International Journal of Food Properties

ISSN: 1094-2912 (Print) 1532-2386 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ljfp20

Effect of Pre-Treatments on Mechanical Oil

Expression of Soybean Using a Commercial Oil
Expeller

R.T. Patil & Nawab Ali

To cite this article: R.T. Patil & Nawab Ali (2006) Effect of Pre-Treatments on Mechanical Oil
Expression of Soybean Using a Commercial Oil Expeller, International Journal of Food Properties,
9:2, 227-236, DOI: 10.1080/10942910600592315

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10942910600592315

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International Journal of Food Properties, 9: 227–236, 2006
Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
ISSN: 1094-2912 print / 1532-2386 online
DOI: 10.1080/10942910600592315

EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL

OIL EXPRESSION OF SOYBEAN USING A COMMERCIAL
OIL EXPELLER

R.T. Patil and Nawab Ali

Soybean Processing and Utilization Centre, Central Institute of Agricultural
Engineering, Bhopal, India

The effect of expeller screw press and pre-treatments on the quality and quantity of soybean
oil and cake was studied using a commercial oil expeller. The pretreatments included whole
soybean crushing, soy grits crushing, and crushing of soy grits extruded at 135°C. The
screw speeds were 28, 35, and 45 rpm. The moisture content of soybean used in the experi-
ment was 10% wet basis. The average capacity of the oil expeller was found to be 145 kg/h,
110 kg/h, and 120 kg/h for whole, grits, and extrudate, respectively at 45 rpm. The average
capacity of oil expression from whole soybean did not vary significantly from 28 to 45 rpm.
In the case of soy grits, however, the capacity was higher when the expeller speed was low-
est, i.e., 28 rpm. In the case of extrudate, even in a single pass, the recovery was higher, i.e.,
to 71% at both 45 and 35 rpm. The color of oil from soy grits was lighter followed by extru-
date, and the color of oil obtained from whole soybean was dark. The FFA in oil from all
the samples was below 1%, however the lowest percentage was for oil obtained from extru-
date at 0.5%. The urease activity of the extruded cake was 0.15 pH units, and the protein
and oil content were about 48% and 5%, respectively. The optimum process variables for
mechanical expelling of soybean were found to be extrusion as a pretreatment and speed of
expeller screw at 45 rpm, which yielded throughput capacity 103 kg/h, oil recovery of
70.5%, and urease activity of the cake at 0.15.

Keywords: Soybean, Oil expression, Extrusion, Response surface methodology.

INTRODUCTION
Soybeans are relatively hard oil seeds containing less than 20% oil, hence it is hard
to express the oil from soybean with a mechanical screw press. The solvent extraction pro-
cess, in which oil is leached from flakes using hexane, is a popular was to remove/extract
oil from soybean. The solvent extraction plants are expensive and are not generally suit-
able for smaller catchments in India. The smallest capacity oil extraction plant based on
hexane, which can be economically feasible, comes in 100 tons/day capacity. That means
on the basis of average soybean productivity in India, the produce from at least 100 ha
land will be required to run the solvent based plant each day; thus for 300 days operation,
about 30,000 ha catchment area under soybean will be required. On the other hand, a

Received 6 November 2004; accepted 6 May 2005.

Address correspondence to R.T. Patil, Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Nabi Bagh Beresia
Road, Bhopal 462038, India. E-mail: ramabahau@yahoo.com

