Oaxaca: Huilotepec, 7; San Mateo del Mar, I (skull only); Tehuantepec, 4.'^
Tabasco: Montecristo, 1.
Veracruz: Minatitlan, 1.
Yucatan: Chichen Itza, 1.
PROCYON LOTOR DICKEYI Nelson and Goldman

Salvador Raccoon
Procyon lotor dickeyi Nelson and Cioldinan, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 44: 18,
Feb. 21, 1931.
Type locality. — Barra de Santiago, Depai-tment of Ahuachapam,

Salvador.
—
Type. No. 12796, male adult, skin and skidl, collection of Donald
R. Dickey; collected by G. D. Stirton, April 14, 1927.
Distribution. —
Coast region of southwestern Salvador and probably
of southeastern Guatemala; limits of range unknown. Tropical Zone.
A dark-colored subspecies (one of the darkest
of the group) of medium size; skidl short and light in structure. Color
about as in P. I. crassidens of Costa Rica; size similar, but skull of
lighter proportions, and differing in important details. Similar in
general to P. I. shufeldti of Campeche, but smaller, and much darker,
the upper parts more heavily overlaid with black; cranial characters
distinctive.
Color. —Upper parts in general grayish, heavily and rather uniformly
overlaid with black extending well down along
subterminal sides; light
zone of longer hairs narrow and dark undercolor showing through in-
" Univ. Michigan Mns. Zool.

Amor, Mus. Xat, Hist.
3' One skin without skull, one skull without skin, .\nHT. Mus. Nat. Hist.
tensiiying general dark tone ;

top of head clearer gray, heavily mixed
with black, producing a somewhat grizzled effect, the black predom-
inating black facial
;
mask extending downward on median line to nose
and upward to middle of forehead; white supraorbital lines short and
narrow, ending under ears instead of continuing posteriorly to sides of
neck as in shufeldti and more northern forms sides of muzzle, lips, and
;
chin white; under parts in general thinly overlaid with buffy white,
the underfur light brownish, sparse and only partially concealing the
skin beneath; throat patch brownish black; ears grayish; black post-
auricular spots small, tending to lilend with dark tone of back; fore-
arms dull grayish, becoming soiled whitish on feet; outer surfaces of
hind legs similar to sides of body, becoming brownish black near heels
and soiled whitish on feet; tail above with about seven blackish rings,
rather indistinct near base, and a black tip, alternating with rich
ochraceous buffy rings, tending to blend along median line below.
—
Cranial characters. Skull characterized by thin-walled, delicate
structure, with weakly developed sagittal and lambdoid crests. Most
closely resembling that of P. I. crassidens, but of lighter proportions;
frontal region less flattened; palate much narrower, a character very
noticeable in the lesser distance between cheek tooth series; jugal more
slender; dentition heavy, much as in crassidens. Compared with that
of P. I. shufeldti the skull is decidedly smaller and less massive; frontal
region of similar elevation; sagittal and lambdoid crests weaker,
thinner and more trenchant; palate narrower; auditory bullae usually
smaller; dentition about the same.
—
115. Average of four adult male topotypes: 840 (800-870) mm.; 297 (300-340);
114 (110-120). Average of eight adult female topotypes: 782 (730-790); 300
(280-340) 110 (105-1 20)
; Skull: Type and an adult male topotype, respectively:
.
Greatest length, 114.7, 108.3; condylobasal length, 108.4, 102.7; zygomatic

breadth, 79.3, 76.2; interorbital breadth, 23.9, 22.5; width of palate between last
molars, 19.5, 20.9; least width of palatal shelf, 16, 15.3; maxillary tooth row
(alveoli), 41.7, 40.7; upper carnassial, crown length, 7.7, 8.5, crown width, 9, 8.9.
Average of seven adult female topotypes: Greatest length, 116.1 (113-122.5);
condylobasal length, 109.7 (107.5-115.9); zygomatic breadth, 74 (70.2-80); inter-
orbital breadth, 23.9 (22.9-25.3); width of palate between last molars, 19.7 (18.4-
21); least width of palatal shelf, 15.2 (14.7-15.7); maxillary tooth row, 43.7
(42.7-45.7); upper carnassial, crown length, 9.2 (8.7-10), crown width, 10
(9.5-11).
Remarks. —P. I. the most northern of the known Central

dickeyi is
American subspecies, all which are characterized by darker color

of
than their more northern relatives. It appears to be a highly special-
ized mangrove-inhabiting race as specimens from the interior only a
short distance away are markedly different and nearer to crassidens.
In external appearance this subspecies is similar to P. I. crassidens, but
the cranial features are quite distinctive. The rusty rufous nape
KACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 69
patch often present in more northern forms is absent or only faintly

indicated in some individuals. In the type locality it was found by
the collector living among mangroves where specimens were obtained
by shooting. Examination of stomach contents revealed crabs, which
appear to be the princii)al food. In all of the skulls, including that of
a young individual about two-thirds grown, the large cheek teeth are
much more worn than is usual in raccoons of corresponding ages. This
excessive wear, greatest on the molars, is due evidently to the abrasive
character of the food. The delicate cranial structure and rapid reduc-
tion of the molars also suggest that malnutrition resulting from an
imperfect diet, or incomplete mastication of food, may have been
responsible for the development of the peculiar characters of this
localized race.
Guatemala: Exact locality unknown, 5.
Salvador: Barra de Santiago, Department of Ahuachapain (type locality), 17 (4
skins without skulls).
PROCYON LOTOR CRASSIDENS Hollister

Costa Rican Raccoon
Procyon lotor crassidens Hollister, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 27: 142, July 10,
1914.
Tyjye locality. — Talamanca, northeastern Costa Rica.

12191
Type. — No. 14191
,
adult [male?], skin and skull, United States
National Museum; collected by William M. Gabb. Original number

14.
Distribution. —
Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Salvador, except south-
western coast region and probably Honduras, except western part;
probably extending into western Panama. Tropical Zone.
—
General characters. One of the darkest known forms of the group;
closely resembling P. I. jmmilus of Panama and P. I. dickeyi of Salvador
externally, but cranial characters distinctive.
Color. —
About as in P. I. dickeyi, the dorsum heavily overlaid with
black extending well down the sides; white supraorbital lines distinct,
but short and disappearing under the ears as in dickciji.
—
Cran ial characters. Skull similar to that of P. I. dickeyi, but more
massive; frontal region more flattened; palate much broader, the
tooth rows more widely separated; dentition heavy much as in
dickeyi. Compared with that of P. I. jmmilus the skull is larger,
relatively longer, narrower, and less extremely flattened;
inter-
orbital and postorbital regions narrowers; postorbital processes of
3* Donald R. Diekey collection.

.
70 NORTH AJVIERICAN FAUNA 60, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
frontals shorter, broader and more obtusely pointed; dentition similar

but usually heavier.
—
Measurements. An adult male from Jalapa, Nicaragua: Total length, 950 mm.;
tail vertebrae, 310; hind foot, 120. An adult male from San Rafael del Norte,
Nicaragua: 880: 250; 110. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 125.5; condylobasal
length, 122.9; zygomatic breadth, 75.8; interorbital breadth, 25.8; width of
palate between last molars, 24.1; least width of palatal shelf, 17.3; maxillary
tooth row (alveoli), 47.3; upper carnassial, crown length, 10, crown width, 10.7.
Remarks. —P. I. crassidens is similar to P. I. pumilus and P. I.
dickeyi in external appearance, all sharing an extremely dark colora-
tion. While closely allied to the forms mentioned, the cranial char-
acters presented are quite distinctive. Some specimens from the
interior and southeastern coast region of Salvador, quite near the
restricted range of dickeyi, are distinctly grayer than typical crassidens,
and in this character, as in cranial details, grade toward shufeldti.
Costa Rica: El Sauce Peralta, 1; Talamanca, 1 (type); exact locality unknown, 1.
Nicaragua: Jalapa, 2;^" San Rafael del Norte, 2;*° Vijagua, l.*"
Salvador: Barrios Mine, Morazan, l;*' Colima, Cuscatlan, 1;^' Lake Guija, 1;*^
Puerto del Triunfo, Usulutan, 1;^' Rio Goascoran, La Union, 1;-" Rio San
Miguel, 3;" San Pedro Mine, Morazan, 1;" Volcan San Miguel, 1."
PROCYON LOTOR PUMILUS Miller

Isthmian Raccoon
Procyon pumilus Miller, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 24: 3, Jan. 28, 1911.
Type locality. —Ancon, Panama.

