Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISBN
December 13th
- 9,00 - 10,00 – participants’ registration and welcome;
- 10,00 - 11,30 - official opening and plenary session;
- 11,30 – 13,00 - coffee break;
- 13,00 – 13,30 - plenary session;
- 13,30 – 15,00 - break;
- 15,00 – 17,00 - section sessions;
December 14th
- 9,30 – 11,00 - section sessions;
-11,00 – 11,30 - coffee break;
- 11,30 - 13,30 - plenary meeting; conclusions.
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Assoc. prof. Olga Pugacheva, PhD - Gomel State University named after
Francisk Skorina, Republic of Belarus
Assoc. prof. Ioan Ștefan Sacală, PhD - „Politehnica” University of
Bucharest, Romania
Assoc. prof. ec. Adrian Şimon, PhD - University of Medicine, Pharmacy,
Sciences and Technology of Tîrgu-Mureş, Romania
Assoc. prof. Alexandra Tkacenko, PhD - Moldova State University
Assoc. prof. Anca-Mihaela Teau, PhD - “ARTIFEX” University of
Bucharest
Lecturer Dan Ioan Topor, PhD - Faculty of Economic Sciences, 1
Decembrie 1918 University, Alba-Iulia, Romania
Lecturer Dana Maria (Oprea) Constantin, PhD - Faculty of Geography,
University of Bucharest, Romania
Lecturer Andreea Marin-Pantelescu, PhD - The Bucharest University of
Economic Studies, Romania
Lecturer Alina Georgiana Solomon, PhD - Dimitrie Cantemir Christian
University, Bucharest, Romania
Lecturer Mirela Cătălina Türkes, PhD - Dimitrie Cantemir Christian
University, Bucharest, Romania
Lecturer Ileana Sorina Rakos, PhD - University of Petroșani, Romania
Assist. prof. Cristina Mihaela Sâmboan, PhD - “ARTIFEX” University of
Bucharest
CUPRINS / TABLE OF CONTENTS
COMPORTAMENTUL DE CUMPĂRARE AL
CONSUMATORILOR DE PRODUSE AGROALIMENTARE ......... 474
Sorin GRESOI
Amelia DIACONU
Roxana PATRASCU
CONCEPTION OF REGIONAL-INFORMATIONAL
DEPRECIATION POLICY PROTECTION ........................................ 666
Valeriy ZHUK
Dar`ya TRACHOVA
Abstract
This article emphasizes the fact that, from a macroeconomic
perspective, the model of budget policy management raises some significant
challenges. First one, the pro-cyclic nature of the budget policy which, in
our opinion, displays a risk for prudential management of the
macroeconomic policies in the context of the current mature economic cycle
and of the transition towards the deceleration of the economic growth. At a
time of economic expansion when Romania faces a surplus of the demand
that cannot be covered by domestic supply, and a job deficit, the danger of
accelerated inflation increases. In such context, the lack of a fiscal
consolidation in the favorable stages of the economic cycle limits the
flexibility of the governmental policies that should stimulate the economy. In
this case, a restructuring of the public debt, including social debt and
investments, becomes imminent.
Key words: macroeconomic policy, budget execution, current
account, expected duration of working life, foreign direct investments
JEL Classification: E03, E60, H30, H60, O11
Table no. 1 Comparative evolution of the budget deficit for the first 9
months in 2017 and 2018
Month
Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep.
Balance 2017
+0.37 +0.05 +0.19 +0.17 -0.27 -0.77 -0.60 -0.76 -0.79
(%GDP)
Balance 2018
+0.21 -0.59 -0.48 -0.65 -0.88 -1.61 -1.26 -1.54 -1.77
(%GDP)
Modification
of balance
+0.37 -0.32 +0.14 -0.02 -0.44 -0.50 +0.17 -0.16 -0.03
2017
(%GDP)
Modification
of balance
+0.21 -0.80 +0.09 -0.17 -0.27 -0.73 +0.35 -0.28 -0.23
2018
(%GDP)
Source: Ministry of Public Finance data processing
The growth ratio of the budget (+13.6%, slightly decreasing after the
13.7% in the first 8 months) was triple as against the economic growth
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22 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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estimated for the first half of the year (4.1% gross). Unfortunately, expenses
increased 4.5 times (18.4%), hence their contribution to the increased
budget deficit. Although the tax collection increased with 24.5 billion lei
(from 21% of the GDP to 21.7% of the GDP), public expenditure increased
with 34.5 billion lei (from 21.8% of the GDP to 23.5% of the GDP). The
increased deficit appears to be due exclusively to the expenditure increase,
not to revenue increase. Tax on profit is the only significant category of
budgetary income where its nominal increase did not cover the inflation. For
a nominal increase of only 3% and an annual inflation of over 5% in
September 2018, a significant decrease of the tax on profit to the budget
took place (from 5.9% to 5.3% of the total collected funds).
The consolidated general budget shows a budget deficit above the
total deficit (-2.62% that as over 47%, as nominal value) and an increased
compensation of the traditional surplus of local budgets, a surplus that
increased in September 2018 to 2 billion lei.
To add the sudden increased (2.5 times in the last month) of the
surplus of the institutions fully or partially self-funded, to over 1.5 billion
or 0.16% of the GDP, meant to improve the overall deficit.
Table no. 2 Budget results for the first 9 months in 2018 (million lei)
Budget Revenue Expenditure Surplus / Deficit
mil. lei mil. lei mil. lei % of GDP
Consolidated general
204,953.9 221,719.6 -16,765.7 -1.77
budget, out of which:
State budget 93,620.9 118,363.7 -24,724.8 -2.62
Local budget 52,421.1 50,504.2 1,916.9 +0.20
Budgets of public institutions,
20,146.8 18,645.3 1,501.5 +0.16
fully or partially self-funded
Budget of social insurance 47,905.8 48,076.6 -170.8 -0.018
Source: Ministry of Public Finance data processing
The subsidies needed from the state budget to ensure the funds
needed to the social insurance budget (for pensions) increased with 4.77
billion lei, while the funds allocated for health (used also by the individuals
who receive pensions) remained at the level of the previous month (0.8
billion lei).
37% of the 26.4 billion lei more as against the same period of 2017
were spent to supplement the payments of the public servants and social
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assistance, while less than a quarter was allocated as extra for projects with
non-reimbursable foreign funds, capital expenditure, goods and services.
To note that the interest payments were almost 10 billion de lei, 1/5
more than in the same period in 2017 (although the public debt decreased
below 35% of the GDP). It is the effect of the increased costs resulted from
accumulated payments that became due under less favourable
circumstances. The extra 24 billion lei collected by the state were spent on
staff expenditure (almost 13 billion lei more), social assistance (8.5 billion
lei more). More than 6 billion lei were spent on capital expenditure, goods
and services, and only 1.5 billion lei more on projects with non-
reimbursable foreign funds (which should have enjoyed maximal priority),
less than the plus for interest payments.
the population’s income, increased with almost 20%. The sectorial balance
decreased with +68%, from -559 million euro to -939 million euro.
The deficit recorded at the beginning of the year by the primary
revenue (from work, direct investments, portfolio and other investments, as
well as other primary revenue such as taxes or subsidies) decreased with 124
million euro (3% as against the same period in 2017), but less than a half of
the previous month, which contributed to an increased negative balance of
the current account.
Unfortunately, regarding the secondary revenue, where we find the
amounts transferred by Romanians who work abroad, the positive balance
decreased significantly, with -282 million euro. While the funds sent to
Romania decreased (from 3,277 million euro to 3,017 million euro), the
funds sent from Romania increased (from 1,431 million euro to 1,453
million euro). The balance of the long term deposits of non-residents were
above the level of 2017: 2,485 million euro on 31.09.2018 as against 2,468
million euro on 31.12.2017. Their corresponding foreign debt was approx.
1.2 billion euro.
The FDI were between January-September 2018 with 6% less than
the same period in 2017 (3,517 million euro as against 3,731 million euro).
Capital participations (including the net estimated reinvested profit) were
3,152 million euro, and the intra-group loans were 365 million euro.
The total foreign debt increased after the first 9 months of 2018 with
only 634 million euro (+0.65%) as against the level at the end of 2017,
namely 98 billion euro. While the medium and long term debt decreased
with 0.6%, the short term debt increased with 3.6%. The payments
corresponding to the debt exceeded 44 billion euro.
The medium and long term foreign debt was 20.8%, decreasing as
against the previous month and below the 25% in 2017 (less than the 30% at
the end of 2016). The coverage of the imports of goods
and services remained at 4.7 months, below the level of 2017 (5.4 months)
and below the theoretical recommendation of 6 months.
Table no. 6 Evolution of the coverage of the short term foreign debt,
calculated at residual value
December December December August
Month
2015 2016 2017 2018
Coverage (%) 97.9 90.5 79.0 72.6
Source: National Bank of Romania
Modification % current
Trade month as against the same
Month Export Import
deficit month in 2017
Export Import
July 2018 5,900.5 7,173.2 -1,272.7 +12.9% +15.4%
August 2018 5,132.4 6,525.6 -1,393.2 +4.3% +9.0%
September 2018 5,839.4 6,810.3 -970.9 +5.1% +3.4%
Source: National Institute of Statistics data processing
was similar with 2.28 billion euro. The major difference between the 2
segments can be found in the coverage of 88% in the first case and only
49% in the second case.
Other 1.36 billion euro, which we could have been better off
without, to balance the foreign deficit, come from the food industry. Despite
the climate and the competitive advantages of the raw materials, the food
industry did not manage to cover the domestic demand for which the
imported products worked better.
Table no. 13 Evolution of the turnover of the FDI companies and the
average number of employees in these companies between 2009-2017
Year Turnover Number of employees
(mil. euro) (thousands of people)
2009 116,422 1,138
2010 122,158 1,126
2011 137,498 1,149
2012 139,610 1,169
2013 142,202 1,147
2014 141,505 1,184
2015 143,868 1,228
2016 148,364 1,264
2017 164,805 1,309
Source: National Bank of Romania, FDIs in Romania in 2017.
http://www.bnr.ro/PublicationDocuments.aspx?icid=9403
Per total, the net revenue of the FDIs in Romania last year was 5,877
million euro, 16% more than in 2016. It resulted from the net profit of 5,259
million euro (+23%) and the net revenue from interests received for loans
given by mother-companies to their companies in Romania, of 618 million
euro (-21%).
To note also the importance of the FDI companies in terms of
foreign trade, with 73.4% of the export and 66.0% of the import, values with
marginal decrease as against 2016. These weights were balanced by the
processing industry, with 79.8% of the export and 80.5% of the import. The
maximal values were in the machinery, tools and equipment (93.1%, and
89.8%, respectively), dominated by the foreign capital.
The net revenue resulted from FDIs in Romania were 13% of the
GDP in 2017. As against the accumulated balance of 40.2% of the GDP,
remarkable profitability results, which should make us think about the to-
and-fro effects in economy.
4. Conclusions
An analysis of the budget execution for the first 9 months in 2018
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Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
36 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th-14th, 2018
indicates a deficit of 16.8 billion lei (1.77% of the GDP). As against the
GDP, it exceeds more than twice the deficit in the same period of 2017, with
6.8 billion lei (0.79% of the GDP). That 2017 ended with a deficit of 2.88%,
close to the maximal level of 3% of the GDP stipulated by the Maastricht
treaty confirms the concern regarding the risks to fail to comply with the
budget deficit target for 2018, even if the investment plans for the current
year are fulfilled.
The reduction of the planned expenditure remains a mechanism to
control the budget deficit. The mechanisms of control the most used are
reduction of planned expenditure, including from investments, despite the
negative impact that the limitation of such allocations have upon the real
and potential economic growth.
The analysis of the first 9 months of 2018, expenditure for
investments, including capital expenditure, and expenditure corresponding
to the development programs funded from domestic and foreign sources
were 15.2 billion lei. Although with 25.7% higher than in the same period in
2017, as against the investments planned for this year of 38.5 billion lei
(4.2% of the GDP), the implementation in the first 9 months of only 39.5%
(1.6% of the GDP).
A long term sustainable economic growth cannot be achieved
without real commitment for investments and structural reforms that could
increase the impact of investments in economy and society in general,
through strengthened capacity of the public institutions and through
enhanced quality of the public expenditure.
There is a need to use the investments as an active tool for
sustainable economic growth by replacing the model of economic growth
based on consumption with policies oriented towards competitiveness and
systematic development of the capital, in all its forms.
Practically, no matter how much „financial engineering”, the due
date of the original economic policy to increase social benefits on a large
scale and to cut taxes (a sort of left-right policy, painfully paid by those
caught in the middle, especially the middle class, small entrepreneurs and
people at the beginning of their career and private life) will implacably
come.
Undoubtedly, the fact that the balanced mix of macroeconomic
policies and the implementation of structural reforms meant to stimulate the
long term growth potential are essential to preserve the macroeconomic
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References
[1]. Barbu, C. M., 2018. Romania’s macroeconomic Status quo at the
Beginning of 2018, ARTECO Journal. Socio-Economic Researches
and Studies, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 5–13.
[2]. Christiano, L., Eichenbaum, M. and Rebelo, S., 2011. When Is the
Government Spending Multiplier Large?, Journal of Political
Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 119 (1), pp. 78-121.
[3]. International Monetary Fund, 2017. Annual Report 2017. Promoting
Includinge Growth, [Online] Available at:
https://www.imf.org/external /pubs/ft/ar/2017/eng/pdfs/IMF-AR17-
English.pdf [Accessed 17 November, 2018].
[4]. Jordà, Ò. and Taylor, A. M., 2016. The Time for Austerity: Estimating
the Average Treatment Effect of Fiscal Policy, The Economic Journal,
Wiley Online Library, vol. 126 (590), pp. 219-255.
[5]. Musgrave, R.A.,1959. The Theory of Public Finance, McGraw Hill,
New York.
[6]. Woodford, M., 2011. Simple Analytics of the Government
Expenditure Multiplier, American Economic Journal:
Macroeconomics, American Economic Association, vol. 3 (1), pp. 1-
35, January.
[7]. Eurostat database, 2018. Duration of working life – statistics. [Online]
Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-
explained/index.php /Duration_of_working_life_-
statistics#Development_over_the_period_2000_-_2017, [Accessed 17
November, 2018].
[8]. Ministry of Public Finance - http://www.mfinante.gov.ro.
[9]. National Bank of Romania, 2018. Investmentsle străine directe în
Romania în Year 2017. [Online] Available at:
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
38 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th-14th, 2018
Gennadiy KORSHUNOV
PhD in Sociology, Associate Professor
Institute of Sociology of the
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
korshunov@socio/bas-net.by
Valery GONCHAROV
PhD in Economic,
Center for System Analysis and Strategic Studies
of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
vv_go@tut.by
Abstract
The article describes the experience of scientists of the Republic of
Belarus in the development of strategic approaches to the forecasting and
development of science and technology at the state level. As a large-scale
document, this experience is embodied in the approved Science and
Technology Strategy 2018-2040. The article presents the maxims and
imperatives of the developed Strategy, the priorities scientific and
technological development of the country, the model vision of the results of
the implementation of the Strategy and the stages of this implementation.
Key words: Belarus, forecasting, model, scientific and technical
development, digitalization, neo-industrial complex
JEL Classification: L52
Octavian BURCIN
Prof. univ. Dr., col (r)
Daniel ENE
Lect. univ. Dr., av.
Abstract
The formation of Great Romania, century lasting aspiration of the
Romanian people gave rise to a paramount event for the destiny of the
Romanian nation, marking the ending of one era and the entry into a new
era in its historic evolution. From a legal standpoint, in order to secure the
necessary bonding between the political and juridical factor, the first topic
developed after the Great Union was entirely oriented to the legislative
unification. This process lasted for a long period of time, even reached the
dawn of World War II. The legislative unification was summoned for in
order to overcomethe longstanding legal system of the old kingdom and
legislations existing within the vast Romanian provinces that have joined
the mother country.
Key words: law, legislative unification, constitution, legal regime,
unitary national state, rights and liberties, unique special laws, control of
law constitutionality constituționalității legilor.
1
Academia Română, Istoria Românilor, vol. VIII, România Întregită (1918-1940),
coordonator Ioan Scurtu, București, Editura Enciclopedică, 2003, p. 75 și urm.
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7
Emil Cernea, Emil Molcuț, Istoria statului și dreptului românesc, Ed. Universul juridic,
București, 2006, p. 317.
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8
Monitorul Oficial nr. 282 din 29 martie 1923
9
I. Moraru, Constituția României, 1980, p. 29; Drept constituțional, București, 1987, p. 83.
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48 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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și publica ideile și opiniile prin viu grai, prin scris și prin presă, libertatea
muncii, secretul scrisorilor, telegramelor și convorbirile telefonice etc. 10
În Constituție erau înscrise articole referitoare la proprietate 11. Spre
deosebire de Constituția din 1866, care prevedea că proprietatea de orice
natură, precum și toate creanțele asupra statului „sunt sacre și inviolabile”
(art. 19) noua lege fundamentală stabilea: „Proprietatea de orce natură,
precum și creanțele asupra statului sunt garantate” (art. 17). Cu alte cuvinte
se renunța la principiul proprietății „sacre”. O prevedere nouă față de
Constituția din 1866 era inclusă în art. 19: „Zăcămintele miniere, precum și
bogățiile de orice natură ale subsolului sunt proprietatea statului”. Se
menționa că o lege specială a minelor va determina normele și condițiile de
punere în valoare a acestor bunuri. Totodată, Constituția prevedea că spațiul
atmosferic, căile de comunicație, apele navigabile și flotabile „sunt de
domeniu public”. Statul putea interveni, prin legi, în raporturile dintre
factorii de producție (patron și lucrători) pentru a preveni conflictele
economice sau sociale.
Constituția din 1923, care de fapt prelua textul legii fundamentale
din 1866, prevedea la art. 33: „Toate puterile statului emană de la națiune,
care nu le poate exercita decât numai prin delegațiune și după principiile și
regulile așezate în Constituți de față”. Ea avea la bază principiul separării
puterilor în stat: puterea legislative, puterea executivă și puterea
judecătorească.
După 1918 s-a menținut Parlamentul bicameral, dar au survenit
importante modificări în privința modului de alegere a acestuia, ca urmare a
introducerii votului universal.
Justiția era cea de-a treia putere în stat.
Potrivit art. 40 din Constituție, puterea judecătorească se exercita de
organele ei, iar hotărârile ei se pronunță în virtute a legii și se execută în
numele regelui.
Există o singură Curte de Casație și Justiție care avea dreptul să
judece constituționalitatea legilor. Judecătorii erau inamovibili.
10
I. Scurtu, Caracteristicile regimului politic din România în perioada posbelică, Studii și
articole de istorie, XLI - XLII, 1980
11
Șt. Zeletir, Neoliberalismul. Studii asupra istoriei și politicii burgheziei române,
București, 1927, p.93.
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
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15
C. Hamangiu, XII-XIV, p. 954 și 1225
16
C. Hamangiu, XI-XII, p. 154
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Vladimir KRAGULJAC
M.Sc. dipl. ing.
Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism
University of Kragujevac, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia
vladimir.kraguljac@kg.ac.rs*
Marijana SEOČANAC
M.Sc.
Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism
University of Kragujevac, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia
marijanaseocanac@gmail.com
Danko MILAŠINOVIĆ
Ph.D.
Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism
University of Kragujevac, Vrnjačka Banja, Serbia
BioIRC, Bioengineering Research
and Development Center, Kragujevac, SERBIA
dmilashinovic@kg.ac.rs
Abstract
Information systems are backbone of contemporary business for a
several decades. Role of a modern manager is crucial for success in
business. That is why it is of strategic importance to have appropriate
education of future managers in this field. This should be realized
adequately on all levels of manager education. This study provides a brief
overview of our experiences in this field. Experiences of students, business
professionals, and teachers are provided in order to give better insights.
Key words: Information systems education, ICT, Manager
education, Tourism and hospitality
JEL Classification: I20
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Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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54 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th-14th, 2018
Introduction
Information systems are developed in order to assist in creating,
storing, sharing, and using information [1]. Information systems can be
defined as a set of interconnected components that are used to collect,
process, store and distribute information in order to support decision making
process, coordination and control in organizations. [2]
According to Patterson, the information system is a group of
interconnected components that work on the execution of a series of
functions in order to convert data into information that can be used as
support in the prediction, planning, control, coordination, decision - making
and operational activities of an organization. [3]
A series of functions performed by all information systems can be
classified as follows: [7]
Data Collection → Storage → Data Processing → Information
Distribution.
Therefore, the purpose of the information system is to collect data
and, after the necessary transformations, provide information that will be
available to those members of the company for whom this information is
necessary. [4]
Information systems can be of great help to managers and workers in
analyzing problems and creating new products as they provide information
about important people, places, and things within the organization or in its
environment. [5] [6] For this reason, companies or organizations are
developing information systems that serve as assistance in carrying out the
tasks for which they are designed. [7] For example, hospitals usually do
have a medical documentation system, all sorts of companies have a system
that keeps book of payments, travel agencies have a system that stores
information about travel arrangements, hotel systems keep information
about guests and so on.
As contemporary information systems of companies have to deal
with a large collections of data and provide information structured in
different ways for multiple decision makers in the company. [7] The main
function of information systems is to facilitate and shorten the decision-
making process. [8] [9] That is why these systems have become a
fundamental aspect in the management of both large and small companies.
[7] A well-designed information system is therefore seen as one of the
prerequisites for creating a competitive advantage.
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th-14th, 2018
according to user requirements. That is why the time we live in is the time
of the information systems. [17]
Within the subject of Information and Communication Technology
in hotel industry and tourism students have the opportunity to get acquainted
with basic concepts related to information systems. In order to obtain a more
comprehensive picture of information systems, the following five fields are
covered:
• Introduction to information and communication technologies;
• The concept of the information system;
• Architecture of the information system;
• Stakeholders in the development of the information system;
• Process of the information system development.
Databases
Databases and database systems are observed as an essential
component of life in modern society. Elmasri and Navathe stated that most
of the people encounter several activities every day that involve some
interaction with a database. For example, if someone make a hotel or airline
reservation, if access a computerized library catalog to search for a
bibliographic item, or if purchase something online – such as a book, toy, or
computer – chances are that this activities will involve someone or some
computer program accessing a database. Even purchasing items at a
supermarket often automatically updates the database that holds the
inventory of grocery items. This leads to the fact that databases play a
critical role in almost all areas where computers are used, including
business, electronic commerce, engineering, medicine, law, education, and
library science.[18]
Through the subject of Information and Communication Technology
in hotel management and tourism students can gain insight into basic
concepts related to databases, such as:
• Method of working with the database;
• Relational databases and their characteristics;
• Basic characteristics of object databases;
• Database design;
• Redundancy elimination;
• Keys;
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• Normal forms.
Microsoft Access, one of the programs in the Microsoft Office
software package, is used to help students understand the basics of
databases. The main reasons why this program is most suitable for this
purpose are: [16]
− Students are familiar with user interface, because they are already
familiar with the other programs in the Microsoft Office software package
(Microsoft Word, PowerPoint and Excel - studied in the first year of the
undergraduate academic studies at the teaching course of Business
Informatics).
− Microsoft Access presents overall solution that makes it possible
to learn all aspects of working with databases - Design tables and their
interconnections, making queries, forms and reports.
First, students learn the basics of database design and the Entity-
Relationship model, and then they do concrete ways to implement database
by creating tables and establishing links between them. After that, students
create forms, queries and reports - which are related to their future
profession. Tasks are adjusted to the fact that this is an area with which
students have not had any contact in their education so far. After the
theoretical part, which they learn in lectures and practical work on exercises,
they usually manage to satisfactory overcome this part of curriculum. [16]
3. Research findings
In order to gain insight into the students' attitudes about the actual
applicability and usefulness of what is learned on the course of Information
and Communication Technologies in Hospitality and Tourism, research was
conducted. The focus was on students who finished the fourth year of
undergraduate studies at the Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in
Vrnjacka Banja.
The research was conducted in November 2018 using the survey
which contained a total of six questions related to information and
communication technologies in hotel industry and tourism. The survey was
sent to students via email.
The survey has been compiled to include three important
components:
• Student experience with information system in practice;
• The connection between what is learned in the lectures and what
is happening in practice;
• Their opinion about importance of information and
communication technologies for their profession.
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often used the information system for hotel operations, while the least used
web CMS (Figure 3).
Figure 5. How much are the material and practical exercises, which are
applied in the subject of Information and Communication Technologies
in Hospitality and Tourism, current and related to the information
system that you have used in the above mentioned facility?
Source: Research by the authors
It can be seen that most students recognize the link between teaching
and practice in the work environment. Also, it is noticeable that there is a lot
of space for improvements in teaching.
5. How much did the knowledge gained in the subject of
Information and Communication Technologies in Hospitality and
Tourism facilitate your understanding and use of the information
system?
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One of the very important parts of this survey is to gain insight into
how much the knowledge and skills that students learned in the teaching
course, really helped them in a business environment. A total of 24.6% of
students stated that the acquired knowledge in the subject of Information
and Communication Technologies in Hospitality and Tourism completely
facilitated the understanding and use of the information system, while only
three students (or 5.3%) stated that it was not easier at all (Figure 6).
Conclusion
Information and communication technologies changed the world we
live in. Business environment is changed in the last several decades as well
due to the same. Using the infrastructure of contemporary computer
networks and communication technologies in general Information systems
became more usable than ever before.
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Acknowledgements
This study is partially funded by Ministry of Education, Science and
Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, project ON 174028.
References
[1]. Ling, L. S. (2015). Measuring Framework for Information System
Evaluation. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences,Vol. 9,
Issue 22. 56-62.
[2]. Laudon, K. C., Laudon, J. P. (2006). Management Information
Systems: Managing the Digital Firm, 9th ed. Prentice Hall.
[3]. Patterson, A. (2005). Information Systems – Using Information.
Learning and Teaching Scotland.
[4]. Menguzzato, M., Renau, J. J. (1991). La dirección estratégica de la
empresa. Ed. Ariel, Barcelona.
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Abstract
The man was born. Became the consumer and manufacturer. For a
long time was the consumer, producer and seller. Social Division of labor
made to be placed facing the manufacturer/retailer and consumer. In order
to facilitate this relationship, the producer/seller, was used in evolutionary
mode, brand, brand and conectiv brand. Through branded an attempt was
made to differentiate products and to ensure quality standards. By brand, an
attempt was made to link the producer consumer emotional through product
or service. Through conectiv brand, in effect, attempting to establish
sustainable relations between the manufacturer, the competitive
environment and all institutional factors involved in surveillance of the
sustainable development of society. As such, the brand is the creation of
conectiv manufacturer, agreed not only to consumers but also for the whole
society. And the future belongs to such creations.
Key words: product, service, consumer, producer, trademark,
brand, branding, connective, sustainable, durable.
Introducere
De-a lungul istoriei, producătorii au dorit să stabilească relații
privilegiate cu consumatorii.
La începuturi, pentru a ușura alegerea și a garanta calitatea
produselor, aceștia au apelat la ajutorul mărcii. Apoi, au apelat la brand,
adică au generat relații emoționale între producător /produs și consumatorii
fideli. În contemporaneitate, producătorii au ajuns la concluzia că nu mai
sunt suficiente relațiile privilegiate dintre producător și consumator, dintre
produs și consum, ci sunt necesare eforturi prin care produsele sunt agreate
de întreaga societate, prin respectarea principiilor de dezvoltare durabilă.
Aceasta este tendința actuală, care marchează trecerea de la brand la
branding, și de la branding la branding conectiv, ceea ce se încearcă să se
arte în conținutul prezentei comunicări.
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Literatură review
1 De la produs la brand. Economiștii sunt de acord cu afirmațiile
care susțin că omul s-a născut consumator. Pentru a putea trăi, acesta s-a
îndreptat spre natură și și-a însușit produse oferite de aceasta. Este lesne de
înțeles că, pentru a intra în posesia ofertelor naturii, omul trebuia să depună
eforturi deosebite de căutare, recoltare, vânare, transport, conservare,
transformare etc. Pentru a-și susține consumul, cu timpul, omul a început să
copieze natura și să producă el, în apropierea entităților sociale, cultivând
diferite plante, crescând animale etc. Astfel, omul a început să consume din
ce în ce mai mult bunuri produse de el, devenind, în același timp,
consumator și producător. Ca producător, omul și-a dat seama că nu se poate
lua la întrecere cu natura, și a început să producă din ce în ce mai bine
anumite produse, proces ce a stat la baza apariției și dezvoltării diviziunii
sociale a muncii. Când acesta a produs mai mult decât strictul necesar
pentru consumul propriu, surplusul a început să fie valorificat prin schimb,
moment în care consumatorul și producătorul a mai căpătat o calitate
importantă, aceea de vânzător. Nevoile de consum au impus noi dimensiuni
ale producției și vânzărilor. În procesul gândirii, odată cu diversificarea
consumului și ofertei, s-au impus și noțiuni de maximă generalizare, în
rândurile cărora chiar antichitatea a consemnat noțiunile produs, consum,
schimb, comerț, piață, alimente, băutură, îmbrăcăminte, încălțăminte etc.
Dacă la începuturi produsul avea preponderent un nume comun, ca:
sare, apă, carne, cartofi, legume etc., în actualitate, ca noțiune de maximă
generalizare, prin produs se înțelege un „bun sau un serviciu rezultat din
activitatea economică, destinat satisfacerii directe sau indirecte a unei nevoi.
Este sinonim cu bun economic în sens larg. Poate fă clasificat în mai multe
grupe după criterii corespunzătoare. Astfel, după modul în care circulă în
economie există: a) produs marfă și b) produs nemarfă. După gradul de
transformare la care a fost supus există: a) produs brut – care se obține direct
din activități agricole sau miniere, numit și produs primar, b) produs
manufacturat – care a suportat transformări prin procese cu caracter
industrial; c) produs semifinit – care a suferit o primă transformare și este
destinat să intre în componența unui produs finit; d) produs finit – care este
utilizat ca atare, fără să mai suporte altă transformare.‟ 1 . Pentru Philip
1
Niță Dobrotă, coordonator, Dicționar d economie, Editura Economică, București, 1999, p.
371-372
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Kotler, produsul este definit ca fiind „orice lucru care poate fi oferit unei
piețe pentru a i se acorda atenție, a fi achiziționat, utilizat sau consumat și
care ar putea satisface o dorință sau o nevoie….Consumatorii văd produsele
ca pe un ansamblu de avantaje care le satisfac nevoile. Când dezvoltă
produse, marketerii trebuie mai întâi să identifice nevoile de bază ale
consumatorului pe care le satisface produsul. Apoi ei trebuie să conceapă
produsul efectiv și să găsească modalități de a-l augmenta, pentru a crea
combinația de avantaje care vor asigura cea mai satisfăcătoare experiență
pentru client. 2
Pe măsură ce oferta de produse a devenit din ce în ce mai mare,
pentru a se identifica mai ușor de către consumatori produsele caracterizate
de o anumită calitate în raport cu celelalte, produsele destinate pieții au
început să fie însoțite de semne distinctive sau de denumiri aparte, ceea ce a
consemnat apariția mărcilor, înțelese ca fiind „semn distinctiv folosit de
unitățile producătoare..pentru a-l ajuta pe consumator să deosebească
produsele, lucrările, serviciile lor de cele identice sau similare ale altor
unități din țară sau străinătate. În funcție de specificul bunului și de
imaginația producătorului, marca se poate constitui din: unul sau mai multe
cuvinte, diferite nume, litere, emblemă, desene, reprezentări grafice, plane
sau în relief, monograme, semnături etc. Prin marca fabricii se garantează
parametri calitativi prevăzuți în certificatul de marcă. Totodată, în măsura în
care marca fabricii este înregistrată, autoritățile în drept o protejează în
raport cu diverși concurenți neloiali.‟ 3 Pentru Peter Fisk,„La început,
mărcile au fost niște semne ale proprietății. Astăzi însă, contează mai mult
ceea ce fac ele pentru oameni, felul în care-i reprezintă și îi stimulează, felul
în care le definesc aspirațiile și le permit să facă mai multe. Mărcile
puternice pot determina succesul pe piețele comerciale și financiare,
devenind chiar cele mai valoroase active ale unei organizații….O marcă
valoroasă este cea pentru care vrei să lucrezi o viață întreagă, cea în care ai
încredere și pe care o păstrezi în vreme ce totul în jur se schimbă, cea care te
definește ca persoană sau care vrei să te definească, cea care-ți permite să
faci ceea ce altfel n-ai putea face….Mărcile îi atrag și îi rețin pe clienții cei
mai buni și, drept urmare, permit practicarea unui preț mai mare, generează
2
Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, Principiile marketingului, Editura Teora, București, 2004,
p. 400-405
3
Niță Dobrotă, op. cit., p. 287-288
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vânzări mai mari, îi fac pe oameni să cumpere mai des. Aceasta duce la
creșterea profiturilor și sporește certitudinea veniturilor viitoare.. de fapt,
mărcile devin cel mai semnificativ determinant al valorii pentru acționar,
active intangibile incredibil de valoroase, care sporesc volumul și
probabilitatea profiturilor viitoare.‟ 4
La rândul său, Philip Kotler, apreciază că „O marcă este un nume,
un termen, un semn, un simbol, un design sau o combinație între toate
aceste elemente, prin intermediul căreia se identifică producătorul sau
vânzătorul unui produs sau serviciu. Consumatorii văd în marcă un element
important al produsului, iar utilizarea unei mărci comerciale poate adăuga
valoare unui produs. …Mărcile sunt mai mult decât simple denumiri și
simboluri. Mărcile reprezintă percepțiile și sentimentele consumatorilor în
legătură cu un produs și cu performanța acestuia – tot ceea ce înseamnă
produsul sau serviciul pentru consumatori…prin urmare, adevărata valoare
a unei mărci puternice este capacitatea ei de a capta preferința și fidelitatea
consumatorilor. ..Valoarea d capital a unei mărci este efectul de diferențiere
pozitivă pe care îl are cunoașterea numelui mărcii asupra reacției asupra
produsului sau serviciului în cauză. 5
Din momentul în care mărcile au devenit irelevante, deoarece pentru
același produs se luptau foarte multe mărci, care se diferențiau în mod
nesemnificativ pentru cumpărător, producătorii și comercianții au început să
se preocupe de gestionarea brandurilor. Astfel, dacă până către sfârșitul
secolului XX, marketingul s-a concentrat pe corelația produs, marcă și brand,
de la începutul mileniului trei, teoria și practica marketingului acordă o mare
atenție corelației brand, branding și, mai nou, branding conectiv.
2. De la brand la branding conectiv. În acest sens, Allen Adamson,
specialist în definirea, cultivarea și lansarea de branduri definește brandul ca
fiind „ceva care trăiește în capul dumneavoastră. Este o promisiune care
leagă un produs sau un serviciu de consumator. Fie că este vorba despre
cuvinte, imagini sau emoții sau orice combinație a celor trei, brandurile
reprezintă asociații mentale care se activează în momentul în care vă gândiți
sau auziți despre o anumită mașină sau un anumit aparat foto, ceas, pereche
de blugi, bancă, băutură, rețea tv, organizație sau chiar țară‟ 6 Pentru el,
4
Peter Fisc, Geniu în marketing, Editura Meteor Press, București, 2008, p. 150- 157
5
Philip Kotler, Neil Armstrong, op. cit., p. 413-421
6
Allen P. Adamson, Brand Simple, Editura Publica, București, 2010, p. 33
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7
Ibidem, p. 16
8
Ibidem, p. 20-21
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9
William J. McEwen, Forța brandului, Editura Allfa, București, 2008, p.25-29
10
Allen P. Adamson, op. cit., p. 53-55
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11
Claudia Fisher-Buttinger, Christine Vallaster, Noul branding, Editura Polirom, București,
2011, p. 17
12
Prelucrare după Noul branding, op. cit. p. 16
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13
Ibidem, p. 41-42
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Adamson, A. P. (2010). Brand Simple, București: Editura Publica.
[2]. Fisher-Buttinger, C., & Vallaster, C. (2011). Noul branding, București:
Editura Polirom.
[3]. Fisc, P. (2008). Geniu în marketing, București: Editura Meteor Press.
[4]. Kotler, P., & Armstrong, G. (2004). Principiile marketingului,
București: Editura Teora.
CREATIVITY AND MANAGEMENT
Eugenia TREGLIA
Monica Alina LUNGU
Stefano AMODIO
University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
Abstract
The research aims to explore the concepts related to creativity and
managerial practices connected with it in a sample of italian managers. The
survey also aims to a deepening of the concept of creativity in human
resources management. The qualitative study was conducted by laying out a
sample of a direct interview with open questions, addressed to managers of
companies, organizations and associations. The results confirm the
important role of the Manager, of the Human Resources and of their
"creative management" in the evolutionary process toward the new and
useful, that daily involved the business organization.
Key words: creativity, management, human resources, innovation
Introduction
A "creative mind" allows you to generate ideas, to solve and
anticipate potential problems, to turn insights into ideas and solutions that
can help the achievement of the objectives that we have set ourselves.
Creativity is "the art to define problems and suggest appropriate solutions”
(Joly, 1995); it is "the ability to produce new ideas to create value" by
identifying original ways to take advantage of opportunities (Florida, 2003).
It can result from "an attitude or a decision, either explicit or
implicit, to exercise control over reality in order to change it" (Jaoui, 2003);
therefore, the "creative practice" allows us to develop and effectively use our
ability to find original and acceptable solutions; "creativity, in its ordinary
expression, often appears as the search for a new approach to a problem,
however familiar" (Goleman, 1999). Creativity is "the ability to think
outside a specific scheme and reach new and functional conclusions, apt to
solve a problem or seize an opportunity" (Bertone, 2003); it can be classified
as "a soft skill" to add to the "traditional management skills".
Creativity is an " innate resource" for everybody, a "gift" to cherish
in everyday life, particularly in one’s workplace. First of all it is essential to
become “fully” aware" of our "creative potential" as individuals, defying
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inner and external difficulties (Gurteen, 1998), and then transfer this
"valuable tool" into the collective and organizational fields; creativity is
sometimes perceived as "specialized" and applicable only in certain
corporate areas. "In the role of the manager there is an educational mission
as a guide. It is up to the management to create a dialectic climate and a
favorable atmosphere to the emergence of creative proposals by
encouraging autonomy and initiative” (Jaoui – Dell’Aquila, 2008). For these
promoters it is important that employees' ideas are welcomed and
appreciated, because "a good manager is one who discovers in each
collaborator the specific factors that motivate him to direct them towards the
business objectives" and "the challenge for managers is to build and manage
contexts that can favour the development of ideas, focusing mainly on
business creativity ". The "creative manager" manages to combine planning
with change, the rule with the unexpected event, turning to his advantage
every situation apparently unfavourable.
Teresa Amabile (1998) has identified the so-called "killers" of
creativity, emphasizing the importance of the "manager's role" to promote
creativity also in traditional contexts; she defines creativity as the
combination of experience and knowledge in a specific field, as the ability
to watch events from a new perspective by imagining a wider spectrum of
possibilities as inner drives coming from one’s pleasure and passion. She
argues that the use of "the creativity techniques", together with the
"management practices", may help to develop ”the creative potential of
human resources." We have to entrust collaborators and projects with tasks
that agree their best, by giving them autonomy in achieving the goals that
must comply with the strategy of the company.
Salvatore Vicari (1998) defines creativity in organizations as "the
result of the conditions in which there is the whole organization, underlying
the importance of relational and social context in which they work as
individuals. The organizational creativity is the environment, the context in
which innovative processes can be developed more easily. The author
argues that creativity is the input while innovation is the output. In the
presence of a high environmental complexity and a high level of business
competitiveness, the success of the organization is related to the ability of
the manager to build and create new models through a "creative
management". Creativity plays a key role in generating ideas; innovation
turns those ideas into action through selection, improvement and
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Methodology
Starting from the theoretical patterns (Jaoui 2008, Bertone 2003,
Amabile 1998, Vicari 1998), which highlighted the importance of the
manager's role in encouraging the "creative process" in organizations, we
have analyzed the issue in terms of perception and sensitivity management
by highlighting the main implications about the management issues
regarding Human Resources. This topic has been dealt with by interviewing
“the managers", leading figures in the management, who can stimulate the
factors and the upstream process of the innovations and transformations
adopted, that is the promoters" of the best combination of human, technical
and financial resources (Goi, 2014) .
Instruments
The qualitative study was conducted by laying out a sample of a
direct interview with open questions (a total of twelve questions), addressed
to managers of companies, organizations and associations, in two Italian
regions, Lazio and Puglia. The interviews were conducted over a period of
six months. Technically, the choice of the open questions was suggested by
the peculiarities of the subject under investigation and has revealed the
originality and sensitivity as regards the deepening of the argument by the
respondents that probably would have remained unexplored if the closed
question system, aseptic and impersonal had been adopted. The questions in
the interview aim at the building of a process of analysis that, drawing
inspiration from the definition of creativity developed by the French
mathematician Henri Poincaré (in particular as regards the novelty / utility
binomial), leads the interviewee to contextualize the concept within its own
organizational reality, highlighting present specific and characteristic
elements, through the description of experiences particularly significant and
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emblematic. The speech that so easily develops deals with the issue of
internal and external factors that can promote or conversely inhibit the
creative process and its benefits, opportunities and difficulties (if any) of a
creative management approach. Special attention was given to
organizational factors in human resource management, such as team work,
the diversity of skills, knowledge and information sharing, collaboration or
competition among employees, inner motivation and organizational well-
being, the experimentation of a new thinking out of the scheme. Finally,
we’ve tackled the issue of training of human resources through the
techniques of creativity, and how creativity can be considered as a "shared
value" and an integral part of a corporate culture. The contributions were
then collected into a single summary document which became a photograph
of the organizational realities involved, explaining the perception of the
concept of creativity and its importance in the management and
development of organizations.
The Sample
The organizations involved are characterized by the heterogeneity of
the sector and a consolidated presence in the territory. The selected sample,
including fifteen organizational realities, is therefore highly varied in
relation to the core business: these are companies operating in different
sectors (Information Communication Technology, Contacts and Call Centre
Services, Business Services, Customer Care and Direct Marketing,
Environmental services, Health private, organizational Consulting
Management and business training, asset management), Ministry of Defence
(Inspectorate General of Military Health), University of Cassino (Area
Executive Student Services) , Bari Polytechnic (Department of Electrical
and Information Engineering), business associations (Confimpreseitalia,
Consortium for Industrial Development in Southern Lazio).