227
228 PATIL AND ALI

mechanical screw press costing only about US $1000–3000 are available commercially
and operate efficiently for soft seeds. In India there are number of such oil presses in use
by the small oil millers. The millers have tried to crush soybean in these machines but
were only able to attain very low oil yields. The mechanical pressing soybean for oil also
required pressing in several passes, which caused overheating of the meal, resulting in a
brown color and scorched flavor.[1] The mechanical pressure produced darkening and
deteriorated the quality of the oil, which cannot be used for food purposes.
In India, conventional mechanical expellers used for soybean, along with efficient
pre-milling treatment, will make operations more economical. This will also reduce the
use of hexane, which otherwise is considered in safe due to its carcinogenic effects. Rather
than attempting to gain the maximum oil expressed by an expeller, consideration should
be given to the quality of cake that will yield edible quality flour. A single pass operation
should be able to generate edible quality, chemical free oil, as well as edible quality
medium fat soy flour, economically at a small industry level. According to research at
INTSOY[1] and also at CIAE,[2] the soy treated with dry extrusion before expelling pro-
duced good quality oil and medium fat soy flour. It has also been reported that pre cooking
of soy grits also helped improve the oil recovery by mechanical press.[2] Crowe et al.,[3]
reported that the extrusion expelling process was suitable for soybean with various charac-
teristics (moisture, whole, or dehulled), but the residual moisture content in the cake was
found to be higher in the cake obtained from dehulled soybean. The quality of extrusion
expelled oil was reported by Wang and Johnson.[4] They reported that extrusion expelled
oil had greater peroxide values and lesser free fatty acids and phosphorous than solvent
extracted and continuous screw press oils. The quality of cake/flour was reported by Hey-
wood et al.,[5] in terms of its functionality. The functionality of soy flour was found to
reduce with reduction in its residual oil content. All these reports indicate that extrusion
expelling can be effectively used on commercial scale. However, when we visited and sur-
veyed the small scale oil expelling plants, we found that they operate at different operating
conditions. The feed moisture content, as well as speed of the screw press, varied consid-
erably from mill to mill, and hence, a recommendation is needed on using the commercial
screw presses for expressing the soybean oil to achieve an economy of operation. The
objectives of this article were therefore 1) To study the effect of screw speed and pre-treat-
ments on soybean oil recovery by commercial expellers. 2) To study the effect of process
parameters on the quality of cake and oil.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The soybean of Punjab 1 variety, grown on the CIAE farm, was used in the study.
The well dried grains, having a moisture content of 10% wet basis, were cleaned with an
air screen grain cleaner (CIAE, Bhopal, India) and were stored in air-tight metallic con-
tainers untill the were required for studies. The whole soybean grains were dehulled in a
concentric cylinder dehuller (CIAE, Bhopal, India). The separated husk was blown off by
the aspirating fan of the dehuller, and whole splits were obtained for further use. The
whole soybean, as well as soy splits, were converted into grits by a fixed hammer mill
having the serrated impacting surface and wire mesh at the bottom to get the desired grit
size (CIAE, Bhopal, India). The pretreatment of high temperature short time cooking to
the grits was given by a single screw dry extruder (Model Insta Pro Jr. 600, Triple F Inc,
Des Moines, Iowa, USA). The extruder was operated at stable conditions of 135°C die
temperature and extruder screw speed of 550 rpm and throughput capacity of 250 kg/h.
 EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL OIL EXPRESSION OF SOYBEAN 229

Table 1 Experimental plan for oil expression studies on soybean.

Independent variables Dependent variables

Pulleys — 3, small size (610 mmΦ), medium size Speed of expeller, oil recovery, throughput capacity,
(825 mmΦ) and large size (1066 mmΦ) quality of oil and quality of cake
Pretreatment — 3, whole soybean (level 1), soy grits
(level 2) and hot extrudate (level 3)
Sample size — 20 kg