Type. — No. 171983, young adult [female?], skin and skull, United
States National Museum; collected by Allan H. Jennings, 1910.
Distribution. — Panama and the Canal Zone from Porto Bello west
to Boqueron, range unknown. Tropical Zone.
Chiriciui, limits of
General characters. — Closely
P. I. crassidens of Costa Rica;
allied to
color very similar; skull shorter, relatively broader and flatter.
Color. —
Very dark, the upper parts heavily overlaid with black
about as in P. I. crassideris, but white supraorbital lines usually less
distinct, somewhat obscured by dusky hairs.
Cranial characters —
Skull smaller, shorter, relatively broader, and
still flatter than that of P. I. crassidens; interorbital and postorbital
regions broader; postorbital processes longer, narrower, more acutely

pointed; dentition lighter, especially the cheek teeth distinctly smaller.
—
Measurements. Adult male from Porto Bello, Panama: Total length, 920 mm.;
tail vertebrae, 350; hind foot, 125. Adult female from Gatun, Canal Zone:
831; 292; 123. Skull: Adult male from Porto Bello, Panama and adult female
from Gatun, Canal Zone, respectively: Greatest length, 113.5, 113.2; condylo-
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Donald R. Dickey collection.
basal length, 110.8, 110.5; zygomatic breadth, 81.1, 80.6; interorbital breadth,
width of palatal shelf, 15.1, 14.8: maxillary tooth row, 44, 41.9;
26.8, 24.8; lea.st
upper caniassial, crown length, 8.9, 7.0, crown width, 9.6, 9.
—
Remarks. The range of F. I. pumilus marks the known extreme
southern Umit of the Procyon lotor group. Its distribution area
overlaps that of Procyon cancrioorus panamen.ns, the so-called crab-
eating raccoon, the two occurring in the same localities in the Canal
Zone and vicinity. From the latter it is easily distinguished extern-
ally by its smaller size, more slender proportions, grayish instead of
blackish forearms and thighs, preseiice of underfur, and the normal
inclination backward of the pelage of the nape which in the crab-
eating raccoon is reversed. The skull is recognizable especially
by the smaller molars, with more pointed instead of rounded cusps.
Although the dentition of pumUux is not so well fitted as that of the
crab-eating raccoon for crushing hard substances such as crabs, it
shares with it the crab-eating habit, at least to some extent, as shown

by the examination of stomach contents.
P. I. pumilus is most closely allied to P. I. crassidens. In external
appearance some specimens of the two are practically indistinguisha-
ble, although the white supraorbital lines are usually less distinct in
pumilus; but the skull is notable for its shortness; and in the general
flatness, and length of the postorbital processes it reaches the extreme
development presented in the group. Material now available,
including a series of six topotypes (Balboa and Ancon, the type locality,
are contiguous), shows that this raccoon is not so very small as the
type, an unusually under-sized and not ftdly adult individual, seemed
to indicate.
Canal Zone: .\ncon, 1 (type); Balboa, Gatun, 4.
6;^''^
Panama: Eoqueron, 1;^' Pedregal, 1;<* Porto Bello, 2.
PROCYON INSULARIS Merriam

[Referoncos under subspecies]
Distribution. — Tres Marias Islands, off west coast of Nayarit,

Mexico.
General characters. —A large, pale species, with short, coarse pelage
and massive skull. Similar to adjacent mainland forms of P. lotor
{P. I. mexicanus and P. I. hernandezii) but pelage shorter, more
,
bristly, color inclining toward buffy instead of iron grayish, the back
less overlaidwith l)lack; black postauricular spots much smaller, less
conspicuous; skull more angular and differing in important details.
Chicago Mus. Nat. Hist.

" .\nior. Mas. Xat. Hist.
" Mus. Comp. Zool.
Color. — Upper parts in general light cream buff, the dorsal area
thinly overlaid with black; nuchal patch undifferentiated or faintly
indicated by a very pale buffy line ; sides lighter, the black-tipped hairs
inconspicuous; top of head grizzled gray and black; black mask
extending across face and along median line from nasal pad to middle
of forehead; white supraorbital lines continuous to sides of neck;
sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; under parts, in general, thinly
overlaid with very pale creamy buff, the light brown underfur show-
ing through; throat patch brownish flecked with gray; ears grayish,
the black patches at posterior base, usual in the group, obsolescent;
limbs about like sides, becoming dull whitish on feet; hind legs
brownish on outer sides near ankles; tail above with about seven
black rings and a black tip, alternating with broader cream buffy
or light ochraceous buffy rings, the dark rings interrupted below.
—
Cranial characters. Skull large, angular, and massive, with remark-
ably heavy zygomata, the squamosal arm, especially, very broad
anteriorly and extended vertically (as apparent when viewed from
+he side) Similar in general to that of P. lotor, especially P. I.
. ,
mexicanus and P. I. hernanclezii, but more angular; zygomata broader

and heavier, the squamosal arm broader anteriorly, more extended
vertically; transverse squamosal portion of zygoma bearing a more
conspicuous process on anterior border near posterior end of jugal;
palatal shelf relatively narrower, the lateral borders more deeply
concave; postorbital processes of frontals well developed as in mexi-
canus and hernandezii; large molariform teeth narrower; crown of
second upper molar subquadrate, instead of subtriangular, the inner
border more evenly rounded.
—
Remarks. P. insularis is clearly allied to P. I. mexicanus and
P. I. hernandezii of the adjacent mainland and was regarded by its
describer as a subspecies of the widely ranging continental animal.
The characters pointed out are so trenchant, however, that its position
in the group is better expressed by according it specific rank. It is
subdivisible into two closely related insular forms.
PROCYON INSULARIS INSULARIS Merriam

MarIa Madre Island Raccoon
Procyon lotor insularis Merriam, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 12: 17, Jan. 27, 1898.
Type locality. — Maria Aladre Island, Tres Marias Islands, off west
coast of Nayarit, Mexico.
Type. —No. 88978, old male, skin and skull. United States National
Museum (Biological Surveys collection) ; collectedby E. W. Nelson
and E. A. Goldman, May 10, 1897.
Distribution. — Known only from Maria Madre Island. Tropical

Zone.
General characters. — Closely resembling P. vicinus of Maria Mag-i.
dalena Island, but dorsum conspicuously overlaid with black, and

less
top of head grayer; cranial characters distinctive.
Color. —
About as set forth for the species as a whole, differing only
slightly from P. i. vicijius in the somewhat lesser amount of overlying
black.
Cranial characters. —Skull very similar to that of P. i. incinus, but
brain case less highly arched lambdoid crest more broadly spreading,
;
not rising so high over foramen magnum; basioccipital, basisphenoid,

and palatal shelf broader; palatal lidges (extending posteriorly to
pterygoids) more widely separated; pterygoids thicker, the posterior
ends more strongly everted and knob-like; maxillary arm of zygoma
with lower external border projecting as a distinct process separated
from outer alveolar border of molars by a deep notch (process absent
in riel7uis); zygomata veiy broad and heavy as in vicinus; foramen
magnum more decidedly wider than high (more nearly circular in
vicinus) dentition about the same.
;
—
132. An adult male topotype: 840; 264; 128. Skull: Type and an adult male
topotype, respectively: Greatest length, 121.8, 119; condylobasal length, 114.6,
114; zygomatic breadth, 86.4, 82.5; interorbital breadth, 27.8, 27.2; least width of
palatal shelf, 15.4, 14.3; maxillary tooth row, 43.6, 42.2 (alveoli); upper carnas-
sial, crown length, 8.6, 8.6, crown width, 9.3, 9.1.
Remarks. —P. i. insularis requires close comparison only with P. i.
vicinus of Maria Magdalena While cranial details appear to

Island.
be quite distinctive these insular forms are much alike in external
appearance. In the few specimens available, however, the black over-
lying the dorsum —
rather thin in vicinus is further reduced in —
insularis, leaving a coarsely grizzled effect.
Specimens examined. — Six, all from the type locality.
PROCYON INSULARIS VICINUS Nelson and Goldman

MARf.\ Magdalena Usland Raccoon
Proci/on insularis vicinus Nelson and Goldman, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 44:
20, Feb. 21, 1931.
Type locality. — Maria Magdalena Island, Tres Marias Islands,

Nayarit, Mexico (altitude 250 feet).
Type. — No. 88982, male adult, skin and skull. United States National
Museum (Biological Surveys collection) ; collected by E. W. Nelson
and E. A. Goldman, May 27, 1897.
Distribution. — Known only from Maria Magdalena Island. Trop-
ical Zone.
876119°— .jO C
General characters. —A pale subspecies with short, coarse pelage.