In particular:
1.Exprivia Healthcare IT Srl - President and CEO
2.Exprivia Projects Srl - CEO
3. GLOB ECO Srl. - CEO
4. Network Srl Contacts - Commercial Director
5.ACMEI SOUTH Spa - Branch Manager
6.Polytechnic of Bari - Contact OF
7. The Cycloid - Holder
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Results
The subjects interviewed agree on the definition of H. Poincaré’s
creativity, as they regard it as particularly significant and relevant in their
organizational reality. The search for the "new" that is also "useful" is
favoured if “the value of human resources is recognized due weight at
the value of human resources", considering their interests, passions and
aspirations, having regard to their professional and cultural growth. For
most managers the concept of creativity is closely linked to innovation,
which is the implementation, that is their applicability and usefulness. The
success of these companies over the years, seems to be due to their ability to
constantly innovate products and / or processes, organization and staff skills,
emphasizing the importance of the know-how and of the technology adopted
and the continuously change brought about. Especially in times of severe
crisis, creativity can enable companies not only to survive, but also to
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80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
50%
0%
Advantages of creativity
(% Frequency of responses)
Increased competitiveness
of the organization (87%)
Increased customer
satisfaction (80%)
Motivated staff (80%)
motivation" (agreeing with Teresa Amabile, from whom they differ only in
relation to the concept of "competition". This author, in fact, believes that
this component is destructive for creativity, while managers believe that it
is right to make a mix of cooperation and healthy competition). The
brainstorming is the most widely used and well known methodology in the
organizational realities interviewed; other creativity techniques have not yet
fully implemented in daily work. The analysis confirms the perception of
managers favouring the organizational conditions can stimulate creative
attitudes in human resources and also favour the development and well-
being but we should deepen in this aspect in practical terms. From the
analysis carried out it emerges the importance of managing with "attention"
the human resources, and creativity, in this sense, could play an important
role, together with the ordinary and traditional instruments of personnel
administration. Creativity is considered by respondents as a key factor in
fostering greater flexibility in the organization, with the aim of overcoming
a static and hierarchical setting. The style of leadership has an important
weight and a managerial participatory style is preferable as confirmed by
the perception of the "autocratic style" as an inhibiting factor. The survey
carried out, that is a "journey of discovery" in the daily life of managers,
confirmed that the company is not an abstract entity, but is made by men.
Creativity in its various manifestations (innovation with products and / or
new services, adoption of more effective solutions, ideas aimed at solving or
anticipating potential problems, etc.), comes and is necessarily generated by
human resources. Cultivating that "creative potential" is, therefore, essential
to lead the company, which is also “potentially creative", to innovation and
expansion. Encouraging the creativity of the human resource means taking
care of its "development" and recognize its human and professional
"value". Through empowerment, autonomy and encouragement of the
experimentation of "the new”, reality”, the involvement in what besides
being useful for the achievement of the objectives of the organization, make
sit more passionate and motivating through the support of the working
group, you can make sure that personal and business values can coexist and
meet. This would imply, in general, a proper business climate and
organizational well-being, generating optimism, trust, sharing of experience
and knowledge and also energy and a proactive attitude towards the inside
and the outside environments.
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Conclusions
In each contribution received it was found the recognition of the
importance of "the creative ability", and, in any case, there was a
contextualization of creativity in every organizational reality. Listening and
reading the contributions collected drive us to "live" these organizations,
involving us in their development, in their world of strategic, economic and
ethical values, in the vision and mission, in the diversity of business and
organizational structures, but with the common belief that behind the
diversity of economic activities, of the different markets on which they
work, there are always men, who lead and coordinate other men in
achieving a common goal, which is to satisfy the needs and expectations of
other people, ie customers / users. The experience gained through this
research proves the important role of the Manager, of the Human Resources
and of their "creative management" in the evolutionary process toward the
new and useful, that daily involved the business organization. Creativity
requires a great change, in which the desire and the motivation of everyone
to undertake this journey are essential, in the belief it would explore new
ways to interpret and act the "daily business". Creativity can be perceived in
the organizational structure, in the climate and in the working environment,
in the culture, mission and history of the company and plays a strategic role
in every functional area of the companies. Working hard on inner
organizational dynamics, together with a positive impulse from external
variables (market, political, economic and institutional contexts,
technological input) and the use of "Creativity Techniques" can promote the
"creative process", triggering a fruitful virtuous circle in the relationship
among business, external environment and stakeholders. Successful
organizations are the ones which can detect and "creatively" interpret the
context in which they carry on their activity by developing their ability to
adapt and shape themselves in front of constantly emerging drives and
rapid changes; they are the ones that can easily be changed because they
see "beyond" the commonplace, the already known, with curiosity,
pragmatism and passion. In the companies surveyed, it unanimously
emerges the recognition of the importance of the person, regarded as a work
resource and as a customer / user recipient of the products / services offered.
The sharing of values and mission of the company is essential, involving
everyone in the achievement of the corporate objectives, to which the efforts
and energies of each partner are directed. Besides, the proofs collected
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References
[1]. Agnesa, M. (2012). Psicologia manageriale. La gestione strategica
delle risorse umane. Limena (PD): LibreriaUniversitaria.it
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[22]. www.exprivia.it
[23]. www.acmei.it
[24]. www.network-contacts.it
[25]. www.qnomos.it
[26]. www.globeco.info
[27]. www.confimpreseitalia.org
[28]. www.donuva.it
[29]. www.cicloide.it
[30]. http://dei.poliba.it
[31]. www.difesa.it
[32]. www.gruppoecolirispa.com
[33]. www.cosilam.it
[34]. www.unicas.it
[35]. www.bancapopolaredelcassinate.it
EDUCATIONAL INFLATION-IMPORTANT
ELEMENT OF THE DISSOLUTION PROCESS
IN THE NATION-STATE
Abstract
The identity crisis that affects the destinies of the young generation
at a very high level is a direct consequence of the changes that have
occurred in Western society over the last half century. The classical
educational system centered on the transmission of material values,
information necessary for the formation of skills specific to the industrial
society is no longer up to date. Qualifications gained no longer found place
new labor market thus belittle the importance of diplomas certifying this
level of training. This ideas puts pressure on decision-makers who need to
recalibrate the entire educational system in order to meet the demands of
employers or disappear from history.
Key words: education, nation-state, employers, degree, value
4
Daniele HERVIEU-LEGER, La religion pour memoire, Paris, CERF, 1993, p. 38
5
René RÉMOND, Religie și societate în Europa, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2003, p. 166
6
ibidem, p. 167.
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7
BBC, Who Are Nigeria’s Boko Haram Islamist Group?, 24 noiembrie 2016;
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13809501; accesat 8 octombrie 2017, ora 16:50.
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8
Quacquarelli Symonds, QS World University Rankings, QS Top Universities;
https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2018;
accesat 8 ianuarie 2018, ora 12:30.
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the educational branch. The increasing distances that young people have to
walk daily to get to their schools, and the high level of the schools
occupation have triggered a constant decrease in the quality of education in
these institutions.
Despite the fact that a big part of these children will be college
graduates, their level of preparation for modern day jobs that have become
truly complex and difficult, will continue to drop. This phenomena is
generically defined as functional illiteracy 9 . In spite of being able of
reading, they will not be able to understand what they are actually reading,
the skills they will appropriate will only allow them to perform elementary
tasks. They will become a burden for a social system that is already
struggling with the high number of elderly people.
Conclusion
To prevent these drawbacks, the global society needs to indentify as
soon as possible solutions for reforming the educational system and the
preparation of a new generation of individuals, in conformity with real-time
workforce requirements. Alternative educational systems that are based on
promoting ideas of religious origins must accept their integration in the
national educational system, without abandoning its role of forming general
skills that are necessary to the consolidation of the individuals’ general
knowledge.
References
[1]. Alfred Bulai, Secularizare, în Dicţionar de sociologie, Bucureşti,
Babel, 1993
[2]. Daniele Hervieu-Leger, La religion pour memoire, Paris, CERF, 1993
[3]. René Rémond, Religie și societate în Europa, Editura Polirom, Iași,
2003
[4]. Phillip Schlechty, Shaking Up the Schoolhouse. How to Support and
Sustain Educational Innovation, Jossey Bass, Inc., San Francisco, CA,
SUA, 2001; http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/wiley031/
00009570.pdf;
9
Phillip SCHLECHTY, Shaking Up the Schoolhouse. How to Support and Sustain
Educational Innovation, Jossey Bass, Inc., San Francisco, CA, SUA, 2001;
http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/wiley031/00009570.pdf; accesat 8 ianuarie 2018,
ora 13:20.
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Elvira NAVAL
Scientific Lecturer, PhD in Informatics
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences
„Vladimir Andrunachievici”
elvira.navalmail@gmail.com
elvira.navalmail@math.md
Abstract
This notes are devoted to the earnings evaluation of the budget
employees of the one academic institute from Republic of Moldova. For this
evaluation Mincer`s approach has been applied.. Stat data about wages
payments for all categories of employees were used. “Human capital
earnings function” elaborated by Iacob Mincer has been adopted for
Moldova.
Key words: budget employees, regression estimation, earnings
evaluation, women and men wages.
JEL Classification: C61, D91.
Introduction
This article was prepared in the framework of the scientific project
STCU/6336 „Innovative approaches to applied computations and software
development for gender equality regulation on labor market”. The goal of
this research is referred to women and men earning evaluation using state
data about wages in some budget institutions. There were examined two
“human capital earnings function” – one for women and other for men –
depending on years of learning, work experience, and few dummy variables.
1. Literature review
There are many publications, which related earnings to investment in
education or training [1-12]. In his chapter: Education, Experience, and the
Distribution of Earnings and Employment: An Overview [7], J.Mincer for
This paper was elaborated in the framework of the scientific project for the years 2018-
2020, entered in the State Register of Science and Innovation Projects with the code
18.80013.0807.06.STCU / 6336 "Innovative approaches to applied computations and
software development for gender equality regulation on labor market"
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the first time studied the effect of labor market experience or on the-job
training on the determination and distribution of earnings. In [3] B.R.Chiswick
notes that in the earnings equation investment in human capital can be
separated schooling, on-the-job training and other human capital.
Literature review text
3. Problem formulation
In [10], Mincer introduces in the earnings function of the post school
investments in addition to schooling lends a great deal of scope to the analysis
of income distribution,” and he coins the term “the human capital earnings
function” for this expanded relationship The impact of education and work
experience on the income of budget employees will be examined.
Education is considered as an investment in the stock of human skills or the
formation of human "capital". Education can influence earnings rates, labor
force participation, and the amounts of time worked expressed by the
frequency and duration of unemployment and part-time employment [7-11].
The empirical analysis deals with annual earnings of males and females,
classified by education and age of working for one of the academic institutes.
First of all, the structure of scientific categories, were studied in order to obtain
rate of females to males for each examined category.
F PSRF CSRF SR
r1 = i ,r = ,r = ,r = F ,
Mi 2 PSRM 3 CSRM 4 SRM
INGF OTH F
r5 = r6 =
INGM OTH M
r1 = 41 / 55 = 0,745; r2 = 1 / 10 = 0,1; r3 = 4 / 9 = 0,44;
r4 = 15 / 12 = 1,25; r5 = 12 / 11 = 1,09; r6 = 7 / 4 = 1,75
So, in the examined academic institute there are women less than men
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at about 25%, only one woman is principal scientific researcher, 44% are
coordinate scientific researcher, but 125% of women hold scientific researcher
position; 109% of women hold engineer position and 175% of women hold
other functions. In such circumstances we do not conclude nothing referred to
gender inequality because it institution is one very specific strictly connected to
mental activity that mean sinking in it always and everywhere, while women at
the same time must be researcher, housekeeper, child-rearing, and family
keeper, and simply pretty woman. Fewer women succeed in doing this
entire obligation. Solutions of these problems lay in other domain such as
state implication in social policy.
In [11] there was determined rate of return to schooling as
ln w2 − ln w1
r= , where ∆h is difference in skill and w2 and w1 are the
∆h
wage rate at higher and lower skill levels. Let w2 is the wage of a worker
with s 2 years of schooling and w1 is the wage of a worker with s1 then a
simple human capital model can be ln w2 − ln w1 = r ( s2 − s1 ) where r is the
rate of return to schooling. Suppose that r = r0 + ∆r0 where r0 is the market
rate. Then ln w 2 − ln w1 = r0 ( s 2 − s1 ) + ∆r ( s 2 − s1 ) . So, the elasticity of
wealth with respect to the wage rate is ∆r / r 1 .
Now, having data about earning from the stat institute data, and using
previous formulas, can be obtained rate of return to schooling for women
ln w2F = 7,90 ln w1F = 6,23 ∆h = 12 and then r F = 0,1393 or in percents
r F = 13,93% . ln w2 = 7,90 ln w1 = 5,73 ∆h = 12 and then r M = 0,18 or
M M
in percents 18,10%
In that follow, the Mincer`s “ human capital earnings function will be
applied for women and men and their coefficients will be estimated. As Mincer
states, the logarithm of gross earnings in year t can be expressed as a linear
function of year of schooling and quadratic function of years of labor market
experience. This may be the main functional form in analyses of earnings: Let
EiM is men`s earnings and EiF is women`s earnings, S iM ,Ti M ,S iF ,Ti F are
years of schooling and years of potential post school labor market
experience (age minus years of schooling minus six) for men and women
accordingly, then formulas for men`s and women`s earnings are:
LnEiM = boM + b1M ⋅ SiM + b2M ⋅ Ti M + b3M ⋅ (Ti M ) 2 + U iM (1)
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R 2 =0,806853; Radj
2
=0,65101; F =18,6543
R 2 =0,946297; Radj
2
=0,895477; F =30,84
Below, necessary data for this calculus are followed. In two tables
there are presented stat information referred to one academic institute. It
includes data about Logarithm of earnings on all categories of employees
for women and men, years of schooling, work experience, square work
experience, predicted Logarithm of earnings and three dummy variables.
Also there are presented graphs of the Logarithm of predicted earnings.
Ln
Stat
EiM Predic ⋅ (Ti M ) 2
Nb. Ei
M
E i
M
LnE i
M
S i
M
D1 D2 D3 ⋅ Ti M
10,00
9,00
8,00
7,00
6,00
5,00 LnSal.fun.
4,00 Predicted LnSal.fun.
3,00
2,00
1,00
0,00
1 3 5 7 9 1113151719212325272931333537
8,5
8,0
7,5
7,0
6,5
6,0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
LnSalar. fun.
Predicted LnSalar. fun.
Figure 1. Women earnings
Source: author calculations
Pred.
Ln
Stat
Stat Stat
LnEiF
Nb E i
F
E i
F
EiF SiM ⋅ Ti F ⋅ (Ti F ) 2 D1 D2 D3
6
Conclusion
Effectuated calculus has demonstrated that women earnings are more
uniform distributed between categories of the employees then that of the
men earnings.
Also women earnings are more depended on the scientific title.
Because there are more doctors with habilitation between men, earning of
the men are little great, but this is not consequence of gender inequality. It is
reported to women mode of life (ability to work full time, dedicating oneself
to scientific research, child rearing ect.)
It must be mentioned that only one woman occupies position of the
chief of department, but director of the institute and scientific secretary are
women. Very little women obtain local and foreign grants. But women are
more responsible and more exacting in executing project and grant tasks.
So, general conclusion state that in scientific institutions gender
inequality also is present it is not explicit declared. However such studies
are useful especially in private sector activities. In future such research
could be conducted if all needed information will be easy of access.
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References
[1]. G., Becker, Human Capital and the Personal Distribution of Income,
W.S. Woytinsky Lecture No. 1, Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
1967
[2]. G.,Becker, B. R,. Chiswick, Education and the Distribution of
Earnings, American Economic Review, 56(2), 358-369. 1966
[3]. B. R, Chiswick, Jacob Mincer, Experience and the Distribution of
Earn-ings. University of Illinois at Chicago and IZA Bonn. Discussion
Paper No. 847,1- 38. 2003
[4]. B. R, Chiswick, Human Capital and the Distribution of Personal
Income, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University. 1967
[5]. B. R, Chiswick, Income Inequality: Regional Analyses Within a
Human Capital Framework, New York: National Bureau of Economic
Research. 1974
[6]. B. R, Chiswick, J., Mincer,Time Series Changes in Personal Income
Inequality Journal of Political Economy, 80 (3) Part 2, S34-S66. 1972
[7]. M., Friedman, Choice, Chance, and the Personal Distribution of
Income, Journal of Political Economy, 61(4), 277-290. 1953
[8]. J., Mincer, Investment in Human Capital and Personal Income
[9]. Distribution, Journal of Political Economy, 66(4), 281-302. 1958
[10]. J., Mincer, On-the-Job Training: Costs, Returns and Some
Implications, Journal of Political Economy, 70(5) Part 2, S50-S79.
1962
[11]. J., Mincer, The Distribution of Labor Incomes: A Survey with Special
Reference to the Human Capital Approach, Journal of Economic
Literature, 8(1), 1-26. 1970
[12]. J., Mincer, Schooling, Experience and Earnings, New York: National
Bureau of Economic Research. 1974
[13]. J.,Mincer, S., Polachek, Family Investments in Human Capital:
Earnings of Women” Journal of Political Economy, 82 (2) Part 2,
S76-S108. 1974
INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL
INSTITUTIONS AND THEIR COOPERATION
WITH THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA
Serghei STUPACHEV
doctoral economic student
Academy of Economic Studies of Moldova
(University) Chisinau, Moldova
stypachev@mail.ru
Abstract
This article examines the fundamentals of the world's international
financial institutions: the International Monetary Fund and World Bank
Group. It shows that during the recent global economic crisis of 2008 these
organizations were not fully ready to implement their stated goals and
objectives in terms of assistance to developing countries in particular and
the governance of the world economy as a whole. Taking into account the
experience of the recent economic crisis and the increasing economic
influence of countries with emerging market economies have revealed the
need to reform the financial structures of these organizations on the basis of
the interests not only of advanced countries, but also taking into account the
interests and characteristics of economic development in countries with
emerging market economies. It demonstrates that the cooperation of the
Republic of Moldova with International Monetary Fund and World Bank
Group takes place in all the financial and economic aspects, which are at
the disposal of these organizations. In the process of cooperation of the
Republic of Moldova with the International Monetary Fund all major
special credit mechanisms used by the Fund are involved, and the World
Bank Group participates in almost the entire spectrum of lending projects in
the country. The result of the reforms conducted by the Government of the
Republic of Moldova following the cooperation with those organizations
could be much greater if the efficiency of use of the financial resources
increased.
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Introduction
The processes of globalization of the world economy are objectively
accompanied by the increase of the role of the international financial
institutions (IFIs). At their creation IFIs were invested with the respective
resources and powers for solving the problems of the international
cooperation with a view to provide stability and sustainable development of
the world economic system. The main IFIs are considered to be:
International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank Group (WBG), which
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, International
Development Association, International Finance Corporation, Multilateral
Investment Guarantee Agency, International Centre for Settlement of
Investment Disputes [16].
The Republic of Moldova, as other transition countries, is currently
in the process of transformation into the system of world economic and
financial relations. Its membership in the respective structures of IFIs
allows it to use their financial resources and intellectual potential for the
intensification of this transformation process. The last economic crises,
especially the World economic crisis of 2008, caused a serious rethinking of
the policy of IFIs in maintaining the sustainability of the world economy. As
the history has shown, IFIs, which were set up to regulate the international
economic relations with the basic aim — to provide the sustainable
development of the world economy, in general proved to be insufficiently
ready to prevent the spread of global crisis phenomena. Due to this fact it
became necessary to reform the institutional grounds of the world financial
system and, first of all, IFIs, without only considering the interests of the
advances countries, but also considering the interests and peculiarities of the
economic development of the transition countries. In the time of acute crisis
it was these countries found themselves in a very difficult economic and
financial situation, so their transformation into the market economy and
integration into the world economy objectively require a close interaction
with the leading IFIs. Due to this fact, the Republic of Moldova, being in the
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investments with high level of risk with less risky in order to optimize them.
The leading Moldovan scientists have dedicated their studies to role of IFIs
in the development of the economic system of the Republic of Moldova and
other transition countries as well. The article by G. Belostechnik and
N. Perchinskaya [20] analyzes positive and negative consequences of
Moldova participating in the globalization process. The authors show some
definite ways of improving Moldova’s competitiveness with the help of
increasing the “innovation” factor. The most important mechanisms used by
the EU countries in the area of innovation, which can be helpful and
applicable to Moldova as well, have been analyzed in another work by
G. Belostechnik [2] and also by G. Belostechnik and C. Gutu [1].
2. Research methodology, data and hypotheses
The article uses empirical and theoretical research methods:
decomposition and synthesis, comparative economic analysis, induction and
deduction methods, empirical research, analogy, statistical data analysis.
The study used the principles of system analysis to reveal the essence of
economic processes; generalization and identification of relationships and
patterns. Laws and regulations, statistical data, analytical reviews,
specialized periodical and reference publications of foreign countries and
international organizations were used as factual and informational data for
this study. Among the IFI data was that of the International Monetary Fund
and the World Bank Group [14,16].
The basis of this article is a scientific hypothesis about the possibility
of improving the efficiency of the use of financial resources received from
IFIs to ensure the sustainable development of the economic system of the
Republic of Moldova.
3. Basics of the activities of international financial institutions,
their cooperation with the Republic of Moldova
The work studies IFIs that are formed on the basis of interstate
treaties and agreements operating in the field of international finance to
regulate monetary and financial relations in order to ensure the stabilization
of the world economy and the economies of particular countries. IFIs are
organizations with multilateral international financial relations that have
permanent supranational government and regulatory bodies. In order to
carry out their activities, IFIs cooperate both with governments and
economic entities in particular countries. The main IFIs cooperating with
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120
100,23 100,67
100
82,2
80
61,5
60
40 30
20
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Conclusion
The analysis of the development and basic activities of the main IFIs
shows that during the last global economic crisis, the International Monetary
Fund and the World Bank Group were not fully prepared to fulfil their
objectives and goals in terms of helping developing countries in particular
and managing the global economy as a whole. At the same time, the
economic influence of countries with emerging market economies has
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124 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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References
[1]. Belostecinic, Gr. & Gutu, C. (2008). Premises and Opportunities of
the Republic of Moldova for Sustainable Development in European
Context. Roumanian Journal of Economix, Nr. 1 (35).
[2]. Belostechnik, G. (2010). The innovation Economy as a Growth Factor
in the Post-Crisis Development Period. National Economy
Archive,year LXIII, book 3, Svishtov, Bulgaria. 5.
[3]. Dunning, J. H. (1988). Explaining International Production. London:
Unwin Hyman.
[4]. International Monetary Fund. (2009). London Summit – Leaders’
Statement 2 April 2009. Retrieved from
https://www.imf.org/~/media/Websites/IMF/Imported/external/np/sec/pr/20
09/pdf/_g20040209pdf.ashx.
[5]. International Monetary Fund. (2017a). About the IMF. Retrieved from
https://www.imf.org/en/About.
[6]. International Monetary Fund. (2017b). IMF Annual Report 2017.
Retrieved from
https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2017/eng/pdfs/IMF-AR17-
English.pdf.
[7]. Helpman, E. (2011). Understanding Global Trade Cambridge. MA:
Harvard University Press.
[8]. Kojima, К. A. (1975). Macroeconomic Theory of Foreign Direct
Investment. Toward a New World Trade Policy: the Maidenhead
Papers. L., 75—101.
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Alexandru MANOLE
Professor, PhD.
Dragoș-Gabriel MECU
Assoc. Prof., PhD.
Ana-Maria PETRE
Master Student
“ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
Romania
Abstract
This paper reviews some instruments that can be used to ensure data
confidentiality in the context of a database management system that can be
used for small, lightly distributed applications. The authors consider the
user/password management and use, the application of dedicated forms
depending on users’ permissions, and also the use of views/queries for data
presentation.
Key words: data, confidentiality, database, query, form
Conclusion
Even if the database management system we discuss on is not
designed for large numbers of users, it is possible to achieve a very accurate
level of data confidentiality, by capitalizing the instruments specified above.
Also, The new files formats allow the password-protected encryption of a
database, the option to store the database file on a database server, as the
software is used only for data access, processing, presentations etc., and
online application, with their own security designs.
References
[1]. Nastase P., Mihai Fl., & Andrei S. (2000). Tehnologia bazelor de
date– Microsoft ACCESS 2000, București: Editura Economică,
[2]. https://support.office.com/en-us/article/what-happened-to-user-level-
security-69b362cd-503f-4e8a-a735-fb923ffb9fa3t
THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING
AND CHANGING ORGANIZATIONAL
CULTURE
Abstract
Strategy, culture and leadership are important instruments at top
leaders' disposal in order to maintain organizational competitiveness and
performance. Strategy gives managers and employees clarity of the
company's goals and orient people around them. Culture expresses the
goals through values and beliefs and orients activities through behaviours
and accepted group norms. Leadership is another key element for strategy
formation, strongly linked to culture, and especially to managerial culture.
In this paper, our intention is to properly define organizational culture, to
explore why is so important to understand it and how can it be changed in
order to improve corporate performance and competitiveness. We also
present the most important forms of culture manifestation within company
and different types of culture. The most challenging aspect for both
managers and theoreticians is to identify a link between culture and
economic outcomes. Therefore we suggest some steps to be followed in
order to manage the culture and to make its effects more obvious for
improving performance. In order to have a positive impact on the efficiency
and development of an organization, the organizational culture must be
shared and accepted at the level of the whole company. At the same time,
managers need to identify the cultural elements that hinder the development
of the organization and transform them into attitudes, values and behaviors
that foster the achievement of the company's new goals.
Key words: managers, organizational culture, performance,
strategy, leadership.
JEL Classification: M14
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Introduction
All companies operate on the market in order to achieve their
expected goals of profitability and competitiveness. Their activities and
business results are influenced by external developments located both in
macro and micromedium of companies.
As systems, companies have inputs and outputs and therefore, need
not only to adapt but also to anticipate developments in the environment in
which they operate. Nowadays to remain competitive it is very important to
be aware of the main sources of change 1 : the evolution of emerging
technologies, knowledge, the obsolescence of products on the market,
different work conditions and redesigning the workplace but also new
generations of human resources that bring different challenges to companies
and their management. There are also changes that are happening much
closer to organizations related to competitors, suppliers customers or public
authorities. Therefore, economic and fiscal policy, credit policy, exchange
rate variations, interest rates, changes in supply and demand may encourage
or limit the activities of the organization. Faced with these factors, managers
react by assessing their consequences, adopt adjustment decisions, and
continuously adapt their activities and business processes.
However, the change and the dynamism of the environment have
always been features of the economy, even though their magnitude has
grown as the process of globalization has increased. The experience so far
of profitable and competitive firms has shown that, in the face of market
challenges, companies have to oppose performance management systems
that are flexible enough to allow integration of both external and internal
developments.
In this context, it is appropriate to bring into discussion the
organizational change as the main tool for dealing with external challenges.
In our opinion, organizational change involves changing the management
system or a major component of it. In the economic literature there are
many approaches of the process of organizational change and one major
step of it is the the change of organizational culture.
Organizational culture has a strong influence on the company's
performance and competitiveness. As has often been found, although many
1
Verboncu I. (coord.), Schimbarea organizațională prin reengineering, Ed. ASE,
Bucharest, 2011, pg. 63
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companies have adopted the most appropriate strategies, they have failed to
implement them due to inertia, even opposition, manifested by their
organizational culture.
Strategy, culture and leadership are among the primary instruments
at top leaders' disposal in order to maintain organizational competitiveness
and effectiveness. Strategies give managers and employees a formal logic
for the company's goals and orient people around them. Culture expresses
goals through values and beliefs and guides activities through shared
assumptions and group norms. Leadership is another key element for
strategy formation, strongly linked to culture, and especially to managerial
culture.
Literature Review
The study of organizational culture began to manifest itself more
intensely in the 1970s, the cause being represented by the outstanding
performances of the Japanese firms, performances explained to an
appreciable extent by their specific culture. Recognition of the importance
of organizational culture occurs with the publication of "In Search of
Excellence" (1982) by T.V. Peters and R.H. Waterman, identifying certain
correlations between company success and their organizational culture. A
complex approach of organizational culture belongs to the Dutch professor
Geert Hofstede ("Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind" (2010)
written with Jan Hofstede and Michael Minkov). In his opinion,
organizational culture is holistic, historically determined, linked to
anthropological elements such as symbols and rituals, socially based and
also difficult to modify because of the human elements involved. Important
contributions on organizational culture and organizational change belong to
R. Beckhard, J. Kotter, C. Lundberg as well as Nicolescu O., Verboncu I,
Nastase M. or Burdus E.
The more a person's position departs from the center of the structure, the
more his authority and influence in the organization are weaker. The
functioning of the organization depends exclusively on the Center's
decisions. Decisions can be adopted quickly but their quality is affected by
managers' skills on the inner circle. They rely heavily on empathy, affinity
and trust, both at the organization level and in relationships with suppliers,
customers, etc.
Within such a culture, employees learn to respect the requirements
and expectations of their boss and organization. They are rewarded with
regard to the effort, success or membership of the organization's system of
values. The values of a spider cloth structure focus on individual
performances, egocentrism, physical and psychological resistance. The
rituals promoted generally have the role of emphasizing differences in roles
and status among members, without the importance of stimulating the sense
of belonging to the group. The tough, competitive climate is extremely
unpleasant but very effective in achieving the goals.
Role-centered culture develops in large, bureaucratic organizations
where functioning is assured by the inertial realization of certain roles
specialized by employees. Hardy represents this type of culture in the form
of a temple in which the specialized departments of the organization form
the columns and the coordination of the activity is carried out by managers
located on the roof of the temple, which is the source of power.
The cultural values of this organization revolve around rationality,
logic, discipline and stability. The atmosphere is relatively calm and
protective for employees, providing them the possibility of a professional
specialization. However, ambitious people consider this cultural
environment unsatisfactory. They will either aspire to the source of power,
or leave the organization.
Organizations with a temple structure can be effective in stable
environments but are inefficient in dynamic environments due to slow
adaptation to change. Promoting a focused crop can have beneficial effects
in aviation or rail transport organizations where compliance with discipline
and race planning is essential. Instead, this type of culture is not feasible
enough and oriented to meet customer requirements.
Task-focused culture aims to distribute tasks according to the
intellectual and professional potential of employees. This type of culture
corresponds to a network structure that is characterized by the fact that, in
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and leadership are strongly linked. The relation between culture and
leadership comes from the relation between organizational culture and
managerial culture. managers and leaders, especially founders and
influential leaders often set new culture in motions and imprint values and
assumptions that persist for years and years. But there are also managers
who may lay out detailed, great plans for their strategies and decision
making process, but because they don't understand culture's power and
dinamics, fail with their big plans. The most important step managers can do
before promoting a strategy or any major changing within the organization
is to become fully aware of how organizational culture works. Culture must
be put in line with the strategy.
Other situations requiring a transformation of organizational culture
are the changing of management team or mergers and acquisitions. New
team, new leaders, new values and behaviors, different goals and a new
organizational structure require to redesign a part of organizational culture.
Organizational culture is very much related with incentives and
motivation – monetary rewards and non-monetary rewards such as status,
recognition, advancement or sanctions. Patterns of behavior are the product
of incentives but we can also consider that incentives have been shaped in
fundamental ways by beliefs and values that underpin the culture.
Managers should change culture in order to improve organizational
performance. Changing culture is a very difficult mission and has to be
assumed within the company especially by managers and also by
employees.
First leaders must become aware of the culture that operates in their
organization. They must understand what outcomes the culture produces
and how it does or doesn't align with current and anticipated market and
business conditions. Also they must identify the most influencing
employees or managers and discover their potential commitment to change
organizational culture and the subcultures that may account for higher or
lower group performance. It is important to evaluate the level of concistency
in employees' views of the culture and to measure the degree of
compatibility between individual leadership styles and organizational
culture.
The analysis of the present culture must emphasize the elements that
will be maintained - values, behaviors, beliefs and those which will be left
aside. After this step leaders have to design an "aspirational culture" and
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Conclusion
Organizational culture is an essential management tool. Successful
leaders use it as a major source of competitive advantage and performance.
The analysis of organizational culture allows us to recognize the major
impact of human elements on the company's performance. Cultures of
powerful companies are based on values such as teamwork, positive
relationships between managers and employees, creativity, innovation,
learning, achieving goals and targets, long-term orientation.
References
[1]. Constantinescu D.A. (coord), (2002). Management - Teorie, teste şi
probleme vol I, Bucharest: Semne Publishing House.
[2]. Groysberg B., Lee J., Cheng J.J., Price J. (2018). The Leader's Guide
to Corporate Culture, www.hbr.org (on line).
[3]. Verboncu I. (coord.)(2011). Schimbarea organizațională prin
reengineering, Bucharest: ASE Publishing House.
[4]. Verboncu I. (coord.)(2008). Strategy-Culture-Performances,
Bucharest: Printech Publishing House.
MARKETING MIX OF AZERBAIJAN
UNESCO MONUMENTS
Elmira HAJIYEVA
Azerbaijan Tourism and Management University
Lecturer, Chair of Marketing
e.hajiyeva@atmu.edu.az
Abstract
The paper describes marketing mix of Azerbaijan UNESCO
monuments. The main aim is to analyze 4P (extended 7P) of Azerbaijan
UNESCO monuments and paper attempts to share detail information about
monuments with the help of marketing mix. The paper will analyze
marketing mix of three Azerbaijan monuments that included to the heritage
of UNESCO monuments: Maiden Tower, Shirvanshah’s palace and
Gobustan Rock Art Cultural Landscape.
Key words: Marketing mix, UNESCO monuments, Azerbaijan,
Marketing
Introduction.
Marketing is a combination of needs and demand. Managing
marketing mix properly is a crucial task for the marketing professionals. It
defines as 4P; the product, price, promotion and place. Marketing mix in the
reality is a set of tools by which companies reach their targets. Marketing
mix is a great way to achieve the target market, increase revenue, put the
customers first and identify the need. Because of service industry 4P
extended to 7P due to intensive collaboration between organizations and
customers (Webster, 2002). Marketing mix concept become popular by Neil
Bordon in 1964. Later on McCarthy clustered marketing mix into four level
and called it 4P’s of marketing.
This chapter explains how the marketing managers keep their work
under control with the help of 4P and make clear the goal of companies.
Furthermore, it is helpful to identify the segmentation, which companies
plan to target. The main goal is creating the right product, selling the
product in the right place, setting the right price to the product, creating
awareness through the right channels and reaching the right customers
(Kotler & Armstrong, 2015).
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Idea
Property
Service
rights
Product
Business Information
People
4P 4C 4P UNESCO 4C UNESCO
MONUMENTS MONUMENTS
Product Customer History, Tourists from
Monuments the world
Place Convenience City center, Near to the city
Gobustan region center, lack of
signage
(Gobustan)
Price Cost Affordable, Every detail was
discounts, Price taken into
strategy (student consideration
price) while
calculating
cost(ticket cost)
Promotion Communication Social Media, Channels which
Internet, customers use
websites (Internet, sales
points, social
media)
HERITAGE MARKETING.
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
THE
MARKETING MIX
HERITAGE
PROVIDERS
THE SEGMENTS IN THE MARKET
Figure 1. Brief explanation of heritage marketing.
Conclusion.
The paper found out that the marketing mix plays an important role
in marketing aspect. Companies’ image, as well as marketing strategy, can
be evaluated on the basis of its marketing mix. It makes clear vision for
future marketing plan. Without a good strategic marketing plan, expecting
good results is unreal. Azerbaijan UNESCO monuments need a clear
strategic plan in order to make them one of the most visited places in the
world. The main aim is to create awareness of those historical monuments
and tell the story of each monuments to the world.
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References
[1]. Kotler, P. & Armstrong, G. (2015). Principles of Marketing. 11th ed.
Australia: PEARSON.
[2]. Misiura, S. (2006). Heritage Marketing. s.l.:Elsevier.
[3]. Rogers, B. (2018). Travel Book: A Travel Book of Hidden Gems That
Takes You on a Journey You Will Never Forget: World Explorer.
s.l.:s.n.
[4]. Shaw, J. & Onkvisit, S. (2008). International Marketing:Strategy and
Theory. 4th ed. New York: Reutledge.
[5]. Webster, F. E. (2002). Market Driven Management. London: Wiley.
International Symposium
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Appendix1.
ECO-ANTREPRENORIAT
Nicoleta NEGOIANU
Profesor
Colegiul Economic „Costin C Kirițescu”
București, România
Abstract
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and
Eurostat define the entrepreneur as: „human action in pursuit of the
generation of value, through the creation or expansion of economic activity,
by identifying and exploiting new products, processes or markets”.
Agritourism, biological agriculture, associations of small farmers and
craftsmen are to be found at the border between classical entrepreneurship
and the social one. The social entrepreneurship puts together the classical
entrepreneurship - the development of a business aiming to achieve a profit,
with the social change - the development of the community in which the
business runs. The ecological and the ethical perspective enriches this new
orientation of entrepreneurship - the eco-ntrepreneurship - the integration
of the ecological and ethical perspectives into the entrepreneurial thinking
focused more and more on social change.
Key words: entrepreneurship, active tourism, eco-tourism, rural
tourism
Cronologie
La sfârşitul secolului XVIII, antreprenorul este o persoană care
suportă riscuri, care planifică, supraveghează şi deţine controlul
afacerii. Perspectiva cuprinde atât dimensiuni ale antreprenoriatului pur
(asumare riscuri), cât şi caracteristici ce ţin de management - planificare,
supraveghere și control.
La începutul secolului XX, teoriile - Schumpeter, von Mises, Hayek,
descriu activitatea de antreprenoriat ca idei noi și invenții care se transformă
în inovaţii de succes: produse și servicii noi – prin intermediul piețelor și
industriilor. În a doua jumătate a aceluiaşi secol, antreprenorul este o
persoană ce îşi riscă cariera şi fondurile de care dispune pentru a pune în
practică o idee noua. De exemplu, antreprenorul, în viziunea lui Peter
Drucker: “caută mereu schimbarea, îi răspunde şi o explorează ca pe o
oportunitate” sau “maximizează oportunităţile”.
Antreprenorul vine în completarea managerului, într-o organizatie
deja formată – Gifford Pinchot. Astfel ia naştere conceptul de
antraprenoriat. Iar se vorbeşte despre un antreprenoriat în termeni de proces
de creare a ceva diferit, adaptat schimbării - Robert Hisrich.
Pe parcursul secolului XX, antreprenoriatul este puternic centrat pe 2
direcții:
1. obţinerea de profit;
2. obţinerea unui avantaj competitiv, care să facă diferenţa.
În concluzie, gândirea antreprenorială – bazată pe asumarea de
riscuri, iniţiativă şi inovare, din ultimul secol este marcată de următoarele
tendinţe:
– centrare puternică pe invenţii şi inovare-produse noi, pieţe noi;
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. https://ecomanager.wordpress.com/eco-antreprenoriat/
[2]. Curs Antreprenor în economia social – Disciplina practică – Servicii
support de găzduire pentru turismul eco-activ, POSDRU, în
parteneriat cu Universitate de Științe Agricole și Medicină Veterinară
Cluj Napoca.
IMPORTANŢA COMUNICĂRII ÎN
INDUSTRIA OSPITALITĂŢII
Abstract
In the tourism industry communication is an essential element for
providing excellent services to tourists. We all as Professors, students,
parents have to discover the secrets of hospitality to be successful. " John
Fiske mentioned “Consequently, the study of communication involves
studying the culture in which it is integrated”. Our students study and
discover, during high school classes and in activities in our partner hotels,
tourism hospitality secrets, and of course how to have success in this job. An
excellent communication is really very important, quite a vital issue for the
business because each guest is paying attention to the services and to the
product you provide, accommodation, the food, the hotel facilities.
Hospitality communication involves two important aspects: customer
service and the interaction between staff and management. To provide
tourism services we have to involve and use all kind of forms and techniques
of communication like: “face to face communication”, “telephone
communication”, “written communication”. Each employee has to be
trained always to maintain a warm, professional and welcoming
environment in workplace for both guests and among themselves. In
hospitality industry (in hotels, travel agencies, restaurants) , both students
and professors have to find answers to the following questions regarding the
communication process: the purpose of communication, who is the guest
you address, when is the moment you talk to the guest, the content of the
message, the tone you use, so on. Smiling, having eye contact to the guest,
being happy at work, being understanding to guests’ needs, the employee
creates a happy, relaxed atmosphere. Also, it is essential that the staff and
management communicate all the time, in different ways. In this way they
can be assured their guests will come back to their hotel. As a Chinese
proverb says: “To open a travel agency is easy, to keep it profitable is an
art”, it is an art to have a successful business.
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Donaldson, B. (2001). Managementul vânzărilor, Bucureşti: Editura
Codecs.
[2]. Ene, G. (2004). Cartea ospitalităţii, Editura THR-CG.
[3]. Ene, G. (2004). Manualul directorului de hotel, Editura THR-CG.
[4]. Lupu, N. (2002). Hotelul - Economie şi management, Ediţia a III-a,
Bucureşti: Editura AH Beck.
[5]. Mihai, Ş. & Ioneşti, C. (2010). Turism şi alimentaţie publică, Manual
clasa a X-a, Editura CD PRESS.
[6]. Stan, S. Arta vorbirii scenice, Bucureşti: Editura didactică şi
pedagogică.
[7]. Ţigu, G. (2003). Etica afacerilor în turism, Bucureşti: Editura Uranus.
[8]. Tran, V. Suport curs – Comunicare şi relaţii publice.