The expelling of oil from soybean after subjecting to various pretreatments was done with
a commercial oil expeller (Model Young 9 bolt oil expeller, SP Engineering Co., Kanpur)
at three different expeller screw speeds. The observations were taken when the expeller
achieved the stabilized condition of throughput, oil and cake recovery.
The experimental plan followed was as given in Table 1. There were two factors
namely, the speed of the screw press and the degree of pretreatment. Three levels of screw
speed were achieved by using three sizes of main shaft pulleys on the expeller, whereas
three levels of degree of pretreatment were: Level 1, no treatment that means whole
untreated soybeans were used, Level 2, soybeans were milled into grits, and Level 3 was
where soybeans were milled in the form of grits and were further extruded at 135°C by a
single screw dry extruder. The screw configuration for soybean was attered very little than
was suggested for soft seeds by the manufacturer of the expeller. The configuration was
decided based on many trial runs; it was similar to soft seeds, except that the reverse flight
near to the choke had a 25° flight angle instead of the 15° used for soft seeds, and the
choke end portion was elongated with 13 mm extra spacer. The extrusion of the grits was
performed at natural moisture content of 10% wet basis, but the initial expeller warm up
was done at 13% moisture content.
The moisture content of each sample was measured by oven drying,[6] crude protein
content (N × 6.25) was determined by Kjeldahl’s method[6] and fat content was determined
by the Soxhlet method.[6] The color of the oil was measured by Lovibond Tintometer
(Model AF 900, The Tintometer Ltd., Salisbury, United Kingdom).[7] The experiments
were conducted in duplicate and data obtained from composite samples from each test
were used for statistical analysis. The response surface analysis, as well as response opti-
mization, was conducted using Minitab 14 software (Minitab Inc., State College, PA).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Operational Characteristics of Oil Expeller
The operating characteristics of commercial oil expeller, such as its power require-
ment, throughput capacity, and oil recovery as effect of screw speed and pretreatment to
soybean were determined. It was found that during expelling, the power required varied
with the moisture content of the feed as well as pre treatment of size reduction (Table 2).
The power at no load for expeller was only 3.8 kW compared to 10 kW required by the dry
extruder. The power required was 4.2 kW for grits compared to 5.7 kW for whole beans at
13% moisture, whereas at 10% moisture, the power requirement was 6 and 4.5 kW for
whole beans and grits, respectively.
The average capacity of the oil expeller was found to be 145 kg/h, 110 kg/h, and 120
kg/h for whole, grits, and extrudate, respectively at 45 rpm. The detailed data on throughput
230 PATIL AND ALI

Table 2 Power required by commercial oil expeller.

Power required in kW

Type of Feed High Moisture, 13% wb Low Moisture, 10% wb

Whole beans 5.7 6

Coarse grits 4.2 4.5
No load 3.804

Table 3 Through put capacity of the oil expeller.

Capacity, kg/h

Speed RPM Sample I Sample II Average Capacity kg/h

Whole Soybean Ist Pass 2nd Pass Ist Pass 2nd Pass
45 160 140 160 120 145
35 100 90 90 85 91
28 100 90 90 80 90
Soygrits
45 120 100 120 120 110
35 80 100 80 100 90
28 90 80 90 75 84
Extrudate
45 120 – 120 – 120
35 100 – 100 – 100
28 100 – 100 – 100

variation at different speeds was as given in Table 3. Generally the expeller in the conven-
tional oil expelling industries operates at very low speed, i.e., about 25–30 rpm. Hence,
these study were important to see the effect of increased speed on the performance of the
machine. The throughput capacity of the machine may be reduced when the speed of the
expeller is reduced; however, it saves on the size of the motor required, as well as allows
sufficient time for material in expeller to get effectively squeezed/expressed.
The data on oil recovery as effect of pretreatment as well as speed of the expeller
was as given in Table 4. The oil recovery of whole soybean and grits was obtained in
2 passes, whereas for extrudate only a single pass was necessary to express a significant
quantity of oil. The average capacity for oil expression did not vary significantly in the
case of whole soybean between the speed range of 28 to 45 rpm. In the case of soygrits,
however, the capacity was higher when the expeller speed was the lowest, i.e., 28 rpm.
The oil recovery was 72.4%, 70.3%, and 66.3% in two passes at 28, 35, and 45 rpm,
respectively. In case of Extrudate, which also utilized the single pass, the recovery was
higher—71% at both 45 and 35 rpm, whereas it dropped down to 68.42% at 28 rpm, which
may be due to the fact that longer residence time may allow re-absorption of the oil in the
cake. The optimum oil recovery was found to be 71.05%, 67.1 %, and 66.3% in the case of
soy extrudate, whole soybean, and soy grits at 45 rpm, respectively. However, it may be
noted that extrudate was pressed in single pass, whereas, others were crushed in two
passes. Hence the oil recovery from all pre-treatments were also evaluated with only a
single pass of crushing.
 EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL OIL EXPRESSION OF SOYBEAN 231

Table 4 Oil recovery obtained with 9 bolt commercial oil expeller.