Closely resembling Procyon i. insularis of Maria Madre Island, but
dorsum more conspicuously overlaid with black, and top of head some-
what darker; cranial characters distinctive.
Color. —Upper parts in general light cream buff, the dorsal area
rather thinly overlaid with black; sides lighter, the black-tipped hairs
inconspicuous; top of head gray mixed with black, giving a grizzled
effect; black mask across face extending downward to nose and up-
ward on median line to middle of forehead; white supraorbital mark-
ings normal; sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; under parts in gen-
eral thinly overlaidwith very pale creamy buff, the light brown under-
fur showing through; throat patch brownish flecked with gray; ears
grayish, the black patches at posterior base, usual in the group, obso-
lescent; legs about like sides, becoming dull whitish on feet; hind legs
brownish on outer sides near ankles tail above with seven black rings
;
and a black tip, alternating with broader cream buff rings, the dark
rings interrupted below.
Skull very similar to that of P. i. insularis, but
brain case more highly arched lambdoid crest rising higher over fora-
;
men magnum; basioccipital, basisphenoid, and palatal shelf narrower;

palatal ridges (extending posteriorly to pterygoids) less widely sep-
arated; pterygoids thinner, the posterior ends less everted; maxillary
arm of zygoma normal, the lower external border not projecting and
forming a distinct process separated from outer alveolar border of
molars by a deep notch; zygomata very broad and heavy, as in insu-
laris; foramen magnum more nearly circular (more decidedly wider
than high in insularis) dentition about the same.
;
Measurements. — Type: Total length, 904 mm.; tail vertebrae, 313; hind foot,
135. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 120; condylobasal length, 115.2; zygomatic
breadth, 84.6; interorbital breadth, 27.7; least width of palatal shelf, 14.1; maxil-
lary tooth row (alveoli), 42.6; upper carnassial, crown length, 8.7, crown width, 9.2.
—
Remarks. As might be expected P. i. vicinus is closely allied to its
near geographic neighbor, P. i. insularis of Maria Madre Island, and
requires no very close comparison with any other form. It is distin-
guished externally from adjacent mainland forms, P. I. mericanus and
P. I. hernandezii, by shorter, coarser pelage, the general color inclining
toward buffy instead and the black postauricular spots
of grayish,
obsolescent; the skull differs in numerous important details, especially
the higher arched brain case, much broader, heavier, zygomata, nar-
rower palatal shelf, and narrower carnassials.
Specimens examined. — Two, from the type locality.
PROCYON MAYNARDI Bangs

Bahama Raccoon
Procyon maynardi Bangs, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 12: 92, Apr. :50, 1898.
Type locality. — New Providence Island, Bahamas.

Type. — No. 7750, male young, skin and skull, Museum of Com-
parative Zoology (collection of E. A. and O. Bangs); collected by
Herbert L. Claridge, August 1897.
Distribution. —
Known oidy from New Providence Island, Bahamas.
Tro])ical Zone.
Gemral characters. —A small, medium dark-colored species with a
slender, delicate narrow palatal shelf, and light dentition.
skidl,
Similar in general to /''. /. incautm of tlu> extreme southern Florida
keys, but color darker, and cranial characters, especially the small
teeth, distinctive. Somewhat similar in size to P. minor of Guade-
loupe Island, Lesser Antilles, but apparently somewhat paler in color
and skull differing notably in the narrowness of the palatal shelf.
Color. —
Upper parts in general grayish, becoming ochraceous bufl'y
on nape and over shoulders, moderately overlaid with black, thinning
out along sides; top of head a grizzled mixture of gray and black; black
mask interrui)ted ))etween eyes, a dusky median patch extending to
forehead somewhat isolated l)y lighter lateral lines, as in P. I. lotor;
upper surface of muzzle ochraceous buffy; supraorbital lines, sides of
muzzle, lips, and chin white; ears grayish, with black patches at
posterior base; under parts thinly overlaid with grayish; limbs similar
to under parts, the hind legs blackish near ankles; tail with five or six
black rings and a black tip, alternating with ochraceous buffy rings.
Cranial characters .—^\\u\\ v(>ry similar in outline and general propor-
tions to that of P. I. iiicautus, but palatal shelf narrower, the sides
distinctly concave (sides more nearly parallel in incautus) ; nasals
narrower posteriorly; auditory bullae slightly larger, more inflated;
posterior upper premolar and carnassial slightly smaller. Similar in
size to that of P. minor, but brain case narrower, less flattened above;
palatal shelf decidedly narrower, the sides more concave; nasals nar-
rower between anterior processes of frontals; auditory bullae slightly
larger; dentition similar, but molariform teeth broader.
Measurements. — Adult Male topotype: Total length, 713 mm.; tail vertebrae,
240; hind foot (dry skin), 100. Skull: An adnlt male and an adult female (topo-
types), respectively: Greatest length, 10.5.9, 103.5; condylobasal length, 101.7,
101; zygomatic breadth, 79.3, 64.6; interorbital breadth, 21.9, 22.1; least width of
palatal shelf, 12.2, 13.3; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 38.7, 38.9; upper carnassial,
crown length, 7.6, 7.6, crown width, 8.4, 8.5.
Remarks. — The Bahama form is closely related to the raccoons of the

Florida Keys as shown in th(> skidl by agreement in form and general
proportions, especially the height of the frontal region, with slight
development of postorbital processes, and the depression of the brain

case near the fronto-parietal suture. The differential characters,
however, warrant its recognition as a distinct species. In describing
P. maynardi Bangs (1898b, p. 92) says: "There is no tradition among
the inhabitants of Nassau that the raccoon was ever introduced upon
the island. . . . The raccoon is abundant upon Nassau [New Provi-
dence] but Mr. Maynard believes that it does not exist upon any of the
other islands of the Bahama

According to the Acting group."
Colonial Secretary Charles P. Bethel, the raccoons onNew Providence
Island have decreased during recent years owing to the destruction by
hurricanes of fruit trees that afforded a food supply.
Specimens examined. — Three, all from New Providence Island.
PROCYON PYGMAEUS Merbiam
CozuMEL Island Raccoon
Procyon pijgmaeus Merriam, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 14: 101, July 19, 1901.
Type locality. — Cozumel Island,

Yucatan, Mexico. Tropical Zone.
Type. —
No. 108511, male subadult, skin and skull. United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection) collected by E. W. ;
Nelson and E. A. Goldman, April 14, 1901.

Distrihution. —
Known only from Cozumel Island.
Smallest known species of the genus, with short,
bristly, grayish pelage; skull with short, posteriorly rounded nasals and
very small teeth. Somewhat
similar in color and texture of pelage to
P. I. adjacent mainland, but so much smaller and
shufeldti, of the
cranial characters so distinctive that close comparison is not required.
Color. —
Upper parts in general light buffy gray, the median dorsal
area suffused with pale buff, becoming more pronounced and api^roach-
ing ochraceous buff on a narrow nuchal patch in some specimens,
rather thinly overlaid with black top of head clearer, grizzled gray and
;
black, lac^'ing light buffy tone suffusing back; black mask becoming
brownish and usually more or less mixed with gray on middle of face,
the gray admLxture invading also the dark median streak extending to
the forehead; upper surface of muzzle brownish; lines bordering mask
above, sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; under parts, in general,
thinly overlaid with light buffy hairs, the light brownish underfur
showing through; throat patch dark brownish, clearly defined; ears
grayish or light buffy; postauricular spots brownish, small and incon-
spicuous; legs similar to under parts, becoming dull whitish on feet,
the hind legs with outer sides of ankles clearer brownish; tail with six
or seven narrow, brownish or blackish rings and a black tip, alternating
with broader ochraceous buffy rings, the dark rings ill-defined on
under side.
" One in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.; one in Mus. Comp. Zool.
—
Skull small, short, and flattened, with relatively
Cranial characters.
short, narrow rostrum, short nasals, broad frontal region and brain
case, and light dentition. Somewhat similar in general form to that
of P. I. shufeldti, but departing widely in the smaller size; rostrum
relatively shorter and narrower; frontal region relatively broader;
nasals relatively shorter, more rounded, less acutely pointed pos-
teriorly; postorbital processes of frontals well-developed and upper
border of orbit distinctly concave as in shufeldti; teeth similar in
sculpture, but relatively much smaller, the first and secontl upper
premolars more widely spaced, and the last molar with a narrower
internal lobe. Compared with those of P. maynardi and P. minor,
the skull is smaller, with rostrum shorter, frontal region flatter and
relatively broader than in either; nasals shorter, broader and more
rounded posteriorly; palatal shelf narrow much as in maynardi (much
narrower than in minor); auditory bidlae smaller than in either;
postorbital processes of frontals more developed; dentition similar
but lighter.
—
90. Adult femalet opotype: 665; 250; 97. Skull: Type and adult female
topotype, respectively: Greatest length, 100, 96.7; condylobasal length, 93.7,
91.9; zygomatic breadth, 58.8, 60.8; intcrorbital breadth, 19.5, 19.8; least width
of palatal shelf, 12.5, 12.3; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 35.3, 35.5; upper car-
nassial, crown length, 6.8, 7, crown width, 7.8, 8.
Remarks. — P. pygmaeus, as the name suggests, is distinguished by

its small size. The general flattening of the cranium, especially the
flatness and breadth of the frontal region, the development of the
postorbital processes of the frontals, and the slight depression of the
brain case near the fronto-parietal suture, indicate relationship to the
raccoon of the adjacent mainland as might be expected, rather than
to any of the West Indian species. Striking differences from the
mainland animal in size and in other more important characters,
however, point to long isolation in its insular habitat. The teeth are
remarkably small, the second upper premolar especially, being reduced
in size and separated from the third upper premolar by a distinct gap.
—
Specimens examined. Five, all from the type locality.
PROCYON MINOR Miller
Guadeloupe Island Raccoon
Procyon minor Miller, Biol. Soc. Washington Proc. 24: 4, Jan. 28, 1911.
Type locality. — Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe Island, Lesser Antilles.