THE CENTENNIAL EVOLUTION OF
HANDICRAFT COOPERATION IN ROMANIA
Constantin ANGHELACHE
Prof. PhD
Bucharest University of Economic Studies /
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
actincon@yahoo.com
Mădălina-Gabriela ANGHEL
Assoc. prof. PhD
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
madalinagabriela_anghel@yahoo.com
Abstract
The cooperative system, generally speaking, but especially the craft
cooperative, has played an important role in the national economy by
capitalizing on local resources, helping to associate small craftsmen and,
last but not least, contributing to the achievement of Romania's Gross
Domestic Product. Craftsmanship has played an important role, especially
in the interwar period, when it came to the question of the economic
reconstruction of the country affected by the world's first confragration. The
country was scarred by resources, the decimated labor force, following the
tribute paid during the war, and therefore, the forms of craftsmanship
(production) were the most active in this direction. Also, after 1947, when
the super-centralized economy was moved, even under these conditions, the
craft cooperative consoli- dated and played an important role in the
structure of the national economy. A very large number of cooperative
members have been cooperative craftsmen associations, some of which have
been taken and transformed into state-owned industrial societies, which
attests to the economic power they possessed. The entire cooperative
system, including those in agriculture, had a share of about 20% in the
formation of the Social Product. After 1990, the craft cooperative was
adapted to the market requirements and the provisions of the adopted
legislation, and managed to maintain a positive trend. In the paper, a
sequential analysis is performed over the mentioned periods.
Key words: handicraft cooperative, cooperating member,
cooperative, cooperative principles, associative form
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Introduction
În acest articol, autorii efectuează o analiză, în timp, a evoluției
sistemului cooperatist meșteșugăresc.
În diferitele etape istorice de dezvoltare a României, urmare a
cadrului general european, economia a urmat un curs oscilant. Cele două
conflagrații mondiale au avut, pe lângă modificările teritoriale și ale
populației, și efecte economice deosebite. După primul război mondial,
România a înregistrat pierderi economice deosebite. Economia a fost pusă
pe picior de război, dezintegrându-se și devenind neeficientă.
Cooperația meșteșugărească a jucat un rol foarte important, în
sensnul că a coagulat posibilitățile locale pe care le-a organizat în
cooperative. Putem spune că a fost ultimul element de continuitate în
economia țării noastre. În perioada interbelică, sectorul cooperatist
meșteșugăresc s-a consolidat și dezvoltat. Apoi, după al doilea război
mondial, a intervenit sistemul economic multicentralizat, căruia cooperația
meșteșugărească i-a făcut față cu succes. Mai mult, faptul că era bine
dezvoltat se dovedește prin aceea că cele mai bune cooperative
meșteșugărești au fost trecute în rândul societăților industriale de stat. În
continuare, se analizează evoluția cooperației meșteșugărești în condițiile
pieței libere. Sunt prezentate date relevante pe bază de serii de date și
grafice.
1. Literature review
Anghelache (2018) a realizat o amplă analiză a genezei și evoluției
cooperației în România, cu accent pe perioada scursă începând cu anul 1918
și până în prezent. Anghelache (2018) a analizat rolul sistemului cooperatist
în dezvoltarea economică și socială. O temă similară este studiată de
Anghelache and Anghel (2017) care au evidențiat importanța cooperației în
evoluția economică a României. Anghelache (2018) a analizat contribuția
sectorului meșteșugăresc la creșterea economică a țării noastre. Backer
(2017) a tratat aspecte privind alternative oferită de școala cooperatistă. Levi
and Davis (2008) au prezentat însemnătatea activității cooperativelor în
cadrul economiei, în timp ce Novkovic (2006) a arătat principiile și valorile
cooperatiste. Petrescu (coordonator) (2011) a studiat amploarea și evoluția
sectorului cooperatist românesc. Torres Pérez (2016) a analizat posibiliatea
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producție, în anul 1932, ponderea cea mai mare fiind deținută de valorile
imobilizate, respectiv 38%.
2%
2%
2% 6% Casa
11%
Depozite
Efecte publice
Diverşi debitori
34% Mărfuri generale
5%
296
192
139 131
107 113 108 108
Total cooperative
Cooperative de producție și prestări de servicii industriale
356
311
Bucuresti-
Ilfov
6%
Sud
Est
9%
Sud-Vest 27%
8%
Nord-Vest Vest
13% 9%
Centru Sud-Est
12% 16%
economică (circa 2440 unități, din care: peste 300 de unități de producție,
circa 1780 de unități de prestări-servicii, peste 360 de unități comerciale).
Concluzii
Din studiul datelor cuprinse în acest articol se desprinde concluzia că
sistemul cooperatist meșteșugăresc constituie o constantă în structura
economiei naționale. Încă de la începuturi, acest sector de activitate a fost
prezent în mediul urban, daar și în cel rural, având o activitate în continuă
creștere.
În perioada interbelică, a jucat un rol activ la refacerea economiei
naționale, iar în perioada supercentralizată a contribuit la crearea produsului
intern brut.
Putem concluziona că sistemul cooperatist meșteșugăresc asigură
locuri de muncă, utilizarea eficientă a resurselor locale și reprezintă o
prezență constantă la nivelul economiei naționale.
În condițiile pieței libere, acest sector rămâne important și poate juca
un rol semnificativ în valorificarea resurselor locale. Între timp, sistemul
cooperatist meșteșugăresc are vocație și pe linia educației, dispunând de
școli profesionale, licee și o instituție de învățământ superior. Astfel, se
asigură pregătirea tineretului, oferindu-le și locuri de muncă, dar se
realizează și conversia profesională.
References
[1]. Anghelache, C. (2018). Evoluția centenară a sistemului cooperatist
din România, Editura Economică, Bucureşti
[2]. Anghelache, C. (2018). National cooperative system – component of
economic and social development. Romanian Statistical Review,
Supplement, 4, 18-31
[3]. Anghelache, C. (2018). The role of handicraft cooperation in
Romania’s economic development and growth. Romanian Statistical
Review, Supplement, 5, 280-296
[4]. Anghelache, C. and Anghel, M.G. (2017). The place and role of
Romanian co-operation in economic evolution, International
Symposium „Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges”, 1st
Edition, „Romania at a Crossroad. From the past, towards the future”,
„Artifex” University of Bucharest, December 14th-15th, Bucharest
International Symposium
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Dmitro TRUSHAKOV
Associate Professor, Ph. D.
Central Ukrainian National Technical University
Kropyvnytskyi, Kirovohrad region, Ukraine
Dmitro.trushakov@gmail.com
Oleksandr KOZLOVSKYI
Senior Lecturer, Ph. D.
Central Ukrainian National Technical University
Kropyvnytskyi, Kirovohrad region, Ukraine
Kozlovskyioa@gmail.com
Abstract
Digital economy is an economy associated with the accumulation,
processing, transmission and storage of large amounts of information. This
is an economy built on new standards and platforms associated with a wide
range of Internet services for human activities. In addition, it is necessary to
take into account innovative activities without which the development of the
digital economy is impossible. Data is the foundation of the digital
economy. A modern scientific-educated person needs to have ideas about
cybernetics and information protection as integral components of the
modern digital economy, namely, binary calculus as the basis for presenting
data in digital form, the basis for coding information, to have an idea about
the basics of transmitting information messages using digital cybernetics.
Key words: digital economy, large amounts of information,
innovative activities, digital cybernetics, information security, transmission
of information messages.
JEL Classification: D80
Introduction
Now, the rapid development of communication capabilities has to
solve a number of problems, both technical and organizational.
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1. Literature review
In our previous papers, our main idea was that the development of
the digital economy and the production of modern devices is not possible
without paying special attention to the reliability of modern digital devices.
In paper (Trushakov & Moshna, 2012), we conducted a study of the
reliability of the information system. In paper (Trushakov & Rendzinyak,
2013), we investigated the reliability of a personalized electronic measuring
machine.
(telegraph) message, that is, up to 25 code words in total. In this case, each
letter symbol is denoted by a five-digit binary number. In this case, one of
the possible options for binary code combinations for sending a text
message is presented in Table 3.
Conclusion
In this paper, we showed that the digital economy is an economy
built on new standards and platforms with new thinking. This is an economy
of data related to the accumulation, processing, transmission and storage of
large amounts of information. Without an innovative component, the
development of digital economics is impossible. Data is the foundation of
the digital economy. Modern science-educated people need to have an idea
about cybernetics and information protection as integral components of the
modern digital economy. The basis for presenting data in digital form for
processing and transmitting it is the binary system of calculus as the basis
for encoding information. A technically competent person needs to have an
idea about the basics of transmitting information messages using digital
cybernetics.
References
[1]. Trushakov, D., & Moshna, D. (2012). Investigation of the Reliability
of Computing Systems. Journal of applied computer science, Vol. 20,
No. 2, 131-140.
[2]. Trushakov, D., & Moshna, D. (2011). Investigation of the Reliability
of Computing Systems. Proceedings of the ХII International
Workshop “Computational problems of electrical engineering”.
Kostryna, Trans-Carpathian region, Ukraine, p. 62.
[3]. Trushakov D., & Rendzinyak, S. (2013). Research of the reliability of
personal computer “IBM PC” type. Przeglad elektrotechniczny, R. 89,
Nr. 4, 275-277.
[4]. Trushakov, D., & Rendzinyak, S. (2012). Research the reliability of
personal computer “IBM PC” type. Proceedings of the ХIII
International Workshop “Computational problems of electrical
engineering”. Grybow, Poland, p. 50.
[5]. Tokheim, R. (2013). Digital Electronics: Principles and Applications:
(8-th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
[6]. Böhme, R. (2013). The economics of information security and
privacy. New York: Springer.
[7]. Schneier, B. (2015) Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked
World. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
ASPECTE ECONOMICE ŞI LEGISLATIVE
PRIVIND TURISMUL NEAUTORIZAT DIN
DELTA DUNĂRII
Abstract
In recent years, in Romania, the phenomenon of unauthorized
tourism has assumed alarming extent. Along with agro hostels authorized,
Delta area is animated too, by type of pensions unauthorized increasingly
numerous. The objective of this paper is to analyse the authorized and
unauthorized tourism by Danube Delta in order to see who the true is the
dimension of classified tourism by the National Authority for Tourism and
identify some solutions becoming legal businesses. As a working method, we
applied a questionnaire authorized administrators of rural tourism within
the Danube Delta. The sample consisted of 31 respondents who answered a
series of 13 questions about their activities and relevant authorizing units.
Reasons for representatives of rural tourism unauthorized choose not to
authorize are the most diverse, from low income, up to the bureaucracy and
high taxes imposed by local governments.
Key words: analysis, Danube Delta, rural locations, questionnaire,
unauthorized tourism.
JEL Classification: K23, L83, R10
Introducere
Pensiunile agroturistice neautorizate prezintă o pondere însemnată
din totalul unităților de cazare, fie ele localizate și în regiunea Rezervației
Deltei Dunării.
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190 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
3. Rezultate și discuții
Analiza dinamicii fluxului de turişti înregistraţi la Administraţia
Rezervaţiei Biosferei Delta Dunării (ARBDD) conform datelor primite de
la cei 168 agenţi economici autorizaţi care au desfăşurat activităţi de turism
în RBDD, arată că până la sfârşitul sezonului turistic 2014, s-a înregistrat
un număr de: 5400 locuri cazare, 12 hoteluri, 101 pensiuni, 54 de pontoane
dormitor, 2 hidrobuze, 1 navă pasageri, 5 campinguri, 1 tabără tineret;
Activitatea de turism desfăşurată în RBDD în anul 2014 nu este pe
măsura potenţialului deosebit de ridicat al zonei.
Pe lânga datele oficiale luate în considerare în aprecierea
fenomenului turistic din RBDD trebuie menţionat şi fenomenul turismului
neorganizat, acest fenomen cunoscând în anul 2014 o uşoară creştere faţă
de anii precedenţi în special în localităţile cu potenţial turistic ridicat:
Sf.Gheorghe, Sulina, Crişan, Mila 23.
Conform rapoartelor primite de la agenţii economici autorizaţi să
desfăşoare activităţi de turism pe teritoriul Rezervaţiei Biosferei Delta
Dunării anul 2014 înregistrează un total de 59.039 turişti, din care 32. 037
turişti români şi 27.002 turişti străini.
Faţă de numărul turiştilor veniţi prin agenţii de turism şi al căror
număr a fost raportat către ARBDD, Delta Dunării a mai fost vizitată şi de
turişti veniţi pe cont propriu şi care s-au folosit de mijloacele de transport în
comun sau mijloace proprii, au stat în corturi amplasate în zone de campare
sau au fost cazaţi în localităţile din perimetrul RBDD fără o evidenţă clară
declarată.
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192 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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români străini
2010 56256 16072
2011 48042 28079
2012 33385 28303
2013 21856 36356
2014 32037 27002
60000
50000
40000
30000 români
străini
20000
10000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: ARBDD
Table no. 4 The analysis of the average stay that tourists spend in the
unauthorized agro hostels according to the degree self classification
Care este perioada medie pe care turiștii o petrec la dvs. în pensiune?
După gradul de clasificare (stele/margarete)
8 – 14
<3 zile 4 – 7 zile Total
Gradul de clasificare U.M. zile
Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. %
2 stele/margarete Nr. 2 0 1 3 10%
3 stele/margarete Nr. 3 4 7 14 45%
4 stele/margarete Nr. 0 2 6 8 26%
5 stele/margarete Nr. 0 2 4 6 19%
Total Nr. 5 8 18 31 -
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Table no. 5 The analysis of the average stay that tourists spend in
unauthorized agro hostels accommodation according to their
accommodation capacity
Care este perioada medie pe care turiștii o petrec la dvs. în pensiune?
După capacitatea de cazare (număr camere/unitate de cazare)
8 – 14
<3 zile 4 – 7 zile Total
Capacitatea de cazare U.M. zile
Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. %
2 camere Nr. 1 0 3 4 13%
3 – 4 camere Nr. 3 1 2 6 19%
5 – 6 camere Nr. 1 4 6 11 35%
7 – 8 camere Nr. 0 3 7 10 32%
Total Nr. 5 8 18 31 -
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196 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Table no. 6 The analysis of the average stay that tourists spend in the
unauthorized agro hostels according to the tariff of accommodation
Care este perioada medie pe care turiștii o petrec la dvs. în pensiune?
După tariful practicat de unitățile de cazare (lei)
Tarif mediu de <3 zile 4 – 7 zile 8 – 14 zile Total
U.M.
cazare Nr. Nr. Nr. Nr. %
< 120 lei Nr. 4 3 5 12 39%
121 - 200 lei Nr. 0 1 4 5 16%
201 - 300 lei Nr. 1 3 7 11 35%
> 300 lei Nr. 0 1 2 3 10%
Nr. 5 8 18 31 -
Total
% 16% 26% 58% - 100%
Reziduul Standardizat
< 120 lei Nr. 1,48 -0,05 -0,75
121 - 200 lei Nr. -0,90 -0,26 0,64
201 - 300 lei Nr. -0,58 0,10 0,24
> 300 lei Nr. -0,70 0,26 0,20
10,64 p > 0,1(*)
Chi-Pătrat Calculat = 5,04
Valoarea Critică (teoretică) 12,59 p > 0,05(**)
Grade de libertate (df) =
6 16,81 p > 0,01(***)
=
Cramer’s V = 0,29 Pearson’s C = 0,37
Source: Data processing from the questionnaire
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(df) = 0,01(***)
Cramer’s V = 0,41 Pearson’s C = 0,51
Source: Data processing from the questionnaire
Nr. 11 17 3 31 -
Total
% 35% 55% 10% - 100%
Reziduul Standardizat
2 stele/margarete Nr. -1,03 -0,50 3,17
3 stele/margarete Nr. 0,01 0,12 -0,30
4 stele/margarete Nr. 0,10 0,29 -0,88
5 stele/margarete Nr. 0,60 -0,16 -0,76
10,64 p > 0,1(*)
Chi-Pătrat
13,32** p>
Calculat = Valoarea Critică (teoretică) 12,59
0,05(**)
=
Grade de libertate p>
6 16,81
(df) = 0,01(***)
Cramer’s V = 0,46 Pearson’s C = 0,55
Source: Data processing from the questionnaire
Concluzii
Prin testarea statistică a opiniei reprezentanților pensiunilor
agroturistice neautorizate (Chi-Pătrat = 13,32**; Valoarea Critică = 12,59 la
o probabilitate de p>0,05), privind motivul pentru care funcționează fără
autorizație în funcție de autoevaluarea gradului de clasificare declarat, se
observă că există o asociere semnificativă între motivul pentru care au ales
să funcționeze fără autorizație și gradul de clasificare autoevaluat pe
problema analizată iar din analiza lui R (Reziduul standardizat) se observă
diferențe semnificative în ceea ce privește răspunsul oferit de reprezentanții
pensiunilor autoevaluate la 2 stele/margarete care au ales să funcționeze fără
autorizație din cauza nivelului taxelor existente, permițându-ne să formulăm
concluzia că opinia reprezentanților pensiunilor cu privire la motivul pentru
care au ales să funcționeze fără autorizație este influențată de gradul de
clasificare autoevaluat de către aceștia.De asemenea, prin interpretarea lui
Pearson’s C, respectiv Cramer’s V, în cazul de față se poate spune că între
opinia reprezentanților pensiunilor privind motivul pentru care au ales să
funcționeze fără autorizație și gradul de clasificare autoevaluat (Pearson’s C
= 0,46; Cramer’s V = 0,55), există asociere între aspectele analizate, opinia
reprezentanților pensiunilor agroturistice privind motivul pentru care au ales
să funcționeze fără autorizație este influențată de gradul de clasificare
autoevaluat de către aceștia.
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Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
200 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Alecu, I.N., Constantin, M., 2006, Tourism and agro-tourism
marketing, Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest, p. 25.
[2]. Brown, L., 1997, Global problems of Mankind, Technical Publishing
House, Bucharest, p.75
[3]. Cretu Romeo Cătălin, 2013, Management of the Agro Resources,
University Publishing House, Bucharest
[4]. Cretu Romeo Cătălin, 2013, Autorizare si control in alimentatia
publica si agroturism, University Publishing House, Bucharest
[5]. Eugen Ştefan Pecican, Econometrics for economists, Third Edition,
Economic Publishing House, 2007.
[6]. R.C. Higgins, Analysis for Financial Management, Business One
Irwin, 1992.
[7]. Robu V., Anghel I, Şerban E.C., Financial and economic analysis,
Economic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2014.
[8]. Ștefan P., Smedescu D., Cutaș C., 2013, Rural tourism in Romania – a
marketing perspective, Scientific Papers Series Management,
Economic Engineering Agriculture and Rural Development, Vol. 13,
Issue 1, ISSN 2285-3952, UASVM Bucharest.
[9]. Vâlceanu Gh., Robu V., Georgescu N., Financial and economic
analysis, Economic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2005.
[10]. Tudor V., Alecu I.N., 2013, Management of production, ISBN 978-
973-40-1033-2, Ceres Publishing House, Bucharest.
[11]. ARBDD, Environmental Status 2014.
[12]. Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve – Master Plan, 2015.
[13]. National Statistics Institute.
DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY BASED ON
MARKETING STRATEGIES
Veronica BULAT
PhD,
Department of Economics,
Marketing and Tourism,
State University of Moldova
bulat.veronica@gmail.com
Alexandr ONOFREI
PhD, Prof.,
Department of Economics,
Marketing and Tourism,
State University of Moldova
Iana RENCHECI
stud.
State University of Medicine
and Pharmacy “N. Testemitanu”
Abstract
Pharmaceutical companies spend billions marketing their products
to healthcare professionals every year. The practice, which includes journal
and direct-to-consumer advertising, professional meetings and in-person
and electronic sales calls to healthcare professionals with free samples and
gifts, influences how doctors and pharmacists prescribe and dispense
medicines. Pharmaceutical marketing materials always present a
company’s products as favourably as possible to generate sales. Healthcare
professionals who use these materials may therefore make inappropriate
treatment decisions for their patients based on hype, rather than facts. This
harms patients and increases health care costs.
Key words: pharmaceutical industry, drug industry, drug
marketing, global market, global trade.
JEL Classification: A12, F01, I11.
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Introduction
Companies engaged in researching, developing, manufacturing and
distributing drugs for human or veterinary use comprised the pharmaceutical
industry. An enormous positive influence on global health, prosperity and
economic productivity by saving lives, increasing life spans, reducing
suffering, preventing surgeries and shortening hospital stays have new
drugs. Advances in medicine have eliminated deadly diseases and have
brought other life-threatening conditions under control. Drug therapy is now
an integral part of nearly every facet of healthcare, and new breakthroughs
promise to revolutionize the treatment of non-communicable diseases.
Literature review
The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources.
The first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their
traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to
wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Rational drug discovery from
plants started particularly with the isolation of morphine, analgesic and
sleep-inducing agent from opium, by the German apothecary assistant
Friedrich Sertürner who named the compound after the Greek god of
dreams, Morpheus. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-
La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome (now part of Glaxo Smith Kline), Abbott
Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Upjohn (now part of Pfizer) began as local
apothecary shops in the mid-1800s. By the late 1880s, German dye
manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic
compounds from coal tar and other mineral sources and had also established
rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of
synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the
structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science
of pharmacology expanded their ability to evaluate the biological effects of
these structural changes. [5]
Not too long ago many of the new pharmaceutical products were
having a revolutionary impact on health care. Between 1970 and the mid
1990’s dozens of new medications changed the way we doctors practiced
medicine. For exemple, peptic ulcer disease, a chronic painful stomach
condition often requiring surgery and lengthy hospitalization, could
suddenly be managed with no hospitalization using new classes of antacids,
and then cured with a new course of oral antibiotics.
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new ideas. New ideas are always expensive and risky. Even the most
brilliant sounding ideas often go nowhere when tested clinically. [7]
By 1990 the pharmaceutical industry knew they already had a lot of
very effective products that were making them lots of money each year.
They had patents that were generating billions of dollars a year and would
continue to do so for many years to come. They also knew they could
probably find a number of new uses for the classes of medications they
already had. The most profitable course they saw at that point was to just
coast; put no more funding into new foundational research and just keep
pushing what was already working for them.
The profits made by the pharmaceutical companies exploded over
the last decade without them putting out any new products that were even
remotely innovative. But that strategy can only work for a little while. Two
decades after they shut the door on actual innovation the revenue from the
old ideas is starting to run dry.
50 46% 46%
45 % 45%
45
40
35
30
25 22% 21% 21% 21% 21% 22%
20% 20%
20
15 13% 13% 12% 11%
10
5
0
2014 2015 2016 2017
research and identify a market, develop a formulation for the drug, integrate
operational systems, run clinical trials and focus on branding is colossal, and
each stage takes a great deal of funding to complete it. Therefore it is
essential to have a good pharmaceutical marketing strategy in place.
The drug industry has so many regulations that delays in compliance
and licences can hinder development. It’s reported that some pharmaceutical
companies can sometimes take over 10 years to develop a drug before it is
approved and released into the market. It’s no wonder then that marketing is
such a massively important aspect of a new product and ongoing campaigns
and strategies must be in place to ensure the endurance and success. The
pharmaceutical industry is saturated with drug companies competing against
each other in standard retailing products. Price and geographical location are
all essential qualities to be able to make a good position in the market but
marketing strategy is the key part to make a drug an effective market leader.
Researching and understanding your target market gives you the
naked facts on forecasted sales, patient needs and customer distribution
locality. For instance, it would be far less effective to market a new
treatment in a geographical location where only a small population may be
affected. Researching your target market and competitors will give you the
impetus to know where and how to commence strategic marketing. [6]
Pharmaceutical companies often thrive because they have sort
after pharmaceutical consulting which have implemented a successful
marketing campaign. Marketing takes a great deal of funding, but
considering the outlay companies pay to cover all the developmental stages,
the marketing is a key aspect that will create the profitable return. Assessing
and predicting your market and your objectives helps you to deploy a
marketing strategy that is not only successful but gives your business a high
rung on the ladder within the marketplace. Strong branding brings product
awareness to your target market increasing your customer base and
positioning you amongst the market leaders. A successful marketing plan is
one that evolves and changes as time goes by, depending on funding,
consumer demands, market changes and company influences.
A pharmaceutical marketing strategy should be developed after
researching and identifying many sections of the industry. Marketing is a
tool to get your brand out there, to build awareness of company presence
and to influence potential customers to choose you over competing brands.
Marketing strategies should be devised after in depth analysis has been
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
208 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Conclusion
Pharmaceutical marketing is the last element of an information
continuum, where research concepts are transformed into practical
therapeutic tools and where information is progressively layered and made
more useful to the health care system. Thus, transfer of information to
physicians through marketing is a crucial element of pharmaceutical
innovation. By providing an informed choice of carefully characterized
agents, marketing assists physicians in matching drug therapy to individual
patient needs. Pharmaceutical marketing is presently the most organized and
comprehensive information system for updating physicians about the
availability, safety, efficacy, hazards, and techniques of using medicines.
The costs of pharmaceutical marketing are substantial, but they are typical
of high-technology industries that must communicate important and
complex information to sophisticated users. These costs are offset by
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savings resulting from proper use of medicines and from lower drug costs
owing to price competition.
References
[1]. Applbaum Kalman, Pharmaceutical Marketing and the invention of
the medical consumer, In: Journal PLOS Medicine, no.11, 2016.
[2]. Belk Paul The pharmaceutical Industry, In: True cost of Health-Care,
2018, (http://truecostofhealthcare.org/the_pharmaceutical_industry)
[3]. David Holmes, Skies Darken Over Drug Companies, Lancet 379
(2012): 1863–64.
[4]. Distribution of the total global pharmaceutical market sales from 2014
to 2017, by submarket., who.statistics.com
[5]. Greg Miller, Is Pharma Running Out of Brainy Ideas? Science 329
(2010): 502–04;
[6]. Lexchin Joel, The Pharmaceutical Industry in Contemporary
Capitalism., In Monthly Review: an independent socialist magazine.,
2018.
[7]. Prescrire Editorial Staff, “New Drugs and Indications in
2014,” Prescrire International 24 (2015): 107–10.
[8]. PubMed: Top pharmaceuticals: introduction: emergence of
pharmaceutical science and industry: 1870-1930
[9]. Walter Sneader, Drug Discovery: A History. John Wiley & Sons.
2005, pp. 155–156. ISBN 978-0-470-01552-0.
THE PRIVATIZATION PROCESS OF
COMERCIAL COMPANIES FROM ROMANIA
Adrian ŞIMON
Assoc. prof. ec., Ph.D
University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences
and Technology of Tîrgu-Mureş, Romania
Abstract
The reform process started in 1989, mainly aimed at building a
durable and performant market economy, Romania enrolling in the
application of “new rules of the game”. But not being aware of these new
forms to be reached as the ultimate task of the transition, the expression
"transition to the market economy" was chosen. This facilitates the effort of
thinking to operate a simple and enjoyable translation from something
familiar to something new, also known, replacing only the "Plan" God with
the Goddess "market".
Key words: privatization, transition, price liberalization, market
economy
When this turmoil will be over and it will be written without any
fervor about the privatization history, certainly large spaces will be reserved
for the role played by actors representing parties, trade union organizations
(institutions recognized by the authorities), business circles, the media,
about the evolution and quality of the restructuring process and the
privatization of the state economic units, transformed overnight into
autonomous public entities and commercial companies according to the
stipulations of Law no. 15/August 1990 regarding the reorganization of
state economic units as Autonomous public entities and commercial
companies.
It will be not mention the endless chit-chat of many, who
individually did not represent anything worthy of consideration or did not
advance viable solutions, but who together encouraged or demolished the
opinions of some leaders, especially those at the local levels, regarding
specific situations judged unilaterally and empirically.
Although the management came into the common language of the
Romanians, with very few exceptions, the comments did not refer to the
scientific, technical and practical elements of the privatization management,
whether it was conducted or how the process was conducted, what
specificities it has, which are the influences of the external environment, if
there was a vision, what strategies have been developed, what techniques
have been applied, who are the controllers and the evaluators, what are the
progresses, how to use the feed-back (what corrections have been made) and
so on.
Nevertheless, the exceptions have tried to draw attention to the
novelty and uniqueness of the exercise, both internally and internationally.
Identifying the solution involves attracting specialists from diverse fields -
from economics to psychology, from politics to philosophy, the speed and
accuracy of the result is expressing in fact the quality of management
applied.
The analyzes and comments of the specialists of the 1990s,
especially of the foreign consultants are notorious, regarding the
opportunity of the previous and / or post-privatization restructuring, the
rapid privatization or at a rate correlated with the creation of the local
capital, the total privatization or the preservation of state ownership of some
strategic units or for granting of additional facilities to foreign investors,
etc. Currently, it can be seen that some of the proposed or imposed recipes
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have not led to revival, the balance inclining to those of domestic strategies
that have taken into account the realities, traditions and sensitivities specific
to our country.
Forasmuch as it wasn’t yet realized a global survey on the effects of
privatization in Romania, it is difficult to compare the results, even upon at
sectors level only, with those identified by specialists over economies that
have moved from the totalitarian economic system to a decentralized one.
Therefor are present the same types of problem, the same opportunities, but
also difficulties and many shattered illusions.
The advantages and drawbacks of applying one or other of the
possible strategies are balanced, and recipes can not be developed as a
panacea, but it is useful to know the different experiences, both for
preparing the specialty theory and further for the improvement of response
and correction reactions.
The analysis of the way the process of restructuring and privatization
of the Romanian trading companies has evolved rise to many questions with
more or less objective connotation, whose response often starts with
invoking the specificity of the phenomenon and implicitly the lack of
experience, but seldom with reference to management applied, strategy and
policy, managerial methods and techniques.
The evolution of the process of privatization and restructuring the
trading companies to which the state is a shareholder and of the specific
institutional and relational framework is closely related to the evolution of
the legislative and regulatory system.
Law no. 15/1990 regarding the reorganization of the state economic
units as autonomous public entities and commercial companies was the
theoretical moment of starting the ample process of diminishing the role of
the state in the economy and for preparation of a future stage, the effective
transition of ownership from the state sector to the private sector.
In this manner it was promoted the transfer of the right to administer
both to the domestic capital, insufficiently developed for making direct
investments and for strategic investors, through the application of renting
methods, commercial leasing, concession etc.
Conclusions
1. Unfortunately the Management of state-owned companies was not
a priority at the beginning of the transition.
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214 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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In order to respect the truth, it should be noted that in the first stage
there was a real selection of employees by contest after that people
were preferred by a “contest of circumstances” that met only one
criteria, their political affiliation that became essential.
Often organizational structures have been modified, by creating or
dismantling some components, only for firing of some leaders or to appoint
of others.
The relational system has strongly marked the evolution of the
privatization process, even by modifying existing legislation or promoting
new regulations.
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References
[1]. Anghelache, Constantin, Romania 2004 - Economic status; significant
developments, Economic Publishing House, Bucharest, 2004, ISBN
973-709-070-5;
[2]. Anghelache, Gabriela, Capital Market, Economic Publishing House,
Bucharest, 2004, ISBN 973-709-065-9;
[3]. Bolchiș, Teofil , Reverse Transition in Romania (communism---
capitalism), Gutinul P.L.C. Publishing House, Baia Mare, 2001, ISBN
973-9198-55-4;
[4]. Cârcei, Elena, Functioning and Termination of Joint Stock
Companies, Economic Publishing House, Bucharest, 1996, ISBN
973-590-306-7;
[5]. Mazuru, Luminița-Ioana, The Relationship of the Enterprise with the
Capital Market, Concordia Publishing House, Arad, 2004, ISBN 973-
8084-36-7;
[6]. Șimon, Adrian, Financial markets and financial investments in the
context of behavioral finance, Publishing House Cavallioti, Bucharest,
2014, ISBN 978-606-551-052;
[7]. Şimon, Adrian, Markets and stock exchanges, Petru Maior˝ University
Publishing House, Tîrgu-Mureş, 2001, ISBN 973-8084-36-9;
[8]. Şimon, Ilie, Salary civilization, Efficient Publishing House, Bucharest,
1997, ISBN 973-7955-48-X;
Societăţile cooperative – alternativă pentru
dezvoltarea economică durabilă
Cătălin DEATCU
Conf.univ.dr.
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din București
catalindeatcu@gmail.com
Virginia CUCU
Conf.univ.dr.
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din București
virginia.cucu@gmail.com
Emilia Mioara DRĂGUȘIN
Student
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din București
Abstract
The cooperative system, with more than two centuries of experience,
demonstrates its traditional superior qualities as a form of management, as
well as new skills in labor and social relationships. Cooperatives are a
"third way" between capitalism and socialism, a reconciliation of the rich
and the poor, an effective way of achieving a social justice in a free and
democratic society. Co-operation is a bridge between the forces of
globalization and local economic activity. Co-operation is a way to boost
inventiveness in the current economic concept, but also a way to promote
human resources in the most diverse sectors of activity. European co-
operation, in consensus with the entire world's co-operation, is defined by
transparency, by democracy, by eliminating any form of social, confessional
or gender discrimination. This clearly defined, unanimously recognized
cooperative principles and values must be promoted at all levels.
Worldwide, cooperative societies are steadily increasing, both in terms of
cooperative membership and business volumes, as a genuine economic
force.
Key words: cooperative system, globalization, economic activity,
cooperative principles, economic force.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Cruceru Dan (coordonator) (2015) – „Economia socială. Documentar
istoric și legislativ”, Editura Artifex, București
[2]. Cruceru Dan (2014) – „Cooperaţia în România”, Editura Artifex,
Bucureşti
[3]. International Co-operatives Alliance Anual Reports 2000-2013
[4]. Alianța Cooperatistă Internațională (2015) – „Co-operative
Governance Fit to Build Resilience in the Face of Complexity”
(http://ica.coop/sites/default/files/attachments/ICA%20GOVERNAN
CE%20PAPER%20-%20EN.pdf)
[5]. World Co-operative Monitor (2016) – „Exploring the Co-operative
Economy. Report 2016”
[1]. (http://monitor.coop/sites/default/files/WCM_2016%20WEB.pdf)
[6]. http://ica.coop/
[7]. http://monitor.coop/
MANAGEMENTUL LANŢULUI DE
APROVIZIONARE ŞI LOGISTICA
MARKETINGULUI
Dan NĂSTASE
Prof. univ. dr.
Aurelian DIACONU
Conf. univ. dr.
Cătălin GAVRILĂ
Masterand
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din București
Abstract
In this paper, it is emphasized the importance of the supply chain
management and logistics within organizations, as having a role in the
creation of teams that would help in efficiently implementing and improving
flows of materials, goods and services, from manufacturing to sale, for a
better satisfaction of the client.
Key words: management of the supply chain, logistic, marketing,
distribution channels
Introducere
Pe piața globală în prezent, vânzarea unui produs este mai ușoară
decât aducerea lui la clienți. Companiile trebuie să se decidă asupra celei
mai bune metode de a stoca marfa, de a o manevra, și de a mișca produsele
și serviciile în așa fel încât să fie disponibile clienților printr-o gamă de
sortimente corespunzătoare, la locul și la timpul potrivit. Eficacitatea
logisticii are un impact major atât asupra satisfacerii clienților, cât și asupra
costurilor companiei. Aici ne axăm pe: natura și importanța managementului
logisticii pentru lanțul de aprovizionare, țintele propuse de sistemul logistic,
pe funcțiile majore ale logisticii, și pe necesitatea unui management integrat
al lanțului de aprovizionare.
Natura și importanța logisticii marketingului - pentru unii manageri,
logistica marketingului înseamnă doar camioane și depozite. Dar logistica
modernă înseamnă mai mult decât atât. Logistica Marketingului - de
asemenea denumită distribuție fizică – implică planificarea, implementarea
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222 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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companii oferă mai puține servicii, dar pretind prețuri mai mari care să
acopere costuri mai mari.
Funcțiile principale ale logisticii
Dacă se stabilește un set de obiective logistice, compania planifică
un sistem logistic care va minimaliza costurile de atingere a acestor
obiective. Funcțiile principale ale logisticii sunt: depozitarea, coordonarea
inventarului, transportul și managementul informațiilor logistice.
Depozitarea
Ciclurile de producție si consum rareori se amortizează, deci
majoritatea companiilor trebuie să-și stocheze bunurile/mărfurile în timp ce
așteaptă să fie vândute. De exemplu, Snapper, Toro și alți producători de
mașini de tuns iarba, produc aceste utilaje tot anul și își stochează produsele
pentru perioadele de vârf de vănzări din primăvară și vară. Funcția de
stocare depășește diferențele față de cantitățile și perioadele necesare,
asigurându-se că produsele sunt disponibile când și clienții sunt gata să le
cumpere.
O companie trebuie să se decidă asupra numărului de depozite, ce fel
de depozite are nevoie și unde vor fi localizate. Compania ar putea folosi ori
depozitele, ori centrele de distribuție. Depozitele stochează mărfuri pentru
perioade scurte sau lungi. Din contră, centrele de distribuție sunt proiectate
mai mult ca să tranziteze mărfurile, decât doar să le stocheze. Sunt depozite
mari și foarte automatizate, proiectate să primească mărfuri de la diferite
fabrici și furnizori, să preia comenzi, să le onoreze cu eficiență, să livreze
mărfurile clienților pe cât de repede posibil.
Transformarea lanțului de aprovizionare într-unul ecologic
Companiile au multe motive să reducă impactul asupra mediului de
către lanțurile lor de aprovizionare. Un lucru este cert, într-un viitor nu prea
îndepărtat, dacă companiile nu devin ecologice din propria inițiativă, un șir
de legi verzi și reguli de sustenabilitate, care deja sunt puse in practică în
unele țări din lume, le vor cere să facă asta. Sustenabilitatea mediului a
devenit un factor important in selectarea furnizorului și evaluarea
performanței, deci furnizorii trebuie să gândească „verde”, ori să pericliteze
relațiile ci acei clienți importanți. Poate este chiar mai important decât să fie
nevoiți să o realizeze, planificarea unor lanțuri de aprovizionare, mai
responsabile față de mediu este pur și simplu corect de urmat. Este încă o
modalitate prin care companiile pot contribui la salvarea lumii noastre
pentru generațiile viitoare.
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 225
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
Alexandru COLESNICOV
PhD, leading scientific researcher,
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Republic of Moldova,
acolesnicov@gmx.com
Ludmila MALAHOV
scientific researcher,
Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science,
Republic of Moldova,
lmalahov@gmail.com
Eugenia LUCASENCO
scientific researcher,
National Institute for Economic Research,
Republic of Moldova,
eugenia_lucasenco@yahoo.com
Abstract
The article discusses selection of the implemetation platform to
develop Web application for econometrical analysis of the gender
imbalance in the labour market on micro-economic level. Six principles of
software selection are formulated and substantiated. Using these principles,
three systems from 126 were selected in several iterations. The winner is
XWiki that additionally provides more comfortable features to program
algorithms of econometrical calculations.
Key words: gender, gender imbalance analysis, econometrical
methods, Web application for gender audit, software implementation
platform.
JEL Classification: C6, C8, J7, M4, M5
Introduction
This work is a part of development of a Web platform to analyze the
gender imbalance on the micro-economic level in the labor market.
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
With this aim, we’d apply econometrical methods for the gender
audit of an institution or its subdivision. This research is performed in the
framework of STCU project #6336. 1
To create a Web platform, that is, a set of Web pages and
applications satisfying the targets of the project, it is necessary to select a
suitable implementation platform.
In our case, the implementation platform should support at least Web
page design, and implementation of algorithms for econometrical
calculations. These are minimal requirements; details are described below.
1. Research methodology
First of all, we formulated the principles we expect for the
implementation platform, and substantiated them using the available
sources.
Then we took the list of available platforms and applied the
formulated and substantiated principles exterminating the systems that don’t
satisfy them.
A small number of remaining systems was analyzed more
thoroughly that permitted to select the winner.
1
This paper was elaborated in the framework of the scientific project for the years 2018-
2020, entered in the State Register of Science and Innovation Projects with the code
18.80013.0807.06.STCU / 6336 "Innovative approaches to applied computations and
software development for gender equality regulation on labor market" („Abordări
inovaționale privind dezvoltarea calculelor aplicative și software-ului pentru
reglementarea egalității de gen pe piața forței de muncă„), within the framework of the
STCU-ASM Joint Research-Development Initiatives Program, the call from 10.04.2017.
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234 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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2.6. Principle 5: Free, open source, but with a not very restrictive
license
Many Open Source licenses require a license to be reproduced. It is
desirable that commercial use was allowed.
The advantages of Open Source Software (OSS) were widely
discussed. The mist important benefits of OSS are [16-19]:
• OSS are free to use without complex licensing, and cheaper in use
as the result;
• OSS are highly reliable because they are created by skillful and
talented people;
• OSS are following of standards;
• They provide more flexibility;
• They are continually evolving in real time;
• You are not locked into using a particular vendor’s system that
only works with their other systems;
• You can modify and adapt open source software for your own
requirements.
2
https://websitesetup.org/popular-cms/
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3
http://wiki.c2.com/?TopTenWikiEngines
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arranged and packed extensions, but the used languages are Java and
Python.
The final selection of our implementation platform was XWiki. We
found three systems that seems equal in their features, and two small but
important advantages became the deciding factor:
1. simplicity of extension (direct coding permitted);
2. richer and more powerful programming languages (Python and Java
vs. PHP).
4. Characteristics of XWiki
XWiki is a Java open source software development platform based
on the Wiki principles, under a LGPL license. It can be installed on almost
any computer including under Windows and Linux. In addition to being a
full-featured Wiki, it is also a second generation Wiki allowing
collaborative web applications to be written easily and quickly. On top of
this platform several products are developed, targeted mainly on aiding
enterprise-level needs.
XWiki has a friendly community of developers and users. The
community is made of individual users as well as companies around the
world which are using XWiki for Intranets and Communities.
Development for XWiki is performed at many levels: server-side
platform programming in Java with J2EE technologies, server-side
application development in Velocity, Python, CSS and HTML, RIA
development in GWT, and client-side development in JavaScript.
Proposed projects vary from server-side J2EE programming, rich
application development on the client-side, GUI and usability
improvements, integration with open protocols like Open Social or XMPP,
and many others.
Other XWiki advantages are:
• Easy installation wherever there is Java
• Wiki syntax support and powerful WYSIWG editor
• Export to multiple formats
• Support of various DBMS for data storage
• Internationalization and support for multiple languages
• User authorization
• Possibility to use Python as the programming language, etc.
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Conclusion
Finally, we selected XWiki as our implementation platform. Using
formulated and substantiated principles we found three systems that seems
equal in their features (Drupal, TYPO3, XWiki). The winner was defined by
simplicity of extension, and accessibility of more powerful programming
languages.