Capacity, kg/h
Average Capacity, oil kg/h
Speed RPM Sample I Sample II (% recovery)

Whole Soybean Ist Pass 2nd Pass Ist Pass 2nd Pass
45 1.8 (47.37) 0.81 (21.32) 1.7 (44.74) 0.8 (21.05) 2.55 (67.24)
35 2.2 (57.89) 0.35 (9.21) 2.2 (57.89) 0.3 (7.89) 2.53 (66.45)
28 2.1 (55.26) 0.45 (11.84) 2.14 (56.32) 0.4 (10.53) 2.55 (66.97)
Soygrits
45 1.8 (47.37) 0.85 (22.37) 1.7 (44.74) 0.7 (18.42) 2.52 (66.45)
35 2 (52.63) 0.65 (17.11) 2.25 (59.21) 0.45 (11.84) 2.75 (70.39)
28 2 (52.63) 0.75 (19.74) 2.07 (54.47) 0.7 (18.42) 2.75 (72.63)
Extrudate
45 2.5 (65.79) – 2.9 (76.32) – 2.70 (71.05)
35 2.7 (71.05) – 2.7 (71.05) – 2.70 (71.05)
28 2.6 (68.42) – 2.65 (69.74) – 2.60 (69.08)
Extrudate without hull
45 3.18 (71.14) – 3.21 (71.85) – 2.72 (71.48)
35 3.12 (69.80) – 3.05 (68.23) – 2.70 (69.02)
28 3.15 (70.47) – 3.2 (71.59) – 2.64 (71.03)

Quality of Soybean Oil

The quality of oil is one of the important criteria to make these plants for soybean oil
expression. Good quality expellend oil can be sold for edible purposes even only after
physical refining. Such physical refining can be done at oil expelling plant. The poorer
quality oil needs further chemical refining, and does not offer additional value to expeller
owners. The parameters considered for oil quality were free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide
value, and color. The oil color from soy grits was lighter, followed by extrudate, and the
color from whole soybean was dark. The FFA of oil from all the samples was below 1%,
however, in the case of extrudate it was around 0.5% as shown in Table 5. The data on
color was significantly different between whole soy, soy grits, and extruded, whereas, in
the case of FFA, whole soy and soy grits sample were on par and differed significantly

Table 5 Quality of oil obtained by mechanical expression.

Speed RPM FFA% Peroxide Value (PV) (meq/kg) Color

Whole Soybean
45 0.94 7.9 4.6R + 10.5Y + 1B
35 0.82 8 4.6R + 10.6Y + 1B
28 0.91 8.05 4.6R + 10Y + 1B
Soygrits
45 0.97 7.2 2.6R + 11Y
35 0.921 7.9 2.5R + 11Y + 1B
28 0.88 8.1 2.3R + 11Y + 1B
Extrudate
45 0.527 8.23 3.6R + 10Y
35 0.51 8.17 3.7R + 10Y
28 0.53 8 3.8R + 10Y
Commercial double refined sample 2.2Y + 0.9B
232 PATIL AND ALI

from extruded samples. It was found that extrusion pretreatment helped to stabilize the
FFA development. The FFA level increased as the degree of pretreatment level decreased.
The changes in screw speed did not have any significant effect on this property. The levels
of free fatty acids were low and were not objectionable, particularly as they were sixteen
or eighteen carbon fatty acids.
Peroxide value is another widely used tests for oxidative rancidity of oils. The perox-
ide value is a measure of the concentration of peroxides and hydroperoxides formed in the
initial stages of lipid oxidation. High peroxide values here at extrusion pretreatment, as well
as no treatment, may be the result of depletion of peroxides after reaching high concentra-
tions. The peroxide value was found to reduce with increase in screw speed. At lower screw
speeds, the peroxide value was lower at level 2 pretreatment, whereas at higher screw speed,
the peroxide value was higher with increase in severity of the pretreatment.