38417
lype. — JNo.
Y^^gi'
^^^^ young (permanent canmes not quite fully
in place), skin and skuU, United States National Museum; collected

by L. Guesde. Received from the I'Herminier Museum.
78 XORTH AMERICAN FAUXA 60, FISH AXD WILDLIFE SERVICE
Distribution. — Known only from Guadeloupe Island. Tropical

Zone.
—
A small, rather dark species with a slender,
General characters.
remarkably broad palatal shelf, and very light dentition.
delicate skull,
Similar to P. maynardi, of the Bahamas, but apparently somewhat
darker in color, and cranial characters, especially the much broader
palatal shelf, distinctive.
Color. —
Upper parts in general grayish, becoming "ochraceous buff"
on nape and shoulders, the dorsum heavily overlaid with black;
sides paler and almost silvery gray, the dark-tipped hairs thinning out;
top of head whitish mixed with black, with the usual grizzled effect;
black mask continuous across face in one specimen, somewhat inter-
rupted between eyes in another; sides of muzzle, lips, chin, and
supraorbital lines white; ears grayish, with large, conspicuous black
patches at posterior base; under parts thinly overlaid with grayish,
the light brown underfur showing through; throat patch blackish;
forearms, hind legs and feet grayish, similar to sides, the ankles
blackish; tail with about seven black rings and a black tip, alternating
with ochraceous buffy rings.
Cranial characters. —Skull similar in size and general form to that
of P. maynardi, but brain case broader and flatter; palatal shelf
much broader, the sides forming nearly straight parallel lines (sides
more concave in maynardi) nasals broader between anterior processes
;
of frontals; auditory bullae slightly smaller; dentition similar, but

molariform teeth narroAver.
—
Measurements. No reliable skin measurements available. Skull: Type and a
subadult topotype, respectively: Greatest length, 101.6 mm., 104.5; condylobasal
length, 94.5, 98.5; zygomatic breath, 55.3, 62; interorbital breadth, 18.1, 19.8;
least width of palatal shelf, 16.5, 15.5; maxillary tooth row (alveoli), 38.5, 37.3;
upper carnassial, crown length, 7.6, 7.6, crown width, 8.1, 8.1.
—
Remarks. Although mdely separated geographically, P. minor
appears to be more nearly related to P. maynardi than to any other
known form. The elevation of the frontal region, absence or slight
prominence of the postorbital processes of the frontals, and the
depression of the brain case near the fronto-parietal suture are
characters denoting alliance with maynardi and the raccoons of the
Florida region. It requires no close cranial comparison with P.
gloveralleni of Barbados, the skull of which is distinguished at a glance
by the larger molariform teeth.
Specimens examined. —Two, the type, and a topotype.*^
16 Mus. Comp. Zool.
PROCYON GLOVERALLENI Nelson and Goldman

Barbados Raccoon
Procyon gloveralleni Nelson and Goldman, Jour. Mammal. 11 (4): 453, Nov. 11,
imo.
Type locality. — Island of Barbados, Lesser Antilles,
West Indies.
Type. — No. young male, skin and skull, Museum
18591, of Com-
parative Zoology; collected by Sir Francis Watts, 1920.
Distribution. —Known only from the Island of Barbados. Tropical
Zone.
General characters. —A small, dark with a short, delicately
species,
formed skull. Similar in color to Procyon minor, of Guadeloupe
Island, Lesser Antilles, but sides of body and limbs in type specimen
darker, owing to more numerous black-tipped hairs (black-tipped
hairs thinning out and sides of body and limbs more grayish in minor) ;
cranial characters, especially the much heavier dentition, distinctive.

Contrasting with P. maynardi, of New Providence Island, Bahamas, in
darker general color and widely different skull.
Color. —
Type: Upper parts in general near "light ochraceous buff"
(most intense on nape and shoulders) rather heavily overlaid with
black, becoming lighter buff, less obscured by black on sides of body
and limbs; top of head buffy gray, mixed with black; face with solid
black mask and usual white markings; the upper surface of muzzle
black to nose; sides of muzzle, lips, and chin white; under parts thinly
overlaid with buffy grayish; throat patch brownish black, thinly
overlapped by ochraceous bufi'y hairs, here reversed as usual in the
group; ears buffy grayish with black patches at posterior base;
ankles dusky all around; feet soiled buffy whitish; tail with four
narrow black rings and a black tip alternating with light ochraceous
buffy rings, the subterminal black ring and tip nearly coalescent.
Cranial characters. — Skull similar in general to that of P. minor,
but frontal region broader and flatter; postorbital processes more
prominent; palatal shelf narrower; teeth very similar in sculpture,
but crown of upper carnassial tending to be longer than broad, a
condition unusual in the group. Compared with that of P. maynardi
the skull differs in about the same characters as from minor, except
that the palatal shelf is decidedly broader.
—
Measurements. Type: Hind foot (dry skin), 89 mm. Skull: Type: Greatest
length, 94; condylobasal length, 89.2; zygomatic breadth, 53.4; interorbital
breadth, 18.7; least width of palatal shelf, 13.6; maxillary tooth row (alveoli),
37; upper carnassial, crown length, 9.8, crown width, 9. Two adult topotypes,
No. 267380, female, and No. 267381, sex undetermined. United States National
Museum, respectively: Greatest length, 11 3.2, 109.8; condylobasal length, 105.3; —
—
,
zygomatic breadth, 69; interorbital breadth, 24.3, 24.3; least width of palatal
,
shelf, 15, 14.4; maxillary tooth row, 40, 39.8; upper carnassial, crown length,
8.6, 8.7, crown width, 8.9, 8.6.
—
Remarks. Dr. Glover M. Allen (1911, p. 221) recorded the occur-
rence of raccoons in Barbados and referred to Griffith Hughes (1750,
p. 66) who, writing in the middle of the 18th century, mentioned a
law of the Island providing a bounty for their destruction. In the
absence of specimens for study the animal was tentatively referred
by Allen to "Procyon (?) cancrivorus G. Cuvier." Subsequent efforts
by him to obtain representatives resulted in the collection, in 1920,
of the young individual later made the type of a new species bearing
his name.
The type specimen was so young when collected that the permanent
premolars and canines, although well advanced, are not in full func-
tional position. In the type the first premolars, both deciduous and
permanent, are absent in both jaws, an abnormality observed else-
where only in the large-toothed form P. I. litoreus, inhabiting Saint
Simon Island, Ga. Since the original description was published
two specimens, in the exhibit collection of the United States National
Museum, taken by the Reverend Barnett about 1867 have attracted
attention and have been dismounted. The skulls show full maturity.
One specimen. No. 267380, had been marked female, and the other,
No. 267381, slightly smaller, is probably of the same sex. The
molariform teeth are rather large, but not so large as in the type.
In the upper carnassial a tendency toward equal to or greater length
than width of the crown is exhibited, a condition sometimes presented
in P. I. pumilus of Panama. In the broad frontal region and well-
developed postorbital processes the relationship of gloveralleni to the
raccoons of Central America is also suggested, but it differs widely in
other respects.
Raccoons, formerly abundant, and said to favor a rugged region
on the south side of the island, have apparently been reduced to or
near extermination. In response to a formal inquiry the American
Consul, Frederick W. Baldwin, wrote July 13, 1932: "Very few rac-
coons now exist in Barbados and specimens would be extremely
difficult to obtain."
Specimens examined. —Three, all from the type locality.
Subgenus EUPROCYON Gray

[References under Genus Procyon Storr, p. 25]
Distribution. —Southern Costa Rica, western Panama, and northern

Colombia to southern Brazil.
Subgeneric characters. — Contrasted with subgenus Procyon: Pelage
on nape directed forward; claws broader,
shorter, underfur absent; hair
less compressed diameter at base, and more
laterally, of lesser vertical
bhmtly pointed. Bony palate extending behind posterior molars a
distance less than one-fourth total length of palate. Molariform
teeth, except first premolars, larger and more massive, with broader,
more rounded and bluntly pointed cusps; connecting ridges between
l)rincipal cusps lower, less trenchant.
Remark><. — The
subgenus Euprocyon overlaps the range of the
sul)genus Procyon in Panama, but the two differ so conspicuously
in appearance that no very close comparison is necessary.
p. 11.3. Type from Cayenne, French Guiana.

Procyon cancrivorus Desmarest, Diet. Hist. Nat. 29: 93, 1819.
Distribution. — (See under subgenus Euprocyon.)

