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2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE 2018,
2018 5th International Conference on Power2018,
19–21 September and Energy Systems
Nagoya, Japan Engineering, CPESE 2018,
19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan
Energy Autonomy in IoT Technologies
The Energy Autonomy
15th International in IoT
Symposium Technologies
on District Heating and Cooling
Shubhangi K. Gawalia,a,*, Mukund K. Deshmukhbb
AssessingShubhangi
the feasibility of *,using
K. Gawali
a
theK.heat
Mukund demand-outdoor
Deshmukh
Dept. of Computer Science, bDept. of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
temperature function for a long-term district heat demand forecast
BITS Pilani
a
Dept. of Birla
K. K. Computer Science, bNH-17B
Goa Campus, Dept. of Bypass
Electrical & Electronics
Zuarinagar, SouthEngineering
Goa, 403726, India
BITS Pilani K. K. Birla Goa Campus, NH-17B Bypass Zuarinagar, South Goa, 403726, India

Abstract I. Andrića,b,c*, A. Pinaa, P. Ferrãoa, J. Fournierb., B. Lacarrièrec, O. Le Correc

Abstract
a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
The internet has had a tremendous b impact on our routine life. Recent developments in the Internet of Things (IoT) technology
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Internet of Things (IoT) technology
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medium of the Internet fortoremote
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(WSN), Real-Time include
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(RTS), Cloud
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computing, (RFID), Networking and Communication, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Real-Time Systems (RTS), Cloud
Abstract etc. In establishing communication between devices, IoT exposes to many challenges on account of the diversity of
computing,
devices, etc. Inand
energy, establishing communication
power constraints, noise,between devices, IoTstringent
and interference, exposes requirement
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the diversity of
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challenges in IoT, more stringent
research requirement
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protocol attempted addressing these challenges
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electronic
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forecast.onTheimplementable methods oflocated
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(low, medium, devices
high) and threeindistrict
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be addressed willand
workdeveloped be newuseful directions to be explored
for researchers engaged for enhancing energy autonomy of devices deployed in IoT.
renovation scenarios were (shallow, intermediate, deep). with addressing
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compared from a dynamic will heat demand interest
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business personnel,
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IoT.
The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
standardization of performance and academicians engaged in the development of IoT.
(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
©scenarios,
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error value by Elsevier
increased Ltd. (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
up to 59.5%
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licensethe range of 3.8% up to 8% per decade, that corresponds to the
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is
Selectionan open
and access article
peer-review under
under the CC BY-NC-ND
responsibility of thelicense
2018 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
5thheating
International Conference on Power and Energy Systems
decrease in the number of heating hours of 22-139h
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International during the season (depending
Conference on Poweron andthe combination
Energy Systems ofEngineering,
weather and
Selection
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renovation scenarios considered). OnNagoya,
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Engineering, CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
Keywords:
improve theStrategies for Energy
accuracy of heatautonomy, Energy Harvesting, IoT
demand estimations.
Keywords: Strategies for Energy autonomy, Energy Harvesting, IoT

© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +91-0832-2580-269/316.
Peer-review
address:under
* Corresponding
E-mail responsibility
author. of the Scientific
Tel.: +91-0832-2580-269/316.
shubhangi2080@gmail.com, Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
mkd.goa@gmail.com
Cooling.
E-mail address: shubhangi2080@gmail.com, mkd.goa@gmail.com

1876-6102
Keywords:©Heat2018demand;
The Authors. Published
Forecast; Climatebychange
Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102
This © 2018
is an open Thearticle
access Authors. Published
under by Elsevier Ltd.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is anand
Selection open access article
peer-review under
under the CC BY-NC-ND
responsibility license
of the 2018 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE
Selection
2018, 19–21andSeptember
peer-review under
2018, responsibility
Nagoya, Japan. of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering, CPESE
2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the 2018 5th International Conference on Power and Energy Systems Engineering,
CPESE 2018, 19–21 September 2018, Nagoya, Japan.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.132
 Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 222–226 223
Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

