Professional Documents
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A Corpus-Based
Based Analysis off Tertiary Students’
Communication Strategies
Elyssa Kay V. Martinez
Instructor, Surigao Del Sur State University, Tandag, Philippines
ABSTRACT
Students who experience dearth in their linguistic communication strategies when
whe faced with
resources, particularly in English, do not just deploy a communication breakdowns.
single type of communication strategy during
breakdowns in communication, but rather a Canale & Swain (1980) define strategic competence
combination of severall CSs that manifests their as the knowledge of verbal and non-verbal non
strategic competence in communication. This study is communication strategies that are recalled for
geared to assess what, how, and why communication breakdowns in communication. Spromberg (2011)
strategies were deployed. To support this assertion, a highlights Dorneyei and Thurell’s
Thurell (1991) concept of
corpus-based
based method was used to collect and analyze strategic competence as an ‘ever-present,
‘ever potentially
corpus elicited from
m 158 tertiary students through oral usable inventory of skills that allows a speaker to
interviews and focused-group
group discussions. Identified negotiate messages and resolve problems, or to
CSs were further given quantitative analysis based on compensate for deficiencies in any of the underlying
how many times the strategies appeared in the competencies. Thus, using CSs enable speakers to
students’ responses. Findings revealed six major overcome difficulties in communication (Celce-
(Celce
categories of CSs which include fifteen sub strategies Murcia, et al., 1995).
of which ‘filler’ as a ‘time stalling strategy’ was
found to be the dominant among others such as topic L2 speakers experience certain limitation when
avoidance, message abandonment, circumlocution, communicating in a language which is not of their
gesturing, restructuring, code switching, lengthened own due to their lack of linguistic resources (Faerch
sound, repetition, self-initiated
initiated repair, appeals for & Kasper 1978). It is in this perspective that speakers
help, adaptors, mumbling, and omission. need to learn how to regulate and modify speech
within a conversation so that they could plan, select
KEY WORDS: strategic competence, communication appropriate words, and reduce complexity of
strategies, sub strategies utterances (Blum & Levenston, 1978). Ability to
regulate and modify speech peech is performed by
INTRODUCTION strategically competent speakers. However, despite
Communication strategies are considered to be national and international researches have been
important aspects of communicative competence conducted on this area of study, skills that are
which must be integrated
egrated into the other components supposed to address problems during communication
that comprise it (linguistic, sociolinguistic, and are given minimal attention in the region
r where the
discourse) (Canale & Swain, 1980). Thus, study has been conducted.
communication is not just about the speaker’s
knowledge in grammar and sociolinguistics, but it is Established perspectives of authors and gaps to be
also of the speaker’s ability too communicate his addressed through this investigation are highly
thoughts in the face of difficulties. This has led the associated with problems which are usually deficits in
researcher to investigate on the students’ strategic the other underlying components of communicative
competence which aims to whether prove or disprove competence. Appropriate and relevant design of skills
that students who lack linguistic resources deploy trainings can only be done when problems are clearly
Table1. Communication S
Strategies of Tertiary Students
Rank
Strategies Description Sample Responses F P
C1 C2
Avoidance/ Reduction Strategies
Leaving a message
D3: …she rand across the girl… and hug
Message unfinished because
her… they hug each other, then… (smiles, 89 56.3% 1 4.5
Abandonment of some language
looks at the recorder and left her seat)
difficulty.
A5: …I see a picture with… she have a
Omission sister and he tried to…to have a… she’s 46 49.1% 3 13
have a diary…
Reducing the
message by
avoiding certain
Topic B28: ..then… the monster… the
language 63 39.9% 2 8
Avoidance monsss…ter…its house…
structures or topics
considered
problematic.
The corpus revealed how the definition of each of the prompt which the students thought were
communicated strategy can be expanded based on difficult parts to structure a sentence. While the
how they were used by the respondents. To give prompt continues to move along its plot, the
clarity on how the researcher came up with the figures respondents continue to use the fillers, some
given in the table above, each category is a multiple lengthening the sound of that filler, so that they could
response
se category; hence, the figures found within skip saying anything about what theyth saw from the
categories will not total to the number of respondents prompt.
since the students have used a combination of these
strategies in one decoded data. The table provides a However, how fillers generally appeared in the corpus
summary of how the corpus were analyzed and are revealed consistency of Spromberg’s definition of
ranked
ked based on the frequency of their appearance in how fillers likely appear in regulating and modifying
the students’ speech. speech. As said already, fillers appear in most of the
samples given in the table above. They are used while
It is claimed in this study that the students used a restructuring messages, when nonlinguistically
combination of communication strategies to illustrating something related to their message, when
communicate the message they wanted to express, self-correcting
correcting their speech, and more.
thus the definitions provided in the tax taxonomy of
Spromberg (2011) can not be limited to its definition. While in an initial account of the corpus, it was
Take for instance fillers as the most frequent strategy presumed that code switching from L2 to L1 might
used by the respondents across categories
categories; fillers result to the dominant communication strategy during
according to Spromberg’s (2011) are used as pauses the entire course of data gathering. However,
How the
to rethink. Rephrase or enhance messages. ssages. But if students’ willingness to get their messages across put
closely evaluated, it can be seen in the sample them at a stance where they could regulate and
responses that fillers (filled and unfilled) appeared in modify their utterances using communication
almost all sample responses including in the reduction strategies. However, it was through the focused group
strategies. Fillers were also used to avoid certain parts discussion that they were not aware that what they