General characters. — (See subgeneric characters under subgenus
Euprocyon.)
Color. —
General dorsal area varying from ashy gray to ochraceous,
more or less heavily overlaid with black; ears, supraorbital streaks,
and sides of muzzle whitish; black mask, usual in the group, extending
across face to cheeks, including orbits, and themedian line from fore-
head to nose; under parts varying from pale gray to yellowish or
ochraceous; outer surfaces of forearms and thighs usually blackish;
feet varying from gray to brown; tail with about seven or eight alter-
nating black and gray or yellowish rings and a black tip.
(See subgeneric character's under subgenus
Euprocyon.)
Remarks. — Few specimens of Procyon cancrivorus have been avail-
able for study, but g(>n(M'al compai-isons indicate that the species has
Figure 2. — Distribution of Procyon cancrivorus panamensis (subgenus

Euprocyon).
:
82 XORTH AMERICAN FAUXA 60. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
a wide range in South America, somewhat parallehng the great range

of P. lotor inNorth America. A single subspecies extends into the
region under review.
PROCYON CANCRIVORUS PANAMENSIS (Goldman)
Panama Crab-Eating Raccoon; Mapachin

Euprocyon cancrivorus panamensis Goldman, Smithsn. Misc. Collection 60 (22)
15, Feb. 28, 1913.
Type locality. — Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama.

Type. — No. 171669, female adult, skin and skull, United States
National Museum (Biological Surveys collection); collected by E. A.
Goldman, June 21, 1911.
Distribution. —Southern Costa Rica, western Panama to near the
Colombian boundary; doubtless reaching Colombia, but range in that
country undetermined. Tropical Zone.
—
General characters. A dark Panama representative of the species
ranging widely in South America. Similar in size to P. e. proteus of
northern Colombia, but general color less tawny; cranial details dis-
tinctive. Differing from P. c. cancrivorus, of Cayenne, in darker color
and in cranial characters.
—
Ground color over dorsum varying from ashy gray to ochra-
Color.
ceous buffy or yellowish ochraceous, heavily overlaid with black; top
of head grizzled black and gray, the black predominating; sides of
muzzle, and rather restricted supraorbital streaks, white or grayish
white; facial area, including orbits, interorbital space, lower part of
cheeks, and median line from forehead to nose, nearly clear black;
under parts, including base of tail, varying from pale ochraceous buff
to yellowish ochi'aceous, becoming more or less grayish white on tln*oat,
chin, and lips ears well-clothed ^\dth whitish or yellowish hairs, dark-
;
ening gradually on upper base by encroachment of body color; outer

sides of hind legs and ankles all around deep glossy black; fore legs
black or dark brownish all around feet thinly clothed with short hairs
;
varying from brownish to grayish tail with seven or eight alternating

;
black and grayish or yellowish rings and a black tip, the proximal rings
more or less interrupted along median line below.
In general form the skull closely resembles that
of P. c. cancrivorus,but palate more elongated, lower surface of basioc-
cipital more convex, the lateral margins turning downward and partly
covering auditory bullae; nasals broader; auditory bidlae broader,
more inflated posteriorly; dentition about the same. Contrasted with
that of P. c. proteus the skull differs in longer palate, and anteriorly
broader, posteriorly narrower nasals.
Measurements. —Tj^pe: Total length, 950 mm.; tail vertebrae, 350; hind foot,
142. Skull: Type: Greatest length, 130; coudylobasal length, 125.8; zygomatic
breadth, 83.3; iiiterorbital breadth, 25.7; least width of palatal shelf, 17.7; maxil-
lary tooth row (alveoli), 48.3; upper carnassial, crown length, 10.2, crown width, 1 1.
Remarks. — Comparison of the Panama series and South American

material from various locahties, inchuling a specimen from northern
Brazil assumed to be near typical P. c. cancrivorus of Cayenne, and
the type and two topotypes of P. c. proteus, of northern Colombia, indi-
cates that the Panama animal is a well-marked geographic race. The
close agreement in dentition and the other essential characters, how-
ever, point to probable intergradation of all forms of cancrivorus. P.
c. panamensis overlaps the range of Procyon lot or putnilus in Panama
where both occur at the same localities, but may readily be distin-
guished by the reversed pelage of the nape, absence of underfur, and
the blackish instead of grayish forearms and thighs.
—
Canal Zone: Gatun (type locality), 3.
Costa Rica: Canas Gordo, l.''^
Panama: Boquete, 1 (skull only);*" Cana, 1; Porto Belle, 1.
" Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

<* British Mus. (Nat. Hist.).
APPENDIX
Descriptions of two subspecies that were not included in the Gold-
man manuscript are here abstracted or copied almost verbatim from
the original accounts of the respective authors, but as nearly as
possible in conformity of treatment with the Goldman manuscript.
PROCYON LOTOR MEGALODOUS Lowery
Mississippi Delta Raccoon
Procyon lotor megalodous Lowery, Occas. Papers Mus. Zool. Louisiana State Univ.
13: 225, November 22, 1943.
Type — Marsh Island, Iberia Parish, Louisiana.

locality.
Type. — No. 2321, male adult, skin and Louisiana State Univ.
skull,
Mus. Zool. ; collected by Ted O'Neil and prepared by George H.
Lowery, Jr., October 24, 194.3.
Distribution. — Coast region of southern Louisiana from St. Bernard
Parish west to Cameron Parish.
General characters. —A medium-sized raccoon in which the pelage is
strongly suffused above with black and pale yellow. Skull massive
and with extremely large molariform teeth, by which characters it is
separable from the two geographically adjacent subspecies P. I. varius

and P. l. fuscipes.
Color. — Nearest to P. I. but distinguished in its much more
varius,
yellowish (less grayish) suffusion on upper parts and greater concen-
tration of black along mid-dorsal line; ears, pale areas of face, legs,
flanks and under parts decidedly yellowish, not grayish as in P. I. varius.
Also much more yellowish (less grayish) than P. l. fuscipes, with black
of dorsal midline more pronounced.
Cranial characters. — Skull differing from both P. I. varius and
P. l. fuscipes in the larger size of the molariform teeth; also differing
from that of P. I. varius in its more inflated frontal region, and lesser
interorbital breadth.
Measurements. — Type: Total length, 804 mm.; tail vertebrae, 262; hind foot,
128. Skull: None available except a Ions table of measurements of molariform
teeth (Lowery 1943, pp. 228-229).
In his discussion of P. I. megalodous Lowery (1943) has made the

following comments:
—
Remarks. This new race of raccoon, which is an abundant inhabitant of the
Louisiana coastal marshes, is so clearly separable from all other races of Procyon
84
:

lotor that it is surprising it has not been described until now. Superficially, it
resembles varius of northern and eastern Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, but
its much more yellowish pelage which is strongly suffused with black, and its
massive skull and large molariform teeth clearly set it apart from that form. In
coat color this new race bears no close similarity to P. I. fuscipes of Texas, being
distinctive as outlined above. However, the two agree with respect to certain
cranial characters. In both the skull is massive, the frontal "hump" distinct, and
the postocular constriction evident, but the dentition of iiip(ialodous is so decidedly

heavier that skulls of the latter are sejârable from /(/.sr/jur.s- without much difficulty.
Three skins from Grand Terre Island are decidedly yellower than anything else
examined in the present connection. The dark middorsal area is restricted to a
narrow but heavily concentrated band of dark brown (no black) hence the yellow- ;
ish pelage of the sides and flanks is less suffused with dark hairs than in other
raccoon specimens. The pelage of these specimens lacks any vestige of gray or
black, the hairs being either yellowish or brown. Although there is a definite
tendency among marsh dwelling raccoons to assume a decided xanthochronistic
appearance in late spring and summer, this condition is clearly associated with
wear, stain, and fading. These latter factors are not at all evident in the Grand
Terre Island specimens, which are in fresh fall pelage. Whether this island popu-
lation merits taxonomic recognition is dependent upon how constant the above
noted characters appear in additional material, which is not obtainable at present.
Specimens examined. — Total numl)er, 20 skins and 41 skulls, as