1. Introduction

The internet has had a tremendous impact on our routine life through the Internet of Things (IoT) technology
embedded in the smart home, smart grids, education, communication, retail, business, government services,
agriculture etc. Its ability to gather, analyze and distribute data to turn into information and knowledge has evolved
into IoT. IoT is not a single technology; rather it is the convergence of heterogeneous technologies pertaining to
different engineering domains which will be used to connect all objects through the Internet for remote sensing and
control. Some of these technologies are RFID, Networking and Communication, WSN, RTS, Cloud computing,
Machine to Machine (M2M) Interaction, Mobility support etc. For further scientific discourse and development of
IoT, the technology that enables the cooperation and interoperability between different stakeholders is needed.
IoT communication has many challenges that include a diversity of devices, energy and power constraints,
constraints due to distances, interference, timeliness, etc. Though researchers in IoT have been attempting to address
these challenges, several barriers have slowed development of IoT including the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 aiming
at evolving a common set of standards and, developing energy sources for every single sensor used.
During early years of development of IoT, energy was not given much importance as the devices were typically
powered by non-renewable energy sources, assumed to be practically inexhaustible. Li-ion batteries were adequate
for powering the devices used. However, Li-ion batteries have limited lifetime and are often impractical to replace.
The evolution of IoT led to use of smart devices in places where these batteries cannot be charged through DC
supply. Thus limits due to stored amount of energy were reached while realizing the performance of devices. The
existence of practical limits to energy storage capacity and rate of consumption of stored energy necessitated
researchers to devise methods for implementing energy autonomy in the technology system. Energy autonomy can
be realized in various ways, as the IoT encompasses a wide range of technology domains. Today, as the IoT
continues to evolve at an accelerated pace, development of an appropriate method for energy autonomy in a given
system and its effective implementation is the need of the hour. For this purpose, a focused study of recently
reported research is carried out, so as to identify developmental issues and scope for further research on energy
optimization in IoT technologies. Most research has been focused on the design of strategies for energy autonomy in
electronic devices in IoT to sustain self-powering in the absence of wired power. Research and development (R&D)
is being pursued in the areas of low-power Integrated Circuits (ICs) as well as high-level software technologies. In
this context, this paper reviews recently reported research on various issues encountered in the development of
energy autonomy methods for various IoT technologies, hybrid-harvesting technology, low power profile devices,
energy harvesting (EH) techniques and techniques for micro-fabrication technologies. The goal of this paper is to
educate the researcher in various domains of IoT aiming at improving energy efficiency so that businesses,
governments, standardization bodies, and academia can work together to solve the challenge of energy saving in
IoT.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows: recently reported research work on methods of energy autonomy in
IoT technologies is reviewed in section 2 and the results obtained in research reported are summarized in section 3.

2. Methods of Energy Autonomy in IoT technologies

Following technologies are considered: RFID, Networking and Communication, WSN and RTS.

2.1 RFID technology

One of the significant factors of IoT architecture is identification of infinite objects. These objects can be
sometimes living things like a person with heart monitor implant, an animal with biochip transponder or non-living
thing like automobile with built-in sensors. The object/thing can be natural or human-made; it can be movable like a
rover or immovable like a plant. Kevin Ashton was the first to define IoT in 1999 and propose to assign unique
identifier to a physical thing that will enable digital representation on the web [1]. The Auto-ID Labs at MIT and
University of St. Gallen worked on RFID technology to associate the identifier to a living or non-living object.
RFID provides an important technological support for providing the unique identifier to objects through tags. Every
object is attached with the RFID chip that holds the information about it. This information is transferred and shared
with the reader device. An antenna is used to transmit/receive radio waves from the reader in vicinity. The reader
224 Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 222–226
Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

forwards the information received to the back-end server which validates the information and takes appropriate
action. The RFID tags can be active or passive. Active tags have onboard power supply and have long read range
with beacon rate, typically, of 1 to 15 seconds. On the other hand, passive tags are cheap and small with short read
range. A passive tag does not have a power supply of its own and absorbs energy from the electromagnetic field
created by the antenna of the reader [2]. Most of the devices with RFID chips are small in size and are used in
battery powered applications like vehicular and transport network. Thus RFID research community focuses on
energy usage optimization along with chip design. Various strategies used for making RFID technology energy
autonomous are listed in table 1. For making the energy autonomous system, the competent researcher needs to
work on EH mechanisms and duty cycling. The IoT services are expected to guarantee the security, privacy and
integrity of information and user confidentiality. Thus identification and authentication technologies need to be
converged and interoperated.

2.2 Networking and Communication technology

In 2008, Steve Leibson proposed to assign an IP address to every ‘thing’ on the planet through IPv6 address
space. The proposition led to issues of data privacy, data sovereignty, and security concerns. In IoT, the devices
communicate with each other either through the wireless network using Bluetooth, Zwave or Zigbee or through
cloud or gateway using HTTP, TLS, CoAP, TCP, UDP, IP [8]. As more and more devices across the world are
getting connected through the internet, the limited address space of IPv4 demanded transition from 32-bit address
space to 128-bit address space. This was provided by IPv6, developed by the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) in 1994. The header size of IPv6 packets adds to the energy required to transmit and receive packets
and also increases the probability of bit-errors in transit. Various strategies used for making networking and
communication technology autonomous are described in table 1. IoT is a system that has the ability to transfer data
over the network without human to human (H2H) or human to machine (H2M) interaction. Thus there exists
machine to machine (M2M) interaction in IoT. Existing energy optimization techniques designed for H2H or H2M
communications are not well suited for M2M communications and thus require further work to be carried out in this
domain.