Quality of Cake Obtained

Since this process yielded two products, i.e., soy oil and cake, the quality of cake from
which medium fat soyflour was obtained was also very important. The quality parameters
for cake were protein, fat, and urease activity. The data on quality of cake has been given in
Table 6. The protein content of the cake was higher at lower speeds especially for whole
seeds because in whole seed crushing, the oil recovery was higher at low speeds thus
increasing apparent protein content of the cake. At severe pretreatment as that of extrusion
cooking, however, the protein content was found to increase with speed. The effect of pre-
treatment was more predominant at higher speeds than at lower speeds of the screw expeller.
It was observed that residual fat content was higher for the cake obtained from
crushing of whole seeds at higher screw speed. This was due to the fact that oil expression
was low at higher speed due to short residence time. The residual fat was found to
decrease with increase in the severity of the pretreatment. It was due to the fact that
increase in the degree of pretreatment helped breaking the oil globules effectively and
making available oil in the free state for mechanical expression.[2] The urease activity of
the extruded cake was 0.15 pH units, which indicated that treatment of extrusion followed
by expelling was sufficient to inactivate anti-nutrients. The protein and oil content of cake
were about 48% and 5% in extrusion expelled cake and hence it can be used for medium
fat soy flour.

Table 6 Quality of cake obtained by mechanical expression.

Speed RPM Moisture Content, wb Protein, % Fat,% Cake thickness (mm) Urease activity pH units

Whole Soybean
45 7 48 6 9.8 2.1
35 7.8 47.5 5.8 9.8 2.2
28 7.1 49 5.4 9.8 1.9
Soygrits
45 8.4 47 5.5 9.8 1.81
35 8.2 48.4 5.3 9.8 1.82
28 8.4 49.5 5.5 9.8 1.7
Extrudate
45 6.3 50 4.8 9.8 0.16
35 6.3 48 5 9.8 0.13
28 6 48.3 4.9 9.8 0.15
 EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL OIL EXPRESSION OF SOYBEAN 233

Response Surface Analysis and Response Optimization

The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to study the simultaneous effects of
screw speed and pre treatments on the performance of the expeller as well as product quality.
To carry out response surface modeling, the regression method was performed on experimen-
tal results to build mathematical models. The R S optimization function in Minitab 14 statisti-
cal package (Minitab Inc, PA) was used to fit the experimental data to polynomial equations.
The response surface methodology (RSM) has been used by many researchers to optimize the
parameters for product development such as mango soy fortified yogurt,[8] concentrated sweet
orange essential oil,[9] finalizing canning protocol for cowpeas,[10] and so on Fig. 1 shows the
surface plot of throughput capacity as effect of speed of expeller and pretreatment applied. The
throughput was found to be affected more by speed than pretreatment. As the severity of pre-
treatment increased, the throughput increased even at lower speeds. At higher speeds, however,
the throughput was not significantly different for all three pretreatments.
The surface graph for oil recovery, as an effect of pretreatment and speed of expeller
was as given in Fig. 2. It was found that oil recovery was negatively correlated with the
speed of the expeller and positively related to the degree of pretreatment. This showed that
oil expression was influenced by pressure applied for crushing and shearing as well as
time of holding.[11] The oil expression was followed in more than two passes when it was
not possible to express the oil in a single pass. The surface plot shown in Fig. 2 was for the
total oil recovery with multi passes.
The oil recovery comparison in single pass has been shown in Fig. 3. Similar to the
multi pass effect, the oil recovery was higher in a single pass at lower speeds. However, the
pretreatment effect showed increase in oil recovery with increase in the degree of pretreat-
ment. In the case of grits, the oil recovery in the single pass was found to reduce, compared
to the whole seed crushed in the expeller. This result was similar to the report by Crowe et
al.[3] It may be due to the fact that expeller performs the operations of crushing, as well as
squeezing. In the case of grits, the mixing of hulls with the finer particles might be causing
ineffective squeezing, compared to the whole seed crushing. However, this effect was found
to be nullified in the second pass due to the formation of smooth cake in the first pass.