follows
Louisiana: Cameron Parish: Rockefeller Refuge, 1 skin without skull; near
Sabine Wildlife Refuge, 19 skulls. Calcasieu Parish: Lake Charles, 1 skin
with skull. TS-rebonne Parish: Timbalier Island, 1 skin with skull. St. Ber-
nard Parish: Toca Village, 1 skin with skull; Belair, 9 skins and 10 skulls.
Plaquemines Parish: Delta [National AMkllifcl Refuge below Pilottown, 3
skinsand 4 skulls. Jefferson Parish: (Jrand Terre Island, 3 skins with skulls
and one miscellaneous skull. Iberia Pam^lr. Marsh Island, skin with skull
(type).
PROCYON LOTOR MARITIMUS Dozier
Coastal Marsh Raccoon
Procyon lotor maritimus Dozier, Jour. Mamtnal. 29 (3) : 286, August 31, 1948.
—
Type locality. Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, Dorchester
County, Maryland.
Type.— No. 275,290, female adult, skin and skull, U. S. Natl. Mus.
(Biological Surveys collection) collected by Herbert L. Dozier,
;
December 3, 1946.
In describing P. I. maritimus Dozier (1948) wrote:
Distribution. — Known only from marsh areas on the Delmarva Peninsula
(Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia).
General characters. — A small to medium, pale subspecies. Readily distinguished
from typical Procyon by its paler coloration; longer but more sparse guard
I. lotor
hairs; much smaller size; more slender legs and general build; narrower and more
pointed head; decidedly shorter, more pointed, and less prominently banded tail;
and relatively much shorter caudal vertebrae. In general color and length of the
subapical band of the guard hair it is perhaps nearest to Procyon I. mexicanus
of Arizona, Xew Mexico, and Mexico, but is only about half the size of the latter
and its tail is decidedly shorter and less distinctly marked.
:
Color. — Upper portion in general pale buffy grayish, becoming light ochraceous
buffy on shoulders, with rufous tinge on nape; the longer, black-tipped guard
hairs over the median dorsal area are grouped on the back as unevenly colored
streaks, somewhat undulating or serpentine in arrangement (in marked contrast
to the darker general salt and pepper effect of typical Procyon I. lotor) light-
;
colored subapical band of each guard hair extends a greater distance beyond the
underfur tips than in lotor and results in a much paler or more yellowish cast to
the outer pelage; guard hairs almost entirely white along the sides and lower
parts, adding to the pale, shaggy general appearance of the animal; top of head a
light grizzled mixture of gray and brownish-black; facial mask brownish-black
and decidedly less prominent than in lotor; feet black, with gray hair dorsally, the
claws dull black (description from live and freshly killed animals) tail with five
;
rather narrow, brownish-black rings and a black tip, alternating with wider light
ochraceous buff}' rings, less clearly defined below.
Pelage. —An uneven spread of hair with respect to average guard hair length is
apparent, that of the middorsal area being in general slightly shorter than in the
rest of the pelt, due probably both to sparser distribution of hair and to variation
in fiber length. The very long, coarse guard hair is typical of this race and unique
among eastern races of raccoons. Due to the length and sparseness of the guard
hairs, coupled with possible decreased density of the underfur, there is a slight
backward slant to the direction of the hair flow. In lotor the hair is more dense,
shorter, erect, and more fluffy in appearance than in maritimus.
Skull. —Of medium size, rather narrow and elongate. Compared with that of
lotor, the skull is slightly smaller, less heavily built, distinctly narrower, and more
elongate; interorbital portion more elongate, postorbital processes of frontals

rather weakly developed or obsolescent, frontal area relatively narrow, flatter,
markedly more sloped or depressed, and somewhat concave; palatal shelf decidedly
narrower; posterior part of zygomata less arched dorsally.
—
Measurements. Type: Total length, 718 mm; tail vertebrae, 210;
hind foot, 111. Adult male topotype (No. 275,296, U. S. Natl. Mus.)
Total length, 762; tail vertebrae, 254; hind foot, 102. Skull: Type:
Greatest length, 112.2; condylobasal length, 107.9; zygomatic breadth,
68.8; interorbital breadth, 23.6; least width of palatal shelf, 15.1;
maxillary tooth row, 41.7.
To quote Dozier further:
—
Remarks. This form appears well adapted for survival under the rather
exacting requirements of our eastern tidewater, coastal marsh conditions. The
medium size and slender build fit it for fast traveling in the marsh; the pale
coloration blends well with the vegetation of its habitat during most of the
season; and the long, coarse-haired pelage can withstand a lot of abrasive action
from sharp-edged sedges and coarse grasses. In Procyon I. maritimus the length
of the pale subapical band is the greatest yet recorded, nearest that in some
western races of Procyon lotor, namely, excelsus, pacificus, psora, and mexicanus.
The guard hairs are the longest of any known race except hirtus of the Upper
Mississippi Valley, in which the hairs average slightly longer.

Delaware: Rehoboth Bay, 1.
Maryland: Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge, 29 (6 skins only); Crocheron, 1
(skin only); Vienna, 1 (skin only).

Virginia: Saxis Island, 2 (skins only).
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1740. Systema Naturae, inquo naturae regna tria, secundum classes, ordines,
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1931.An introduction to the mammals of Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Bd.
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1936. Mammals of Indiana. Amer. Midland Nat. 17 (1): 1-384. January.
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Merriam, Clinton Hart.

1884. The mammals of the Adirondack Region. 316 pp.
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1898. Mammals of Tres Marias Islands off western Mexico. Biol. Soc.
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Miller, (Jerrit S., Jr.

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MosBY, Henry S.
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Seton, Ernest Thompson.

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1929. Pleistocene mammalian fauna of the Seminole Field, Pinellas County,
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1612. A map of Virginia. With a description of the country, the commodi-
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1940. The land mammals of Nova Scotia. Amer. Midland Nat. 24 (1):
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1902. American animals, a popular guide to the mammals of North America
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of
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8 7 (11 1
'J
°— 50 8
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:
PLATES
PLATE 2
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor lotor (Linnaeus); male adult; Lake Drummond, Dismal
Swamp, Va. (No. 75255, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.)
Note long pelage, uniformlj' directed backward.
B. Procyon [Euprocyon] cancrivorus panamensis Goldman; female adult; Gatun,
Canal Zone, Panama. (No. 171229, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys
collection.) Note short pelage, reversed on nape.
108
North American Fauna 60. Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 2
Skins of the subgenera Procijon and Euprocyon.

109
PLATE 3
[Two-thirds natuial size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor lotor (Linnaeus); [male] adult; Sing Sing, N. Y. (No.
129146, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman; male adult; Elk River,
Minn. (No. 187926, U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriam collection.)
110
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PLATE 3
Skulls of Procyon, subgenus Procijon.

Ill
PLATE 4
[About three-fourths natural size]
A. Procyon [Proci/on] lotor litoreus Nelson and Goldman; tvpe; [male] adult;
Saint Simon Island, Ga. (No. 2450, U. S. Natl. Mus.)
B. Procyon [Procijon] lotor elvcus Bangs; male adult; Fort Kissimmee, Fla.
(No. 64002, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.)
112
North American Fauna 60, Fish and wildlife Service PLATE 4
Skulls of Procyon, subgenus Piocijon.
113
PLATE 5
A. Procyon incautus Nelson; type; male adult; Torch Key, Fla.

[Fi-oci/on] lotor
B. Procyon [Procyon] maynardi Bangs; male adult; New Providence Island,
Bahamas. (No. 121905, U. S. Natl. Mus.)
114
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60, Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 5
Skulls of Procyon, subgenus Procyon.

11.5
PLATE 6
[About foui -flfths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor excelsus Nelson and Goldman; type; male adult;
Owyhee River, Oreg., 10 miles west of Fairylawn, Idaho. (No. 236214,
U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.) Distinguished by very
large size.
B. Pi-ocyon [Procyon] lotor -psora Gray; male adult; Nicasio, Calif. (No. 187936,
U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriam collection.)
116

117
PLATE 7
[Three-fourths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor hernandezii Wagler; male adult; Tlalpam, Vallev of

Mexico, Mexico. (No. 51151, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys
collection.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor pumilus Miller; male adult; Porto Bello, Panama.
118
Skulls of Procyon, subgenus Procijon.

119
PLATE 8
[Five-sixths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] pygniaeus Merriam; type; male voung adult; Cozurael

Island, Yucatan, Mexico. (No. 108511, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys
collection.)
B. Procyon [Pi'ocyon] insularis insularis Merriam; male adult; Maria Madre
Island, Nayarit, Mexico. (No. 88978, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys
collection.) Note heavy zygomatic arch.
120
Skulls of Procijon, subgenus Procyon.
121
876119°— oO !)
PLATE 9
[Five-seventtis natural size)
12'9146, r. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.)
B. Procyon [Proci/on] lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman; male adult; Elk River,
Minn. (No. 187926, U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriani collection.)
122
PLATE 10
[Three-fourths natural size]
A. Procijon [Procyon] lotor litoreus Nelson and Goldman: V\pe; [male] adult; Saint
Simon Island, Ga. (No. 2450, U. S. Natl. Miis.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor elucus Bangs; male adult; Fort Kissimmee, Fla. (No.
124
North American Fauna 60, fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 10
.STGll!)"— riu 10
PLATE 11
[Three-foui ths+ natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor incautus Nelson; type; male adult; Torch Kev, Fla.
B. Procyon [Procyon] maijnardi Bangs; male adult; New Providence Island,
126
North American Fauna 60, Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 1 1
PLATE 12
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor excelsus Nelson and Goldman; type; male adult; Owy-
hee River, Oreg., 10 miles west of Fairylawn, Idaho. (No. 236214, U. S.
Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.) Distinguished by very large
size.
B. Procyon [P7-ocyon] lotor psora Grav; male adult; Nicasio, Calif. (No. 187936,
U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriam collection.)
128
North American Fauna 60. Fish and Wildlife Service plate
Skulls of Procyon, subgenus Prorijon.
129
PLATE 13
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor hernandezii Wagler; male adult; Tlalpam, Valley of

Mexico, Mexico. (No. 51151, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collec-
tion.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor pumilus Miller; male adult; Porto Bello, Panama. (No.
130
North American Fauna 60. Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE
/
PLATE 14
[Three-fouiths natural size)
A. Procyon [Procyon] pygmaeus Merriam; type; male voung adult; Cozumel Island,
Yucatan, Mexico. (No. 108511, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys
collection.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] insidaris insidaris Merriam; male adult; Maria Madre
collection.)
132
North American fauna 60. Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 14
PLATE 15
[Seven-tenths natural size]
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor hirtus Nelson and Goldman; male adult; Elk River,
Minn. (No. 187926, U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriam collection.)
134
PLATE 16
[xVbout three-fourths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor litoreus Nelson and Goldman; type; [male] adult;
Saint Simon Island, Ga. (No. 2450, U. S. Natl. Mus.) Note heavy denti-
tion.
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor elucus Bangs; male adult; Fort Kissimmee, Fla. (No.
136
PLATE 16
Skulls of Procijon, subgenus Procyon.