2.3 WSN technology

The IoT applications have a large number of smart sensors capable of sensing the objects/things and
environment. These sensors communicate with the digital world, collect raw data and forward it to the base station.
The base station monitors the environmental conditions such as temperature, vibrations, pressure and motion and
generates the information for taking significant decisions like controlling vehicle movement, military services,
traffic monitoring, agriculture, etc. It creates this valuable data with its limited processing and storage capacity. Thus
low power wireless communication is essential in IoT applications. A significant amount of research efforts have
been focused towards low profile, low power, energy efficient and self-sustainable sensor networks in IoT. Various
energy autonomy strategies are described in table 1.

2.4 RTS

Effective monitoring of the environmental conditions using real-time data to control issues such as pollution,
disaster and global warming is another important objective of IoT. In IoT, physical objects are context-aware to
sense the environment around them and interact with each other. The objects are able to respond with the
information used for real-time decision making such as safely changing the lane while driving, automatically
switching off the lights in a room when no one is around and so on. Energy Efficient RTOS (Real-Time Operating
System) design uses techniques like Dynamic Voltage/Frequency Scaling (DVFS), Dynamic Procrastination
Scheduling (DPS), Combination of DVFS, DPS and Migration techniques for real-time task scheduling [13-16].
Researchers need to improve these techniques to make it energy autonomous for portable devices. Various energy
autonomous strategies in real-time scheduling are described in table 1. The technological hurdles in the
implementation of EH-based algorithms are an estimation of the harvested energy, measurement of stored energy
and schedulability test [20]. Thus, researchers engaged with the development of scheduling algorithms in RTS with
 Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 156 (2019) 222–226 225
Shubhangi K. Gawali et al. / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

renewable energy sources are expected to consider only those sources that do not violate the timeliness constraint
due to its limitation on the amount of harvested energy.

2.5 Cloud computing technology

IoT devices can be made to overcome limitations due to lack of software, firmware, memory, hardware, data
processing capability by enabling access to cloud computing. Cloud computing has recently evolved as a new
computing paradigm which promises virtually unlimited resources. Thus researchers in cloud computing area
recently focused on energy efficient virtual machine (VM) scheduling algorithms with resource management. To
favor idle times the system integrates a nature-inspired VM consolidation algorithm based on the Ant Colony
Optimization (ACO) [22].
Table 1: Methods of energy autonomy reportedly employed in different IoT technologies by researchers.
IoT Technology Energy Autonomy methods Cite
Ref
RF-based Energy harvesting (EH) [2], [3]
Hybridisation with heterogeneous EH methods
[4]
(RF plus solar, RF plus piezoelectric, RF plus thermoelectric)
RFID Mechanisms for radio duty cycling, aiming at the efficient scheduling of jobs and keeping the radio
[5]
off for maximum duration.
Energy Efficient scheduling of readers: SELECT algorithm [6]
Tag-Ordering Polling (TOP) protocol to reduce per-tag energy consumption [7]
Header compression
Networking and [5]
Link-layer fragmentation and reassembly mechanism
Communication
technology Management of heterogeneous radio interfaces while performing overload control and resource
[9]
allocation, and paging cycle
Solar antenna
Integration of multiple energy harvesters like thermoelectric antennas, solar antennas, and
electromagnetic energy harvesters [10]
WSN Integration of a thermoelectric generator on top of a shorted patch antenna built on FR4 substrate
Multi-tone signals with a time-varying envelope
Energy-aware sensor selection and scheduling [11]
Energy-aware task scheduling based on reinforcement learning [12]
EH-based scheduling algorithms: LA, EA-DVFS, EDeg, Green-RTO, and Green-BWP [16-20]
RTS
ENOS- switching between energy criticality modes [21]

3. Conclusions

Energy-autonomous system is the need of the hour and has wide scope in IoT technological domains. The review
of recently published research on IoT technologies clearly indicates the importance of continuing R&D pertaining to
energy optimization in different technology domains of IoT. The search for appropriate EH techniques and
scheduling algorithms must continue, particularly when exploitation of renewable energy sources is becoming
increasingly important. The motivation of research and development on hybridization of heterogeneous EH methods
is gaining momentum as it is predicted that the future of IoT will largely depend on such hybridization strategies.
Continuing efforts for miniaturizing devices, while guaranteeing optimum energy consumption, is identified as a
bigger challenge for researchers. In short-term future, researchers will continue to face challenges and develop the
novel hardware and software systems for IoT technologies, for the possible harvesting of available new and
renewable energy sources in the environment and thereby make the energy of the system autonomous.

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