References
[1]. Emily Ysaguirre. The Benefits of Automating Audit Processes. Ensure
transparency and improvements in real time. June 15, 2015.
https://www.qualitydigest.com/inside/quality-insider-article/061515-
benefits-automating-audit-processes.html
[2]. Vasarhelyi M.A., Warren J.D., Teeter R.A., Titera W.R. Embracing
the automated audit: How the Audit Data Standards and audit tools
can enhance auditor judgment and assurance. Journal of Accountancy,
1 April 2014.
https://www.journalofaccountancy.com/issues/2014/apr/automated-
audits-20127039.html
[3]. B.Musthaler. The only way to survive the audit process is with
automation. Network World, May 2, 2011.
https://www.networkworld.com/article/2202732/infrastructure-
management/the-only-way-to-survive-the-audit-process-is-with-
automation.html
[4]. https://www.magicwebsolutions.co.uk/blog/the-benefits-of-web-
based-applications.htm
[5]. Red Rock Software Pty Ltd (Ausralia). 10 Benefits of Web Based
Applications and Systems. 2015-09-30.
https://redrocksoftware.com.au/10-benefits-of-web-based-
applications-systems/
[6]. Taras Baca. Benefits of Web Based Applications. April 6, 2013.
http://www.flapps.com/benefits-of-web-based-applications/
[7]. Key Benefits of Web Applications for Business. 6th August 2018.
https://evergreencomputing.com/blog/5-key-benefits-of-web-
applications-for-business/
[8]. Tom Desousa. Benefits of Web Based Applications.
https://www.streetdirectory.com/travel_guide/136495/world_wide_we
b/benefits_of_web_based_applications.html
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
244 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
[9]. https://www.quora.com/What-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-web-based-application-development-vs-desktop-application-
development
[10]. Lara Fox. Advantages And Disadvantages - Web Apps. Jun 22, 2018.
https://www.objectiveit.com/blog/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-
of-web-apps
[11]. Paul Stanley. Advantages of Web Applications.
https://www.pssuk.com/AdvantagesWebApplications.aspx
[12]. Web-based vs Installed software – Pros and Cons.
https://www.excellerate.com/products/check-in-system/checkin-
features/ web-based-vs-installed-software-pros-and-cons/
[13]. https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-web-framework-1
[14]. https://www.atlassian.com/it-unplugged/knowledge-management/
what-is-a-knowledge-base
[15]. https://www.atlassian.com/software/confluence/knowledge-base
[16]. Crystal R. Lombardo. 7 Main Advantages and Disadvantages of Open
Source Software. https://connectusfund.org/7-main-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-open-source-software
[17]. Rachel Bridge. Open source software: Advantages & disadvantages.
Jun 25, 2018. https://entrepreneurhandbook.co.uk/open-source-
software/
[18]. Crystal Lombardo. 8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Open Source
Software. November 12, 2016. http://visionlaunch.com/8-advantages-
disadvantages-open-source-software/
[19]. What Are the Advantages And Disadvantages Of Open Source.
http://www.ictinnovations.com/what-are-the-advantages-and-
disadvantages-of-open-source
ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT IN 100 YEARS
SINCE THE GREAT UNION
Constantin ANGHELACHE
Prof., PhD
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
actincon@yahoo.com
Mădălina-Gabriela ANGHEL
Assoc. prof., PhD
„Artifex” University of Bucharest
madalinagabriela_anghel@yahoo.com
Abstract
The economic growth of a country is measured by the Gross
Domestic Product output indicator. Over the past 100 years, Romania's
area was different, as a result of historical evolution. From this point of
view, the economy has had a number of consequences, due to the different
territory from one time to another. Also, in certain segments of time, no
clear evidence of GDP evolution was found, in which case estimates were
made using estimation and interpolation. Another aspect considered in
order to ensure the comparability of the data is represented by the fact that
in the period between 1947 and 1989 in Romania the Social Product and
National Income indicators were calculated according to the material
production method. In this respect, it was necessary to adjust these
indicators, by considering non-material services, in order to obtain the
Gross Domestic Product. In this paper, a sequential analysis is carried out
over time, namely the analysis of these indicators until the beginning of the
First World War (as a starting point to ensure the continuity of data), the
interwar period, the period of the super-centralized economy and then the
period of the market economy free. For each of these time intervals, data
included in synthetic data series as well as graphical representations were
presented.
Key words: Gross Domestic Product, resources, uses, national
income, gross added value
International Symposium
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246 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Introducere
Produsul intern brut este indicatorul cel mai complex de rezultate,
care se calculează de foarte mult timp. Chiar și în perioada în care, în
România în perioada etatizată se calculau alți indicatori (produsul social și
venitul național) după metoda producției materiale, aceștia se transformau în
PIB pentru a asigura comparabiltatea internațională. O parte dintre datele
privind PIB-ul s-au preluat din anuare statistice sau lucrări ale altor autori
care au avut preocupări în transformarea datelor, iar atunci când nu au
existat date, autorii au utilizat metode statistice de determinare (interpolări,
estimări). De asemenea, în cadrul acestui studiu vom încerca să etapizăm
cercetarea pentru a o face cât mai semnificativă.
Rezultatele calculelor și estimărilor asupra indicatorilor
macroeconomici de sinteză sunt prezentate sub forma situațiilor statistice
globale, pe sectoare, pe ramuri în cadrul sectoarelor, pe subramuri și
activități în cadrul ramurilor. Situațiile statistice sunt de două categorii:
situații statistice de sinteză, care înfățișează tabele cu date în serie anuală și
în serie de medii ale anilor (4-5 ani) a ecuației producție brută, consum
intermediar și valoare adăugată brută, pe sectoare, ramuri, subramuri și
activități economice și situații statistice preliminare.
Procedeele de calcul aplicate pot fi utilizate pentru verificarea
soluțiilor folosite, cât și pentru a îmbunătăți calculele. Un principiu aplicat
în operațiunile de comensurare a proceselor economice a fost acela de a nu
supraestima mărimea lor. În general, indicatorii agregați calculați pot
conține, uneori, o diminuare minoră. În estimarea valorii producției
diferitelor ramuri nu s-a urmărit o poziție importantă, aceea a mișcării
stocurilor deoarece, în statistici, nu există nicio evidență a lor. Indicatorii nu
sunt, însă, afectați prea mult, întrucât, pe termen lung, stocurile, în plus și în
minus, se compensează. În estimarea valorii numeroșilor indicatori s-a
urmărit evitarea dublelor înregistrări.
1. Literature review
Anghelache (2018) a realizat o analiză complexă a evoluției îș
rezultatelor înregistrate de România în ultimii 100 de ani. Anghelache,
Anghel, Marinescu, Mirea and Petre (Olteanu) (2018) au sintetizat evoluția
istorică a produsului intern brut românesc. Anghelache, Bardașu, Marinescu
(2018) au studiat evoluția teritorială a PIB românesc. Anghelache (2017) a
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1920-1924 1945-1947
561
464
203 182
175
114 133 121
44 55
Agricole
Industriale
Construcții
6000
5000
4000
1920-1924
3000
1945-1947
2000
1000
0
PIB mil. lei PIB pe locuitor, lei
Administrație
Agricultură
Construcții
Profesiuni
imputată4
Industrie
Personal
publică3
Comerț
Total
Chirie
casnic
libere
Anii
1920 4315 1853 656 284 225 776 129 143 117 64 69
1947 4660 1613 1371 412 377 406 10 151 262 34 25
1.
Se cuprind: transporturile, telecomunicațiile, poșta. 2. Se cuprind: serviciile bancare și de asigurări.
3.
Se cuprind: administrația publică și apărarea. învățământul, sănătatea, cultura, cultele și asistența
socială din domeniul public.
4.
Se cuprind: chiria (imputată), venitul ipotetic al locuințelor în proprietate privată.
Sursa: Datele sunt preluate și prelucrate de autori din anuarele statistice ale României din perioada 1904-
1948 și din lucrarea „Produsul Intern Brut al României 1862-2000”, vol. I și II, autor Victor Axenciuc,
Editura Economică, București, 2012.
Construcții
Profesiuni
Industrie
imputată
Personal
bancare
Comerț
Servicii
publică
Total
Chirie
casnic
libere
Anii
1920 212,6 76,8 53,1 9,90 35,0 24,3 4,57 4,29 3,16 0,08 1,52
1947 455,2 73,9 244,1 46,4 64,0 13,7 1,06 4,52 6,95 0,04 0,56
Sursa: Datele sunt preluate și prelucrate de autori din anuarele statistice ale României din
perioada 1904-1948 și din lucrarea „Produsul Intern Brut al României 1862-2000”, vol. I și II,
autor Victor Axenciuc, Editura Economică, București, 2012.
Având în vedere datele din tabelul nr. 18, constatăm că după anul
1990, a scăzut ponderea producției de bunuri, în favoarea serviciilor, aspect
specific economiei de piață.
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Concluzie
Din studiul efectuat rezultã cã în întreaga peroadã analizatã
cooperația meșteșugãreascã a avut un rol pozitiv în economia României.
Astfel, toate evenimentele care au avut loc s-au resimțit și în acest domeniu.
Este semnificativ faptul cã în perioada interbelicã cooperația
mesteșugãreascã a jucat un rol decisiv la refacerea economiei naționale. În
perioada economiei centralizte, alãturi de celelalte tipuri de cooperative
contribuia la formarea Produsului Social cu cca 20%. De asemenea în
aceastã perioadã lucrau în sistemul cooperației meșteșugãrești un numãr
important de cooperatori și angajați.
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References
[1]. Anghelache, C. (2018). Bilanțul economic al României la 100 de ani,
Editura Economică, București
[2]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Marinescu, A.I., Mirea, M. and Petre
(Olteanu), A. (2018). Study on the Historical Evolution of Gross
Domestic Product in Romania. Romanian Statistical Review,
Supplement, 3, 184-203
[3]. Anghelache, C., Bardașu, G. and Marinescu, A.I. (2018). Analysis of
The Territorial Evolution of The Gross Domestic Product. Romanian
Statistical Review, Supplement, 7, 12-20
[4]. Anghelache, C. (2017). România 2017. Starea economică la un
deceniu de la aderare, Editura Economică, Bucureşti
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macroeconomică. Sistemul Conturilor Naţionale, Editura Economică,
Bucureşti
[6]. Axenciuc, V. (2012). Produsul Intern Brut al României 1862-2000,
vol. I și II, Editura Economică, București
[7]. Chamberlin, G. (2011). Gross domestic product, real income and
economic welfare. Economic & Labour Market Review, 5 (5), 5-25
[8]. Foerster, A.T. and Choi, J. (2016). Consumption Growth Regimes and
the Post-Financial Crisis Recovery. Economic Review, Second Quarter
Q (II), 25-48
[9]. Garin, J., Lester, R. and Sims, E. (2016). On the Desirability of
Nominal GDP Targeting. Journal of Economic Dynamics and
Control, 69, 21–44
[10]. Maza, A., Hierro, M. and Villaverde, J. (2012). Income distribution
dynamics across European regions: Re-examining the role of space,
Economic Modelling, 29 (6), 2632-2640
[11]. Pistoresi, B. and Rinaldi, A. (2012). Exports, imports and growth.
Explorations in Economic History, 49 (2), 241-254
EVOLUŢIA PRINCIPALILOR INDICATORI
AI OCUPĂRII FORŢEI DE MUNCĂ ÎN
SFERA MICULUI ANTREPRENORIAT DIN
REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
Anatolii ROJCO
doctor, conferențiar cercetător,
Institutul Naţional de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
rojco@mail.ru
Svetlana IVANOV
cerc. ştiinţific,
Institutul Naţional de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
svetlana.ivanov.2@mail.ru
Zoia STREMENOVSCAIA
cerc. ştiinţific,
Institutul Naţional de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
zoia713@mail.ru
Abstract
The relevance of the topic lies on the fact that small entrepreneurs
play an important role in the economic development of the Republic of
Moldova. Meanwhile, the situation with employment in the area of small
entrepreneurship in the Republic of Moldova has not received an adequate
scientifically-proved assessment. That’s why, the objective of the article lies
in appraisement process of the number and of small entrepreneurs’ number
structure that represents both scientific and practical interest. In the
research were used the following methods: monographic, analogues,
comparisons, statistics, etc. As a research result, there was received an
analysis of the number and structure of small entrepreneurs by criteria of:
sex, place of residence, type of economic activity and location of work
place.
Key words: employed population, small entrepreneurs, own account
workers, patrons, poverty level
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 267
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Noţiuni de bază
Pentru a identifica micii antreprenori, în acest capitol se utilizează
clasificarea populaţiei ocupate după statutul său profesional. Principalele
criterii, care determină statutul ocupării, sunt considerate gradul de risc
profesional, comportament faţă de mijloacele de producţie şi posibilitatea de
a lua decizii manageriale. Spre deosebire de salariaţi, care, având un
contract de muncă scris sau oral, primesc o remunerare, al cărei mărime nu
întotdeauna este legată direct de rezultatele activităţii întreprinderii, iar la
îndeplinirea obligaţiilor de serviciu activează în conformitate cu
instrucţiunile proprietarului sau a reprezentantului lui, micii antreprenori pe
deplin răspund de organizarea producerii şi rezultatele economice ale
activităţii sale şi în mod independent iau toate deciziile-cheie de
management. Mărimea venitului obținut este determinată direct de
rezultatele economice ale activității lor.
În Republica Moldova, conform Clasificării Naţionale referitoare la
statutul profesional, armonizate cu International Classification by Status in
Employment (ICSE-1993) statutul profesional se determină de poziţia
ocupată de persoană, în funcţie de metoda obţinerii venitului în procesul
realizării activităţii economice. În conformitate cu statutul profesional se
deosebesc: salariaţi (angajaţi), patroni (angajatori), lucrători pe cont propriu,
lucrători familiali neremuneraţi, membri ai cooperativelor / 4, р.37-38/.
În studiul nostru, am acceptat condiţional, că lucrătorii pe cont
propriu şi patronii, se atribuie la micii antreprenori, care activează în
sectorul IMM.
Surse de informare
Principala sursă de date cu privire la micii antreprenori, ca parte a
numărului total a populaţiei ocupate, este o cercetare selectivă a
gospodăriilor casnice pe problemele ocupării (aşa numitul sondaj în baza
anchetei forţei de muncă). Această cercetare se efectuează de către Biroul
Naţional de Statistică al Republicii Moldova şi cuprinde circa 12 mii
gospodăriilor casnice trimestrial. Ea se efectuează începând din a.1998, iar
începând din a.2006 se realizează în baza unei metodologii, care ţine cont de
ultimele recomandări ale BIM, standardele europene şi Codul Muncii al
Republicii Moldova.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
268 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
de vârstă 15-24 ani (cu 11,1%). Pentru anii 2015-2016 numărul micilor
antreprenori în vârsta de 65+ ani a crescut cu 23,9%, iar în vârsta de 45-64
ani – cu 9,7%. A avut loc o reducere a numărului micilor antreprenori în
grupa de vârstă 15-24 ani (cu 8,9%).
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
Indicatorii
total
total
total
total
total
TOTAL 1203,6 370,1 1219,5 394,7 1207,5 375,0* 101,3 106,6 99,0 95,0
Sex 1203,6 370,1 1219,5 394,7 1207,5 370,8*
Bărbaţi 599,7 226,2 605,6 235,4 609,2 224,3 101,0 104,1 100,6 95,3
Femei 603,9 143,9 613,9 159,3 598,3 146,5 101,7 110,7 97,4 92,0
Vârsta 1203,6 362,8* 1219,5 387,7* 1207,5 370,9*
15-24 ani 93,6 23,7 84,9 21,6 79,8 19,2 90,7 91,1 94,0 88,9
25-44 ani 593,3 167,9 609,7 175,1 604,0 162,2 102,8 104,3 99,1 92,7
45-64 ani 479,9 149,0 481,6 163,5 477,6 161,0 100,3 109,7 99,1 98,5
65+ 36,7 22,2 43,3 27,5 46,1 28,5 118,0 123,9 106,5 103,6
Mediu 1203,6 370,1 1219,5 394,7 1207,5 370,8*
Urban 555,3 75,9 559,8 83,8 550,1 69,4 100.8 110.4 998,3 82,8
Rural 648,3 294,2 659,7 310,9 657,4 301,4 101,8 105,7 102,4 96,9
Nivel de
instruire 1203,6 362,7* 1219,6* 387,8* 1207,4* 370,9*
Superior 294,0 20,1 297,4 23,3 297,7 20,2 101,2 115,9 100,1 86,7
Mediu de
specialitate 170,6 34,4 163,8 34,1 159,8 31,8 96,0 99,1 97,6 93,3
Secundar
profesional 268,1 96,7 268,5 96,8 276,1 96,9 100,1 100,1 102,8 100,1
Liceal; mediu
general 239,1 91,8 241,0 101,8 234,5 94,2 100,8 110,9 97,3 92,5
Gimnazial 224,8 115,6 242,1 127,7 234,1 124,5 107,7 110,5 96,7 97,5
Primar / fără
şcoala primară 7,0 4,1 6,8 4,1 5,2 3,3 97,1 100,0 76,5 80,5
* Diferențele în numărul micilor antreprenori se datorează răspunsurilor incomplete ale
respondenților la întrebările din unele secțiuni ale AFM
Sursa: calculat conform [1, p.35-38; 2, p.35-38; 3, р.33-36].
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
populaţia
populaţia
populaţia
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
Total
Total
Total
Indicatori
Total populaţia
Total populaţia
din care mici
antreprenori
antreprenori
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
Indicatori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
total
total
total
total
total
Total 1203,6 366,7 1219,5 394.7 1207,4 370,6 101,3 106,8 99,0 94,7
Agricultura,
economia
vânatului,
piscicultura 381,9 273,5 410,9 294,6 390,5 282,6 107,6 107,7 95,0 95,9
Industrie 148,3 4,4 148,1 3,9 144,4 0,0 99,9 88,6 97,5 0,0
Construcţii 65,4 37,4 60,9 32,5 56,6 31,0 93,1 86,9 92,9 95,4
Comerţ cu
ridicata şi cu
amănuntul;
Hoteluri şi
restaurante 189,6 34,1 199,6 40,4 208,8 37,6 105,3 118,5 104,6 0,0
Transporturi
şi comunicaţii 76,3 7,7 76,2 8,0 72,9 5,1 99,9 103,9 95,7 63,8
Administraţie
publică;
Învăţământ;
Sănătate şi
asistenţă
socială 235,8 0,0 223,5 0,0 233,8 0,0 94,8 0,0 104,6 0,0
Alte activităţi 106,4 9,6 100,3 12,1 100,4 14,3 94,3 126,0 100,1 118,2
Sursa: calculat conform [1, p.44-45; 2, p.44-45; 3, р.42-43].
Total populaţia
Total populaţia
din care mici
antreprenori
antreprenori
Tipurile activităţii
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
economice
Total populaţia
Total populaţia
din care mici
antreprenori
antreprenori
Tipurile activităţii economice
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
antreprenori
locului de
muncă
total
total
total
total
total
Total 1203,6 367,4 1219,5 391,5 1207,3 374,3 101,3 106,6 99,0 95,6
Locuinţa
proprie 7,0 5,8 8,3 7,1 10,5 8,0 118,6 122,4 126,5 112,7
Locuinţa
clientului/
patronului 45,4 39,1 39,9 33,9 37,0 32,2 87,9 86,7 92,7 95,0
Întreprindere,
uzină, fabrică,
etc. 673,4 16,0 649,9 15,5 656,3 13,0 96,5 96,9 101,0 83,9
Ferma şi teren
agricol 367,1 273,8 396,3 294,7 373,2 282,5 107,9 107,6 94,2 95,9
Şantierul de
construcţii 9,7 0,0 12,1 0,0 12,8 3,2 124,7 - 105,8 -
Piaţa în aer
liber sau taraba
în stradă 29,9 23,4 35,8 29,8 33,7 27,7 119,7 127,3 94,1 93,0
Fără un loc
stabil 70,6 9,3 77,2 10,5 83,8 7,7 109,3 112,9 108,5 73,3
Sursa: calculat conform [1, p.119-120; 2, p.122-123; 3, р.118-119].
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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278 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Total populaţia
Total populaţia
din care mici
antreprenori
antreprenori
Amplasarea locului de
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
muncă
Total populaţia
Total populaţia
din care mici
antreprenori
antreprenori
ocupată
ocupată
ocupată
Amplasarea locului
de muncă
ponderea locuințelor proprii (cu 0,2 p.p.), fermelor sau terenurilor agricole
(cu 0,8 p.p.), piețelor în aer liber (cu 1,2 p.p.), fără un loc stabil (cu 0,2 p.p.).
Rata sărăciei micilor antreprenori. În a.2016, rata sărăciei a
membrilor gospodăriilor casnice, capii cărora au fost lucrători pe cont
propriu în sectorul agricol, a constituit 44,1%, deci fiecare patru din 10
membri ale acestor gospodării casnice sunt persoane sărace (Tabelul 10).
Sărăcia în astfel de gospodării casnice este de 1,7 ori mai mare decât
mărimea medie pe toate gospodăriile casnice. În același timp, în aspectul
temporal raportul dintre rata de sărăcie a micilor antreprenori și rata medie a
sărăciei s-a înrăutățit (în a.2014 rata de sărăcie a gospodăriilor casnice, capii
cărora au fost lucrători pe cont propriu în sectorul agricol, a depășit media
pentru toate gospodăriile casnice de 1,6 ori). Vulnerabilitatea gospodăriilor
casnice, conduse de lucrătorii pe cont propriu în sectorul agricol, este și mai
mare decât cea a gospodăriilor casnice ai căror capi sunt pensionarii (rata
sărăciei în acestea este de 1,3 ori mai mare, decât în gospodăriile casnice cu
pensionari). Doar în gospodăriile casnice, capii cărora sunt salariaţi în
sectorul agricol, situaţia este mai dificilă: în a.2016 rata sărăciei în acestea a
atins 47,8%, ceea ce este de 1,08 ori mai mult decât în gospodăriile casnice
cu capii auto-ocupaţi (motivul – mărimea cea mai mică a salariului dintre
tipurile activităţii economice este în agricultură).
Rezultatele principale
În definiţia micilor antreprenori, adoptată în paragraful dat, se
încadrează 2 categorii de persoane: lucrătorii pe cont propriu şi patronii.
În totalitate ele includ cea mai mare parte din populaţia care
lucrează: ţărani, lucrători pe terenurile de pe lângă casă; „celnoki”, mici
comercianţi; avocaţi privaţi, repetitori; alți antreprenori.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 281
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. BIROUL NAŢIONAL DE STATISTICĂ AL REPUBLICII
MOLDOVA. Forţa de Muncă în Republica Moldova. Ocupare şi
Şomaj, 2016 = Labour force in the Republic of Moldova. Employment
and Unemployment, 2016. Chişinău: Statistica, 2016. 164 p. [Accesat
10.10.2018]. Disponibil:
http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/AFM_201
6_rom.pdf
[2]. BIROUL NATIONAL DE STATISTICA AL REPUBLICII
MOLDOVA. Forţa de Muncă în Republica Moldova. Ocupare şi
Şomaj, 2017 = Labour Force in the Republic of Moldova.
Employment and Unemployment, 2017. Chişinău, 2017. 165 p.
[Accesat 10.10.2018]. Disponibil:
http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/Forta_de_
munca/AFM_rom_2017.pdf
[3]. BIROUL NATIONAL DE STATISTICA AL REPUBLICII
MOLDOVA. Forţa de Muncă în Republica Moldova. Ocupare şi
Şomaj, 2018 = Labour Force in the Republic of Moldova.
Employment and Unemployment, 2018. Chişinău, 2018. 161 p.
[Accesat 10.10.2018]. Disponibil:
http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/Forta_de_
munca/AFM_2018_rom.pdf
[4]. RAPORT ŞTIINŢIFIC. „Perfecţionarea politicii de susţinere a IMM-
urilor în Republica Moldova: îmbunătăţirea condiţiilor pentru
dezvoltarea întreprinderilor familiale” (2015-2018). Conducător de
proiect: Aculai Elena, dr.hab.,conf. cerc. Chişinău, 2015. 252 р. INCE
- 2015.
“GREEN ECONOMY” AS A GLOBAL
CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT:
OPPORTUNITY AND CHALLENGES∗
Elena L. ANDREEVA
Dr. of Economics, Professor,
Institute of Economics of the Ural branch
of the Russian academy of sciences, Russia;
Urals state university of economics, Russia
elenandr@mail.ru
Artem V. RATNER
Cand. of Economics,
Institute of Economics of the Ural branch
of the Russian academy of sciences, Russia;
aratner@inbox.ru
Darya E. KUZNETSOVA
Institute of Economics of the Ural branch
of the Russian academy of sciences, Russia;
DK140516@mail.ru
Abstract
The article is devoted to the elucidating the concept of green
economics, that includes the ideas of the economics of environment
(economics of ecology), the economics of industry (ecologically friendly
technologies, or "green technologies", so called "green growth"), of
resources’ management (more efficient use of resources), as well as of
theory of international economic relations. Are generalized the results of
estimation by American non-depended expert company «Dual Citizen LLC»,
which publish the global index of green economy for 120 countries (2018).
Is considered the specifics of carrying out the green economics in leading
economies of the world, such as the USA, the EU, Germany, Great Britain,
Japan, South Korea, China. There will be proposed to consider the
promotion of the "green way" of life activity through attributes of the daily
environment of a human as tool and an opportunity of green economics’
realization.
∗
Acknowledgements. The article is prepared by financial support of the project of
fundamental research of Ural branch of Russian academy of sciences № 18-6-7-18
“Scientific-technological development of regions on the principles of green economics”.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 285
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Introduction
The care of reduction of negative impact on environment becomes
more and more relevant. In many respects it will be expressed in
development of "green economics". Need on development of green
economics arose in connection with development of such image of activity
of mankind which is characterized by exhaustion of resources and arising of
damage for environment. Along with it the green economy itself will be
based on new technologies which are called to make the industry and
activity in general more resource-saving, more ecologically sparing. It
seems to be relevant to try to consider green economy as a global concept of
development, to reveal what challenges it faces and what opportunities exist.
Literature review
The concept of green economics includes the ideas of the economics
of environment (economics of ecology), it seems also to be, that the ideas of
the economics of industry (as the question is about ecologically friendly
technologies (about "green technologies", about "green growth" [8, p. 246]),
of resources’ management (as green economy foresees the efficiency of
resources use), of theories of international economic relations (as the
ecology has, among others, transnational character, and countries conclude
agreements regarding ecology) and also, as it is noted in literature, of
postmodernism [9, 59]. The UNEP conditionally subdivides green economy
into two groups of branches: the branches of natural potential (mining
industry, agriculture, fishery, forestry, economy of water resources); and the
branches which development reflects the increase of power and resources
effectiveness (power engineering, manufacturing industry, mechanical
engineering, transport, construction) [10, p. 16]. The green economy will be
reflected also by such category as "green investments" [5, p. 138].
The global index of green economics
The global index of green economics by the countries of the world
will be published by the American non-depended expert company «Dual
Citizen LLC» (table 1). The index will be defined by the 20 indicators being
included into 4 measurements: leadership & climate change, efficiency
sectors, markets & investment and the environment [4]. “Climate change”
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
286 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
includes: emissions per capita, emissions per unit of GDP, and emissions
per unit of primary energy supply; and also countries’ behavior in
international climate forums. To the “Efficiency sectors” belong such
sectors as buildings (as they consume energy for heating), transport and
energy. The transition will be investigated to the more efficient resource use
in these sectors. As for energy, the share will be investigated of the national
electricity worked out of renewable energy sources. Here, in their turn,
belong hydroelectric, geothermal, solar, tides, wind, biomass, and biofuels.
The measurement “Markets & Investments” accounts such positions as:
renewable energy investment and cleantech innovation (including the
patents on the technologies of “pure energy” receiving); corporate
sustainability (improvement of business of corporations and decarbonization
of their supply chains); green investment promotion & facilitation. Finally,
the measurement “Environment” accounts agriculture, air quality, water
resources, water & sanitation, biodiversity & habitat, fisheries and forests
[4].
If 2014 “Dual Citizen LLC” analyzed by this index 60 countries,
then 2016 - 80 countries, 2018 - 120 countries. The first places have the
countries of the North of Europe. It is remarkable that 2018 China
outstripped the USA which took the 30th place. Along with China, also
other developing countries achieved the top-30: Colombia, Costa Rica,
Uruguay, Zambia, Peru (table 1).
References
[1]. About the company // BioMicroGeli. URL: http://www.microgel.ru/o-
kompanii (referring: 15.11.2018) (In Russ.).
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
292 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Constantin ANGHELACHE
Prof., PhD
Bucharest University of Economic Studies /
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
actincon@yahoo.com
Mădălina-Gabriela ANGHEL
Assoc. prof., PhD
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
madalinagabriela_anghel@yahoo.com
Abstract
In this paper, the authors carry out an analysis of the results
obtained by Romania in economic and social terms, in 2018, the year of the
Centenary of the Great Union. Starting from the fact that the Gross
Domestic Product is the most representative indicator of the obtained
results, data on its evolution are presented. In this context, the structural
analysis (resources, utilities, geographical distribution and ownership
forms) is presented, highlighting that in general, in 2018, the mentioned
factors have made a significant contribution to the formation of the Gross
Domestic Product.In the paper, there are briefly presented the significant
elements regarding the evolution of the main economic branches, focusing
on industry, agriculture, construction, transport, services, environmental
protection, tourism, retail trade, and so on. It also highlights the evolution
of the value of the agricultural branch production by macroregions,
development regions and county, on the basis of the data defining the
definitive ones for the year 2017. At the same time, the evolution of
consumer prices based on the consumer price index (CPI) and the
Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices. In this context, a number of aspects
are also highlighted in relation to spending on environmental protection, an
important factor in ensuring a healthy economic environment.
Key words: Gross Domestic Product, growth, industry, agriculture,
services
International Symposium
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294 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Introduction
În această lucrare, autorii au analizat rezultatele înregistrate de
economia României în anul 2018.
Am acordat atenție acestui an, pornind de la faptul că, în viziunea
tuturor românilor, în acest an s-a depus mai mult efort pentru a putea să
întâmpinăm marea sărbătoare națională cu rezultate cât mai bune. Analizând
evoluția trimestrială a Produsului Intern Brut s-a constatat că s-au obținut
creșteri de la un trimestru la altul.
Pe rând, industria, construcțiile, serviciile prestate populației și
activitatea hotelieră au avut o pondere crescută la formarea PIB. Resursele
României au fost mai bine utilizate, acest aspect reflectându-se în creșterea
indicatorului macroeconomic de rezultate. Și din punct de vedere al
utilizărilor, ca factori de creștere ai PIB, s-a menținut un curs ascendent pe
parcursul celor nouă luni ale anului 2018. Pentru argumentarea concluziilor
la care au ajuns autorii au fost prezentate serii de date și grafice relevante.
Analiza poate fi extinsă, dar în acest articol s-a urmărit doar prezentarea
stadiului economiei României în anul „centenar”.
1. Literature review
Acemoglu, Golosov and Tsyvinski (2011) au abordat aspecte
referitoare la fluctuațiile de putere și economia politică.
Anghel, Anghelache, Dumbravă, Mirea and Stoica (2018) au studiat
evoluția industrii și construcțiilor în România, în primele trei trimestre din
2017. Anghel, Stoica, Samson and Badiu (2017) au analizat corelația dintre
Produsul Intern Brut și consumul final, în timp ce Anghelache, Partachi,
Sacală and Ursache (2016) au studiat legătura dintre PIB și investițiile
străine directe, utilizând, în acest sens, instrumentarul econometric.
Anghelache (2018) a realizat un studiu comparativ al evoluției PIB în statele
membre ale UE. Anghelache, Anghel, Marinescu and Dumbravă (2018) au
analizat PIB românesc la sfârșitul anului 2017. Anghelache, Anghel and
Stoica (2017) au tratat aspecte ale semnificației ritmului de creștere a PIB
trimestrial. Bosker (2009) au abordat evoluția spațială a disparităților PIB-
ului regional în Europa, iar Macchiarelli (2013) au studiat ciclurile PIB-
inflație. Greenwood, Sanchez and Wang (2013) au analizat modalități de
cuantificare a dezvoltării financiare asupra dezvoltării economice.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 295
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Contribuţia la Contribuţia la
formarea PIB - % creşterea PIB - %
1.I-
Trim. III 1.I-30.IX Trim.III
30.IX
Construcţii 5.3 4.2 -0.4 -0.2
Comerţ cu ridicata și cu amănuntul;
repararea autovehiculelor şi
motocicletelor; transport şi depozitare;
hoteluri şi restaurante 15.8 18.4 0.3 0.6
Informații și comunicații 4.8 5.3 0.4 0.3
Intermedieri financiare şi asigurări 2.5 2.9 0.0 0.0
Tranzacţii imobiliare 6.8 7.4 0.2 0.2
Activități profesionale, științifice și
tehnice; activități de servicii administrative
și activități de servicii suport 7.2 6.6 0.3 0.3
Administrație publică și apărare; asigurări
sociale din sistemul public; învățământ;
sănătate și asistență socială
10.9 13.0 0.2 0.2
Activități de spectacole, culturale și
recreative; reparații de produse de uz
casnic și alte servicii 2.9 3.2 0.0 0.1
Valoarea adăugată brută – total 90.3 90.1 3.3 3.2
Impozite nete pe produs 9.7 9.9 1.0 1.0
Produsul intern brut 100.0 100.0 4.3 4.2
Sursa: Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 310/ 7 decembrie 2018
130
120
110
100
90
80
feb.15
sept.15
dec.15
feb.16
sept.16
dec.16
feb.17
sept.17
dec.17
feb.18
Ian-15
mar.15
apr.15
Mai-15
Iun-15
Iul-15
aug.15
oct.15
nov.15
Ian-16
mar.16
apr.16
Mai-16
Iun-16
Iul-16
aug.16
oct.16
nov.16
Ian-17
mar.17
apr.17
Mai-17
Iun-17
Iul-17
aug.17
oct.17
nov.17
Ian-18
mar.18
apr.18
Mai-18
Iun-18
Iul-18
aug.18
Total industrie Industria extractiva Industria prelucratoare
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Apr-10
Oct-10
Apr-11
Oct-11
Apr-12
Oct-12
Apr-13
Oct-13
Apr-14
Oct-14
Apr-15
Oct-15
Apr-16
Oct-16
Apr-17
Oct-17
Apr-18
Jan-10
Jan-11
Jan-12
Jan-13
Jan-14
Jan-15
Jan-16
Jan-17
Jan-18
Jul-10
Jul-11
Jul-12
Jul-13
Jul-14
Jul-15
Jul-16
Jul-17
iul,18
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
Jan-10
Jan-11
Jan-12
Jan-13
Jan-14
Jan-15
Jan-16
Jan-17
Jan-18
Apr-10
Oct-10
Apr-11
Oct-11
Apr-12
Oct-12
Apr-13
Oct-13
Apr-14
Oct-14
Apr-15
Oct-15
Apr-16
Oct-16
Apr-17
Oct-17
Apr-18
Jul-10
Jul-11
Jul-12
Jul-13
Jul-14
Jul-15
Jul-16
Jul-17
Jul-18
900
771
800 712
605 633
700 631
577 568
600 508
500 482
500 447
332
356
400 332 319
292
300
200
100
0
Nord-Est Sud-Est Sud- Sud-Vest Vest Nord-Vest Centru Bucuresti-
Muntenia Oltenia Ilfov
1000
900 803
712
800
605 690
700 633 568
508 575
600 513
500 412 379
332 345 356
400 313 292
300
200
100
0
Nord-Est Sud-Est Sud- Sud-Vest Vest Nord-Vest Centru Bucuresti-
Muntenia Oltenia Ilfov
0 5 10 15 20
din care
Total
Sectoare de activitate Cheltuieli curente
cheltuieli Investiţii Transferuri
interne externe
Alte activități* 21.012 107 12.084 8.821 -
Producători specializaţi 6.203.919 266.043 4.449.551 1.488.325 -
Administraţie publică 4.310.403 1.152.299 1.073.011 1.272.689 812.404
*Activități de arhitectură și inginerie; activități de testări și analiză tehnică, cercetare-dezvoltare, alte activități
profesionale, științifice și tehnice
Sursa: Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 272/ 10 octombrie 2018
R
Date revizuite, P Date provizorii - conform politicii de revizuire a datelor
Figura 11. Evoluţia ratei şomajului în perioada 2011-2018
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
312 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Sursa: Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 304/ 29 noiembrie 2018
Concluzii
Din studiul efectuat și prezentat în această lucrare se poate desprinde
concluzia că economia României se află pe un trend pozitiv. Majoritatea
domeniiilor de activitate au înregistrat evoluții pozitive. În ciuda faptului că,
în prezent, creșterea economică se realizează pe seama consumului, în anul
2018, identificăm și alocări sporite pentru investiții.
În domeniul social s-a remarcat creșterea veniturilor, mai ales în
sectorul bugetar. Salariul mediu brut, mediu net și costul orei / muncă au
fost superioare tuturor perioadelor de până în prezent.
S-a acordat atenție superioară protecției mediului înconjurător, sens
în care au crescut cheltuielile cu protecția mediului.
Din studiul efectuat se desprinde și concluzia că România a accesat
mai bine fondurile comunitare, existând un număr de proiecte care, prin
derulare, vor asigura o și mai bună accesare a fondurilor, recuperând astfel,
rămânerea în urmă în acest domeniu.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Acemoglu, D., Golosov, M. and Tsyvinski, A. (2011). Power
fluctuations and political economy. Journal of Economic Theory, 146
(3), 1009–1041
[2]. Anghel, M.G., Anghelache, C., Dumbravă, Ș.G., Mirea, M. and
Stoica, R. (2018). Analysis of the evolution of activity in industry and
construction – the first nine months of 2017. Romanian Statistical
Review, Supplement, 1, 32-43
[3]. Anghel, M.G., Stoica, R., Samson, T. and Badiu, A. (2017). Analysis
of the Econometric model of the correlation between GDP and final
consumption. Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 2, 122-129
[4]. Anghelache, C. (2018). Comparative Analysis of the Development of
the Gross Domestic Product in the Member States of the European
Union. Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 8, 119-134
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 313
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
[5]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Marinescu, A.I. and Dumbravă, Ş.G.
(2018). Complex Analysis of Gross Domestic Product at the End of
2017. Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 2, 132-139
[6]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G. and Stoica, R. (2017). Quarterly
analysis of Gross Domestic Product evolution – significance of
growth rate. Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 6, 16-28
[7]. Anghelache, C., Partachi, I., Sacală, C. and Ursache, A. (2016). Using
econometric models in the correlation between the evolution of the
Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investments. Romanian
Statistical Review, Supplement, 10, 124-129
[8]. Bosker, M. (2009). The spatial evolution of regional GDP disparities
in the ‘old’ and the ‘new’ Europe. Regional Science, 88 (1), 3-27
[9]. Greenwood, J., Sanchez, J. and Wang, C. (2013). Quantifying the
Impact of Financial Development on Economic Development. Review
of Economic Dynamics, 16(1), pp. 194– 215
[10]. Herrendorf, B. and Akos, V. (2012). Which Sectors Make Poor
Countries so Unproductive?. Journal of the European Economic
Association, 10 (2), 323–341
[11]. Hoberg, G. and Phillips, G. (2016). Text-Based Network Industries
and Endogenous Product Differentiation, Journal of Political
Economy, 124 (5), 1423-1465
[12]. Macchiarelli, C. (2013). Similar GDP-inflation cycles. An application
to CEE countries and the euro area. International Business and
Finance, 27 (1), 124-144
[13]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 310/ 7
decembrie 2018
[14]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr 266/12
octombrie 2018
[15]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 270/ 15
octombrie 2018
[16]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 276/ 30
octombrie 2018
[17]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr.280/ 02
noiembrie 2018
[18]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr. 271/ 15
octombrie 2018
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
314 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Ana CARP
Lecturer, PHD
ARTIFEX University of Bucharest, Romania,
karp_ana@yahoo.com
Abstract
Ensuring social security rights in Romania has been and is a
permanent concern. In the year of the Centenary of the Great Union, we can
be proud that Romania is one of the first European countries in which the
care to ensure social security rights has been materialized through the
enactment of the rights. Thus, the first law on the organization of the Social
Insurance System in Romania is considered to be the Workers' Insurance
Act of 1912 and is related to the name of Neniţescu. The centenary evolution
of social security in Romania is presented in this article. With the adoption
of international social security documents, Romania has gradually joined
them, going through new stages in the evolution of the Social Security
System. In another aspect, I present in this article the current situation of
the social security system in the European context, as well as evolution
perspectives.
Key words: social security, social insuraces, pensions, centenary
JEL Classification: J21, J26, J61
Introducere
In anul Centenarului Marii Uniri, ne putem mȃndri cã ȋn domeniul
securitãții sociale, Romȃnia are o veche tradiție, fiind una dintre primele țãri
din lume care s-a preocupat de acest important domeniu. Inainte de a apãrea
conceptul de securitate socialã, respectiv ȋn anul 1935, Romȃnia legiferase
deja importante drepturi de securitate socialã. Astfel, prima lege de
organizare a Sistemului de asigurãri sociale ȋn Romȃnia este consideratã
Legea pentru asigurãrile muncitorești din 1912. Anul 1918 a oferit cadrul
unificãrii legislației asigurãrilor sociale.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
316 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
1. Literature review
Preocuparea pentru studiul celor 85 de generaţii este ilustrată de
Carp (2012), care a realizat o proiectare a populaţiei pe componente până în
anul 2040, pornind de la interesul de studia şi modela echilibrul sistemului
de securitate socială din România.
Anghelache, Carp (2016) au abordat problema contribuţiilor
voluntare în sistemul de securitate socială. Carp (2018) a propus modelul de
corelare a beneficiilor prin contribuţii voluntare şi testul contribuţiilor.
Manole, Anghelache (2016) ș.a. au realizat o amplã analizã a
sistemului de pensii privat din Romȃnia, care a fost legiferat ȋncepȃnd cu
anul 2004.
Incepȃnd cu anul 2012, Carp) a conceput un model alternativ pentru
pensii care a fost promovat și ȋmbunãtãțit in anul 2018.