137
PLATE 17
[A bout three-foui tlis natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor incautus Nelson; type; male adult; Torch Key, Fla.
B. Procyon [Procyon] maynardi Bangs; male adult; New Providence Island,
138
North American fauna 60. Fish and Wildlife service

139
PLATE 18
Procyon [Procyon] Nelson and Goldman: type; male adult

lotor excelsus ; Owvhee
River, Oreg., 10 miles west of Fairylawn, Idaho. (No. 236214, U. S. Natl.
Mus., Biological Surveys collection.) Distinguished by very large size.
Procyon [Procyon] lotor psora Gra3^; male adult: Nicasio, Calif. (No. 187936,
U. S. Natl. Mus., Merriani collection.)
140
North American Fauna 60, Fish and Wildlife Service
S7G119°— 50 II
PLATE 19
[Five-sixths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor hernandezii Wagler; male adult; Tlalpam, Valley of

Mexico, Mexico. (No. 51151, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collec-
tion.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor pumilus Miller; male adult; Porto Bello, Panama. (No.
142
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 50. FlSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PLATE 19
PLATE 20
[About two-thirds natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] pygmaeiis Merriam; type; male young adult; Cozumel Island,
Yucatan, Mexico. (No. 108511, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collec-
tion.)
B. Procyon [Procyon] insularis insularis Merriam; male adult; Maria Madre

collection.)
144
NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60. FiSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE PLATE 20
PLATE 21
[Six-sevenths natural size]
A. Procyon [Procyon] lotor elucus Bangs; male adult; Fort Kissimmee, Fla. (No.
64002, U. S. Natl. Miis., Biological Surveys collection.) Note larger size
and greater angularity of male.
B. Procyon [Procyon] lotor elucus Bangs; female adult; Fort Kissimmee, Fla.
(No. 64012, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.) Note smaller
size and lesser angularity of female.
C. Procyon [Procyon] lotor lotor (Linnaeus): female adult; Schroon Lake, N. Y.

(No. 98595, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological Surveys collection.) Lateral view
of typical mandibular ramus.
146
PLATE 22
[About five-sixths natural size]
A. Procyon [Euprocyon] cancrivorus panamensis Goldman; type; female adult;

Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama. (No. 171669, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological
Surveys collection.) Upper surface of cranium.
B. Procyon [Euprocyon] cancrivorus panamensis Goldman; type; female adult;
Gatun, Canal Zone, Panama. (No. 171669, U. S. Natl. Mus., Biological
Surveys collection.) Under surface of cranium. Note molar crowns with
rounded cusps adapted for crushing food; and compare with more trenchant
cusps in subgenus Procyon.
148
North American Fauna 60, Fish and Wildlife Service PLATE 22
INDEX
[Page niimbiT'; in boldface refer to principal entries; those in italic to synonyms ]
abnipta, Ursus cauda, 3. excelsus, Procyon lotor, 20, 24, 28, 33,
Ailuropoda, 1. 56, 58, 59, 60, 86, 117, 129, 141.

Aikirus, 1. flavidus, Procyon lotor, 5.
Alabama raccoon, 38. Florida raccoon, 42.
albiiia, Procyon lotor, 5. food, 7.
annulatus, Procyon, 3S, 35. fusca, Procyon brachyurus, 5.

auspicatvis, Procyon lotor, 22, 24, 28, 44, fuscipes, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 37, 38,
46, 47, 48. 39, 49, .52, 64, 6.5, 84.
lâhania raccoon, 75. general activities, 7.
Ha.ja California raccoon, 62.

gloveralleni, Procyon, 22, 24, 28, 79.
Barbados raccoon, 79. grinnelli, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 54, 55,
Bassaricyon, 26. 62.

1,
Ijrachyurus, Procyon, 4. Guadeloupe Island raccoon, 77.
breeding;, 13. gularis, Procyon, 33, 35.
hernandezii, Procvon, 64.

California raccoon, 56.
hernandezii, Procyon lotor, 22, 24, 28,
californicus,Procyon lotor, 56, 57.
50, 52, ,53, 64, 66, 67, 72, 74, 119,
Canipeche raccoon, 65.
131, 143.
Campsiurus, 25.
hibernation, 14.
cancrivorus, Euprocyon, 16.
Hilton Head Island raccoon, 41.
Procyon, 16, 31, 80, 81.
hirtus, Procyon lotor, 22, 24, 27, 33, 34,
Procyon cancrivorus, 82, 83.
35, 37, 50, 52, 111, 123, 135.
Ursus, 4, 25, 81.
hudsonicus, Procyon, 5.
castaneus, Procyon hernandezi, 5.
coastal marsh raccoon, 85.

incautus, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 44, 46,
Colorado Desert raccoon, 54.
47, 48, 75, 115, 127, 139.
Costa Rican raccoon, 69. inesperatus, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 43,
Cozumel Island raccoon, 76.
44, 46, 47, 48.
crab-eating raccoon, 4.
instincts, 9.
crassidens, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 66, 67,
insularis, Procyon, 20, 71.
68, 69, 71.
Procyon insularis, 24, 2S, 72,74, 121,
Cynodictis, 2.
133, 145.
Isthmian raccoon, 70.
dickeyi, Procyon lotor, 18, 24, 28, 66,
67, 69, 70. key to sul)genera, 27.
to species and subspecies of subgeinis
eastern raccoon, 33. Procyon, 29.
economic status, 14. Key Vaca raccoon, 47.
elongata, Ursus cauda, 3, 6.
elucus, Procyon lotor, 22, 24, 27, 38, 39, litoreus, Procyon lotor, 22, 24, 27, 33,
40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 113, 125, 137, 147. 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 80, 85, 86,
Euprocyon, 1, 2, 3, 4, 25, 27, 28, 29, 80. 109, 111, 113, 123, 125, 135, 137, 147.
cancrivorus, 16. longevity, 7.
cancrivorus panameusis, 28, 8B. Lotor, 25.
151
lotor, Meles, 33, 35. priscus, Procyon, 3.
Procyon, 1, 31, 33, 62. Procyon, 25, 27, 28, 29.
Procyon lotor, 21, 24, 27, 33, 35, 38, annulatus, 33, 35.
39, 40, 41, 43, 56, 57, 75. brachyurus, 4.
Ursus, 4, 6, 25, 33. brachyurus fusca, 5.
Lotor vulgaris, 33, 35. cancrivorus, 16, 31, 80, 81.
cancrivorus cancrivorus, 82, 83.
Mamprocyoniis, 25. cancrivorus panamensis, 28, 81, 82,
Mapachin, 82. 109, 149.
Maria Madre Island raccoon, 72. cancrivorus proteus, 82, 83.
Maria Magdalena Island raccoon, 73. gloveralleni, 22, 24, 28, 79.
marinus, Procyon lotor, 24, 27, 42, 43, gularis, 33, 35.
44, 46, 47, 48. liernandezi castaneus, 5.
maritimus, Procyon lotor, 24, 36, 85. hernandezii, 6J,..
Matecumhe Key raccoon, 46. liernandezii mexicana, 52.