140

120
Capacity, kg/h

100

3
80
2 Treatment
30 35 40 1
45
Speed, rpm

Figure 1 Surface plot of throughput capacity of mechanical oil expeller.

234 PATIL AND ALI

70.0

Oil recovery, %
67.5

3
65.0 2
Treatment
30
35 40 1
45
Speed, rpm

Figure 2 Surface plot of soybean oil recovery by multipass mechanical expression.

70

Oil recovery,% 60

50
3
40 2
24 Treatment
30 36 1
42
Speed, rpm

Figure 3 Surface plot of soybean oil recovery by single pass mechanical expression.

The quality of cake was determined after grinding for its suitability for edible pur-
poses. The criteria for this was the urease activity present in the cake. The presence of ure-
ase activity level also indicated the severity of the process. In the case of extrusion
combined with expelling, the friction and shear of the material caused a rise in tempera-
ture, which helped reduce the urease activity. The surface plot of the change in the urease
activity as effect of pretreatment and the expeller speed was as given in Fig. 4. The urease
activity was found to decrease significantly with the severity of pretreatment, whereas the
change in expeller speed did not have any effect.
The color of the oil, as an effect of pretreatment and screw speed, was as shown in
Fig. 5. It was seen that the screw speed did not have any effect on this parameter, whereas
the pretreatment were highly responsible for the color. It was observed, that the color of
oil obtained from the whole seed crushing was darker due to multi passes and the severity
 EFFECT OF PRE-TREATMENTS ON MECHANICAL OIL EXPRESSION OF SOYBEAN 235

Urease activity
1

3
0 2 Treatment
30 35
40 1
45
Speed, rpm

Figure 4 Surface plot of urease activity of cake obtained by mechanical expression.

4.8

4.0
Color of oil (R)

3.2

3
2.4
2 Treatment
30 35 40 1
45
Speed, rpm

Figure 5 Surface plot of color of soybean oil obtained by mechanical expression.

of crushing treatment required to express the oil. It developed the heat, and the tempera-
ture rose in the expeller; this caused the discoloration of oil, too. Similarly in the case of
extrusion pretreatment, the material had undergone heat treatment during extrusion and
also during expelling, hence the color change in the oil was significant. However the color
of the oil obtained from the middle level pretreatment of grits was lighter compared to
level 1 and level 3 pre treatments.
By taking into consideration the oil expression efficiency, the quality of oil, and
quality of cake, the response optimization analysis was conducted to determine the most
optimum operating conditions for expelling soybean oil using the commercial oil expeller.
For response analysis purposes, the data on capacity, oil recovery, and urease activity
were only considered. The target values of capacity, oil recovery, and urease activity were
140 kg/h, 70%, 0.15, respectively. The optimum conditions for getting maximum oil
236 PATIL AND ALI

expression and better quality of natural soybean oil were the screw speed at 45 rpm and
the pretreatment level at 3, which was extrusion pretreatment. The optimized dependent
variables at this condition were estimated as capacity 103 kg/h, oil recovery of 70.5%, and
urease activity of 0.15.

CONCLUSIONS
The experiments were conducted to see the effects of pretreatments and screw speed
on oil expression by commercial screw presses. The throughput capacity of the expeller
was found to be affected more by speed than pretreatment. As the severity of pretreatment
increased, the throughput increased even at lower speeds. At higher speeds, however, the
throughput was not significantly different for all three pretreatments. It was found that oil
recovery was negatively correlated with the speed of the expeller and positively related to
the degree of pretreatment. The urease activity was found to decrease significantly with
the severity of pretreatment, whereas change in speed of expelling did not have any effect.
It was seen that the screw speed did not have any effect on the color, whereas the pretreat-
ment steps were highly responsible for change in color of oil. The optimum conditions for
getting maximum oil expression and better quality of natural soybean oil by commercial
oil expeller were the screw speed at 45 rpm, and the extrusion as a pretreatment. The opti-
mized dependent variables at this condition were estimated as capacity 103 kg/h, oil
recovery of 70.5%, and urease activity of 0.15.

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