Pentru prima dată în istoria asigurărilor sociale, în anul 1954 s-a pus
problema drepturilor de pensie pentru salariaţii care desfăşurau activitate în
condiţii grele [8] sau vătămătoare. Astfel pentru aceste categorii de
pensionari dreptul la pensie putea fi acordat începând cu vârsta redusă de
până la 50 ani, iar cuantumul pensiei era mai mare cu 10% pentru cei care
au defăşurat activitate în grupa I de muncă şi cu 5% pentru cei care au
defăşurat activitate în grupa a II-a de muncă. Salariile medii la care se
aplicau aceste procente majorate erau de asemenea mai mari (plafonate la
900 lei pentru grupa I şi a II-a de muncă, faţă de 700 lei cât era plafonul
maxim al salariilor pentru activităţile desfăşurate în condiţii normale de
muncă).
Anul 1959 a adus noutăţi semnificative în planul asigurărilor sociale
şi prin Decretul nr.292/30.07.1959 s-a prevăzut prima recalculare [9] a
drepturilor de pensie. Principalele noutăţi izvorâte din Decretul nr.292/1959
sunt: lărgirea câmpului de aplicare prin cuprinderea în sistemul obligatoriu
de asigurări sociale a personalului casnic şi a muncitorilor agricoli,
introducerea ajutorului social în cuantum fix pentru persoanele care încetau
activitatea şi nu aveau drept de pensie sau surse de subzistenţă, diferenţierea
pensiilor în funcţie de patru grupe de muncă (grupa I- munci foarte grele,
grupa a II-a munci grele sau vătămătoare, grupa a III-a pentru ceilalţi
muncitori şi grupa a IV-a pentru restul persoanelor asigurate). Decalajul
dintre cuantumul pensiilor stabilite pentru grupa a IV-a de muncă era cu
15% mai mic decât cuantumul pensiilor pentru grupa I de muncă. La fel ca
în legislaţia anterioară se prevedea un plafon maxim al pensiei în cuantum
de 1200 lei. Prin acest act normativ s-a intituit pensia pentru merite
deosebite şi care se acorda prin Hotărâre a Consiliului de
Miniştri.Recalcularea pensiilor sub reglementările acestui act normativ a
avut ca procedură calcularea pensiilor stabilite anterior pe baza salariului
mediu actualizat, a vechimii în muncă şi a încadrării în cele 4 grupe de
muncă.
Pentru prima dată în istoria asigurărilor s-au prevăzut condiţii de
restrângere a drepturilor de pensie sau de anulare pentru persoanele care au
avut funcţii în aşa numitul aparat „burghez”, precum şi ale acelora care au
deţinut funcţii politice. Această amprentă comunistă pusă asupra drepturilor
de pensie, avea să se manifeste şi prin actualizarea la nivel redus a pensiilor
funcţionarilor faţă de cele a muncitorilor. Doctrina comunistă s-a manifestat
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 321
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
• Perioada contemporană
Libertăţile câştigate de români în anul 1989 au avut o primă
materializare prin exodul populaţiei româneşti către destinaţii externe.
Emigraţia a cunoscut cel mai amplu fenomen din Europa în anul 1990 în
România. Odată cu acest fenomen s-a declanşat fenomenul îmbătrânirii
populaţiei.
Sistemul public de pensii, sub influxul reformelor iniţiate în Europa
şi în lume, puternic dependend de corelaţia salariaţi-beneficiari a fost pus în
faţa unei necesităţi vitale de a schimba din temelii modalitatea de acordare a
beneficiilor promise asiguraţilor şi practic de reformare a sistemului public
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 323
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
O analizã profundã se poate realiza din datele din Tabelul nr.3. Cele
mai mici procente ale contribuțiilor la asigurãri sociale se regãsesc ȋn Suedia
(17,91%), Germania (18,6%), țãri care se remarcã prin vechimea și
stabilitatea sistemelor de securitate socialã.
Concluzii
Romȃnia este o țarã cu vechi tradiții ȋn reglementarea securitãții
sociale.
Pe parcursul celor 100 de ani de existențã s-au remarcat ȋmbunãtãțiri
esențiale.
Romȃnia, deși are un secol de tradiție ȋn securitate socialã se
plaseazã la un nivel mediu, sub aspectul alocãrilor pentru alte ramuri ale
securitãții sociale, confruntȃndu-se ȋn prezent cu modificãri ale legii cadru al
asigurãrilor sociale, de perspectivã ȋn urmãtorii ani.
Domeniul securitãții sociale nu trebuie privit doar prin prisma
contribuțiilor sociale și a pensiilor, ci prin cumulul beneficiilor acoradate
cetãțenilor care se confruntã cu riscuri sociale.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Ene, Ş., (2011)- “Evoluţia sistemului public de pensii din România”,
Revista de drept social 1/2011
[2]. Legea privind organizarea meseriilor, creditului şi asigurărilor
muncitoreşti din 27 ianuarie 1912
[3]. Legea nr.55 pentru unificarea asigurărilor sociale pe întreg teritoriul
naţional (1933)
[4]. Legea asigurărilor sociale din anul 1938
[5]. Legea 446/10.07.1943.
[6]. Legea nr.10 din 1949
[7]. Legea nr.3/1950 – Codul Muncii
[8]. Decizia nr.4/1953
[9]. Decretul nr.292/30.07.1959
[10]. Legea nr.27/1966
[11]. Legea nr.3/1977
[12]. Legea nr.5/1977
[13]. Decretul-lege nr.70 din 8 februarie 1990
[14]. Legea nr.73/1991 privind stabilirea unor drepturi de asigurări sociale,
precum şi de modificare şi completare a unor reglementări din
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
330 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Abstract
Additionally, the added tax is paid in the case of the first installment,
in order to reduce the taxable amount of the taxable amount. Impossible
indulgence in traditional tradition and sisthems to improve the risk of
eruption in this age was no longer satisfactory. In the European Court of
Justice of the European Communities at the European Council of Bruxelles
on 1 February 1993, the Council adopted a proposal for a Council
Regulation on the financing of the European Social Fund for the
development of the European Globalization Adjustment Fund. In Romania,
the tax-deductible amount in the taxable income added differs according to
the transaction rate and the stage of the national or intra-community
response. The VAT gierner's fair value is not the same as the cost of the
investment under the VAT rate of some operations. In generally case, in
Romania and Switzerland, this is the only reason for being the mainstay of
delivery of goods and / or the cost of the acquisition of property. This is the
date after which it is announced that it will be delayed.
Key words: VAT, exigibility VAT, generating fact of VAT, tax rates,
fiscality, direct taxation
Introducere
Taxa ре valοarе adăugată a aрărut duрă înсhеiеrеa рrimului răzbοi
mοndial, сarе a gеnеrat сеrinţе dе сrеştеrе a vеniturilοr. Imрοzitеlе indirесtе
tradiţiοnalе şi sistеmеlе dе imрοzit ре рrοfit aрliсatе рână în aсеl mοmеnt
nu mai еrau sufiсiеntе (Bardopoulus, 2015). Înaintе dе intrοduсеrеa TVA un
imрοzit сumulativ ре сifra dе afaсеri еra aрliсat la tοatе vеrigilе рrin сarе
trесеau mărfurilе: din mοmеntul iеşirii lοr din рrοduсţiе şi рână ajungеau la
сοnsumatοrul final (Schenk, Oldman, 2015).
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
332 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Mесanismul TVA
Persoana fizică/societate care
achiziţionează
bunuri/prestează servicii Plăteşte indirect TVA
30%
25%
24%
22%
20% 20%
19% 19% 19% 19%
18% 18%
15%
11%
10%
9% 9% 9% 9% 9%
5% 5% 5%
0% 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1993 1995 1998 2000 2002 2004 2010 2016 2017
8,00% 8%
7,50% 7,60% 7,70%
7,00%
6,50% 6,50%
6,00%
5,00%
4,00%
3,60% 3,80% 3,70%
3,50%
3,00% 3%
2,30% 2,40% 2,50% 2,50%
2,00% 2% 2%
1,00%
0,00% 0
1995 1996 1999 2001 2011 2018
Concluzii
Taxa ре valοarеa adăugată еstе aрliсată în сasсadă ре fiесarе transfеr
dе рrοрriеtatе sau dе fοlοsinţă рrеsuрus dе сirсulaţia mărfurilοr sau a
sеrviсiilοr. Ea еstе suрοrtată dе сοnsumatοrul dirесt.
În baza analizеi сοmрarativе se pot οbsеrva difеrеnţеlе şi
asеmănărilе рrivind taxa ре valοarеa adăugată în Rοmânia şi Cοnfеdеraţia
еlvеţiană. Prinсiрala difеrеnţă a aсеstοr dοuă sistеmе еstе rерrеzеntată dе
mοdul în сarе aсеasta a fοst intrοdusă. Rοmânia a introdus taxa ре valοarеa
adăugată în рrοрriul sistеm fisсal, în timp ce Elvеţia a suрus intrοduсеrеa
aсеstui impozit printr-un vοt рοрular, iar aсеasta a fοst intrοdusă datοrită
simрliсităţii еi aрarеntе.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
338 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Bardopoulus, A.M., (2015), eCommerce and the Effects of Technology
on Taxation. Could VAT be the eTax Solution?, Switzerland: Springer
International Publishing AG
[2]. Calderara, M., Mattmann, E., Moor, Y., Vannod, C., (2017),
Comptabilité générale. Théorie et pratique de la comptabilité
générale, LEP Loisirs et Pédagogie SA, Le Mont-sur- Lausanne
[3]. Ebril, L., Keen, M., Bodin, J.P., Summers, V., (2001), The modern
VAT, International Monetary Fund
[4]. Hinny, P., Eckert, J.B., (2018), Droit Fiscal 2018, Schulthess Editions
Romandes
[5]. OECD, (2016), Consumption tax trends 2016: VAT/GST and excise
rates, trends and policy issues, OECD Publishing, Paris
[6]. Schenk, A., Oldman, O., (2007), Value Added Tax: A comparative
Approach, Cambridge University Press
[7]. Şaguna Drosu, D., Radu, D.I., (2017), Drept Fiscal. Fiscalitate,
Obligaţii fiscale. Declaraţii fiscale. Editura C.H. Beck, Bucureşti
[8]. Ţâţu, L., Şerbănescu, C., Ştefan, D., Cataramă, D., Nica, A.,
Miricescu, E.C., (2017), Fiscalitate, de la lege la practică, Editura
C.H. Beck, Bucureşti
[9]. Directiva 2006/112/CE a Consiliului din 28 Noiembrie 2006 privind
sistemul comun de TVA, publicată în Jurnalul Oficial al Comunităţilor
Europene nr. L. 347 din 11 decembrie 2007
[10]. Directiva 1999/93/CE a Parlamentului European şi a Consiliului din
13 decembrie 1999 privind un cadru european pentru semnăturile
electronice
[11]. Directiva privind conservarea documentelor contabile. Departamentul
Finanţelor şi afacerilor sociale
EVALUAREA LOGISTICĂ A ACTIVITĂȚII
DE DEPOZITARE
Elena CARP
Departamentul Teorie economică
și Marketing, FIEB,
Universitatea Tehnică a Moldovei
Veronica BULAT
Departamentul Economie, Marketing
și Turism, FȘE,
Universitatea de Stat din Moldova
Abstract
In present paper is motivated the importance of the storage process
for an enterprise. Even if the warehouse is seen by many as a simple place
their goods are placed, it provide economic benefits both for business and
for costumers by effectuating activities of input that prepare goods for
storage and output such as consolidation, packaging and delivery of the
orders.
Key words: logistics, logistics system, warehouse, service
evaluation, marketing.
JEL Classification: D10, M21, M31
Introducere
În condiţiile economiei de piață, caracterizată printr-o concurenţă
acută, comunicarea în interiorul întreprinderii ocupă un rol foarte important
atât în cadrul mix-ului de marketing cât şi în cadrul sistemului logistic.
Respectiv politica de depozitare şi formele concrete de manifestare ale
acesteia nu pot lipsi din cadrul activităţii unei întreprinderi, deoarece se
evidenţiază rolul decisiv asupra satisfacerii cererii pe piaţă cu bunurile
necesare în vederea finalizării rezultatelor economice.
Dezvoltarea depozitelor de mărfuri trebuie aprofundate ținând cont
de necesităţile economiei naţionale, pornind de la concluziile unei analize
ample şi exigente a reţelei de depozite existente, concomitent cu aplicarea
rezultatelor pozitive și tendinţele moderne de manipulare a mărfurilor care
se manifestă pe plan mondial în acest domeniu. Acest aspect a fost însă
conştientizat destul de târziu. Abia în anii ’80, atenţia s-a îndreptat spre
îmbunătăţirea configuraţiei depozitului şi a tehnicilor de manipulare a
mărfurilor. Depozitele de distribuţie sunt spaţii, respectiv puncte de stocare,
International Symposium
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Discuții și opinii
Depozitul reprezintă unul din cele mai importante elemente ale
sistemului logistic iar necesitatea locurilor special amenajate destinate
păstrării stocurilor se menţine pe parcursul tuturor etapelor mişcării fluxului
material, începând cu sursele de materii prime şi terminând cu consumatorul
final.
Logistica depozitării reprezintă o parte componentă a logisticii, care
ne permite să construim sisteme, în scopul eficientizării cheltuielilor şi
determinării unei soluţii eficiente pentru toți participanţii sistemului.
În cadrul sistemelor logistice, depozitele pot îndeplini următoarele
funcții:
1. Păstrarea mărfurilor. Funcția tradițională a depozitului este
menținerea stocurilor de mărfuri și protejarea lor. În funcție de condițiile de
păstrare pe care le oferă, depozitele pot fi destinate mărfurilor generale sau
specializate pe grupe de produse;
2. Consolidarea livrărilor. Produsele primite din mai multe surse
sunt reunite în vederea livrării către clienți, prin intermediul unui singur
modul de transport. Funcția de consolidare este necesară în cazul în care
cantitățile necesare clientului din fiecare sursă sunt prea mici pentru a
justifica transporturi individuale. Sursele pot fi unitățile de fabricație ale
aceluiași producător sau firme producătoare diferite. Avantajele consolidării
sunt următoarele: obținerea unor tarife de transport mai mici; reducerea
costurilor totale de distribuție pentru fiecare producător, comparativ cu
situația în care ar fi distribuit mărfurile în mod individual.
3. Divizarea lotului. Într-o primă variantă sursa este un singur
producător, în momentul în care depozitul primește de la firma
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342 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Concluzii
1. Existența depozitelor este legată de necesitatea menținerii
stocurilor. Depozitarea este considerată o activitate de susținere, care
contribuie la îndeplinirea misiunii logistice de asigurare a produsului
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
348 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Bălan C., Logistica – parte integrată a lanţului de aprovizionare-
livrare, Uranus, Bucureşti, 2006, 393 p.
[2]. Ogrinja Gh., Bune practici în managementul depozitelor., Conferința
Soluții software integrate pentru managementul afacerilor., ASE,
București, 2015.
[3]. Muntean N., Balanuță V., Analiza și evaluarea riscurilor la nivel de
îmtreprindere: aspecte teoretice și aplicative, ASEM, Chișinău, 2010,
207p.
[4]. Vasiliu C., Felea M., Marunţelu I., Caraiani Gh., Logistica şi
distribuţia mărfurilor., 2013.
[5]. Munteanu I., Cooperarea logistică în contextul sistemului logistic
integrat., Conferința Inginerie Navală și Navigație., Academia navală
”Mircea cel Bătrân” Constanța 2014.
ANALIZA NIVELULUI DE TRAI AL
POPULAŢIEI DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
ŞI PARTEA STÂNGĂ A NISTRULUI
Olga MOSCALU
cerc. științific, masterand UnAŞM
Institutul National de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
moscalu2012@mail.ru
Larisa BUMBU
cercetător științific,
Institutul National de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
mindrularisa@gmail.com
Abstract
The current situation of the living standards of the population of the
Republic of Moldova and Transnistria were analysed in the article. The
analysis is focused on the main branches of the economy, taking into
account the population's incomes and expenditures. The following research
methods were used in this paper: comparison, table, graphics, grouping,
statistical method, etc.
Key words: nominal salary, real sector, budget sector, economic
branch es.
JEL Classification: I3
Introducere
Investigarea a nivelului de trai - vizează observarea principalelor
dimensiuni ale calităţii vieţii din Republica Moldova și partea stângă a
Nistrului în perioada actuală. Temele incluse în această lucrare studiază
indicatorii obiectivi şi subiectivi ai calităţii vieţii. O atenţie deosebită am
acordat evoluţiilor standardului de viaţă, minimului de existență, veniturilor
şi consumului populaţiei, dar şi calităţii vieţii de muncă.
Nivelul de trai este o componentă principală a calităţii vieţii ce
reflectă gradul de satisfacere a necesităţilor vitale ale populaţiei unei ţări,
unui grup social sau a unei persoane. Pentru caracterizarea nivelului de trai
se utilizează o serie de indicatori cum sunt: creşterea venitului naţional;
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
350 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
ajunge la 1870,3 MDL. În mediul rural este înregistrat cel mai mică cifră a
minimului de existență – 1830,1 MDL.
Minimul de existență în orașele mari a fost cu 10,2 % mai mare
decât cel din orașele mici și cu 12,7% mai mare decât minimul de existență
în sate. Pe categorii de populaţie, valoarea maximă a minimului de existenţă
revine moldovenilor apţi de muncă-2014,7 MDL, în special bărbaţilor este
de aproape 2177,1 de MDL, comparativ cu 1837,6 de MDL în cazul
femeilor și minimul de existență pentru copii constituie valoarea de 1815,4
MDL.
Pentru pensionari minimul de existenţă a constituit 1589,0 MDL şi
reprezintă 83,8 % din valoarea medie pentru total populaţie. Mărimea medie
a pensiei lunare stabilite la 1 iulie 2018, a constituit 1658, 7 MDL, ce
respectiv face posibilă acoperirea minimului de existenţă pentru această
categorie de populaţie la nivel de 104,4%. Dacă considerăm pensia medie
pentru limită de vârstă coraportul respectiv este de 100,0%.
Veniturile disponibile lunare ale populaţiei în anul 2018 au constituit
în medie pe o persoană 2363,9 MDL şi au depăşit mărimea medie a
minimului de existenţă cu 24,7%. Salariul mediu lunar pe economie al unui
angajat în această perioadă a însumat 6141,2 MDL, astfel fiind posibilă
acoperirea minimului de existenţă pentru populaţia în vârstă aptă de muncă
de 3,0 ori.
Pe categorii de populaţie, valoarea maximă a minimului de existenţă
revine moldovenilor apţi de muncă, în special bărbaţilor, şi este de aproape
2177,1 de MDL, comparativ cu 1837,6 de MDL în cazul femeilor. Şi la
copii cifra este aproape similară, iar în cazul pensionarilor, minimul de
existenţă a depăşit puţin peste 1589,0 de MDL. Din cei apţi de muncă,
nivelul maxim a fost atins de salariaţii din sectorul informații şi comunicații,
iar cel minim - artă, activităţi de recreere şi de agrement. Salariul mediu
lunar pe economie al unui angajat în această perioadă a fost de aproximativ
6141,2 de MDL.
Concluzie
Determinarea costului vieții, la acest capitol statul trebuie sa atragă
mare atenție. O soluție eficientă este ca conducerea țării sa nu permită
angajatorilor să plătească salarii sub acest nivel, adică sub nivelului
minimului de existență. Acești bani ar trebui să fie suficienți pentru a
cumpăra un coș de consum, care includ bunuri esențiale, îmbrăcăminte,
încălțăminte și unele servicii. O altă soluție care ar duce spre o creștere a
salariilor ar fi, excluderea salariilor în plic, scutirea de impozite mari și
excluderea impozitelor definitiv, celor care au un salariu mic, sub minimum
de existență. La fel ar fi atragerea investitorilor străini și crearea locurilor de
muncă, mai bine plătite. Astfel nivelul de trai va crește, iar odată cu el va
crește natalitatea, ducând la o situație prosperă în țară.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Minimul de existenţă în semestrul I 2018. Comunicat de presă. Biroul
Național de Statistica al Republicii Moldova. [Accesat 15 august
2018]. Disponibil
http://www.statistica.md/newsview.php?l=ro&idc=168&id=6129
[2]. Закон о потребительской корзине в приднестровской молдавской
республике президент приднестровской молдавской республики
5 июня 2002 г. N 134-з-iii (саз 02-23). [Accesat la 29.11.2018],
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
Disponibil la:
http://minsoctrud.gospmr.org/zakon_o_potrebitelskoy_korzine/
[3]. Социально-экономическое развитие ПМР за январь-сентябрь
2018 года. Доклад. Министерство экономического развития
Приднестровской Молдавской Республики, [Accesat la
29.11.2018], Disponibil la: http://mer.gospmr.org/gosudarstvennaya-
sluzhba-statistiki/informacziya/o-soczialno-ekonomicheskom-
polozhenii-pmr/socialno-ekonomicheskoe-razvitie-za-yanvar-
sentyabr-2018-g.html
EVOLUŢIA COMERŢULUI INTERN ŞI A
SERVICIILOR ÎN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
Valentina VINOGRADOVA
cerc. științific,
Institutul National de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
vvinogradova@mail.ru
Abstract
The article discusses trends in the development of domestic trade
and services, which are the most important sectors of the country's
economy, and also provides the analysis of their condition, problems and
prospects of functioning. The dynamics of prices for consumer goods is also
analyzed. The development of domestic trade and services has a great
impact on the standard of living of the population and allows to assess the
real changes in the solvency of the population.
Key words: domestic trade, food products, non-food products,
consumer price index, provision of services.
JEL Classification: M, M31, M48
Introducere
Comerțul interior este una dintre cele mai importante sfere de
asigurare a vieții populației.
Prin aceasta, se realizează coordonarea pieţei ofertei de mărfuri și a
cererii de consum. Fiind sursă de intrări a mijloacelor băneşti, comerțul
formează astfel baza pentru stabilitatea financiară a statului. Sfera
comerțului îndeplinește nu doar funcțiile economice importante, ci și
sociale, sprijinind nivelul de trai al populației, influențând dezvoltarea
afacerilor mici și asigurând locuri de muncă suplimentare. În plus,
indicatorii din această ramură a economiei permit evaluarea reală a
schimbărilor în nivelul de trai și a solvabilității populației.
35,0
30,0
25,0 18,7 17,3
12,5
20,0 10,6
15,0 9,3
10,0 15,9
5,0 12,6 9,0
0,0 7,7
-5,0
-10,0
-15,0 -15,7
-20,0
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Ritmul de creştere a volumului cifrei de afaceri a produselor
alimentare,%
Ritmul de creştere a volumului cifrei de afaceri a mărfurilor
nealimentare,%
Figura 1. Dinamica ritmului de creştere a volumului de vînzări
Sursa: Datele statistice oficiale ale BNS
Creșterea
2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 pentru
aa. 2013-2017
Articole de galanterie 104,5 104,4 108,8 112,1 105,6 140,5
Încălțăminte 104,5 105,5 110,4 110,0 108,3 145,0
Frigidere și aparate de aer
103,3 105,0 122,4 110,1 101,3 148,1
condiționat
Mașini de spălat 101,2 103,8 123,4 107,1 100,9 140,1
Serviciile cu plată prestate
102,6 102,5 106,2 104,9 107,1 125,5
populației
din care:
Reparația și întreținerea
102,3 105,5 112,3 107,2 105,4 136,9
locuințelor
Educație și învățămînt 106,4 102,8 103,7 109,8 109,3 136,1
Sănătate 104,0 101,3 104,4 103,0 166,6 188,7
Servicii comunal-locative –
102,5 100,0 114,5 108,8 100,3 128,1
energia electrică
Servicii comunal-locative –
108,6 103,0 105,6 108,1 114,4 146,1
apă și canalizare
Transportul feroviar de
111,0 115,2 143,0 110,0 94,5 190,1
pasageri
Transportul aerian de
133,0 108,3 109,7 103,9 95,2 156,3
pasageri
Servicii poștale 109,1 103,6 146,7 106,3 100,0 176,3
Sursa: Calculat conform datelor BNS [1].
Concluzii
Un cadru de reglementare îmbunătățit și actualizat în domeniul
comerțului intern va oferi condiții favorabile pentru dezvoltarea economiei
țării în ansamblu. Pentru realizarea tuturor activităților specificate în Planul
de acțiuni va fi necesară aplicarea forțelor tuturor părților implicate în
comerțul intern.
Dar cel mai important este de a crea locuri de muncă pentru
populația rurală prin extinderea rețelei de comerţ, deschiderea punctelor de
colectare a produselor agricole, de prelucrarea a acestora (industrie mică),
diferitor întreprinderi de prestare a serviciilor (ateliere de croitorie şi
reparație a hainelor, spălătorii, servicii de internet, etc.). Reluarea unor
magazine sociale și cantinelor existente mai devreme în sate, cu sprijinul
autorităților publice locale. Oferind populației locuri de muncă
suplimentare, în aşa mod se creează condiții economice, organizaționale și
juridice, în care fiecare persoană poate câștiga independent pentru un trai
decent.
Așteptările pozitive ale populației privind situația economică din
țară, stabilitatea situației economice, precum și dinamica pozitivă a
schimbărilor a veniturilor reale și puterii de cumpărare a veniturilor
populației, reducerea ratei șomajului și ponderii populației cu venituri sub
minimul de existență sunt condiții necesare pentru sporirea nivelului de trai.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Biroul Național de Statistica al Republicii Moldova. Banca de date
statistice [Accesat 15 august 2018]. Disponibil
http://statbank.statistica.md/pxweb/pxweb/ro/40%20Statistica%20eco
nomica/40%20Statistica%20economica__05%20PRE__PRE010__seri
i%20anuale/PRE010400.px/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=b2ff27d7-
0b96-43c9-934b-42e1a2a9a774
[2]. Legea Republicii Moldova nr. 231 din 23 octombrie 2010 cu privire la
comerţul interior. Republicată în temeiul art.XI al Legii nr.153 din
01.07.2016. În: Monitorul Oficial al Republicii Moldova, 2016, nr.
215-216, art. 475.
International Symposium
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[3]. Legea Republicii Moldova nr. 281 din 16 decembrie 2016 pentru
modificarea și completarea unor acte legislative. În: Monitorul Oficial
al Republicii Moldova, 2016, nr.472-477, art.947.
[4]. Hotărîre Guvernului Republicii Moldova nr. 948 din 25.11.2013 cu
privire la aprobarea Strategiei de dezvoltare a comerţului interior în
Republica Moldova pentru anii 2014-2020 şi a Planului de acţiuni
privind implementarea acesteia. În Monitorul Oficial al Republicii
Moldova, 2013, nr. 284-289, art 1059.
MARKETING COMMUNICATION AND
PROMOTIONAL ACTIVITIES
Dan NASTASE
Professor, PhD.
Mugurel POPOVICI
Lecturer, PhD.
Mihaela TIBERE
Master student
Tiberiu Ionut ŞTEFAN
Master student
“ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
Abstract
Selling an additional product to a customer who is already buying
from you is much cheaper than attracting a possible customer. It has thus
become cheaper and less expensive to develop intensively than extensively.
Another change that has recently emerged in the field of marketing
communication and promotion is the increase in the quality of new
information and communication technology. New media such as the
Internet, mobile phones, or wireless technology laptops have made
marketing communication programs more and more complex.
Key words: marketing, communication, customer, promotion,
environment, quality, information.
References
[1]. Barbu,C., M.(2010).„Economie. Microeconomie-Macroeconomie”,
Editura Universitară, Bucureşti
[2]. Kotler, Ph.(2016). „Introducere in marketing”, Editia a 12- Editura
Educational Centre, Bucuresti
[3]. Kotler, Ph.(2009). „Pricipiile marketingului”, Editura Teora,
Bucuresti
[4]. Nastase. D, (2015). „Fundamentele marketingului”,Editura Axioma
Print, Bucuresti
[5]. Pricopie, R. (2011).„Relatiile publice-evolutie si perspective”, Editura
Tritonic, Bucuresti
[6]. Thomas, M.(2011). „Manual de marketing”, Editura Codex, Bucuresti
[7]. Udrescu. M., Coderie, C.(2011). ”Management, marketing si vanzari”,
Editura Axioma Print, Bucuresti
ASPECTE MODERNE ALE
COMPORTAMENTULUI
CUMPĂRĂTORULUI SI UTILIZATORULUI
Constantin CODERIE
Prof.univ.dr.
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din Bucureşti
Abstract
The consumer has to pass more behaviour steps from the potential
consumer to the promoter ,the most important level is that of buyer In
relation to the consumer behaviour we suggest that searching the
similarities and differences between the behaviour of the user-buyer, buyer-
user and the unuser-buyer should go deeper and these search may be
developed more realistic in the marketing studies.From this point of view we
have looked up only some aspects related to the attitude and motifs in the
behaviour of the three types of consumers.
Key words: management, marketing, promoter, buyer, potential
consumer, unuser- buyer.
1
Iacob Cătoiu, Nicolae Teodorescu,Comportamentul consumatorului, Editura Uranus,
Bucureşti , 2004,p 14-15.
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2
ibidem, p.21
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3
Philip Kotler, Managementul marketingului, Editura Teora 1994, p. 249-250
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4
C. Florescu, coordonator, Marketing, Editura Marketer, Grup Academic de Marketing si
Management, Bucureşti, 1992, p. 152-157
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individ să treacă la acţiune, stimulul care are cea mai mare putere în trezirea
atenţiei fiind, de multe ori, însuşi produsul sau o reprezentare a acestuia.
Atitudinea reprezintă tendinţa indivizilor de a se manifesta în mod
repetat faţă de anumite produse 5, datorită interacţiunii dintre mediu (context
demografic, economic, cultural etc.) şi individ (personalitate, experienţă,
cultură etc.). Această interacţiune face ca atitudinile să se sprijine pe trei
componente acţionate astfel: componenta cognitivă - dată de ansamblul
cunoştinţelor obţinute sau deţinute despre produs; componenta afectivă -
dată de reacţiile emoţionale faţă de produs; componenta conativă - dată de
intenţionalitatea sau de predispoziţia consumatorului de a acţiona, pentru
unii aceasta fiind uşoară, iar pentru alţii, greoaie. 6
De cele mai multe ori, cele trei componente nu acţionează
concomitent, ci pe rând, rolul fiecărei componente în actul comportamental
diferit de la caz la caz. Ordinea firească a acestora într-un proces de
cumpărare presupune parcurgerea următoarelor trepte : treapta cognitivă,
treapta afectivă si treapta conativă, dar există şi alte situatii. De exemplu, în
cazul produselor cu interes scăzut, de obicei cu valoare mică, componenta
afectivă fiind foarte mică, aproape inexistentă, secvenţa atitudinală fiind
direct cognitiv – conativ. Totodată, în cazul produselor de calitate, de marcă,
sunt frecvente situaţiile în care atitudinile să se creeze după următoarele
ordine: latura afectivă, latura cognictivă şi latura conativă.
În cazul exemplului sugerat de noi, dacă utilizatorul este din
mediul rural sau din mediul urban, care foloseşte bicicleta pentru deplasarea
la locul de muncă, ordinea secvenţelor care concură la formarea atitudinii
poate fi latura cognitivă – latura conativă sau latura cognitivă – latura
conativă, deoarece aceştia le folosesc pentru deplasări zilnice, le vor studia
cu multă atenţie înainte de cumpărare şi în pronunţarea intenţiei de
cumpărare nu vor insista pe aspectele afective. Pentru utilizatorii tineri,
atitudinea se formează în ordinea afectiv – cognitiv – conativ, deoarece
pentru aceştia bicicleta nu este o necesitate, ei apelează la bicicletă pentru a
impresiona şi pentru a se plimba cu prietenii.
Pentru fiecare caz în parte, specialiştii în marketing sugerează
strategii de promovare şi scenarii de vânzare diferite. Astfel, utilizatorilor
5
Jacques Lendrevie, Denis Lindon-Mercator. Theorie et pratique du marketing, Ed. Dalloz,
Paris, 1990, p. 35-60.
6
Business Intelligence Agency, Tehnici de vânzare, Editura All Educaţional, Bucureşti,
1995, p. 86-106.
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din mediul rural sau celor de la oraş, care folosesc bicicletele pentru a se
deplasa la locul de muncă, li se pot trimite prospecte cu descrierea
amănunţită a bicicletei, iar vânzătorii pot da dovadă de toată solicitudinea
pentru a demonstra celor interesaţi cât de rezistentă şi solidă este bicicleta.
În al doilea caz, se poate apela la o acţiune publicitară, din care să rezulte
uşurinţa în exploatare, plăcerea excursiilor cu bicicleta, dezvoltarea
prieteniei etc., argumente care interesează mai puţin pe cei din prima
categorie.
Desigur, atitudinile se formează, au o anumită durată în timp şi sunt
supuse unor procese de influenţare şi modificare, putându-se acţiona cu o
oarecare uşurinţă asupra componentei cognitive şi cu o relativă greutate
asupra componentei conative.
Este cert că motivaţiile şi atitudinile sunt componente endogene
care caracterizează comportamentul consumatorului. Ele ţin de mediul socio
– cultural şi de personalitatea fiecărui individ. Tot aşa de bine, studiile de
marketing analizează posibilităţile prin care comportamentul
consumatorului poate fi modificat în favoarea unui anumit produs. Se pare
că succesul unor asemenea acţiuni ţine atât de calitatea noului produs, cât şi
de competenţa cu care se aplică politicile de promovare.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Iacob Cătoiu, Nicolae Teodorescu, Comportamentul consumatorului,
Editura Uranus, Bucureşti, 2004 ,p.14-15
[2]. Philip Kotler,Managementul marketingului, Editura Teora, 1994,
p.249-250
[3]. C. Florescu, coord. , Marketing, Editura Marketer, Bucureşti, 1992,
p.152-157
[4]. Jaques Lendrevie, Denis Lindon-Mercator. Theorie et pratique du
marrketing, Ed. Dalloz, Paris, 1990, p. 35-60
[5]. Business Intelligence Agency, Tehnici de vânzare, Editura All
Educaţional, Bucureşti, 1995, p.865-106.
The EUROpean currency
Cibela NEAGU
Associate professor, PhD.
“ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
Rafael NEAGU
Student
Bucharest University of Economic Studies
Faculty of Accounting and
Management Information Systems
Abstract
National currencies are vitally important for the way modern
economies operate, and they are deeply rooted in our culture and psychic.
The EURO currency exists to help Member States' economies work more
efficiently, thus giving Europeans prosperity and more jobs. That is why it is
not surprising that the euro has quickly become the second most important
international currency, after the dollar, and in some categories (for example
, the cash in circulation) even surpassed the US currency.
Key words: the euro currency, the European Union, euro zone,
international commerce
JEL Classification: D25, E59, G40
1,5m
8,7m
1992-1999-2009
E24
E2,40
2001
€ $
Fig. 3. 2006- Euro is a competitive currency internationally
Conclusions
The euro can not guarantee stability and economic growth alone.
These are primarily driven by the sound management of the euro area
economy, in line with the provisions of the Treaty and the Stability and
Growth Pact (SGP), a vital element for Economic and Monetary Union
(EMU). Secondly, as a key instrument for boosting the benefits of the single
market, trade policy and political cooperation, the euro is an integral part of
today's European economic, social and political structures.
References
[1]. D. Boboc, The euro after 10 years. Past, future, 2011, EVZ.
[2]. Dardac N., Barbu T., Currency, Banks and Monetary Policies, The
Didactic and Pedagogical publishing house, Bucharest, 2005
[3]. The Capital Magazine, 2015-2016
[4]. About euro on http://www.bnro.ro/
[5]. http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/index_ro.htm
RESEARCH - DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITY,
NATIONAL PRIORITY
Constantin ANGHELACHE
Prof., Ph.D
Bucharest University of Economic Studies /
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
actincon@yahoo.com
Abstract
Research and development (R&D) activity must remain a priority at
the national economy level. With only 0.48% spending on research and
development, Romania is far from meeting the European Directive that
provides for a minimum of 2% of GDP for research and development. In
Romania, R & D expenditures are too low in the context of national
economic development opportunities, but also in the context of European
directives. The result of the research is directly related to Romania's
possibilities to participate in large-scale programs (projects) within the
European Union.In the centenary year, to which this analysis also refers,
Romania emerges far from reconsidering an industrial strategy that would
bring advantages both in the development of production and in
participation in European projects.Of the total of 0.48% of GDP, 0.28% is
allocated to private sector research and only 0.20% to the public sector.At
the end of 2017, only 44801 employees worked in R & D, but this figure is
slightly higher than the end of 2016, but is not likely to give a definite hope
of evolution and the role of this priority area for Romania.
Key words: research, innovation, research spending, number of
researchers, impact of research.
JEL Classification: I23, O32.
Introduction
Activitatea de cercetare – inovare este un element inportant pe linia
dezvoltării industriei și celorlate ramuri (domenii) ale economiei naționale.
În Uniunea Europeană s-au adoptat directive care preved dezvoltarea
cercetării – inovării, cea care poate asigura dezvoltarea economică în fiecare
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390 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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1. Literature review
Anghelache, Petrescu, Anghel and Gogu (2018) au efectuat o analiză
complexă a apariței și evoluției sistemului de învățământ românesc.
Anghelache, Partachi, Anghel, Avram and Burea (2018) au abordat
aspectele principale ale importanței cercetării științifice în dezvoltarea
economică a unei țări. O temă similară este analizată de Anghelache,
Anghel, Lilea and Samson (2018). Anghelache, Anghel, Dumitrescu and
Avram (2018) au studiat strategia României în domeniul cercetării și
novării, în timp ce Anghelache, Anghel, Marinescu and Mirea (2017) au
analizat strategia UE în domeniul științei și tehnologiei. Anghelache,
Partachi and Anghel (2017) au realizat un studiu privind strategia UE în
domeniul educației și pregătirii vocaționale. Cooke and Leydesdorff (2006),
precum și Demirbag and Glaister (2010) au prezentat o serie de elemente
referitoare la dezvoltarea regională în economia bazată pe cunoaștere,
respectiv elaborarea proiectelor de cercetare. Fischer (2009) a studiat
corelația dintre regiuni și creșterea tehnologică în Europa. Isaic-Maniu,
Anghelache, Mitruţ and Voineagu (2007) au analizat evoluția activității de
Cercetare-Dezvoltare-Inovare în România. Marozau, Guerrero and Urbano
(2016) au studiat rolul instituțiilor de învățământ superior în diferite etape
ale dezvoltării economice. Pépin (2007) a studiat elemente ale învățării pe
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
tot parcursul vieții. Vila, Cabrer and Pavía (2014) a analizat corelația dintre
cunoștințe, dezvoltarea tehnologică și evoluția economiei.
33,9%
3924,6
milioane lei 54,8%
prețuri curente
11,3%
13,8%
18,9%
5,5%
392,5
milioane lei
prețuri curente
61,8%
cea mai mare parte către unităţile din sectorul mediului de afaceri (39,4%),
sectorul guvernamental (36,1%) şi sectorul învăţământ superior (24,0%).
45
40
35 % 42,2%
30 42,9%
25
20
15
10
14,9%
5
0
Studii doctorale și programe Studii superioare de licență, Altă pregătire (exclusiv
postdoctorale master și/sau cursuri și studii superioară)
postuniversitare (exclusiv
studii doctorale și
postdoctorale)
Concluzii
Analizând datele din acest articol, ca urmare a unui studiu de profil,
ajungem la concluzia că cercetarea-dezvoltarea trebuie să rămână o
prioritate națională. Economia României întâmpină mari dificultăți ca
urmare a dezorganizării pe plan național. Marile întreprinderi au dispărut
prin procesul de privatizare, iar actualele societăți, chiar și cele
multinaționale, nu mai dispun de cercetare proprie. Putem afirma că
cercetarea s-a îndepărtat de activitatea reală, motiv pentru care asimilarea în
producție a rezultatelor cercetării devine greoaie, uneori proiecte importante
irosindu-se fără a căpăta viață. Organizarea cercetării la nivel național
trebuie să fie o altă preocupare majoră. Stimularea cercetării-dezvoltării
trebuie să fie însoțită de creșterea alocărilor de la bugetul de stat, în
concordanță și cu prevederile directivelor Uniunii Europene. Academia
Română, centrul vital al cercetării, trebuie să fie mai prezentă în rezolvarea
marilor proiecte naționale și, în primul rând, al cercetării-dezvoltării. De
asemenea, învățământul superior (licență, masterat și doctorat) se impune să
fie mult mai prezent în activitatea de cercetare, pentru a îmbina pregătirea
teoretică cu cercetarea, care să se „deconteze în producție”. Marile
universități trebuie să aibă propriile laboratoare de nivel pentru cercetare și
să fie conexate cu institute de cercetare și mari societăți economice.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Anghelache, C., Petrescu, I., Anghel, M.G. and Gogu, E. (2018).
Evoluția centenară a învățământului în România, Editura Economică,
București
[2]. Anghelache, C., Partachi, I., Anghel, M.G., Avram, D. and Burea, D.
(2018). The role of scientific research in economic development.
Economica, Scientific and Didactic Journal, 3 (105), 122-141
[3]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Dumitrescu, D., Avram, D. (2018).
Romania's strategy in the field of research and innovation, in the
context of the European Union. International Journal of Academic
Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 8 (2),
April 2018, 95–101
[4]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Lilea, F.P.C. and Samson, T. (2018).
Scientific research – a fundamental element of economic evolution.
Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement,. 4, 73-89
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
[5]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Marinescu, I.A. and Mirea, M. (2017).
Analysis of the European Union’s science and technology strategy.
Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 9, 17-30
[6]. Anghelache, C., Partachi, I. and Anghel, M.G. (2017). Analysis of the
European Union Strategy on Education and Vocational Training.
Economica, Scientific and Didactic Journal, Year XXIV, 3 (101),
September 2017, 129-149
[7]. Cooke, P. and Leydesdorff, L. (2006). Regional development in the
knowledge-based economy: the construction of advantages. Journal of
Technology Transfer, 31 (1), 5–15
[8]. Demirbag, M. and Glaister, K.W. (2010). Factors Determining
Offshore Location Choice for R&D Projects: A Comparative Study of
Developed and Emerging Regions. Journal of Management Studies,
47 (8), 1534–1560
[9]. Fischer, M. (2009). Regions, Technological Interdependence and
Growth in Europe, Romanian Journal of Regional Science, 3 (2), 1-17
[10]. Isaic-Maniu, A., Anghelache, C., Mitruţ, C. and Voineagu, V. (2007).