maynardi, Procyon, 24, 28, 75, 78. 79, hudsonicus, 5.
115, 127, 139. insularis, 20, 71.
megalodous, Procyon lotor, 24, 39, 51, insularis insularis, 24, 28, 72, 74, 121,
84.
133, 145.
melanus, Procyon lotor, 5. insularis vicinus, 24, 28, 73.
Meles lotor, 33, 35. lotor, 31, 32, 33, 52.
1,
Mexican Plateau raccoon, 64. lotor albina, 5.
Mexican raccoon, 52. lotor auspicatus, 22, 24, 28, 44, 46,
mexicana, Procyon hernandezii, 52.
47, 48.
mexicanus, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 50, lotor californicus, 56, 57.
52, 54, 55, 63, 64, 65, 72, 74, 85, 86. lotor crassidens, 24, 28, 66, 67, 68,
minor, Procyon, 24, 28, 75, 77, 79. 69, 71.
Mississippi Delta raccoon, 84.
lotor dickeyi, 18, 24, 28, 66, 67, 69, 70.
naolt, 19.
lotor elucus, 22, 24, 27, 38, 39, 40, 42,
44, 46, 49, 113, 125, 137, 147.
nanus, Procyon, 3.
lotor excelsus, 20, 24, 28, 33, 56, 58,
Nasua, 1.
59, 60, 86, 117, 129, 141.
Nasuella, 1.
lotor flavidus, 5.
nivea, Procyon, 4.
lotor fuscipes, 24, 28, 37, 38, 39, 49,
nomenclature, 3.
52, 64, 65, 84.
obscurus, Procyon, 5.
lotor grinnelh, 24, 28, 54, 55, 62.
ochraceus, Procyon lotor, 54, 55. lotor hernandezii, 22, 24, 28, 50, 52,
53, 64, 66, 67, 72, 74, 119, 131, 143.
Pacific Northwest raccoon, 58. lotor hirtus, 22, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 37,
pacifica, Procyon lotor, 28. 50, 52, 111, 123, 135.
Procyon psora, 58. lotor incautus, 24, 28, 44, 46, 47, 48,
pacificiis, Procyon lotor, 24, 56, 57, 58, 75, 115, 127, 139.
59, 60, 61, 86. lotor inesperatus, 24, 28, 43, 44, 46,
pallidus, Procyon, 54- 47, 48.
Procyon lotor, 20, 24, 28, 52, 54, 56, lotor insularis, 72.
57, 62, 63. lotor litoreus, 22, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35,
Panama crab-eating raccoon, 82. 40, 41, 42, 43, 80, 113, 125, 137
panamensis, Euprocyon cancrivorus, 28, lotor lotor, 21, 24, 27, 33, 35, 37, 38,
82. 39, 40, 41, 43, 56, 57, 75, 85, 86,
Procyon cancrivorus, 28, 81, 82, 109, 109, 111, 123, 135, 147.
149. lotor marinus, 24, 27, 42, 43, 44, 46,
pelage, 19. 47, 48.
Phlaocyon, 2. lotor maritimus, 24, 36, 85.
Potos, 1, 27. lotor megalodous, 24, 39, 51, 84.
INDEX 153
Procyon — Continued raccoon —continued
lotor nielanus, 5. Cozumel Island, 76.
lotor inexicanus, 24, 28, 50, 52, o4, crab-eating, 4.
55, 63, 64, 65, 72, 74, 85, 86. eastern, 33.
lotor ocliraceus, oJf, F>r>. Florida, 42.
lotor pacificus, 24, 28, 56, 57, 58. .">(», Guadeloupe Island, 77.
60, 61, 86. Hilton Head Island, 41.
lotor pallidus, 20, 24, 28, 52, 54, 5(i, Isthmian, 70.
57, 62, 63. Key Vaca, 47.
lotor psora, 13, 24, 28, 54, 56, 58, 60, Maria Madre Island, 72.
62, 63, 86, 117, 129, 141. Man'a Magdalena Island, 73.
lotor pumilus, 24, 28, 69, 70, 80, 83, Matecumbe Key, 46.
118, 131, 143. Mexican, 52.
lotor rufescens, 5. Mexican Plateau, 64.
lotor shiifeldti, 24, 28, 64, 65, 67, 68, Mississippi Delta, 84.
70, 76. Pacific Northwest 58. ,
lotor solutus, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 40, 41. Panama crab-eating, 82.
lotor vancouverensis, 24, 28, 58, 61. Saint Simon Island, 40.
lotor varius, 24, 27, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, Salvador, 67.
43, .50, 84. Snake Kiver Valley, 60.
mayiiardi, 24, 28, 75, 78, 79, 115, 127, Ten Thousand Islands, 44.
139. Texas, 49.
minor, 24, 28, 75, 77, 79. Torch Key, 48.
nanus, 3. Upper Mississippi Valley, 37.
nivea, 4. Vancouver Island, 61.
obscurus, 5. rufescens, Procyon lotor, 5.
pallidus, 54-
Saint Simon Island raccoon, 40.
priscus, 3.
Salvador raccoon, 67.
proteus, 58, 59.
senses, 9.
psora, 56.
shufeldti, Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 64, 65,
psora pacifica, 58.
67, 68, 70, 76.
pumilus, 70.
simus, Procyon, 3.
pygmaeus, 20, 24, 28, 76, 121, 133,
Snake River Valley raccoon, 60.
145.
solutus, Procyon lotor, 24, 27, 33, 34,
simus, 3.
35, 40, 41.
proteus, Procyon, 58, 59.
Procyon cancrivorus, 82, 83. Ten Thousand Islands raccoon, 44.
psora, Procyon, 56. Texas raccoon, 49.
Procyon lotor, 13, 24, 28, 54, 56, 58, Torch Key raccoon, 48.
60, 62, 63, 86, 117, 129, 141.
pumilus, Procyon, 70. Upper Mississippi Valley raccoon, 37.
Procyon lotor, 24, 28, 69, 70, 80, 83, Ursus cancrivorus, 4, 25, 81.
118, 131, 143. Cauda abrupta, 3.
pygmaeus, Procyon, 20, 24, 28, 76, 121, Cauda elongata, 3, 6.
133, 145. lotor, 4, 6, 25, SS.
raccoon, Alabama, 38. Vancouver Island raccoon, 61.

Bahama, 75. vancouverensis, Procyon lotor, 24, 28,
Baja California, 62. 58, 61.
Barbados, 79. varius, Procyon lotor, 24, 27, 33, 34,
California, 56.
35, 38, 42, 43, 50, 84.
Cam])eche, 65. vicinus, Procyon insularis, 24, 28, 73.
coastal marsh, 85. vulgaris, Lotor, 33, 35.
Colorado Desert, 54.
Costa Rican, 69. weights, 22.

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RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 60

^ NOV 2 71950 i't

FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

North American Fauna 60

RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printiilf? Office

The present iiioiiograi)h, The Raccoons of North aiifl Middle .\nier-

ica, was completed by its author, Edward Alphonso Goldman, in

printing, and at the time of the death of Major Goldman, September 2,

1946, he had been so engrossed in the preparation of his manuscript

or in the general discussion throughoiit the text.

transcontinental range from southern Canada to Panama, except in

Pacific Northwest Raccoon {Procyon lulur pacijicus).

animal, which have been variously rendered as "aroughcun,"

was a])pli('d by Ray (1()93, p. 179). in connection witli a generalized

the raccoon accompanied by the earhest illustrations seen by the

RACCOON NAMES NOT CLEARLY ASSIGNABLE

From Mexico. Based on a specimen (No. 357) which had been in

6 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA 6 0, FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE

not. The writer's own general observations indicate that under

And quoting Kalm further (Benson 1937, pp. 242-243):

In regard to the duration of Ufe iu the raccoons under natural

sp:nses and instincts

touch hundreds of times. Notwithstanding the strength of the raccoon in

The is especially marked.

Of the cliinbiiii; liabit Cole says:

In this connection Cole quotes Beckmann, as follows:

The impulse to follow which seems to be inherent in young animals

Although Cole regards the raccoon as especially good-natured,

Among mental attributes of the raccoon, both Davis (1907, p. 486)

part of its range, has been determined by various authorities to be

The act of copidation, rarely recorded in raccoons under natural

salaries of piil)lic oflicials wei-e paid in animal skins, inchuling the

sportsmen's associations, and the liberation of raccoons in suitable

In the Gulf Coast Region, where raccoons still abound, conditions

In considering the natural enemies of birds, Forbush (1916, pp.

An early mention of the raccoon in New England is by Josselyn (1672),

terior), and Horace McMullen, of the then National Association of

the Fur Industry and McMullen 1925). The data

vicinity of human habitations or even large cities, with a persistence

In both subgenera the plantigrade structure of the feet is an out-

adults of both sexes the temporal impressions do not unite to form a

PELAGE AND MOLT

becomes longer in the winter. In the subgenus Euprocyon — inhabiting

environmental and genetic influences. Some of the insular forms

By individual variation reference is made to all the degrees of

RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 21

lighter than normal.

especially in regions where they must hibernate. The more southern

Of the 300, every one that appeared to be uncommonly large was

ounces. Whitney believed, however, that the average would be

RACCOONS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA 23

Mafillanj row. — Distance from front

USE OF KEY TO SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES

Figure 1. — Distribution of species and subspecies of the subgenus Frovijon:

Genus PROCYON Storr

Distribution. — Southern Canada to southern Brazil and northern

soles of feet naked, smooth, without well-developed digital pads; digits

conical, without distinct grooves, the upper canines not strongly