Evoluţii în activitatea de Cercetare-Dezvoltare-Inovare (CDI),
Seminarul Ştiinţific Naţional „Octav Onicescu” şi Simpozionul
Ştiinţific Internaţional organizat de Societatea Română de Statistică la
19.12.2007 cu privire la dezvoltarea economico-socială a României în
primul an de la aderarea la Uniunea Europeană, Bucureşti, Revista
Română de Statistică, 10-17
[11]. Marozau, R., Guerrero, M. and Urbano, D.J. (2016). Impacts of
Universities in Different Stages of Economic Development. Journal of
the Knowledge Economy, 1–21
[12]. Pépin, L. (2007). The History of EU Cooperation in the Field of
Education and Training: how lifelong learning became a strategic
objective. European Journal of Education, 42 (1), 121–132
[13]. Vila, L.E., Cabrer, B. and Pavía, J.M. (2014). On the relationship
between knowledge creation and economic performance.
Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 21 (4), 539-
556
[14]. Institutul Național de Statistică, Comunicatul de presă nr.
299/16.11.2018
LEGISLATIVE AND METHODOLOGICAL
APPLIED IN ROMANIA
Adrian ŞIMON
Assoc. prof. ec., Ph.D
University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences
and Technology of Tîrgu-Mureş, Romania
Abstract
The essential elements of the privatization process in Romania were
established by the law on the privatization of commercial companies no.
58/14 August 1991, which defined the direct privatization method by selling
the shares held by the state to the commercial companies, after distributing
the equivalent of 30% of the share capital of the respective commercial
companies toward entitled Romanian citizens in the form of ownership
certificates.
Key words: legal, methodology, privatization, asset, ownership
• the reduction of the stock of shares offered for sale, since a large
number of companies could submit Nominative coupons for
privatization corresponding to a share capital of up to 60%, which
led to situations in which the State Property Fund became a minor
shareholder (with a share of up to 40%), which was not attractive for
investors wishing to hold a majority position in the General Meeting
of Shareholders, respectively wanting the power of decision. For
this reason, these companies have become unattractive for
privatization;
• maintaining the provisions regarding the minimum trading price
limit, starting from the values established by the valuation report
drawn up by certified specialists;
• the emergence of many practical problems regarding the
compensation of the capital shares between the State Property Fund
and the Private Property Funds after the allocation of the shares with
free deed.
The legislative framework specific to privatization was supported by
a large package of related normative acts, among which are:
• Law no. 31/1990 regarding commercial companies, republished;
• Law no. 35/1991 regarding foreign investments;
• Decision of the Government of Romania no. 634/1991 regarding the
sale of assets of commercial companies with state capital, modified
by the Decisions of the Romanian Government no. 758/1991 and no.
545/1992;
• Decision of the Government of Romania no. 26/1992 regarding the
revaluation of the fixed assets that are in portfolio of the state-owned
economic agents, according to the prices negotiated by the economic
agents on the basis of the stipulations of the Government Decision
no. 776/1991;
• Law no.66 /07.10.1993 regarding the management contract;
• Decision of the Government of Romania no. 500/1994 regarding the
revaluation of tangible assets and changes in the share capital;
• Law no. 52/1994 regarding securities and stock exchanges;
• Decision of the Government of Romania no. 885/1995 regarding
some measures of internal organization of shares and shareholder
registration;
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valuation of the companies and the setting of a starting price for the auction
or negotiation etc.
In order to clarify these situations, many other pieces of legislation
have appeared in the months that followed, which in most cases changed the
existing laws. All these aspects, however, led to the appearance of
significant confusion among Romanian and foreign investors who hesitated
or even renounced buying shares of Romanian commercial companies
offered for sale.
Changing the legislative framework, without unifying the specific
legislation, has made it harder for it to be perceived and applied by the
specialists involved in the privatization process and induced the reluctance
of the investors who naturally accused the impossibility of assuming long-
term commitments under the frequent changing conditions of the legal
provisions which initially were the basis for investment decisions in trading
companies from State Property Fund portfolio.
During 1997, many other ordinances of interest were issued for the
privatization and restructuring of commercial companies.
As many provisions of the privatization legislation remained unclear
and the analysis of the privatization process revealed possibilities for
accelerating this process in accordance with the governmental objectives,
the legislative framework in this field underwent a new amendment by
adopting Law no. 99/1999 about some measures for accelerating the
economic reform that essentially changed the provisions of the Government
Emergency Ordinance no. 88/1997.
The main new provisions refers to:
1. breaking the institutional monopoly owned by the State
Property Fund and defining the seller as a public institution involved, which
may be the State Property Fund or any relevant ministry or, as the case may
be, an authority of the local public administration that owns commercial
companies;
2. introduction of a new privatization principle -
reconsideration of the debts of the companies, in order to increase the
attractiveness of the privatization offer, on the basis of which the seller must
present to the buyer the budgetary obligation certificate of that company;
3. reintroducing the possibility of accepting, by the public
institutions involved, the payment in installments of the price of the shares
sold, etc.
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 403
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This change in the privatization legislation did not fully have the
expected effects on the privatization process taking into account the
following:
• the low interest of investors in the privatization offer due to
the suspension of any facilities that could be granted by the legislative
framework in the field. In this way, Romania became unattractive for
foreign investors, given that Central and Eastern European countries were
offering particularly favorable customs and fiscal facilities to foreign
investment. At the same time, Romanian investors, for whom the business
environment was more than austere, did not have the financial resources
necessary to engage a high volume of foreign investments related to renew
the technology, environmental protection, employee protection, in order to
balance the activity of privatized companies, and therefor in the absence of
real competition, the purchase price of the shares was much lower than the
proposed auction price;
• applying with great delays or ignoring the legal stipulations
regarding the possibility of granting facilities for the payment of budgetary
obligations by some budgetary creditors, to whom the seller has requested
exemptions, reductions, delays or rescheduling to pay these obligations, for
the companies in which the investors have been selected to negotiate, but
the investors interested in the acquisition of shares, conditioned the
participation at negotiations unless they couldn’t obtain the fiscal incentives
provided by the legal framework in the field of privatization. The attitude of
budgetary creditors towards the sellers determined the extension of the
negotiations with the investors and in many cases the failure of the
privatization process;
• the obligation of the company subject to privatization process
to obtain the environmental permit from the competent authority, subject to
the introduction of essential changes to the environmental liability
procedure in accordance with the deadlines and stages stipulated in the new
legislation, implying for these companies long periods of time, between 180
and 285 days, and significant expense, as the cost estimates for
environmental balances are high, requiring numerous samples,
measurements and analyzes of soil, groundwater, air, etc .;
• the non-existence or late adoption of specific regulations
regarding the means of compensation for persons who have suffered damage
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Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
404 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
References
[1]. Romanian legislation, Legis 4.0, CTCE Piatra
Neamț, http://www.soft-legislativ.ro
[2]. www.apaps.ro
[3]. www.cdep.ro
[4]. www.dorin.ciuncan.com
[5]. www.dsclex.ro
[6]. www.expertasig.ro
[7]. www.ince.ro
[8]. www.parlament.ro
[9]. www.revistadestatistica.ro
CORELAREA COMPETENŢELOR
EDUCAŢIONALE CU CERINŢELE
ANGAJATORILOR/PIEŢEI MUNCII.
ASUMAREA RESPONSABILITĂŢII – O
COMPETENŢĂ (INTERPERSONALĂ)
NECESARĂ ASIGURĂRII SUCCESULUI PE
PIAŢA MUNCII, ÎN CONTEXTUL
ECONOMIEI BAZATE PE CUNOAŞTERE
Ion ANDREI
Lector. univ. dr.
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din București
Mihaela PETRE
Jur. Drd.
Abstract
Knowlegde-based economy brings on the first row the necessity to
correlate the competences offered by public and private educational systems
with the necessities and wishes of the employers, generated not only by the
modifications of labor, management and organization paradigms, but also
by the new approaches of firms’ theories, in which performance relates
directly with the social responsibility and corporate governance. Upon the
analysis of the present situation in Romania, we have realized a
comparative, efficient and real study, regarding the connection between the
higher education system and the requirements of the labor market. We
pursue a transfer of Know-How, good practices, through the analysis of the
Canadian system, case study Waterloo University, Ontario-Canada.
Key words: competences, labor market, responsibility, good
practices, professional success
Introducere
Succesul firmelor în economia bazată pe cunoaștere este determinat
de modul în care acestea reuşesc pe de o parte să impulsioneze inovaţia
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410 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Concluzii
Asumarea responsabilității reprezintă o competență interpersonală
indispensabilă asigurării succesului profesional, personal și organizațional,
iar sistemele educaționale trebuie să îi învețe pe indivizi să devină
responsabili.
În contextul economiei bazate pe cunoaștere, asumarea
responsabilității reprezintă nu doar o competență cheie căutată de angajatori,
ci un model de existență umană și organizațională de succes. A fi
responsabil înseamnă inclusiv a privi eşecurile drept oportunităţi de
dezvoltare personală şi profesională.
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Turner C, ”Născut pentru succes”, Editura Teora, București, 2002
[2]. Ion Andrei, STRATEGIA DEZVOLTĂRII DURABILE A
SECTORULUI TURISTIC ÎN ROMÂNIA - PREMISĂ PRIORITARĂ
ÎN CREŞTEREA COMPETITIVITĂŢII OFERTEI TURISTICE PE
PIAŢA MONDIALĂ, Editura Mustang, 2011
[3]. www.fptr.ro
[4]. www.insse.ro
[5]. https://ec.europa.eu/epale/ro/blog/competente-adecvate-competente-
pentru-locuri-de-munca
CSA STEAUA BUCUREȘTI – VECTOR
ISTORIC DE MARKETING, COMUNICARE ŞI
RELAŢII PUBLICE PENTRU ROMÂNIA ŞI
ARMATA ROMÂNĂ
Cristian GHENA
Doctorand
crfrisk@gmail.com
Abstract
Sport is increasingly present in the top of the public's preferences,
thus becoming a tool of great importance and utility in contemporary
society. The Steaua Bucharest Army Sports Club was founded on 7 June
1947, being the first military club in Romania. The decision to create a club
belonged to the Ministry of Armed Forces of the Romanian People's
Republic, and the first commander was Colonel Oreste Alexandrescu. The
club has become, over time, a true brand, involving marketing,
communication and public relations components. CSA Steaua Bucharest has
been, is and will be in the service of Romania, the Romanian Army and
Romanian sports.
Key words: marketing, public relations, communications, sports,
Romania, Romanian Army, Steaua
Introducere
Sportul este din ce în ce mai prezent în topul preferințelor publicului,
iar acest fapt transformă rezultatul sportiv într-un instrument de mare
importanță și utilitate în societatea contemporană. Abordarea temei se referă
la posibilitatea unui club sportiv de a interacționa, în sens multiplu, cu
domenii cum ar fi sociologia, psihologia, comunicarea, economia politică,
relațiile publice, cultura, arta, știința, educația civică sau cea politică.
Modelele și exemplele din economia de piață impun anumite modificări
structurale pentru reliefarea și determinarea activității unui club sportiv
axate pe cercetări și aplicații de marketing. În această ordine de idei,
abordarea clubului sportiv necesită o cercetare, în cadrul căreia marketingul
ar fi utilizat într-un sens multiplu, ca instrument funcțional de realizare a
profitului financiar, dar și social. Modalitățile de interpretare modernă a
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
rugby, secții care, de-a lungul celor peste 7 decenii de activitate, se vor
acoperi efectiv de glorie. Din rândurile de mai sus rezultă, fără echivoc,
beneficiul de imagine pe care Steaua, prin sportivii săi și prin rezultatele
înregistrate, a concurat la crearea și menținerea imaginii României.
Ceva mai complexă este cea de-a patra ipoteză propusă în acest
studiu științific, care expune activitatea Stelei drept un vector de identitate
națională pentru România. Armata Română a fost, permanent, un pilon de
stabilitate a societății românești, mai ales în anii perioadei comuniste,
marcați de Războiul Rece. Componenta de securitate națională a avut, și are
în continuare, un rol predominant în asigurarea stabilității interne, precum și
a unei poziții intangibile a României în lume. Această idee se poate disocia
în două părți distincte. Pe de o parte, rezultatele Stelei au conturat o
coeziune internă. Regiunile istorice ale României, unele dintre acestea
venind la 1918 de sub autorități administrative diferite, aveau nevoie de un
vector, de un numitor comun care să coaguleze interesul și simpatiile
tuturor. Prin rezultatele obținute, Steaua se poate spune că i-a unit pe toți
românii sub aceeași cupolă, sporind gradul de încredere în capacitatea de
pregătire profesională a Armatei Române.
Toate performanțele obținute de Steaua, pe plan intern sau
internațional, au fost subordonate intereselor naționale și au lucrat pentru
crearea unei imagini favorabile României și Armatei Române.
Consiliul Internațional al Sportului Militar (CISM0 a luat ființă în
anul 1948, cu scopul de a sprijini relațiile și schimburile între structurile
sportive militare ale țărilor membre, de pe toate continentele. Predecesorul
acestui for a fost Consiliul Sportiv al Forțelor Aliate, creat în anul 1946. În
condițiile Războiului Rece, în anul 1958, la Moscova a fost creat un alt for
dedicat sportului militar, denumit Consiliul Sportiv al Armatelor Prietene
(CSAP). Acesta avea un obiect de activitate identic cu cel al CISM, numai
că adresabilitatea sa se limita la 12 țări socialiste. Dincolo de politica
îmbrățișată de țară, Steaua, în calitate de club militar etalon pentru România
și Armata Română, s-a afiliat la cele două organisme și a participat fără
întrerupere la competițiile propuse sub cele două egide.
Cele două organizații sportive militare au funcționat în paralel până
în 1991, când CSAP s-a desființat ca urmare a Tratatului de la Varșovia. Din
1992, sportivii militari din România, majoritatea legitimați la Steaua, au
participat la competițiile organizate de CISM, cum ar fi Jocuri Mondiale
Militare sau Campionate Mondiale Militare pe ramură de sport. În prezent,
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
422 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Alexandrescu H., La microfon, Cristian Țopescu, Editura Militară,
București, 2017
[2]. Alexandrescu H., Steaua campioana Europei, Editura Militară,
București, 1986
[3]. Alexandrescu H., Steaua lui Gațu, Editura Militară, București, 2015
[4]. Angelescu M, Cristea D., (coordonatori) Istoria fotbalului românesc,
vol II (1944 – 2009), Editura Coprint, București, 2009
[5]. Berceanu Monica, Gheorghe Berceanu – Hercule de buzunar, 48 de
kilograme de aur, Editura Alma, Craiova 2008
[6]. Boguș B, Țicu O., Fotbalul în contextul transformărilor democratice
din Europa de Est, Editura Cartdidact, Chișinău, 2008
[7]. Brancu C., Din culisele supercampioanei, Editura Tempus, București
[8]. Constantinescu M., Gheorghe C.D., Marketing sportiv, Editura ASE,
București, 2015
[9]. Dobre I., Ștefan Birtalan – ”Tunarul” de pe semicercuri, Editura
Paralela 45, Pitești, 2008
[10]. Ionescu M., Cupen I., Constelația valorilor sportive, Editura Militară,
1972
[11]. Matache C., Prezențe românești în organizațiile sportive
internaționale, Editura Ad Point, București, 2006
[12]. Oprișan C., Istoria echipei naționale de fotbal a României (1922-
2016), Editată de Federația Română de Fotbal, București, 2016
[13]. Vilara R., (coordonator) Album realizat cu ocazia aniversării a 25 de
ani de activitate a CSA Steaua București (1947-1972), Editura Arta
Grafică, București, 1972
[14]. Vintilă O., Printre stelele Stelei, Editura Militară, București, 1982
[15]. XXX, www.csasteaua.ro
PERFECTIONAREA POLITICII
COMERCIALE A REPUBLICII MOLDOVA ÎN
CONTEXTUL SPORIRII COMPETITIVITĂȚII
BUNURILOR
Tatiana GUTIUM
cercetător ştiinţific,
Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova
gutium.tatiana1@gmail.com
Abstract
The author in this article focuses on the study of some international
trade theories, the analysis of the foreign trade dynamics of the Republic of
Moldova, the analysis of changes in the competitiveness of goods on the
foreign market, the research of the commercial policies used in the world
practice and the improvement of the commercial policy of the Republic of
Moldova, the growth of competitiveness and the promotion of indigenous
goods. In order to achieve the proposed objectives, the following research
methods were applied: analysis and synthesis, the analogy method, the
quantitative and qualitative analysis, the functional analysis method.
Key words: international trade theories, foreign trade,
competitiveness of goods, advantage, disadvantage, commercial policy.
JEL Classification: F13, F14, O33.
Introducere
Creșterea economică și sporirea competitivității se află pe agenda
oricărui stat, indiferent de poziția sa geografică și modelul de dezvoltare. Pe
de o parte, anume atingerea și menținerea unui nivel înalt de competitivitate
creează condiții favorabile în rezolvarea unei sarcini strategic importante
pentru orice țară, și anume, dezvoltarea sustenabilă a economiei naționale,
sporirea bunăstării populației. Pe de altă parte, instabilitatea economică și
politică, corupția din eșaloanele puterii de stat, monopolizarea
comercializării anumitor bunuri, împiedică sporirea competitivității.
Soluționarea problemelor enumerate nu poate fi efectuată fără
perfecționarea politicilor economice: bugetare, fiscale, monetare,
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 427
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
acești doi indici există o dependentă directă (Figura 1). Exportul este unul
din factorii determinanți a PIB-ului.
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-20
-30
6000
4000
2000
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
-2000
-4000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
România
23,55 24,77 Federaţia Rusă
Italia
Germania
2,70
Marea Britanie
3,22
Belarus
4,24 10,50 Turcia
4,29 Polonia
14,38 România
Federaţia Rusă
37,76 11,83 Ucraina
China
Germania
Italia
10,58
Turcia
2,33 Polonia
2,37 10,46 Belarus
3,43
6,30 Franţa
6,86 8,08
Alte
Figura 5. Structura importului Republicii Moldova pe țări, a.2017
Sursa: elaborat de autor în baza datelor Biroului Naţional de Statistică al Republicii
Moldova (http://www.statistica.md)
j =1 j =1 j =1 j =1
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
434 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Concluzii
Luând în calcul specificul modificărilor din economia mondială,
guvernul Republicii Moldova trebuie să intensifice eforturile în crearea
condițiilor favorabile întreprinzătorilor autohtoni implicați în promovarea
exportului. Însă, concomitent, trebuie să promoveze politici antitrust în
cazul monopolizării exportului sau importului anumitor bunuri. În plus,
statul trebuie să ia măsuri suplimentare pentru a diversifica atât exportul, cât
și economia națională integral. La moment, una din cele mai potrivite
politici de promovare a exportului pentru Republica Moldova este cea
aplicată de Tunisia.
Referințe
[1]. Linder, S. (1961). An Essay on Trade and Transformation. New York
and Stockholm: John Wiley and Sons, and Almquist and Wiksell.
[2]. Vernon, R. (1966). International Investment and International Trade in
the Product Cycle. Quarterly Journal of Economics, May, 190-207.
[3]. Posner, M. (1961). International Trade and Technical Change. Oxford
Economic Papers, October, 323-341.
[4]. Krugman, P. (1979). Increasing Returns, Monopolistic Competition
and International Trade. Journal of International Economics, 9, 469-
479.
[5]. http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=191
[6]. https://comtrade.un.org/db/dqBasicQueryResults.aspx?cc=TOTAL&p
x=HS&r=498&y=2007,%202008,%202009,%202010,%202011,%202
012,%202013,%202014,%202015,%202016,%202017&p=0&rg=1,2,
3,4&so=9999
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 437
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Abstract
The development and consolidation of the non-banking financial
sector stems from the need to ensure sustainable economic growth.
Compliance to the principles of financial stability will contribute
significantly to the sustainable financing of the real economy. In
comparison to other regional and global economies the non-banking
financial market in Moldova is at an early stage of development and is
directly related to the general economic context.
Key words: non-banking financial sector, financial market,
sustainable financing, financial stability.
JEL Classification: G1, G14, G15, G21
Introducere
Pieţei financiare şi participanţilor acesteia în parte îi aparţine un rol
decisiv în asigurarea creşterii economice în condiţiile extinderii şi
aprofundării reformelor bazate pe principiile economiei de piaţă. Piaţa
financiară este unicul din principalele mecanisme de atragere a investiţiilor
şi de redistribuire a capitalului, servind drept furnizor important al resurselor
investiţionale prin transformarea economiilor în investiţii.
Comisia Naţională a Pieţei Financiare (CNPF), ca autoritate unică de
reglementare şi control a mai multor sectoare ale pieţei financiare nebancare,
inclusiv a valorilor mobiliare, asigurărilor, asociaţiilor de economii şi
împrumut şi organizaţiilor de microfinanţare, trebuie să acorde o atenţie
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 439
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
2 ori comparativ cu anul 2015, constituind 442 mil. lei, fiind determinat de
majorarea volumului investițiilor interne realizate prin intermediul
emisiunilor de valori mobiliare (VM) de către societățile autohtone de la
163,7 mil. lei (2015) la 336,5 mil. lei (2016), cota înregistrând 76,1% din
volumul total al emisiunilor de valori mobiliare. Volumul investiţiilor
străine atrase prin intermediul emisiunilor de VM în anul 2016 a alcătuit
105,5 mil. lei, în creştere cu 48,1 mil. lei faţă de precedent. Cele mai
importante investiţii străine revin investitorilor din România (95,8 mil. lei)
şi din Cipru (9,2 mil. lei). În anul 2016 pe piaţa secundară a fost înregistrată
o creștere a volumului tranzacțiilor cu VM de la 648,5 mil. lei la 1137,3 mil.
lei, de peste 1,7 ori. Tranzacțiile efectuate în afara pieței reglementate au
predominat atât după numărul tranzacțiilor (98,2%), cât și după volumul
acestora (70,1%).
O tendință pozitivă a primelor de asigurare subscrise prezintă
creşterea volumului acestora cu 12,3%, în detrimentul descreșterii
numărului polițelor de asigurare emise pe parcursul anului conform
contractelor încheiate cu persoane fizice şi juridice, fiind determinată de
majorarea începând cu 01.01.2016 a primei de bază cu circa 20%. Pe
segmentul asigurărilor de viață s-a înregistrat o dinamică de creștere cu 1,7
mil. lei în comparație cu 2015, alcătuind 89,2 mil. lei. Cu toate acestea,
ponderea asigurărilor de viață în totalul primelor brute subscrise rămâne la
un nivel scăzut (6,5%) comparativ cu țările UE și chiar cu unele din CSI.
Volumul despăgubirilor şi îndemnizaţiilor de asigurare achitate de
asigurători a constituit 519,1 mil. lei, în creștere cu 132,5 mil. lei (34,3%)
faţă de anul 2015. Cerințele prudențiale stabilite societăților de asigurare au
condiționat creșterea rezervelor de asigurare cu 122,2 mil. lei (8,5%).
În anul 2016 a fost înregistrată o creștere a valorilor de bază ale
activității sectorului de microfinanțare, portofoliul împrumuturilor acordate
majorându-se cu 30,2%, iar valoarea totală a activelor - cu 27,2 %. Evoluția
indicatorilor acestui sector atestă o creștere a ratei de penetrare cu 3,7 p.p.
față de a. 2015.
Portofoliul de împrumuturi acordate de către organizațiile de
microfinanțare (OM), au evoluat în creştere cu 915,1 mil.lei (31,8%), iar a
profitului net cu 32,1% datorită majorării portofoliului de împrumuturi
acordate și creșterii rentabilității activelor care denotă efectuarea
investiţiilor preponderent în active generatoare de dobândă cu o
profitabilitate sporită. Volumul împrumuturilor acordate membrilor
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 441
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Rapoartele anuale ale CNPF a Republicii Moldova (pentru anii 2015,
2016)
[2]. Letonia – Baza de date stat. http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/dati/statistics-
database-30501.html;
[3]. Lituania – Baza de date stat.
http://db1.stat.gov.lt/stahttp://db1.stat.gov.lt/ statbank/ Select
VarVal/saveselections.asp
[4]. România – Anuar statistic.
http://www.insse.ro/cms/ro/content/anuarele-statistice-ale-romaniei
[5]. UE –Baza de date Eurostat
(http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/submit View Table Action.do
[6]. Georgia – Anuar statistic
http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=wnews _archive&qy=
1&lang=eng;
[7]. Serbia – Baza de date stat.
http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=168
[8]. Ucraina – Anuar statistic, http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/
EVOLUŢIA EXPORTURILOR DE VIN DIN
REPUBLICA MOLDOVA
Tatiana IAȚIȘIN
cercetător ştiinţific,
Institutul Naţional de Cercetări Economice,
Republica Moldova, or. Chișinău
tatianaiatisin@yahoo.com
Abstract
The wine sector in the Republic of Moldova in the last years
registered an upward trend, obtaining the highest production volume from
the last 4 years, i.e. 18 mln. dal. While the major European producers have
had their lowest production in recent years, the domestic wine sector has
improved its grape crops and has gained ground on the outside. About 80-
90% of the volume of wine produced goes to export, thus constituting a
source of income for the country's economy. The paper aims to analyze the
current trends of the wine sector in the Republic of Moldova, in particular,
the evolution of wine production, the export of wine both in bulk and
bottled. The following research methods were used in the development of
this study: monographic, analysis and synthesis, statistical, comparison, etc.
The current situation of the given sector was characterized and the
development perspectives of the wine sector were assessed.
Key words: wine sector, wine produced, export, wine company.
JEL Classification: Q10, Q13, Q15, Q17
Introducere
Industria vitivinicolă a Republicii Moldova cunoaşte o bogată istorie
şi joacă un rol important în economia ţării, fiind considerată coloana
vertebrală a sectorului agrar. Sectorul vitivinicol influenţează mijloacele de
existenţă a fermierilor mici care furnizează struguri întreprinderilor de
prelucrare. Moldova este unul din puţinii producători de vinuri din Europa,
capabilă de a produce vinuri de stiluri diverse. Circa 80-90% din volumul
vinului produs merge la export, constituind astfel o sursă de venit pentru
trezoreria statului.
Comerţul exterior cu bunuri în anul 2016 a fost în creştere cu 111,8
mln. dolari SUA şi a constituit 6065,5 mln. dolari SUA [1]. Totodată
exporturile de bunuri au constituit 2045,3 mln. dolari SUA, în creştere cu
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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448 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
0 20 40 60 80 100
Figura 1. Ponderea exporturilor Republicii Moldova pe regiuni,
2010-2016, %
Sursa: Conform datelor Biroului Naţional de Statistică
80
60
40
0
2015 2016 2017
Figura 3. Exportul de vin a Republicii Moldova în perioada 2015-2017
Sursa: Conform datelor Oficiului Naţional al Viei şi Vinului
Pentru anul 2017, costul per sticlă a fost net superior față de
indicatorii din 2016, în creştere cu 8,2 %.
Acest fapt înseamnă că piețele externe sunt pregătite să plătească mai
mult pentru un produs de calitate înaltă. Anul trecut industria vinicolă a
continuat să-și diversifice piețele de desfacere, în favoarea celor din Europa
și Asia, ca în anul 2017 vinul îmbuteliat exportat să reprezinte aproape 60%
din volumul total al exporturilor.
International Symposium
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
60 54 54,3 54
50 44,7 46
40
30
20
10
0
2015 2016 2017
Figura 4. Evoluţia exporturilor de vin îmbuteliat
Sursa: Conform datelor Oficiului Naţional al Viei şi Vinului
Altele tari 13
Slovacia 3
Canada 4
Belorus 5
Kazahstan 7
Ucraina 7
Cehia 11
F. Rusa 12
Romania 12
China 12
Polonia 14
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Tendinţe în Economia Moldovei. Nr. 28 a. 2017. Institutul Naţional de
Cercetări Economice. Chişinău, 2017. ISSN 1857-3126. pag. 119
[2]. Impactul economic după 4 ani de implementare a acordului de
Asociere RM-UE. Disponibil:
http://dcfta.md/uploads/0/images/large/studiul-pd-dcfta-final-ro.pdf
/Accesat pe 17.11.2018/
[3]. Strategia Națională de Dezvoltare Agricolă și Rurală 2014-2020
http://madrm.gov.md/sites/default/files/Proiect%20de%20revizuire%2
0a%20Strategiei%20Nationale%20de%20Dezvoltare%20Agricola%2
0si%20Rurala%202014-
2020%20si%20a%20Planului%20de%20actiune%20pentru%20imple
mentarea%20Stategiei.pdf
[4]. Anuarul Statistic al Republicii Moldova. Chișinău: Biroul Naţional de
Statistică al Republicii Moldova, 2017. ISBN 978-9975-53-418-5
International Symposium
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454 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Mihail CIOBANU
Doctorand al Universității de Stat
"Dimitrie Cantemir",
cercetător ştiinţific în
Secția Cercetări sociale
și nivelul de trai,
Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice,
Chișinău, Republica Moldova,
ciobanu.mihail.s@gmail.com
Olga MOSCALU
Masterand al Universității de Stat
"Dimitrie Cantemir",
cercetător ştiinţific în
Secția Cercetări sociale
și nivelul de trai,
Institutul Național de Cercetări Economice,
Chișinău, Republica Moldova
moscalu2012@mail.ru
Abstract
The SME sector comprises the majority of enterprises from Moldova,
two-thirds of the country's employees and almost half of the turnover in all
enterprises from Moldova. This article analyzes in recent years the
dynamics of the structure of activity indicators of small and medium
enterprises (SMEs) in the Republic of Moldova. The following research
methods have been used in this article: statistical data analysis,
comparison, chain indices, graphs. The results showed in the SME sector
according to the organizational-legal form of the enterprise, the increase of
the share of the turnover in the limited liability companies and its reduction
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
456 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Introducere
Sectorul întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii (IMM) are o importanță
economică crucială pentru economia Republicii Moldova, cuprinzând
98,7% din întreprinderile din țară, 61,2% din angajații din întreprinderi și
41,5% din veniturile din vânzări totale pe țară. Situația economică a țării
depinde într-o foarte mare măsură de situația activității acestui sector. Fiind
dată diversitatea formelor de proprietate și a formelor organizatorico-
juridice a întreprinderilor mici și mijlocii, este necesară o analiză a
contribuției acestora în economia națională prin prisma indicatorilor
principali de activitate a acestor companii.
Cifra de afaceri
din care (% din IMM-total):
IMM -
Forme de proprietate întreprinderi întreprinderi
total
mijlocii mici*
Total 100,0 43,5 56,5
publică 3,8 45,6 54,4
privată 72,9 35,0 65,0
mixtă (publică+privată) 0,9 97,5 2,5
străină 16,1 72,2 27,8
a întreprinderilor mixte
(RM+străină) 6,2 59,3 40,7
Indici de Indici de
creștere a cifrei creștere a
Ponderea cifrei Ponderea de afaceri față numărului de
de afaceri, % salariaților, % de anul salariați față de
precedent, % anul precedent,
%
2015/ 2016/ 2015/ 2016/
2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
2014 2015 2014 2015
ÎNTREPRINDERI MICI ȘI MIJLOCII
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 112,0 101,1 99,8 98,2
de
publică 1,8 3,2 3,8 5,6 5,1 5,5 120,0 90,2 105,9
2,1 ori
privată 73,2 68,5 72,9 79,7 80,4 80,7 104,8 107,7 100,6 98,7
mixtă
(publică+ 1,3 1,0 0,9 1,4 1,4 1,3 85,1 88,0 96,8 94,7
privată)
străină 12,4 17,1 16,1 7,2 7,5 7,5 154,2 95,6 102,9 99,0
a întreprin-
derilor
mixte 11,3 10,2 6,2 6,0 5,7 4,9 101,3 61,2 94,8 84,6
(RM+
străină)
Inclusiv:
ÎNTREPRINDERI MIJLOCII
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 123,9 101,7 95,6 100,9
de
publică 2,1 1,6 4,0 10,9 10,0 10,1 94,9 87,3 102,2
2,5 ori
privată 60,1 51,5 58,8 63,8 64,8 65,9 106,3 116,0 97,2 102,7
mixtă
(publică+ 3,2 2,1 2,0 3,4 3,1 3,4 83,2 92,8 88,6 110,1
privată)
străină 14,9 28,5 26,8 11,9 12,8 12,8 de 95,5 102,4 101,1
International Symposium
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
2,4 ori
a întreprin-
derilor
mixte 19,6 16,1 8,5 10,0 9,3 7,7 101,8 53,3 88,8 84,1
(RM+
străină)
ÎNTREPRINDERI MICI*
Total 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 100,0 104,4 100,6 102,2 96,8
de
publică 1,5 4,5 3,7 2,6 2,4 2,9 83,5 97,1 114,0
3,1 ori
privată 81,6 81,3 83,9 88,8 88,6 89,0 104,0 103,7 102,1 97,1
mixtă
(publică+ 0,1 0,1 0,04 0,3 0,5 0,2 119,2 29,3 143,4 40,6
privată)
străină 10,8 8,4 7,9 4,6 4,6 4,6 80,8 95,6 103,5 96,0
a întreprin-
derilor
mixte 6,0 5,7 4,5 3,8 3,8 3,4 100,2 78,1 103,7 85,1
(RM+
străină)
*Întreprinderile mici din această secțiune (în conformitate cu metodologia Anchetei
structurale) includ întreprinderile care, conform legislației RM, includ categoria
microîntreprinderilor și întreprinderilor mici.
Sursa: Calculat de autor în baza datelor BNS [2][3][4]
Indici de Indici de
creștere a creștere a
Ponderea
Ponderea numărului de numărului de
întreprinderilor,
salariaților, % întreprinderi salariați față
%
față de anul de anul
precedent, % precedent, %
2015/ 2016/ 2015/ 2016/
2014 2015 2016 2014 2015 2016
2014 2015 2014 2015
COOP 1,9 1,9 … 2,8 2,7 … 98,2 98,0
ÎSM 1,1 1,0 … 2,5 2,4 … 85,6 96,5
*Pentru anul 2016 Ancheta Structurală Anuală nu conține datele privind numărul de
întreprinderi și numărul mediu de salariați în sectorul IMM după forme organizatorico-
juridice dezagregate pe mărimea întreprinderii.
**Întreprinderile mici din această secțiune (în conformitate cu metodologia Anchetei
structurale) includ întreprinderile care, conform legislației RM, includ categoria
microîntreprinderilor și întreprinderilor mici.
***În acest sondaj, în conformitate cu metodologia Anchetei Structurale, unitățile cu
numărul de salariați de până la 2 persoane nu sunt luate în considerare, prin urmare
indicatorii care caracterizează ÎI sunt mult mai mici decât cei din banca de date a BNS.
****ÎI – întreprinderi individuale, SA – societăți pe acțiuni, SRL – societăți cu răspundere
limitată, COOP – cooperative, ÎSM – întreprinderi de stat și municipale
Sursa: Calculat de autor în baza datelor BNS [2][3][4]
Total 100,9
99,3
ÎI 82,4
75,2
SA 115,6
110,0
SRL 98,6
98,3
85,2
COOP 84,7
ÎSM 98,8
96,3
2014 2015
Concluzii
În urma analizei indicatorilor IMM-urilor din Republica Moldova
după forme de proprietate și după forme organizatorico-juridice în baza
datelor Anchetei Structurale Anuale în Întreprinderi a BNS al Republicii
Moldova pe anii 2014-2016 se pot evidenţia următoarele:
1. Întreprinderile private dețin majoritatea salariaților și a cifrei de
afaceri din sectorul IMM. Cea mai mare parte a salariaților și a cifrei de
afaceri este concentrată în companiile mici. Pe parcursul perioadei analizate
ponderea salariaților companiilor private în raport cu numărul total de
salariați a oscilat în jurul a 80%, iar ponderea cifrei de afaceri în cifra totală
de afaceri - în jurul a 70% fără să sufere modificări majore. Au avut o
tendință puternică de creștere a cifrei de afaceri per salariat în perioada
2014-2016.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 471
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Legea Parlamentului Republicii Moldova Nr. 179 din 21.07.2016 cu
privire la întreprinderile mici şi mijlocii, Publicat: 16.09.2016 în
Monitorul Oficial Nr. 306-313, art. Nr.: 651, Data intrării în vigoare:
16.12.2016, ultima modificare: LP140 din 27.07.18, MO309-
320/17.08.18 art.478; în vigoare 17.08.18, [Accesat la 03.12.2018],
Accesibil la: http://lex.justice.md/md/366638/
[2]. Rezultatele Anchetei Structurale în Întreprinderi 2015, Biroul
Naţional de Statistică al Republicii Moldova, Chișinău, 2015, 167 p.,
[Accesat la 03.12.2018], Accesibil la:
http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/Rezult_anc
h_struct/ASA_2015.pdf
[3]. Rezultatele Anchetei Structurale în Întreprinderi 2015, Biroul
Naţional de Statistică al Republicii Moldova, Chișinău, 2016, 163 p.,
International Symposium
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Abstract
This paper envisions a theoretical introspection regarding the
purchasing and alimentary consumption behavior, which forms the totality
of decisional acts realized at individual or group level, in connection with
the procurement and consumption of agrifood products, meant to satisfy the
food necessities, present and future, including both decisional processes
that precede, and also those who determine the acquisition/consumption of
those categories of products.
Key words: behavior, purchase, consumption, food products.
I. Introducere
Comportamentul de cumpărare și consum alimentar, constituie
totalitatea actelor decizionale realizate la nivel individual sau de grup, în
legătură cu procurarea și consumul de produse agroalimentare, destinate a
satisface necesitățile de hrană, prezente și viitoare, incluzând atât
procesele decizionale care preced cât și pe cele care determină
cumpărarea/consumul acestor categorii de produse.
În legătură cu produsele agricole și alimentare, se distinge atât un
comportament de cumpărare și consum specific consumatorului final,
precum și un comportament de cumpărare al întreprinderilor ce au ca
obiect de activitate producția și/sau comercializarea de produse
agroalimentare. În acest caz, comportamentul de cumpărare constituie
ansamblul deciziilor pe care firma le adoptă în legătură cu achiziționarea
produselor agricole și/sau alimentare, cuprinzând implicit procesul de
evaluare și alegere a furnizorilor și a mărcilor. În cazul firmelor din
industria alimentară, comportamentul de cumpărare prezintă, în general,
particularitățile comportamentului de cumpărare manifestat la nivelul
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 475
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II. Continut
Comportamentul de cumpărare și consum al produselor
agroalimentare, mai poate fi definit (pornind de la analogia pe care Philip
Kotler a realizat-o între conduita oamenilor cu privire la procurarea și
consumul/utilizarea de bunuri și/sau servicii și componentele unui sistem
cibernetic) ca fiind ansamblul reacțiilor de răspuns ale individului (ieșirile)
față de stimulii interni și externi ce reclamă aportul de alimente sau oprirea
ingerării alimentelor (intrările). „Ieșirile” (deciziile individului în legătură
cu produsul achiziționat, unitatea comercială, frecvența cumpărării,
necumpărarea unui anumit produs sau amânarea cumpărării, consumul și
cantitatea consumată din respectivul produs) sunt rezultatul unor procese
complexe desfășurate la nivelul psihicului uman - „cutia neagră”, și sunt
influențate atât de „intrări”, cât și de o serie de particularități individuale,
astfel că, există variații mari ale comportamentului atât de la un individ la
altul (chiar și în situația în care sunt expuși acelorași stimuli), cât și pentru
același consumator, de la o perioadă la alta. În consecință, decizia de
cumpărare are atât o motivație obiectivă (satisfacerea necesităților de
hrană, sete), cât și motivații de natură subiectivă.
Astfel, comportamentul de cumpărare și consum alimentar
reprezintă un ansamblu de acte ce au ca scop aportul de substanțe
nutritive, dar nu izolate ci sub formă de aliment, care are o semnificație
mult mai complexă, decât substanțelor nutritive pe care le conține.
Aportul de substanțe nutritive are o motivație strict obiectivă, însă, în
alegerea alimentelor predomină influența factorilor de natură subiectivă:
dorințe, preferințe, opinii, aspirații individuale etc. În multe situații
consumatorul nu cunoaște nevoile sale fiziologice, precum nici conținutul
în substanțe nutritive a diferitelor produse alimentare, dar este atras de
dorința și plăcerea de a mânca. Din acest punct de vedere, caracteristicile
senzoriale (olfactive, gustative, vizuale, tactile) ale produselor
agroalimentare sunt esențiale în luarea deciziei de cumpărare.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
476 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Concluzii
La nivelul țărilor dezvoltate, s-au înregistrat o serie de tendințe care
și-au pus amprenta asupra comportamentului consumatorului, în general,
al consumatorului de produse agroalimentare, în special. În primul rând,
creșterea nivelului de trai al populației a generat deplasarea nevoii de a
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 485
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Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Diaconescu, Mihai, Marketing agroalimentar, Editura Uranus,
București, 2003;
[2]. Manole,Victor; Stoian, Mirela, Agromarketing, Editura ASE,
București, 2003;
[3]. Voinea, Lelia (2013), Calitate si securitate alimentara. Reorientări în
comportamentul alimentar al consumatorului modern, Editura ASE,
București.
LOGISTICA IN DEZVOLTAREA
ECONOMICA
Ana BUTNARU
Lect. univ. dr.
Universitatea „ARTIFEX” din Bucureşti
Abstract
Changes to the nature of the conceptual, concerning the notion of
logistics, have led to the development of definitions taking into account both
the aspects of strategic and tactical of the process of production, storage,
transfer of goods, services and/or information, with a view to enhancing
economic efficiency and increase the satisfaction of the consumer.
Therefore, the considerations presented is only an argument for increasing
concerns all stakeholders in such a way that the social and economic
efficiency to know the positive developments. The strategy for the
development of the logistical services will have to be based on the provision
of an infrastructure of transport extended, modern and sustainable, on the
means of transport market, adapted to the modern storage spaces, on a
computer system performance and last but not least on an educational
system adapted to the requirements of the major actors in the services
market of logistics. All these fundamental aspect to be correlated with
domestic and international flows of goods, services, and so on ....
Key words: logistic of merchandises, logistic system, deliverty
terms, logistic management, “ON TIME”, “IN FULL”, “ERROR FREE”,
strategic logistic, logistic operators
1
elearning.esupplychain.ro, Curs Managementul Logisticii şi Supply Chain-ului, Secţiunea
Definiţii, 2008
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2
James A. Tompkins, Jerry D. Smith, The Warehouse Management Handbook, Second
Edition,Tompkins Press Raleigh, North Carolina, 1998, p. 20
3
LaLonde J. Bernard, Masters M. James, „The 1995 Ohio State University Survey of
Career Patterns in Logistics.” Annual Conference Proceedings, 1995
International Symposium
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4
Knight Frank, 2010 European Logistics & Industrial Market Report, 2010
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5
www.wall-street.ro
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4. Excelenta în logistică
Secolul prezent a cunoscut reproiectarea canalelor logistice si
practic nasterea termenilor de Supply Chain Management (SCM),
Managementul Supply Chain-ului si Efficient Customer Response (ECR)
(Raspunsul eficient din partea clientilor). Tot în această perioadă a crescut
importanta deciziilor privind activitătile logistice în cadrul sistemului de
6
King Sturge, European Logistics & Industrial Martkets, March 2011
International Symposium
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7
Tompkins A. James, Smith D. Jerry, The Warehouse Management Handbook, Second
Edition, Tompkins Press Raleigh, Noth Carolina, 1998, p. 51
International Symposium
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14
Tabelul nr. 3
International Symposium
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
Feroviar 3 3 4 3 5
Rutier 2 2 3 2 4
Pe apă 5 5 5 4 2
Prin conducte 4 4 2 1 1
Aerian 1 1 1 5 3
Sursa: Ronald Ballou
stocuri Resurse
p umane
15%
22%
Trasporti 53
Imballi 25
Transporturi
M.O. Magaz. 22
Distribuţia ti
Ambalaje 53%
85% 25%
Fonte : A. T. Kearney 31
Din costul logistic total distribuţia deţinr 85% iar cele privind
stocurile-manipulare, depozitare au doar 15%. Costurile de distribuţie sunt
compuse din costurile cu transportul 53%, costurile cu ambalarea de 25% şi
cele cu resursele umane de 22 %. Pentru un om e afaceri şi nu numai trebuie
să nu uităm faptul că toate aceste activităţi logistice reprezintă cca. 10% din
valoarea mărfii transportate.
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Achille Rosa, Logistica Industrială Distribuţie şi Transporturi,
AILOG, Bucureşti, 2005
[2]. Anghel Mădălina-Gabriela , Anghelache Constantin, Niţă Georgiana,
Analiza influenţei comerţului internaţional asupra creşterii economice
în Uniunea Europeană ,International Symposium „10 years
membership in the European Union – Analyses, methods, models
regarding the results of Romania” Artifex, Bucureşti, 2018,
[3]. Butnaru Ana, TRANSPORTURI ŞI ASIGURĂRI INTERNAŢIONALE
DE MĂRFURI Editura Fundaţia România de Mâine, Bucureşti, 2002
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
506 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Abstract
Undoubtely, management that existed in ancient times and modern
management aren't equivalent concepts. Modern management is a
combination of new principles, methods, tools and forms of control, which
are aimed at improving the efficiency of the enterprise work. The
management process envisages the start (setting goals), the course
(implementation, deployment of a business), the completion (analysis and
evulation of completed work) of process.
Key words: management, entrepreneur, the course, the
management process, methods.
Abstract
Anyone who has experienced management is aware that the
categories of financial management should elaborate on the basic concepts.
Commodity-money relations in the economy determine the use of such
categories as finance, credit and money.
Key words: of financial management, Finance, of financial
relations, national wealth, credit.
References
[1]. Money, Credit, Banks: Textbook / Ed. O. I. Lavrushina. - M .: Finance
and Statistics, 2000. - 464 p.
[2]. Finance and credit: Textbook / Ed. prof. M.V. Romanovsky, prof. G.
N. Beloglazova. - M .: Higher education, 2006. - ISBN 5-9692-0039-
5.
THE ECONOMICS OF NATURE
MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
Ali ALIEV
Azerbaijan Tourism and Management University
Faculty of Tourism and hospitality
TOR 1801
Abstract
The influence of people on nature can be made by targeted and
conscious usage of force and elements of nature, because of the fact, that
the process like this one may give us a natural substance with probable
transformation of the needed product in future. Sometimes the impact of
humans on nature may be indirect or incidental, but it damages the nature a
lot (numerous man-made disasters, ozone depletion, etc.). Therefore, we
perceive a term “the economics of nature management” as a direct and
indirect influence of human beings on environment.
Key words: Transformation, the economics of nature management,
specialists, social problem, ecological factors.
References
1. http://www.grandars.ru/shkola/geografiya/ekonomika-
prirodopolzovaniya.html
2. https://works.doklad.ru/view/meJIO8Al9nc.html
MANAGEMENT ŞI DEZVOLTARE
DURABILĂ
Alexandru BOGEANU
Lecturer Ph.D.,
„ARTIFEX” University of Bucharest
alexandru.bogeanu@yahoo.com
Abstract
In a management agreement the selection of performance criteria is
a complex process. In the business field there is a harsh competition striving
for progress and prosperity. Typically, in their search for reporting very
good results, managers manipulate results, auditing firms compile positive
results, rating organizations award very good scores, the quotation of the
shares on the share market grows up; nevertheless, the actual economic
status of companies is more often different and may result in shattering
bankruptcy. Therefore, to better protect the shareholder’s interests in their
agreement-based relationship with managers, it is important to define what
type of performance indexes are mostly relevant in a management
agreement; also, it is important to identify what kind of reconsideration of
financial statements has to be done to avoid fraud, to better show the actual
activity results, and lastly to provide the progress and prosperity for the
purpose of the durable development of national or international companies.
Key words: economic value added (EVA), net income; stock
price; rating-type analysis methodology, return on equity (ROE).
JEL Classification: M21; M41; M49.
Introducere
Prezentul articol abordează problematica manipulărilor situațiilor
financiare practicate de către managerii companiilor cotate, dar și de
notațiile grește practicate de către companiile de rating financiar. Specialiştii
în domeniul economic, consideră că datorită notaţiilor greşite acordate
companiilor, agenţiile de rating sunt printre principalii autori ai declanşării
crizei financiare după anul 2007-2008.
Există mii de companii care au fost notate de către agenţiile de
rating cu rating de tipul AAA şi care au dat faliment, trecând direct de la
International Symposium
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518 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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rating AAA (cel mai bun), la rating D (junk, gunoi), fără a mai trece prin
etape intermediare de clasare.
Calculele făcute la nivel internaţional în perioada 2007-2010, arată
că pierderile financiare suferite de companiile analizate datorate "notaţiilor
greşite" ale companiilor de rating, depăşesc 8.000 miliarde USD. Guvernul
SUA a iniţiat o acţiune în instanţă în luna februarie 2013 împotriva
companiei S&P, considerând-o una dintre principalii vinovaţi pentru
declanşarea crizei financiare la nivel global după anul 2007, datorită
"notaţiilor" greşite acordate companiilor, iar în luna februarie 2015
compania S&P a fost amendată cu suma de 1,8 miliarde USD, datorită
practicilor nesăbuite în domeniul ratingului, guvernul SUA considerând că
modelul de calcul al ratingului financiar practicat de către compania S&P
este unul incorect, fapt ce a dus la falimentarea a mii de companii cotate cu
rating maxim de către compania S&P și la declanșarea crizei financiare în
perioada 2007-2010,
Piața ratingului financiar este dominată de către cele 3 mari
companii internaționale: S&P, Fitch și Moody’s.
Modele de calcul și regulile de decizie practicate de către cele 3 mari
companii de rating sunt secrete.
Fiind un domeniu foarte util și necesar investitorilor la bursă, pe
acest domeniu au existat și alte încercări de a propune noi modele de calcul
ale ratingului financiar, dintre care amintesc:
Modelul de rating Altman creat prin analiză discriminantă în anii
1968/1983, deși nu a fost niciodată valabil ca și metoda de obținere, este
totuși folosit și astăzi pe piață pentru calculul ratingului companiilor.
Modelul de rating Altman a fost creat folosind o bază de date aleasă în mod
aleator, criteriile de selecție ale firmelor fiind incorecte; modelul de rating
Altman folosește în algoritmul de calcul profitul care este foarte ușor
manipulabil, precum și datele brute raportate de către companii. Scorul Z al
lui Altman nu a fost și nu este de actualitate, deși multe platforme de
tranzacționare îl folosesc și astăzi pentru calculul riscului de faliment al
companiilor, datorită simplității formulei. Acest model nu trebuia folosit
niciodată pentru că a fost construit doar pe baza datelor financiare a 33 de
firme selectate în mod aleator, iar baza de date utilizată nu fost și nu poate fi
considerată valabilă la nivel international, indiferent de domeniile de
activitate ale firmelor. Activele firmelor erau cuprinse între 0,7 milioane
USD și 25,9 milioane USD. Altman a studiat 22 de indicatori, dintre care a
International Symposium
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II. Prin comparație cu baza de date care reprezintă cel mai bine
domeniul de activitate al firmei la nivel internațional (de fapt această
bază de date reprezintă cel mai bine din punct de vedere statistic, companiile
la nivel international, indiferent de domeniul de activitate al companiilor
analizate).
Și pentru acest tip de rating se parcurg aceeași pași ca mai sus, până
la obținerea regulilor de decizie valabile domeniului respectiv și
momentului ales.
Regulile de decizie pentru acet tip de rating sunt total diferite față de
regulile ratingului general, astfel încât, dacă pentru o firmă dintr-un anumit
domeniu, obținem spre exemplu, un rating mai slab la nivel internațional,
este posibil ca prin comparația cu firmele care reprezintă domeniul de
activitate analizat, să obținem un rating mai bun, sau invers.
"Performa
nce, Risk,
Value and
General
Descriere model rating "Bogeanu Rating, Advanced
Rating by
Methdoloogy by EVA" 1
EVA -
Alexandru
Bogeanu
Model -"
Modelul de rating cuprinde toate costurile companiei,
da
inclusiv costul capitalului propriu 2
Modelul de rating ia în calcul inflația da
Modelul de rating ia în calcul rata de robândă fără Risc 3 da
Modelul de rating ia în calcul nivelul cștigului mediu pe
da
piața bursieră 4
Modelul de rating recalculează situațiile financiare ale da
1
"Bogeanu Rating, Advanced Methdoloogy by EVA" ® is powered and registered
marks of Alexandru Bogeanu, și inscrisă în registrul cererilor de mărci pentru
următoarele clase și sevicii (conform clasificării de la Nisa): Clasa 35: Publicitate;
conducerea și administrarea afacerilor.
2
Costul capitalului propriu nu este contabilizat de către companii
3
rata medie a dobânzii bancare la care se împrumută de pe piața bancară, statul de origine
al companiei analizate
4
Indicele coeficientului de volatilitate al titlurilor
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16
Dacă redresarea și redarea circuitului economic sunt posibile
17
(atât valoric cât și procentual) la nivel de: Companie; Sector de activitate; Economie
globală.
18
(atât valoric cât și procentual) la nivel de: Companie; Sector de activitate; Economie
globală.
19
(atât valoric cât și procentual) la nivel de: Companie; Sector de activitate; Economie
globală.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
530 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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20
(atât valoric cât și procentual) la nivel de: Companie; Sector de activitate; Economie
globală.
21
(atât valoric cât și procentual) la nivel de: Companie; Sector de activitate; Economie
globală.
22
Baza de date este formată din firme care activeaza în peste 100 domenii economice de
activitate la nicel global (Agricultural Products, Airlines, Automobile Manufacturers,
Banks, Computer Hardware, Electrical Components & Equipment, Health Care
Distribution & Services, Hotels, Resorts & Cruise Lines, Industrial Conglomerates,
Industrial Gases, Internet Software & Services, Internet Software & Services,
Pharmaceuticals, Real Estate Services, Specialized REITs, Tires & Rubber, Tobacco, etc.
etc.)
23
Există reguli de intrare și iesire în/din baza de date, astfel încat, modelul de rating să
reprezinte cel mai bine în orice moment, evoluția economiei mondiale
International Symposium
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24
Este cea mai bun model de rating existent pe piață și utilizează cea mai bună metodă de
calcul a ratingului
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*CCC+
*B-
*B Foarte speculativă
*B+
*BB-
Calitate speculativă. Non
*BB investire. Hold (a ţine)
*BB+
*BBB-
Grad mediu de jos. Capacitate
adecvată de îndeplinire a
angajamentelor financiare. În
*BBB condiţii economice nefavorabile,
poate duce la o slăbire a
capacităţii de rambursare a
angajamentelor financiare.
Peste greutate
*BBB+
(supraponderal)
*A-
Capacitate puternică de
îndeplinire a angajamentelor
*A financiare, dar sensibilă la
efectele adverse ale schimbărilor.
Grad mediu superior.
*A+
*AA-
*AA
Firmă foarte puternică. Diferă de
*AA+ cele din clasa *AAA numai în
Se recomandă
mică măsură
cumpărarea titlului
Firmă extrem de puternică.
Capacitate foarte puternică de
*AAA
îndeplinire a angajamentelor
financiare.
Tabel 2. Clasele de rating utilizate în splitare.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 533
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Rating
General by Novartis
Higher is better (Z)
EVA Higher is better (variable t, u)
Performance-Risk-
*BBB+ Valuation by EVA
Z = 653 NVS 0.25 0.5 0.75 % Database*
Rating Performance
*B
Performace Scor Real
(P) (variable r)
Higher is better (Z)
Z= 1,401 Higher is better (variable a, b, c, d, e, f, g, r)
35.00%
P1 Profitability Real vs. database (variable o)
*BB Higher is better
NVS 0.25 0.5 0.75 % Database*
25
Variabilele utilizate sunt simbolizate cu litere și sunt secrete, iar interpretarea rezultatelor
va fi făcută printr-o altă prezentare
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
534 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Component
Address of
Stocks Ticker Company GICS Sector GICS Sub Industry
Headquarters
symbol
Rating Year 2013
Basel,
NVS Novartis Health Care Pharmaceuticals
Switzerland
Rating Valuation
Valuation Score
*AA- Wealth Ratios (V) Higher is better (Z)
(variable t)
Higher is better (variable l, m, t)
Z = 815 NVS 0.25 0.5 0.75 % Database*
83.60% variable l 390.38% 30.70% 103.72% 213.60% 88.40%
variable m 197.05% 26.48% 82.80% 200.35% 74.60%
Rating Intrinsec
Higher is better (Z)
Value
Intrinsec Value Real
Higher is better (variable n, u)
*BB vs. database (variable u) Higher is better (variable r)
Lower is better (variable s)
47.00% variable n NVS 0.25 0.5 0.75 % Database*
642 -60 721 1,447 47.00%
“Performance, Risk, Value and General Rating by EVA – Alexandru Bogeanu Model –“ ©
Copyright 2015. All right reserved Alexandru Bogeanu. *(Databasa represents the best
global economic cycles).
“Bogeanu Rating, Advanced Methodology by EVA” ® is powered and Registered Marks
of Alexandru Bogeanu.
HISTORICAL MEMORY AS A SOCIAL
PHENOMENON: THEORETICAL AND
METHODOLOGICAL BACKGROUND FOR
SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Nikita BROVCHUK
Junior researcher
Institute of Sociology
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
nikitabrovchuk93@gmail.com
Abstract
The historical memory study is one of the most pressing problems of
modern socio-humanitarian knowledge. The purpose of this article is to
identify the main features of a sociological study of the historical memory
phenomenon. A brief analysis of the existing scientific literature in which
the concept of historical memory is considered is presented. Special
attention is paid to the data of a sociological study conducted by the
Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus in
2016. The data obtained and analyzed can be useful in developing a
theoretical and methodological strategy for further research of the
historical memory of Belarus.
Key words: historical memory, historical event, past, society,
Belarus, Belarusians
Yuri CHERNYAK
PhD in Sociology, Associate Professor
Institute of Sociology
of the National Academy
of Sciences of Belarus
sociologist@tut.by
Abstract
The article proposes a sociological model of indicators and criteria
of risk assessment in the models of youth behavior. The sociological study of
social risks should be based on the ambiguity of the situation of young
people in the risk space: young people not only reproduce the risks, but also
consume the consequences of risky activities of other social actors. In view
of this feature, appropriate sociological indicators and criteria should be
developed.
Key words: youth, social risk, sociological indicators, risk space
JEL Classification: J13, D81
Abstract
The article considers the formation of the Liberal Democratic Party
of Belarus. In historical retrospect, an analysis of its activities and role in
the political life of the country is given. Particular attention is paid to
political leadership within the party.
Key words: LDPB, political leadership, political struggle, elections,
political reforms.
References
[1]. Bobkov, V. A. Political parties of Belarus / V.A. Bobkov, N.V.
Kuznetsov, V.P. Osmolovsky. – Mn. : BSEU, 1997. – 140 p.
[2]. Bychok, S. M. Liberal Democratism in the Political Present and the
Future of Belarusian Society. / S. M. Bychok // Romanov Readings –
10 dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the founding of the Faculty of
History: Coll. articles. International Scientific Conferences / ed. by I.
V. Shvardyko. – Mogilyov: Moscow State University named after A.
A. Kuleshov, 2015. – P. 91-92.
[3]. The program of the Liberal Democratic Party of Belarus [Electronic
resource]. – Mode of access: http://ldpb.by/programma-ldpb. – Date
of access: 01.07. 2018.
[4]. The Central Commission of the Republic of Belarus on Elections and
the Conduct of Republican Referendums Elections of Deputies of the
House of Representatives of the National Assembly of the Republic of
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 555
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Yauheni SHUKHNO
Master of Sociology,
Junior Research Fellow
Institute of Sociology of
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
eshuhno@mail.ru
Abstract
The paper considers conceptualization of the term of
“organizational culture”. The theoretical and methodological basis of
organizational culture studies within management and sociology are
represented. The conclusion is drawn that the classical school of
organization and management and the school of “human relations” have
constituted conceptual and empirical basis of the conception of
organizational culture. Theory of scientific management of F. Taylor, theory
of administration of H. Fayol, theory of bureaucracy of M. Weber all
include theses of corporate spirit – one of the main aspect of contemporary
organizational culture theory. Hawthorne experiment of E. Mayo marked
the beginning of empirical research of organizational culture (primarily
social-psychological atmosphere and its influence on organizational
performance). Within this context, C. Barnard’s conception of
organizational morale and organizational codes is transitive theoretical
ground between management studies (both theoretical and empirical) and
properly cultural studies launched by E. Jacques in 1950s. His definition of
organizational culture (expressed in the term “culture of the factory”) was
the first whole and explicit concept describing the analyzed phenomenon.
Key words: organizational culture, organizational code,
organizational morale, normal spirit, corporate spirit, culture of factory.
References
[1]. Asaul, A. N., Asaul, M. A., Yerofeyev, P. Y., Yerofeyev, M. P. (2006)
Kultura organizatsii: problem formirovaniya i upravleniya [Culture of
organization: problems of formation and management]. Saint
Petersburg : Gumanistika.
[2]. Babosov, Y. M. (2006) Obshchaya sotsiologiya [General sociology].
Minsk : TetraSistems.
[3]. Barkov, S. А, Zubkov, V. I. (2016) Sotsiologiya organizaciy
[Sociology of organizations]. Moscow : Yurayt.
[4]. Barnard, Ch. I. (1938) The Functions of the executive. Cambridge :
Harvard University Press.
[5]. Fayol, H. (1923) Obshcheye i promyshlennoye upravleniye [General
and industrial management]. Moscow : Central Institute of Labor.
[6]. Fayol, H. (1954) General and industrial management. London : Sir
Isaac Pitman & Sons.
[7]. Jaques, E. (2001) The changing culture of a factory. London :
Routledge.
[8]. Kobyak, O. V. (2003) Predpriyatiye [Enterprise]. In A. A. Gritsanov
(Ed.), Sotsiologiya: entsiklopediya [Sociology: encyclopedia]. (pp.
784–785). Minsk: Interpresservis.
[9]. Mayo, E. (1945) Social problems of an industrial civilization. Boston :
Harvard University.
[10]. Popova, Е. P. (2002) Sotsiologiya organizaciy: nekotoryye aspekty
stanovleniya i sovremennaya problematika [Sociology of
organizations: some aspects of formation and contemporary
problems]. – Volgograd : VolSU.
[11]. Roethlisberger, F. J. (1939) Management and the worker. –
Cambridge : Harvard University Press.
[12]. Taylor, F. W. (1911) The principles of scientific management. New
York : Harper & Brothers.
[13]. Weber, M. (2016) Khozyaystvo i obshchestvo: ocherki
ponimayushchey sotsiologii : v 4 tomakh. Tom. I. Sotsiologiya
[Economy and society: interpretive sociology studies : in 4 vol. Vol. I.
Sociology]. Moscow : Higher School of Economics.
[14]. Whitehead, T. N. (1938) The industrial worker: a statistical study of
human relations in a group of manual workers, Volume I. Cambridge :
Harvard University Press.
GENDER STEREOTYPES IN THE
PROFESSIONAL OF ACTIVITIES WOMEN
SCIENTISTS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY
OF SCIENCES OF BELARUS
Alesya SOLOVEY
master of sociology, researcher
Institute of sociology of the
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
alesya-solovei@mail.ru
Abstract
The paper considers influence of gender stereotypes on professional
activities of women scientists. It is noted that stereotypes about the mental
abilities of men and women cause the idea of science as a male field of
activity. According to the results of the sociological research conducted
among women scientists of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, it
is concluded that gender stereotypes can serve as external factor that
impedes women’s careers and also hinders professional growth in science.
Most women scientists are disagree with many stereotypes. However, under
the influence of gender stereotypes, women scientists may adhere to a
passive model of professional growth.
Key words: science, women researchers, “male” sciences,
“female” sciences, gender stereotypes, level of stereotypedness of
consciousness.
Gender stereotypes are one of the social factors that can influence
scientific activities of woman researcher. Gender stereotypes (standardized
ideas about behavior and character traits corresponding to the concepts of
“male” and “female”) can give rise to hidden discrimination against women,
which is manifested in artificial slowdown of professional advancement, in
refusal of scientific recognition and appropriate encouragement. Since the
1960s research on stereotypical ideas about the abilities of men and women,
their competence in various fields of activity and reasons for their
professional success, have become popular. For instance, P. Goldberg
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 563
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
does not influence, 28% - rather does not influence). It was difficult for
every ninth woman to answer the question (11.1%).
The influence on the professional choice of women in science could
also be exerted by the constructed belief about the predisposition of women
to work only in certain areas of scientific knowledge. There is an opinion
that sciences are conditionally divided into “male” (for example, technical
sciences) and “female” (for example, humanities), 74% women are disagree
with this division of sciences. Moreover, when choosing a profession and a
field of science, 54% of women did not even think about such a division of
science, and 40.1% of women did not take this division into account when
choosing the field of their scientific activity. Among those who answered,
“rather agree”, 7.7% doctors of science, 18.3% candidates of sciences and
16.8% women without a scientific degree.
The role of gender stereotypes in the scientific activities of women
researchers, as well as the level of stereotypedness of consciousness of
women, can be traced by analyzing the degree of consent / dissent of women
with gender stereotypes, as well as with gender-neutral beliefs.
References
[1]. Ageev, V. S. Psikhologicheskiye i socialnyye funkcii polorolevykh
stereotipov [Psychological and social functions of sex-role
stereotypes] // Questions of psychology. - 1987. - №2. - p. 152-158.
INDICATORS OF EXTREMISM AND
RADICALISM IN THE CONTEXT OF
GLOBALIZATION: RISKS FOR BELARUS.
Maria VIARENICH
researcher
Department of sociology of culture,
Institute of sociology,
National Academy of Sciences of Belarus
Abstract
The article emphasizes that globalization, forming a single
economic, informational, techno-technological and social multi-
policultural environment, influences the spread of both political, national,
cultural pluralism ideas, as well as racist, religious extremist, pro-fascist
sentiments, xenophobia, national selfishness, chauvinism, extremism and
radicalism. It also emphasizes the special role of multicultural education
in the Republic of Belarus in the formation of a fully developed personality
that would feel comfortable in a modern multicultural environment.
Key words: multi-policultural environment, indicators, extremism,
radicalism, globalization, multiculturalism, multiethnic environment
References
[1]. http://www.mvd.gov.by/main.aspx?guid=32523
[2]. http://belarus21.by/New/zasedanie-kollegii-apparata-
upolnomochennogo-po-delam-religij-i-nacionalnostej-8
[3]. http://www.mvd.gov.by/main.aspx?guid=1731
ANALIZA COMPARATIVĂ A INDICELUI
PROGRESULUI SOCIAL AL REPUBLICII
MOLDOVA
Tatiana COLESNICOVA
dr., conferențiar cercetător,
șef secție Cercetări sociale
și nivelul de trai, Institutul
Național de Cercetări Economice,
Chișinău, Republica Moldova,
ctania@gmail.com
Mircea GUTIUM
cercetător ştiinţific în
Secția Cercetări sociale
și nivelul de trai, Institutul
Național de Cercetări Economice,
Chișinău, Republica Moldova,
gutium.mircea@rambler.ru
Abstract
In the given paper the authors analyzed the Social Progress Index of
the Republic of Moldova in comparison with other states, the indicators of
influence, as well as the welfare of the population. In addition, the key
problems facing the Republic of Moldova on the given land were
highlighted, with the purpose of identifying the ways of imposing the socio-
economic growth among the citizens.
Key words: The Social Progress Index, the Republic of Moldova,
the welfare of the population.
JEL Classification: D60, I30, A13.
Oportunități
Necesitățile Bazele
de
de bază bunăstării
dezvoltare
Concluzii
Din studiul de mai sus putem evidenția că cea mai optimă
metodologie de cercetare a proceselor sociale, este combinarea metodei
pozitiviste a lui Durheim, și metodei de interpretare a lui Weber. PIB-ul nu
poate fi socotit ca un indicator de performanță a societății, deoarece nu are o
influență directă asupra fenomenelor sociale precum ar fi educația, nivelul
criminalității ori medicina. Ba chiar, poate avea și un efect invers, când
criminalitatea are o răspândire mai mare în zonele cu un venit mediu și
mare. sau în cazul inaccesibilității serviciilor medicale integrale pentru toți
membrii societății, cum este cazul S.U.A.
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580 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
References
[1]. Weber, M. (1994). Political Writings. University of Cambridge Press,
1–28. Retrieved from https://www.sss.ias.edu/files/Weber%20-
%20Political%20Writings.pdf
[2]. Durheim, E. (1894). Les règles de la méthode sociologique. Retrieved
from
http://prepagrandnoumea.net/hec2015/TEXTES/DURKHEIM%20Em
ile%20Les%20regles%20de%20la%20methode%20sociologique.pdf
[3]. Porter, M., Stern, S., & Green, M. (2017) Social progress index 2017.
Retrieved from
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/co/Documents/about-
deloitte/Social-Progress-Index-2017.pdf
ENSURING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF
THE ENTERPRISE ON THE BASIS OF
MANAGEMENT OF CONFLICT SITUATIONS
IN THE ORGANIZATION
Veronika KОVALCHUK
PhD of Economics
Doctor of Sciences in Public Administration,
Associate Professor,
Head of the Management and Social-
Humanitarian disciplines Department,
Kharkiv educational and scientific Institute of the
state higher education institution «Banking University»
(Kharkiv,Ukraine)
covveron@ukr.net
Anna GOLUB
А student Kharkiv educational and scientific
Institute of the state higher education institution
«Banking University» (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
golub.anna308@gmail.com
Alina CHEBOTAREVA
А student Kharkiv educational and scientific
Institute of the state higher education institution
«Banking University» (Kharkiv, Ukraine)
alyachebotareva97@gmail.com
Abstract
In our time, ensuring the competitiveness of enterprises remains a
topical issue, therefore one of the ways to increase it is to manage conflict
situations. On the one hand, the conflict is a signal of something bad in
relations between people, some differences, on the other - a conflict,
differences can reveal a sick, weak link in the chain of production or
personal relationships of the organization's staff.
Key words: competitiveness, conflict, decision, organization,
management
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
582 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
References
[1]. Didenko E.O. Model of management of competitiveness of the
enterprise / E.O. Didenko, P.I. Zhurakivsky // Effective economy,
2017. - № 5. - Mode of access: http: //er.knutd. com.ua
[2]. Zheludenko K.V. The Essence and Factors of the Competitiveness of
Products of Ukrainian Enterprises / K.V. Zheludenko // Intelekt XXI. -
2017. - № 1. - P. 66-71.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 585
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Abstract
Industry is the main branch of the national economy, making a
substantial contribution to the formation of the Gross Domestic Product. In
this paper, the authors focus on presenting the evolution of the turnover
registered by the industry, as well as on the new orders from the
manufacturing and industrial production for export. In the first eleven
months of 2018, the turnover increased month on month, the peak being in
August (8.1%) compared to the same period of the previous year, the
increase was 12.9%.The structure of the industry shows that both the total
and the sections (extractive and processing) as well as the large industrial
groups (intermediate goods industry, capital goods industry, durable goods
industry, current consumer goods industry and energy industry ) there were
increases. The most significant increase was in the entire period of 2018 in
the capital goods industry group, which per total jumped by 15.9%.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 587
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Regarding the new orders from the manufacturing industry, we find that in
this sector, compared to the similar period of 2017, there was an increase in
nominal terms of 16.3%. At the same time, industrial output has also
increased, reaching the highest level since the 2007-2008 crisis. The data
show that the industry continues to have the most important weight in the
formation of the Gross Domestic Product.
Key words: industry, turnover, orders, export production,
investment.
JEL Classification: L11, L70.
Introducere
Ramura industriei, încă de la începuturile economiei organiate a
României, a constituit principalul domeniu, în ceea ce privește participarea
la formarea Produsului Intern Brut și al celorlalți indicatori macroeconomici
de rezultate. Și în anul 2018, industria a fost principala resursă (ramură) care
a asigurat o creștere semnificativă a PIB-ului. Producția industrială, mai ales
cea a ramurii prelucrătoare a continuat să crească într-un ritm consistent.
De asemenea, în anul Centenarului, comenzile au crescut, iar producția
pentru export a înregistrat o creștere substanțială. Reține atenția faptul că
prețurile producției industriale în anul 2018 au cunoscut un salt lunar
cuprins între 4% și 7%, aceasta datorită creșterii prețului materiilor prime și
a gazelor naturale importate.
În cadrul articolului, autorii au efectuat un studiu, bazat pe datele
publicate de Institutul Național de Statistică, utilizând serii de date și
reprezentări grafice semnificative.
1. Literature review
Anghel, Anghelache, Dumbravă, Mirea and Stoica (2018) au
efectuat o analiză a activității în industrie și construcții în România.
Anghelache, Anghel, Lilea, Burea and Avram, D. (2017) au studiat unele
aspecte ale strategiei UE privind dezvoltarea industriei. Anghelache, Anghel
and Badiu (2018) au analizat evoluția istorică a industriei din țara noastră.
Anghelache, Ursache and Lixandru (2013) au prezentat indicii producției
industriale. Anghelache (2008) este o lucrare de referință în domeniul
statisticii economice, cuprinzând indicatorii statistici utilizați în analizele
economice. Erosa and Cabrillana (2008) au prezentat o serie de aspecte
referitoare la diferențele de productivitate între industrie și chiriile
economice. Lee, Shin and Stulz (2016) a căutat să identifice motivul pentru
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
588 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
care capitalul nu este investit mai mult în ramurile industriei cu cele mai
bune oportunități de creștere. Pheng and Chuan (2006) au cercetat unele
aspecte cu privire la factorii de mediu și performanța în muncă a
managerilor de proiect din industria construcțiilor. Restuccia (2010) a tratat
elemente importante referitoare industria alimentară. Testa, Iraldo and Frey
(2011) au prezentat efectul reglementărilor mediului asupra performanței
sectorului construcțiilor în UE. Tykkä et al. (2010) au făcut referiri la
dezvoltarea firmelor de prelucrarea lemnului în sectorul construcțiilor.
2. Metodologia cercetării, date și ipoteze
• Analiza evoluției producției industriale în România
Producţia industrială în România, a înregistrat o diminuare în luna
august 2018 comparativ cu luna iulie 2018 cu 9,1% ca serie brută. Ca serie
ajustată în funcţie de numărul de zile lucrătoare şi de sezonalitate, aceasta a
crescut cu 0,4%. Comparativ cu luna august 2017, industrială a crescut atât
ca serie brută (+3,7%) cât şi ca serie ajustată în funcţie de numărul de zile
lucrătoare şi de sezonalitate (+3,9%). În intervalul de timp 01 ianuarie – 31
iulie 2018, față de perioada similară a anului precedent, producţia industrială
a fost mai mare cu 4,5% ca serie brută, respectiv cu 5,5%, ca serie ajustată
în funcţie de numărul de zile lucrătoare şi de sezonalitate.
În figura nr. 1 este prezentată evoluţia lunară a producţiei industriale,
în perioada ianuarie 2015 –august 2018, ca serie ajustată în funcţie de
numărul de zile lucrătoare şi de sezonalitate.
Precizăm faptul că scăderea producţiei industriale, serie brută în luna
august a anului curent, comparativ cu luna iulie 2018 cu 9,1%, este cauzată
de scăderea industriei prelucrătoare (-11,1%) și industriei extractive (-
1,3%). Producţia şi furnizarea de energie electrică şi termică, gaze, apă
caldă şi aer condiţionat a crescut cu 1,4%.
Producţia industrială, serie ajustată în funcţie de numărul de zile
lucrătoare şi de sezonalitate, a fost mai mare faţă de luna precedentă cu
0,4%, datorită creșterilor industriei prelucrătoare (+1,2%) și a producţiei şi
furnizării de energie electrică şi termică, gaze, apă caldă şi aer condiţionat
(+0,9%). Industria extractivă a scăzut cu 3,1%.
Faţă de luna corespunzătoare din anul precedent, producţia
industrială (serie brută) a crescut cu 3,7%, susţinută de creșterile din
industria prelucrătoare (+4,1%) și producţia şi furnizarea de energie
electrică şi termică, gaze, apă caldă şi aer condiţionat (+4,4%). Industria
extractivă a scăzut cu 3,2%.
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December 13th - 14th, 2018
130
120
110
100
90
80
Ian-15
Feb-15
Mar-15
Apr-15
Mai-15
Iun-15
Iul-15
Aug-15
Sep-15
Oct-15
Nov-15
Dec-15
Ian-16
Feb-16
Mar-16
Apr-16
Mai-16
Iun-16
Iul-16
Aug-16
Sep-16
Oct-16
Nov-16
Dec-16
Ian-17
Feb-17
Mar-17
Apr-17
Mai-17
Iun-17
Iul-17
Aug-17
Sep-17
Oct-17
Nov-17
Dec-17
Ian-18
Feb-18
Mar-18
Apr-18
Mai-18
Iun-18
Iul-18
Aug-18
Total industrie Industria extractiva Industria prelucratoare E
106.00
104.00
102.00
100.00
98.00
96.00
94.00
mar.-14
mar.-15
mar.-16
mar.-17
mar.-18
dec.-13
dec.-14
dec.-15
dec.-16
dec.-17
sep.-13
iun.-14
sep.-14
iun.-15
sep.-15
iun.-16
sep.-16
iun.-17
sep.-17
iun.-18
sep.-18
Total Piata interna Piata externa
Concluzie
Din interpretarea datelor care au stat la baza studiului rezultă că
industria continuă să rămână ramura principală care are o contribuție
însemnată la formarea Produsului Intern Brut.
Evoluția oscilantă a producției, comenzilor și exportului este
determinată de lipsa de corelație între principalele ramuri industriale.
Având în vedere că, după 1990, în România a urmat un proces de
dezindustrializare (prin privatizare, uneori neeficientă, închiderea unor situri
de exploatare a resurselor naturale sau, pur și simplu, renunțarea la unele
întreprinderi industriale), în conformitate și cu directivele Uniunii Europene,
România trebuie să revină la un proces de reindustrializare, căutând să
utilizeze eficient resursele de care mai dispune țara.
Creșterea prețurilor producției industriale se înscrie în evoluția
generală a prețurilor din ultima perioadă. Dacă în perioada 2016-2017,
inflația a fost aparent controlată, aceasta s-a datorat reducerii taxei pe
valaorea adăugată, putând vorbi de reducere administrativă a prețurilor, în
2018, inflația și-a intrat în rol. Astfel, se anticipează că în anul Centenar să
înregistrăm creștere atât a indicelui prețurilor de consum cât și a indicelui
armonizat al prețurilor.
References
[1]. Anghel, M.G., Anghelache, C., Dumbravă, Ş.G., Mirea, M. and
Stoica, R. (2018). Analysis of the evolution of activity in industry and
construction – the first nine months of 2017. Romanian Statistical
Review, Supplement, no. 1, pp. 32-43
[2]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Lilea, F.P.C., Burea, D. and Avram,
D. (2017). European Union Strategy For Industry, Trade And Services
Development. Romanian Statistical Review, Supplement, 8, 145-158
[3]. Anghelache, C., Anghel, M.G., Badiu, A. (2018). Aspects of the
romanian industry development. Economica, Scientific and Didactic
Journal, 2 (104), 62-80
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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594 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Iryna ZHYHLEI
Doctor of Economics, Professor
Department of Accounting and Audit
Zhytomyr State Technological University
Ukraine, Zhytomyr
iv_zhygley@ukr.net
Olena SYVAK
PhD (Economics),
Assistant Professor
Department of Foreign Languages
Zhytomyr State Technological University
Ukraine, Zhytomyr
olena_syvak@ukr.net
Abstract
In the article the concept of international conflicts has been
considered, their categories have been highlighted. The basis of the
structure of the international conflict has been distinguished: parties of the
conflict, objects, subject and relations between the conflicting parties.
International conflicts have been divided by the sphere of action; economic,
political, ethical, religious, ideological and informational components have
been defined. The most conflictual regions of the world have been identified.
The main features of the hybrid war on the examples of conflicts in different
regions and Ukraine in particular have been highlighted. In particular, the
protracted nature, the expansion of the membership and political goals, the
internationalization of the scale of modern international conflicts are of
particular attention. The interpretation of the concept “hybrid war” and its
translation in scientific research have been analyzed. The importance of the
information factor in the conditions of hybrid warfare has been
emphasized.The fact that each particular hybrid war has its own specific
features and geopolitical context has been taken into account. The
traditional and non-traditional threats of the hybrid war have been
highlighted. The peculiarities of the stages of the hybrid war in Ukraine
have been presented. The purpose of military operations in the hybrid war
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Introduction
At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, the world entered a
qualitatively new era in the development of the international relations
system, which has a steady tendency to strengthen its conflict-related
potential through the complications and increasing the number of
international as well as local and regional conflicts.
Wars and conflicts are indispensable companions of human history.
It has been estimated that over the past five and a half millennia, mankind
has gone through 15,000 wars and armed conflicts that claimed lives of
more than three billion people (Hedges, 2007). From 3600 BC and to this
day only 292 years were peaceful, which is 5% of this chronological
interval. Other 95% of the time mankind fought. Centuries pass, and
security and stability are still the most important components of sovereign
development of the states.
The most conflict-related regions of the world are the Middle and
Middle East countries, as well as the African continent. In the Middle East,
there is a significant number of armed confrontations that have evolved from
local wars into regional (Israel and Egypt, Lebanon and Syria). Most of the
ongoing armed conflicts are internal and related to the struggle for power, that
is, in form and content, are civil wars. In addition, there are preventive actions
in the territory of Iraq and Yemen within the framework of a multinational anti-
terrorist operation. The monitoring of the military conflicts in the countries of
the Middle East shows that the inter-state Indo-Pakistani conflict has a cyclical
character and is the most protracted among contemporary conflicts. The most
active counterterrorist actions are in the Philippines and Indonesia. In the area
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of the Great Lakes (sub-Saharan Africa), the protracted regional war continues
in its classical sense, in which the six states (Angola, Zimbabwe, Congo
(Zaire), Namibia, Rwanda and Uganda are fighting) and three large
paramilitary organizations, each of which pursues a personal purpose. In
addition, there are two local wars: Angola and Congo are armed with the
paramilitary opposition militia, and Guinea, Guinea-Bissau and Senegal – are
opposed to the military faction. However, in this region, the occupation of
Western Sahara by the troops of Morocco takes place. All armed conflicts
relate to the 4th generation of wars: a conflict characterized by erasing the
differences between war and politics directly between the military and civilian
population (Wikipedia, 2018).
Within Central and South America, there is a steady trend towards
maintaining Latin America's non-nuclear status and eliminating existing
conflicts. In the region of Europe, Transcaucasia and Central Asia, most of
the military conflicts involve the collapse of federal, regional, multi-
confessional and multi-ethnic states. The monitoring of conflicts in the
countries of Southeast and South Asia shows that today the conflicting
parties have all types of weapons and military equipment. More than half of
the existing conflicts are linked to the struggle for the territory, in all armed
conflicts unconstitutional armed formations are engaged.
In general, it becomes possible to assert that in the present day a
paradoxical situation has emerged in the world: the weaker the state, the
more dangerous it is, and the stronger it is, the more aggressive it is. The
second paradox is that more than 100 countries and peoples have been
involved in the armed struggle and no less numerous illegal paramilitary
organizations. In fact, there is a world war in an “oppressive” regime
characterized by extreme cruelty towards the civilian population.
The American Centre for Peace Studies (CPS) has counted 36 wars
since the beginning of 2017, with 28 states directly involved (including
Afghanistan (36 years), Colombia (39 years), the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (22 years), India (62 years), Iraq (34 years), Myanmar (66 years),
Nigeria (17 years), Pakistan (17 years), Philippines (42 years), Somalia (26
years), Sudan (31 years) and Turkey (30 years) (“Мировая карта войн. Где
и за что сегодня воюет человечество”, 2018). The peculiarity of modern
armed conflicts is the “erosion” of the outlines of the military conflict and
the involvement of non-military means (political, economic and
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humanitarian) that, in their usual state, are not directly related to the
classical military confrontation.
Expanding the scope of conflicts in a globalizing environment poses a
serious threat to the international system in view of the danger of military and
environmental disasters, the scale of mass migrations of the population, and the
destabilization of the political development of individual countries and regions.
1. Literature review
Problems of international conflicts and crises occupy a central place in
foreign and domestic studies by K. Abbott (Abbott, 2016), M. Dalton (Dalton,
2017), S.A. Ederberg, P. Eronen (Ederberg and Eronen, 2015), B. Fägersten
(Fägersten, 2017), Е. Newman (Newman, 2004), A. Radin (Radin, 2017),
А. Rapoport (Rapoport, 1974), M.M. Ruiz (Ruiz, 2018), S.K. Sahin (Sahin,
2016), Т. Sandler (Sandler, 2006), S.Ya. Bezkorovaynuy (Bezkorovaynuy,
2016), I. Izhnin (Izhnin, 2013), Y.L. Streltsov (Streltsov, 2015) and others.
The topic of the research is relevant and controversial, it attracts the
attention of many scholars. So, F.G. Hoffman (Hoffman, 2007), M.
Isherwood (Isherwood, 2009), Ye. Magda (Magda, 2015), N. Vlasyuk
(Vlasyuk, 2015), I. Todorov (Todorov, 2016), G. Dinis (Dinis, 2016), I.
Ruschenko (Ruschenko, 2015), O. Fedenko, V. Panasyuk (Fedenko and
Panasyuk, 2015), G. Pocheptsov (Pocheptsov, 2015), A. Blyznyuk
(Blyznyuk, 2015) discussed in their papers the phenomenon of “war of a
hybrid type”. A number of publications devoted to the hybrid war have
recently appeared in Ukraine. Among them, special attention is paid to the
collective monograph of the Institute for Strategic Studies “World Hybrid
War: Ukrainian Front” edited by V. Gorbulin (Gorbulin, 2017), O.
Bazaluk's monograph “Theory of War and Peace. Geophysophy of Europe”
(Bazaluk, 2016) and R. Dodonov “The Conflict in the East of Ukraine in the
Mirror of Socio-Philosophical Reflection” (Dodonov, 2016). The scientific
papers of these authors reveal the economic, ethnopolitical, and information
features of the hybrid war. However, there is no unambiguous interpretation
of this concept. In addition, the analysis of recent studies shows that the
concept of “hybrid war” is not included in international legal documents.
Issues of modern military conflicts are also the objects of monitoring
and analysis of international organizations (UN, EU, NATO), independent
research institutions (Uppsala University, Stockholm International Peace
Research Institute, London International Institute for Strategic Studies, The
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Bond M.S. involves the use of a very comprehensive and nuanced variety of
(Bond, military activities, resources, programs and applications, dimensioned
2007) in such a way that they lead to a non-violent, persuasive maximiziation
of the political and economic influence to reform the governments or
hostile movements, as well as the reversal of the trend of the conditions
of instability in the political, social and economic areas, characteristic
to the collapsed or failed states.
Nemeth W.J. the contemporary form of guerrilla warfare, is a continuation of pre-
(Nemeth, state warfare that has become more effective because it employs both
2002) modern technology and modern mobilization methods
Source: own elaboration
Thus, during the analysis of the scientific literature it was discovered that
the concept of “hybrid war” is interpreted from different points of view (Fig. 2).
Conclusion
The results of the analysis of contemporary international conflicts
give grounds for asserting that they have the following features: 1) rising the
role of political, economic, informational means during preparation and in
the course of the conflict; 2) increasing the role of information-
psychological operations in achieving the objectives of conflicts; 3) the
creation of coalitions and multinational forces; 4) the dependence of the
political decision on participation in the conflict on public opinion at the
domestic and international levels; 5) continuous improvement of forms and
methods of conducting armed struggle, in particular, asymmetric actions.
Taking into account the aforementioned, we agree with the position of
representatives of the military sciences who use the English equivalent of
the “hybrid war” to translate the term rather than “warfare”, since the latter
means “methods of warfare” (biological, chemical, etc.). Accordingly, the
“hybrid war in Ukraine” is a kind of modern military conflict, which
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the concept of corporate social responsibility, taking into account the risks
that may arise during conflicts.
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614 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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STUDY OF THE STATE AND PERSPECTIVE
OF THE INTERNET AND INFORMATION
AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES
DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF
BELARUS
Olga PUGACHEVA
PhD, Associate Professor
Department of Economic Informatics
Accounting and Commerce
Gomel State University. F. Skorina
Sovetskaya Str, Bl 104, 246019,
Gomel, Belarus
OPugacheva@gsu.by
Abstract
The level of development of the Internet, information and
communication technologies and the digital economy in the Republic of
Belarus from the point of view of individual indicators and different ratings,
as well as prospects for their development in the country are considered
Key words: information, virtual environment, Internet, information
and communication technologies, digital transformation of economy and
society
JEL Classification: L86, L88, O50, O57, O25
Введение
The world community has marked the movement along the path of
the development of the digital economy.
The term “digital economy”, introduced in the mid-1990s by the
scientist Nicholas Negroponte of the University of Massachusetts (USA), is
now widely used throughout the world. In 2016, the World Bank published
a report on the state of the global digital economy [1]. Although it does not
contain a definition of this concept, one can assume that since a traditional
economy is an economic activity of a society, as well as a set of relations
developing in the system of production, distribution, exchange and
consumption. Digital economy is the part of economic relations in which the
main role is played by the use of computers, the Internet, mobile phones, as
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The data in the table show that the number of users who are online
every day has gradually increased in recent years.
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The table shows that the most frequent place to enter the network is
home and 93.5% of all users do this.
Slightly more than a half of the respondents use mobile Internet
(56.5%), such options as “with relatives, acquaintances” (27.7%), “from
work” (19.1%), “from a computer club or an Internet cafe” (9.8%) and “at
the place of study” (4.4%) are less popular.
The distribution of Internet users by the goals of access to the
Internet in 2016 is presented in Table 3 (in% of the total number of Internet
users of the corresponding group) [4].
including:
Indicators Total cities and rural
towns settlements
social networking 74,7 76,0 69,6
sending, receiving email, negotiation 52,8 56,9 36,9
computer games 46,9 46,4 49,1
financial transactions 29,8 32,9 17,7
purchases of goods, receipt of services 28,6 31,6 17,1
education 23,2 23,2 23,1
interaction with government bodies 13,0 15,2 4,6
Source: [4]
Most users use the Internet to search for information (92.6%), many
are interested in watching and downloading movies or music (79.8%) and
social networking (74.7%).
52.8% of users use the Internet for “sending, receiving e-mail,
negotiations”, 46.9% for computer games, 29.8% for financial transactions,
and 28.6% for purchasing goods or services.
A quarter of all users go online for education, about one user out of
eight, interacts with government authorities online, according to Belstat.
There are also data given by the regions of Belarus. For example,
users from Grodno region like the most to download movies and music,
from Mogilev region – to communicate in social networks, and users from
Minsk prefer to make online purchases.
The level of satisfaction of Belarusian Internet users with the quality
of Internet services in 2016 is presented in Table 4 [4]. At the same time, the
attitude in the regions is significantly different.
For example, 47.8% are satisfied with everything in Gomel region,
48.3% in Mogilev region, 43.1% in Brest region, 45% in Minsk region, and
only 38% of users are satisfied with the service in the capital.
Most of all people are dissatisfied and completely dissatisfied with
the quality of Internet services in Vitebsk region (8.5% and 1.7%,
respectively), while in Minsk these figures are only 3.4% and 0.6%.
International Symposium
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620 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Indicators
201 201 201 201
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012
3 4 5 6
The number of
surveyed 7 259 7 990 8 316 7 829 7 960 100 100 100 100 100
organizations
of which:
used
Indicators
201 201 201 201
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2012
3 4 5 6
Extranet 386 561 677 678 737 5,3 7,0 8,1 8,7 9,3
Source: [5]
Thus, Belarus has made many steps towards the development of the
e-economy and the use of information and ICT. However, taking into
account the global perspective and the high rate of change in this area,
considerable efforts are needed to build digital systems and manage them.
In 2016–2020 Belarusian authorities intend to achieve significant
changes in the field of information. For this purpose, 12 key tasks were
formulated in the Social and Economic Development Program [6]. There is
such task as the creation of a modern telecommunications infrastructure in
the country. (Figure 2) [10]. It is planned to build about 10 thousand km of
fiber-optic communication lines for the entire multi-storey residential and
public buildings in 5 years. It is predicted that about 35% of the population
will use these services by the end of 2020, 90% of the population will
become users of wireless broadband Internet access, and the Internet
penetration rate by 2020 should be at least 82% of households.
It is planned to create a full-fledged e-government and transfer to
electronic format 75% of administrative procedures by the end of 2020. At
the same time, 40% of the population must become users of the National
Automated Information System, and in 2018 all citizens of the country will
be able to use a digital signature.
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
626 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Conclusion
The study shows that information and communication technologies
occupy an increasingly prominent place in the domestic economy. But this
still has little effect on the country's economic growth rates and the level of
well-being of the majority of the population.
Accelerated development of information and communication
technologies as a key component of the innovation strategy of the Republic
of Belarus is planned to be implemented through: further development of a
multiservice telecommunication system, broadband Internet access, digital
television broadcasting, next-generation cellular communication;
informatization of all spheres of social and economic development;
expanding the domestic market by encouraging the introduction of
information and communication technologies in the real sector of the
economy, the social sphere, public administration, including the provision
of public services and the implementation of administrative procedures in
electronic form.
The Republic of Belarus has adopted the State Program for the
Development of the Digital Economy and Information Society for 2016–
2020, the responsible customer of which is the Ministry of Communications
and Information
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
628 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
References
[1]. Global information and communication technologies development
rating. Humanitarian encyclopedia // Center for Humanitarian
Technologies, 2006–2018 (last revised: 05/12/2018). - URL:
http://gtmarket.ru/ratings/ict-development-index/ict-development-
index-info
[2]. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus website.-
URL: http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/realny-sector-
ekonomiki/svyaz-i-informatsionno-kommunikatsionnye-
tekhnologii/svyaz/graficheskiy-material-grafiki
[3]. State Program for the Development of the Digital Economy and
Information Society for 2016–2020. - URL:
www.government.by/upload/docs/file4c1542d87d1083b5.PDF
[4]. Social status and standard of living of the population of the Republic
of Belarus. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus.
– URL:: http://www.belstat.gov.by/
[5]. National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus website.-
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URL: http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/realny-sector-
ekonomiki/svyaz-i-informatsionno-kommunikatsionnye-
tekhnologii/informatsionno-kommunikatsionnye-
[6]. Program of socio-economic development of the Republic of Belarus
for 2016–2020. – URL:
www.government.by/upload/docs/program_ek2016-2020.pdf
[7]. Belarusian researchers website Thinktanks.by [Electronic resource].
– Access mode: https://thinktanks.by/publication/2018/07/06/belarus-
ne-vklyuchili-v-reyting-samyh-tehnologicheski-razvityh-stran.html -
Дата доступа: 12.07.18
[8]. International Telecommunication Union website. - URL:
https://www.itu.int/en/publications/Pages/default.aspx
[9]. Information Society in the Republic of Belarus, 2017. National
Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus. – URL:
http://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-
statistika/publications/izdania/public_compilation/index_7864/
[10]. Issues of digital transformation in the Republic of Belarus. Website of
the Ministry of Communications and Informatization of the Republic
of Belarus.- URL: http://mpt.gov.by/ru/news/25-01-2018-2686
ANALYSIS OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN
AZERBAIJAN
Almas SALMANOVA
Azerbaijan Tourism and Management University
Faculty: Tourism and Hospitality
TOI 1601
alya.salmanova2@gmail.com
Abstract
In the article, the author notes that unemployment is one of the
manifestations of macroeconomic instability. Unemployed are; citizens who
are physically able to work, who do not have a job and earnings, who are
registered in the employment service and are actively looking and waiting to
start a job. Thus, the unemployment rate affects the level of poverty in a
country. It is believed that the lower the unemployment rate, the lower is the
poverty level. The poverty of the population is determined by a number of
factors, the main of which is the economic factor, characterized by the level
of income of the population, unemployment rate, wage level, level of income
differentiation of the population.
Key words: macroeconomic instability, unemployment, the level of
poverty, the income of population, wages and salary, quality level of the
population.
References
[1]. Bajaj, V., & Fessenden, F. (2007, November 4). What is behind the
race gap? New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2009 from:
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/weekinreview/04bajaj.html
[2]. Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., & House, J. S. (2007). Toward a better
estimation of the effect of job loss on health. Journal of Health and
Social Behavior, 48, 369-384.
HOW LABOR UNIONS AFFECT JOBS AND
THE ECONOMY?
Aysel MAMMADOVA
Azerbaijan Tourism and Management University
Faculty: Business administration
Specialty: Management
MENR1601
mammadova.aysel99@gmail.com
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to identify existing negative and
positive sides of labor unions’ and their effect on the jobs and the economy
as a whole.
Key words: labor unions, collective bargaining representatives,
labor cartels, unemployment, annual fees, the European Union, the United
States
The terms "labor unions" and "trade unions" are often used
interchangeably, both meaning they are part of the larger sector, which is
"organized labor."
Unions are organizations that negotiate with corporations, businesses
and other organizations on behalf of union members. There are trade unions,
which represent workers who do a particular type of job, and industrial
unions, which represent workers in a particular industry. Moreover, many
labor unions have at least three levels: local, district council and
international.
Trade unions have a number of aims:
• To improve the pay of its members.
• To improve the working conditions and the working practices of its
members.
• To support the training and the professional development of its
members.
• To ensure that their members' interests are considered by the
employers when any decision is made which will affect the workforce.
The origins of trade unions can be traced back to 18th century
Britain, where the rapid expansion of industrial society lead to the need in
protection of labor force. Since that unions have often been credited with
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
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634 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Just imagine the situation when the prices for products rapidly grow
up. The first times, customers will buy them, but then they would no longer
be able to afford a product at the higher price, so the marketers would
manufacture and sell fewer products. As a consequence, the overall
economy would suffer because the elasticity between demand and supply,
which are the main factors of market economy development, would be
totally destroyed.
Furthermore, it hurts workers who are denied job opportunities,
because the number of job opportunities decreases, what leads to the high
level of unemployment.
Actually, there is also one additional problem that may occur and
effect on the economy not immediately, but in the future. If the number of
employees decreases, it leads to the increasing of responsibilities for
leftover ones and decrease in the quality of their performance due to the
great amount of tasks and deals, which they have to do.
Moreover, each employee who wishes to join a trade union must pay
an annual fee, which contributes towards the costs and expenses that the
trade union incurs when it provides services to its members, and supports
industrial action by the workers.
However, unionized employers may pay huge amounts of money
and never need to use the help of union or spend months waiting for
negotiating before any changes in the workplace will be applied. That is
why, more and more employees worldwide today, avoid the unions,
thinking that the benefits are not worth the time and cost of negotiations.
The average level of union membership across the whole of the
European Union, weighted by the numbers employed in the different
member states, in 2015 was noted as 23%. The three Nordic countries of
Denmark, Sweden and Finland are at the top of the table with around 70%
of all employees in unions. In part this is because, as in Belgium – which
also has above average levels of union density – unemployment and other
social benefits are normally paid out through the union.
However, high union density in the Nordic countries also reflects an
approach that sees union membership as a natural part of employment, as
shown by the relatively high proportion of employees – around 52% – who
are union members in Norway, where unemployment benefits are not paid
through the union.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
636 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
References
[1]. https://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/business-studies/people-in-the-
workplace/revise-it/trade-unions
[2]. https://www.investopedia.com/articles/economics/09/unions-
workers.asp
[3]. https://www.debate.org/opinions/are-unions-beneficial-to-the-
economy
[4]. https://news.gallup.com/poll/195245/slim-majority-again-sees-unions-
helping-
economy.aspx?utm_source=twitterbutton&utm_medium=twitter&utm
_campaign=sharing
[5]. L. Fulton (2015). Worker representation in Europe. Called up on 8
December of 2018 from https://www.worker-
participation.eu/National-Industrial-Relations/Across-Europe/Trade-
Unions2
SOCIAL NETWORKS IN FUNCTION OF
PROMOTION OF TOURISM DESTINATION
Snežana MILIĆEVIĆ
Associate Professor, Faculty of Hotel Management
and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja,
University of Kragujevac, Serbia,
snezana.milicevic@kg.ac.rs
Bojana BELJIĆ
PhD student, Faculty of Hotel Management
and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja,
University of Kragujevac, Serbia,
bojanabeljic82@gmail.com
Abstract
In the service sector, as in any segment of production as well, trends
are changing rapidly. Increased number of competitors and accelerated
technology development causes market changes and changes in offer and
customer demands. As a result, the old methods used to communicate with
potential customers are slowly being ignored, and replaced with new ways
of thinking, new technologies, communication channels and approach to the
consumers. The revolution in information and communication technologies
(ICT) already made implications at the tourism sector. It is suggested that e-
tourism reflects the digitization of all processes and value chains in tourism,
travel and hospitality industry. At the tactical level, this includes e-
commerce and the use of ICT to maximize the efficiency and effectiveness of
a tourism destinations. At the strategic level, e-tourism introduces a
revolution in all business processes, in a whole chain of values, as well as
strategic relationships between tourism destination and all their
stakeholders. Social networks, most of all parts of the internet, dictate
trends and give credibility to products or services that are actively used
with "community managament". Tourism, just like social networks, is
happening in real time, and strives for quick and direct information
exchanges. That is the reson that social networks are very suitable for
creating and improving the image of the tourism destination, which is the
subject of this work. In this context, special attention will be paid to the use
of social networks in the promotion of a tourism destination.
Key words: tourism destination, social networks, promotion
JEL Classification: M30, Z33
International Symposium
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638 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Introduction
Information technologies have a significant impact on the tourism
industry because they are forcing the sector to reconsider the organisation
forms of business, values and norms of behavior and the ways of educating
people. In fact, travel and tourism are fields where the smart use of
technology has played a key role. Historically, it is possible to describe a
path of technological evolution in this area: the development of central
reservation system (CRS – 1970.), through the global distribution system
(GDS – 1980.) to the emergence of the internet (1990.) and social networks
(2005.). Travel managers are still facing with the growing development, that
aided and somehow transformed the whole tourist industry. Internet, which
can be seen as the latest technological evolution in this field, allows
travelers to access reliable and accurate information and to make a
reservation in real time, where conventional methods require the expense
and inconvenience. It provides access to transparent information and easy
comparison of different destinations, travel packages, accommodation
services, as well as their prices in real time and availability.
3
Blackshaw, P. (2006), The consumer-controlled surveillance culture, Haettu,
International Symposium
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640 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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4
Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a destination marketing tool:
its use by national tourism organisations. Current issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239. p.220
5
Kesić, T. (2003). Integrirana marketinška komunikacija. Opinio, Zagreb, 237-473.
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6
Chaffey, D., (2009): E-Business and E-Commerce Managment: Strategy, Implementation
and Practice, 4th edition, Financial Times Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
7
Milovanović, V., Milićević, S. (2014), Upravlјanje turističkim proizvodima Srbije u
funkciji unapređenja konkurentnosti na međunarodnom turističkom tržištu, HiT
Menadžment, 2(1), 38-48
8
Milićević, S., Đorđević, N. (2016), Glavni gradovi kao turističke destinacije, Menadžment
u hotelijerstvu i turizmu (HiT Menadžment), god. 4(1)
9
Ritchie, J. R. B., & Ritchie, J. R. R. (1998, September). The branding of tourism
destinations. In Annual Congress of the International Association of Scientific Experts in
Tourism, Marrakech, Morocco
International Symposium
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„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
642 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Conclusion
Internet as the most important technological phenomenon today,
provides tourism operators some completely new competitive opportunities.
Internet marketing is rapidly changing the way operators in the tourism
industry are doing business. In fact, over the last decade in the tourism
industry there was a strong internationalization of tourist markets with daily
fluctuations of new and existing competitors. One reason for this situation is
the rapid development of the internet, which provides immediate, free and
open access to information around the world. We are witnessing significant
growth in online provision of travel and accommodation, and a growing
number of online research for the trip. The data indicate a further increase in
the importance of e marketing and content that will be marketed through a
web. 12
Social media can be generally understood as an application on the
internet which complete media impressions created by the consumer based
on their experience gained on certain tourist destinations, usually through
informing the relevant experience, and archiving and sharing on-line for
easy access to other consumers. 13 Social networks have made a kind of
"boom", and should be seen as a serious marking tool that, with reduced
financial role brought great business progress in terms of ease of market
research, better positioning of a special two-way communication, which
would fully satisfy the main marketing activities target - but that is putting
the user at the center of its business operations.
Social platform simplifies the process of connecting with consumers
and at the same time make it difficult to maintain control of the image and
reputation of the organization. Finally, digitalisation become mobile, smart
phones are also changing the way people come into contact with
information. The development of smart phones is being used to create a
12
Biloš A., Ružić, D., Turkalj, D., (2009), e-Marketing, Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u
Osijeku, Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku, Osijek
13
Blackshaw, P. (2006). The consumer-controlled surveillance culture. Haettu, 25
International Symposium
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644 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
unified device combining phone, personal data assistant, and other functions
such as video and photo cameras, music players into an integrated mobile
computing platform. Following the trends in marketing and technologies,
which are closely related to the field of economy and tourism, it is necessary
to recognize and exploit the potential offered by social networks in business,
develop a strategy to its marketing approach largely based on the successful
market research, positioning and communication, which will eventually
result in differentiation and destinations easier to manage and control the
development of destinations.
References
[1]. Barjaktarović, D., (2013) Upravljanje kvalitetom u hotelijerstvu,
Univerzitet Singidunum, Beograd,
[2]. Biloš A., Ružić, D., Turkalj, D. (2009.), e-Marketing, Sveučilište J. J.
Strossmayera u Osijeku, Ekonomski fakultet u Osijeku, Osijek,
[3]. Blackshaw, P. (2006), The consumer-controlled surveillance culture,
Haettu,
[4]. Mariani, M., Baggio, R., Buhalis, D., Longhi, C., (2014) Tourism
Management, Marketing, and Development, Volume I: The
Importance of Networks and ICTs, Palgrave Macmillan, New York,
[5]. Hays, S., Page, S. J., & Buhalis, D. (2013). Social media as a
destination marketing tool: its use by national tourism organisations.
Current issues in Tourism, 16(3), 211-239.,
[6]. Kesić, T. (2003), Integrirana marketinška komunikacija. Opinio,
Zagreb.
[7]. Kotler P., Keller K.L. (2006), Marketing Management, 12th Edition,
Pearson Prentice Hall.
[8]. Kotler, P. (2001). Upravljanje marketingom: analiza, planiranje,
primjena i kontrola, Zagreb, Mate.
[9]. Milićević, S., Đorđević, N. (2016), Glavni gradovi kao turističke
destinacije, Menadžment u hotelijerstvu i turizmu (HiT Menadžment),
God. 4(1).
[10]. Milovanović, V., Milićević, S. (2014), Upravlјanje turističkim
proizvodima Srbije u funkciji unapređenja konkurentnosti na
međunarodnom turističkom tržištu, HiT Menadžment, 2(1), 38-48.
International Symposium
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The European and global socio-economic Context”
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Abstract
The author mentions in the article that economic and social studies
are significant factors for every field of countries such as agriculture and
tourism industry. The author also gives clear definitions and meanings of
economic and social studies.
Key words: Economic and social studies, agriculture,
microeconomics, macroeconomics, social science, humanity, social needs.
First and foremost, economic and social studies influence to and deal
with the entire fields of any country such as tourism industry, agriculture
and so on. Therefore, these kinds of studies play a crucial role for the
majority of countries all over the world. Due to that necessary point, these
studies should be taken into consideration and investigated
comprehensively.
Export (at 120,2 125,3 88,7 86,2 105,1 98,0 95,4 85,8
current prices) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)
Import (at 119,8 105,0 145,3 96,9 109,1 85,4 99,5 90,1
current prices) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4) (4)
National
currencies
Azerbaijan, 1,8 3,9 5,2 5,2 5,6 5,6
bill.manat
Belarus, 12,9 36,1 105,8 131,2 135,4 15,3
trln.Belarusian (1)
roubles
Kazakhstan, 749 1443 2386 2528 3307 3616
bill.tenge
Kyrgyzstan, 63,3 115,0 171,4 195,3 196,5 197,1
bill.soms
Moldova, bill.lei 12,7 19,9 23,8 27,3 27,2 20,7
(2)
Russia, 1,4 2,6 3,7 4,3 5,2 5,6
trln.roubles
Tajikistan, 2,8 9,4 16,8 21,0 21,6 22,2
bill.somoni
Turkmenistan, 22,0 … … … … …
trln.manats
Uzbekistan, 6,0 16,8 30,8 39,7 42,3 20,2
trln.sums (3)
Turkmenistan 4,2 … … … … …
Uzbekistan 5,4 10,6 14,7 16,0 12,6 7,0 (3)
Ukraine 18,1 23,9 38,5 31,3 25,0 24,7
(1)- Bln.redenominated Belarusian rubles
(2)- January-September
(3)- half-year
References
[1]. Dunn, A.W. (1916). The Social Studies in Secondary Education.
Washington Government Printing Office.
[2]. Passe, J. & Fitchett, P.G. (2013). The Status of Social Studies.
Information Age Publishing, INC.
[3]. Saxe, D.W. (2015). On The Alleged Demise Of Social Studies: The
Eclectic Curriculum In Times Of Standardization—A Historical
Sketch. Called up on 2 December 2018 from
UNELE ABORDĂRI PRIVIND POLITICILE
ACTIVE PE PIAŢA MUNCII
Cătălin GHINĂRARU
Dr.
Ghenadie CIOBANU
Dr.
INCSMPS București, România
Abstract
In this paper, we aim to analyze the evolution of the active policies
on the labor market of Romania, to outline what are the active labor market
policies in the EU member countries. The comparative approach of the
active policies on the EU labor market will allow us to emphasize the strong
and weak points that we find on the Romanian labor market, but also in
other EU countries , and from here we will become able to see how new
active policies can be designed and built on the Romanian and EU labor
maet, for the next strategic cycle.
Key words: active policies, labor market, comparative approach
Sursa: Eurostat
International Symposium
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Continuare Tabel 1.
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
EU 28 250,703.442 245,934.524
EU 15 243,332.072 238,560.894
Sursa: Eurostat
1
Active labour market policies with a focus on youth, Prepared for the European Training
Foundation by Professor Jochen Kluve, European Training Foundation, 2014
https://www.etf.europa.eu/sites/default/files/m/4AA8C1C2FC72E77BC1257D69002AE63
1_ALMPs_youth.pdf
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3
Bruno Crépon Gerard J. van den Berg, “Active Labor Market Policies „ IZA DP No.
10321 October 2016 http://ftp.iza.org/dp10321.pdf
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5
BORIS PLESKOVIC, World Bank ANDERS ÅSLUND, Carnegie Endowment
for International Peace WILLIAM BADER, U.S. Department of State ROBERT
CAMPBELL, Indiana University January 2002
International Symposium
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8
Jan Helmdag and Kati Kuitto (2016 )„ Interdependent Learning from Policy Success:
Contextual Diffusion of Active Labour Market Policies Greifswald Comparative Politics”
Working Paper No. 10. Greifswald Comparative Politics ISSN 2195-6502
http://comparativepolitics.uni-greifswald.de/gcp/GCP-10-2016.pdf
International Symposium
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662 The European and global socio-economic Context”
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9
Barbara Vis When Do Governments Increase Spending on Active Labour Market
Policies? A FsQCA Analysis of Labour Market Reforms in 18 Countries, 1985–2003
International Symposium
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Bibliografie
[1]. Active labour market policies with a focus on youth, Prepared for the
European Training Foundation by Professor Jochen Kluve, European
Training Foundation, 2014
https://www.etf.europa.eu/sites/default/files/m/4AA8C1C2FC72E77BC125
7D69002AE631_ALMPs_youth.pdf
[2]. A Comparative Analysis of the Active Labour Market Policies for
Disabled People in the European Union Member States Betul Yalcin
A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of Sociology
and Social Policy August 2016
[3]. Bruno Crépon Gerard J. van den Berg, “Active Labor Market Policies
„IZA DP No. 10321 October 2016 http://ftp.iza.org/dp10321.pdf
[4]. ACTIVE LABOUR MARKET POLICY EVALUATIONS: A
META-ANALYSIS* The Economic Journal, 120 (November), F452–
F477. Doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0297.2010.02387.x. 2010 The Author(s).
The Economic Journal2010 Royal Economic Society. Published by
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 665
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Valeriy ZHUK
Dar`ya TRACHOVA
National Academy of Agrarian Sciences
National Science Center
«Institute for Agrarian Economics»
Ukraine
Abstract
The purpose of the article is to develop the conceptual framework of
the information support system for depreciation policy.
Results. Amortization policy reform should take place both from the
inside and from the enterprise at the same time. In the existing components
of the formation of the depreciation fund of the enterprise, even at the
expense of its own resources, it is impossible and requires the
implementation of effective steps of the regulatory and legal regulation of
the state. For successful reform of the depreciation policy, you must have
high quality and operational information that is relevant to all participants
in the process. A quick and transparent interaction between the enterprise,
government agencies and manufacturers or technology vendors is a key to
the success of this process.
Practical implementation. When forming a depreciation policy, companies
need to have a clear guide to the degree of independence in the formation
and use of a depreciation fund. To control the copyrights of the catches, you
need to allocate the base to the Danish base, to the Informatics of the Code.
You can find the underlying cause of the list of participants of the
depreciation policy of the company.
Key words: depreciation, accounting, depreciation policy, purpose
of accounting, accounting information, innovation policy
1 Introduction
Globalization of economic processes put forward new requirements
for accounting. The modern economic environment requires higher
credentials with preservation of the basic requirements - truthfulness and
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 667
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
3 Results
Accounting as a management function, provides information
requirements for decision-making. The more reliable and operational
information is created in the system of accounting and analytical support;
the faster decisions will be made and more efficient. The accounting of
fixed assets depends on the specifics of the enterprise (production, services
and construction), the nature of technological processes and their
organization, product specifics. That is, in different industries and even at
different enterprises of the same industry, the organizational and methodical
elements of accounting and analytical support for management of fixed
assets will be different.
According to Professor V. F. Maksimov, "when building a system of
accounting, one should proceed from the fact that it should be able to
respond promptly to changes in the external and internal environment of
economic entities, to form accounting information depending on existing
and possible information needs of users. "[10]. For implementation of high-
quality and operational management of realization of amortization policy,
the state bodies of control need information, which is formed according to
the accounting data, but must be corrected by the technical and
administrative services of the enterprise.
The study of the role of information in the formation of depreciation
policy should begin with the evolution of economic theories of society and
the gradual increase of the role of information in the industrial and
postindustrial society.
In the last third of the twentieth century, a new technological
revolution, comprehensive computerization, information of society,
intellectual property created a fundamentally new social situation.
Re-thinking of social changes, approaches to changing the
methodological paradigm in the theory of society began to be observed in
the late 60's - early 70's. Theories of the information society are divided into
two groups. One group includes theories that adhere to the concepts of post-
industrialism and come directly from them. With these theories, the names
of D. Bell, A.Turen, and others are associated. They represent the first stage
in the development of information society theory. The second group is the
conceptual schemes of O. Toffler, R.Darendorf, F. Ferrato, and the corrected
theory of D. Bell.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 669
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
are ideas and plenty of forums in which these areas are discussed, there is a
certain modification of the tax environment, are willing to implement these
reforms and test development models, but this does not work to the extent
that it yielded significant results.
The reason, in our opinion, is that it is impossible to achieve real
development of real innovations in any sector of the economy, only bringing
together large producers and specialists in the field.
Scientists are not involved, technology providers, suppliers of means
of production, universities, and the government are also almost not
involved. Frontal competition in the modern world no longer works. Instead,
a co-op (from the English "coopetition") can be a solution.
The development of specialized clusters should be a priority for
Ukraine, taking into account our regional peculiarities. In cluster
philosophy, we are talking about triple helix (science, business,
government), but for the development of innovation in Ukraine, it is
necessary to involve an even wider circle of members of the system.
It is not imperative that a new inclusive organization should be
created for leadership in these processes, such as the Ministry of Economic
Development and Trade, but to begin with our key stakeholders need to
understand that their innovative success in future periods depends to a large
extent on the ability to integrate. To collaborate and engage.
The information and accounting support for depreciation policy of an
enterprise should be a database containing the maximum amount of
information for implementing this policy. Information should be publicly
available and accessible to all registered users.
Users of such a resource should be representatives of enterprises
who wish to innovate the conversion of production through effective
depreciation policy with the use of additional external resources, suppliers
of modern equipment (domestic and foreign production), tax inspection and
financial institutions.
Each participant should voluntarily decide on the provision and use
of the accounting information in its entirety for those categories that are
obligatory. It should be noted that the conditions for voluntary participation
are due to the desire to use the support of state and non-state funds for
economic development.
The interaction of the constituent system elements is due to the
availability and use of an array of data. Which simplifies the search for
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
674 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
4 Conclusion
The processes of globalization and the intensive exchange of
information are aimed precisely at the interaction between the different
places of actual finding of scientific and inventive developments. In
successfully implement are the amortization policy reform. One must take
into account the main requirement of the present-the possession of high
quality and operational information that is relevant to all participants in the
process.
A quick and transparent interaction between the enterprise,
government agencies and manufacturers or technology vendors is a key to
the success of this process. The coordination of this process should be
carried out by one state structure, which will ensure a unified approach to
the method of implementation and control of the calculation and
accumulation of reporting information. This will allow as quickly as
possible to respond to world technological trends and increase the efficiency
of domestic production.
References
[1]. Bell D.(1973) The coming of post-industrial society: A venture of
social forecasting. — N.Y.: Basic Books
[2]. Borysenko, Z. Amortyzatsyonnaya polytyka [Depreciation policy].
Kyiv : Naukova dumka. (2006).
[3]. Brzezinski Zb. (1988) Between Two Ages. N.Y.,
[4]. Bunge M.A. (1985) Epistemology and Methodology III: Philosophy
of Science and Technology: «Part I.» Formal and Physical Sciences.
Dordrecht: Reidel, «Part II.» Life Science, Social Science and
Technology. Dordrecht: Reidel
[5]. Elvin Toffler, Kheydi Toffler (1967). Budushcheye kapitalizma [The
future of capitalism]. Upravleniye zavtrashnimi den'gami
[Management of Tomorrow's Money] Revolyutsionnoye bogatstvo
[Revolutionary Wealth]. Part VIII, 289.
[6]. Gelbreyt, Dzh. K. (2004) Novoye industrial'noye obshchestvo [The
New Industrial State]. AST, 608 s.
[7]. Habermas Jürgen (1968) Erkenntnis und Interesse. Frankfurt am
Main, Suhrkamp,
[8]. Kann G. (1997)World Economic Development (William Morrow)
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
676 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Abstract
In this paper, we pursue to review a retrospective analysis of the
evolution of professional formation in Romania, during the last decade
2007-2017, practically since Romania became member of the European
Union, and to realize a comparative analysis of professional formation with
the other EU member countries and the strategic objectives of the European
Union regarding the development of the labor market and professional
formation priorities for the following ten years.
Key words: professional formation, labor market
Persoane cuprinse în
programme de
ucenicie
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
682 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
beneficiază de servicii
gratuite de formare
profesională
7 Persoane în centrele din 11.670 11.310 11.222 10.733 7.511 5.993
cadrul agenţiilor judeţene
pentru ocuparea forţei de
muncă, din care:
8 Persoane din rândul 11.185 10.310 10.847 10.387 7.103 5.683
şomerilor
9 Persoane care beneficiază 124 124 59 36 136 72
de formare profesională
gratuită, altele decât
şomeri
10 Persoane care nu 361 304 316 310 238
beneficiază de servicii
gratuite de formare
profesională
Sursa: Rapoartele anuale ANOFM 2012-2017
Forța de muncă Femeile reprezintă 60 % din noii absolvenți, dar rata lor
UE de ocupare a forței de muncă este sub nivelul ratei de
îmbătrânește și ocupare a forței de muncă la bărbați. Femeile și bărbații
scade, conduce au tendința de a lucra în sectoare diferite. Piețe incluzive
în unele cazuri ale forței de muncă ar trebui să se bazeze pe competențele
la lipsa de și talentele tuturor, inclusiv a persoanelor slab calificate
personal și a altor grupuri vulnerabile.
calificat.
Competența Un efort concertat este necesar pentru a obține
pentru rezultate semnificative și durabile.La nivelul UE, există
conținutul o contribuție semnificativă la consolidarea bazei de
învățământului competențe a Europei, prin semestrul european, Strategia
și organizarea Europa 2020 cu obiectivele pe două planuri în domeniul
sistemelor de educației, Planul de investiții pentru Europa, cadrul
educație și strategic pentru cooperare în domeniul educației și
formare revine formării profesionale „ET2020”, și intervențiile
statelor Fondurilor structurale și de investiții europene. Numai
membre, Fondul social european și Fondul european de dezvoltare
regională au planificat să investească peste 30 de miliarde
EUR pentru susținerera dezvoltării competențelor în
perioada 2014-2020, iar programul Erasmus+ va susține
dezvoltarea competențelor în domeniul educației și
formării profesionale cu aproape 15 miliarde EUR.
RIDICAREA ȘTACHETEI: PRIORITĂȚI DE
ACȚIUNE
ÎMBUNĂTĂȚIREA CALITĂȚII ȘI A RELEVANȚEI
FORMĂRII DE COMPETENȚE
La nivelul UE, În 2014, au absolvit studii superioare cu aproximativ 10
politica axată pe milioane de oameni mai mult decât în 2010. Numărul
creșterea tinerilor care abandonează școala a scăzut la 4,5 milioane
nivelului de de la 6 milioane în 2010. Este un progres în îndeplinirea
și inserție profesională.
2. Sprijinirea Comisia a lansat în 2017 o revizuire a cadrului privind
oamenilor să competențele-cheie. Scopul este de a dezvolta înțelegerea
obțină un nivel comună a competențelor cheie de a promova introducerea
fundamental de în programele de educație și formare. Revizuirea a oferit
competențe suportul pentru o mai bună dezvoltare și evaluare a
acestor competențe. S-a acordat o atenție promovării
spiritului antreprenorial și orientat către inovare, inclusiv
prin încurajarea experiențelor antreprenoriale practice.
Promovarea Învățământul profesional și tehnic (VET) este prețuit
învățământului pentru dezvoltarea competențelor transversale și specifice
profesional și locului de muncă, facilitând tranziția către încadrarea în
tehnic (VET) ca câmpul muncii și menținând și actualizând competențele
primă alegere forței de muncă conform nevoilor sectoriale, regionale și
locale. Deși peste 13 milioane de cursanți participă la
VET în fiecare an, previziunile pentru mai multe state
membre indică faptul că pe viitor va exista un deficit de
persoane cu calificări VET.
profesională.
Conectare: (1)Transformarea digitală accelerată a economiei
plasarea înseamnă că, la momentul actual, aproape toate locurile
accentului de muncă necesită un anumit nivel de competențe
competențelor digitale. Economia colaborativă schimbă modelele de
digitale afaceri, deschide noi oportunități și noi locuri de muncă,
necesită diferite seturi de competențe și aduce provocări
precum accesarea oportunităților de perfecționare.
Robotizarea și inteligența artificială înlocuiesc munca de
rutină, nu doar în secția de producție, ci și la birou.
(2) Accesul la servicii, inclusiv serviciile electronice, este
în curs de schimbare și necesită ca atât utilizatorii,
furnizorii și administrațiile publice să dispună de
suficiente competențe digitale.
(3) Cererea de specialiști în tehnologia digitală a crescut
cu 4 % anual în ultimii zece ani. Competențele digitale
sunt deficitare în Europa la toate nivelurile: În pofida
menținerii unui nivel ridicat al ocupării forței de muncă,
este de așteptat ca numărul de locuri de muncă vacante
pentru specialiștii în domeniul TIC să fie aproape dublu
ajungând la 756 000 până în 2020.
4. Comisia Pentru a dezvolta o mare rezervă de talente digitale și
lansează pentru a se asigura că persoanele și forța de muncă din
Coaliția pentru Europa sunt dotate cu competențe digitale
competențe și corespunzătoare. Pornind de la rezultatele pozitive ale
locuri de Marii Coaliții pentru locuri de muncă în sectorul digital și
muncă în ale Strategiei UE pentru e-competențe, în coordonare cu
sectorul digital activitatea în cadrul programului Educație și Formare
Profesională 2020, statele membre sunt invitate să
dezvolte strategii naționale privind competențele digitale.
Acestea includ: 1. Înființarea de coaliții naționale pentru competențe
digitale care conectează autoritățile publice cu părțile
interesate din cadrul întreprinderilor, din sistemul de
educație și formare și de pe piața muncii. 2. Dezvoltarea
de măsuri pentru a aduce competențele digitale la toate
nivelurile de educație și formare, sprijinirea profesorilor
și a educatorilor și promovarea unei implicări active a
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
688 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Concluzii
Piețe incluzive ale forței de muncă ar trebui să se bazeze pe
competențele și talentele tuturor, inclusiv a persoanelor slab calificate și a
altor grupuri vulnerabile.
Un efort concertat este necesar pentru a obține rezultate
semnificative și durabile. La nivelul UE, există o contribuție semnificativă
la consolidarea bazei de competențe a Europei, prin semestrul european,
Strategia Europa 2020 cu obiectivele pe două planuri în domeniul educației,
Planul de investiții pentru Europa, cadrul strategic pentru cooperare în
domeniul educației și formării profesionale.
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary. 695
The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018
Bibliografie selectivă
[1]. Legii nr. 279/2005 privind ucenicia la locul de muncă
[2]. Agenția Națională pentru Ocuparea Forței de Muncă, RAPORT de
activitate pentru anul 2017, 2018
[3]. Agenția Națională pentru Ocuparea Forței de Muncă, RAPORT de
activitate pentru anul 2016
[4]. Agenția Națională pentru Ocuparea Forței de Muncă, RAPORT de
activitate pentru anul 2015
[5]. Agenția Națională pentru Ocuparea Forței de Muncă, RAPORT de
activitate pentru anul 2014
[6]. Agenția Națională pentru Ocuparea Forței de Muncă, RAPORT de
activitate pentru anul 2013
International Symposium
Experience. Knowledge. Contemporary Challenges
„Romania in the Year of the Centenary.
696 The European and global socio-economic Context”
December 13th - 14th, 2018