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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (2.1)
Aim: To study the diffusion of particles

Materials: Liquid bromine, copper (II) sulphate crystals, potassium


manganite(VII) crystals, hot liquid agar, water

Apparatus: Gas jar and cover, dropper, beaker, test tube, rubber
stopper

Procedure:
1. Two drops of liquid bromine are dropped into a gas jar and
covered with glass cover.
2. Water is poured into a beaker and then put several small
potassium manganite (VII) crystals into the beaker.
3. A potassium manganite (VII) crystal is placed on the surface of
the solidified agar in a test tube which is then clamped inverted
and stoppered with a rubber stopper.

Observation
1. Brown liquid (reddish brown) vaporises to form brown vapour
that completely fills the gas jar
2. Purple potassium manganite (VII) spreads slowly throughout the
water
3. Purple potassium manganite(VII) spreads slowly throughout the
agar.

Conclusion
Diffusion takes place because bromine and potassium
manganite(VII) are made up of tiny and discrete particles that
move continuously and randomly from a region of high
concentration to region of low concentration through particles of
air (A), particles of water (B) or particles of agar (C)

Prepared by Pure Science Team 1


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (2.2)
Aim: To deter mine the melting and freezing points of naphthalene

Materials: powdered naphthalene, water

Apparatus: Test tube, beaker, conical flask, thermometer, retort


stand and clamp. Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze,
stopwatch

Procedure
1. Naphthalene is heated in a test tube and stirred with a
thermometer as in apparatus set-up P.
2. The temperature of the naphthalene is recorded every half
minute until its temperature reaches 90 °C.
3. Liquid naphthalene is allowed to cool down while stirred with a
thermometer in a conical flask as in apparatus set-up Q.
4. The temperature of liquid naphthalene is recorded every half
minute until its temperature goes down to 60 °C.
5. Graphs of temperature against time of heating and cooling of
naphthalene are plotted

Result
Table for heating and cooling of naphthalene
Time/s 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360 390
Tempe
rature/
°C

Prepared by Pure Science Team 2


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Analysis

Conclusion
The melting point and freezing point of naphthalene are 80°C

Discussion
1. Temperature of naphthalene does not change during melting.
This is because the heat supplied is absorbed to waken (or
overcome) the attractive force between naphthalene
molecules.
2. Temperature of naphthalene does not change during freezing.
This is because the heat lost to surrounding is balanced by heat
released during the formation of attractive force between
naphthalene molecules
3. During heating the naphthalene needs to be stirred
continuously to make sure the temperature of the naphthalene
is uniform
4. A hot water bath is used when heating the solid naphthalene to
make sure heating temperature is uniform
5. Liquid naphthalene must be stirred and placed in a conical
flask for slow and constant cooling. Otherwise, supercooling
may take place.
6. The boiling point of naphthalene is 120°C. If solid naphthalene is
heated directly without using hot water bath, naphthalene may
sublime and produce vapours that are flammable and
poisonous. A hot water bath reaches a maximum temperature
of 100°C and melts the naphthalene but prevents it from
subliming
7. If the naphthalene used is not pure, its melting and freezing
points will be below 80°C

Prepared by Pure Science Team 3


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (3.1)
Aim: To determine the empirical formula of copper oxide

Materials: copper oxide powder, zinc granules, hydrochloric acid 2


mol𝑑𝑚−3 ,anhydrous calcium chloride.

Apparatus: Round bottom flask, combustion tube with a small hole,


stopper and delivery tube, chemical balance, retort stand and
clamp, thistle funnel, U-tube, asbestos paper.

Procedure
1. Combustion tube and asbestos paper is weighed.
2. Dry copper oxide is placed onto the asbestos paper and
apparatus is weighed again
3. Dry hydrogen gas is passed through the apparatus for a few
minutes.
4. Gas coming out from the small hole X collected into a test tube
and tested with a burning wooden splinter. When the ‘pop’
sound is o longer heard, hydrogen gas at X is ignited.
5. The copper oxide in the combustion tube is heated.
6. Heating is stopped when no more changes takes place in the
combustion tube.
7. Hydrogen gas is passed through the combustion tube
continuously until the apparatus cools down to room
temperature.
8. After it has cooled down, the combustion tube and asbestos
paper containing copper is weighed again.
9. The heating, cooling, and weighing processes are repeated
several times until a constant mass is obtained.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 4


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper = x g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper oxide = y g
Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + copper = z g
Calculation

Element Cu O

Mass (g) z–x y-z

Number of moles z – x / 64 y – z / 16

Simplest ratio p q

Conclusion
The empirical formula of copper oxide is CupOq

Discussion
1. Hydrochloric acid reacts with zinc granules to produce
hydrogen gas.
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
2. Hydrogen is dried by passing through anhydrous calcium
chloride.
3. In the combustion tube, copper oxide is reduced by hydrogen
gas to copper and water is formed.

If copper (II) oxide, CuO CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O


If copper (I) oxide, Cu2O Cu2O + H2 → 2Cu + H2O

4. The combustion of hydrogen and oxygen gas forms water


droplets at the end of the combustion tube.
2H2 + O2 → H2O

5. The empirical formula of the other metals like lead (II) oxide,
PbO, and iron(II) oxide, FeO, can also be determined by this
method.

6. Precautions
a) All connections in the apparatus must be air-tight.
b) Hydrogen gas is flowed through the apparatus for a few
minutes to displace all air present in the apparatus. A mixture of
hydrogen and oxygen gas is explosive if it is ignited.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 5


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

c) Hydrogen gas is allowed to flow continuously to prevent outside


air from diffusing into the apparatus and mixing with hydrogen
gas. This may cause an explosion.
d) Hydrogen gas is allowed to continue flowing when cooling the
copper to room temperature so that the hot copper is not
oxidized again by oxygen in air to copper oxide.
e) The processes of heating, cooling and weighing the product
are repeated until a constant mass is obtained to make sure all
the copper oxide is reduced to copper.

7. Oxides of metals that are more reactive than hydrogen such as


magnesium oxide cannot be reduced by hydrogen to its metal
in a combustion tube. The empirical formula of metal oxides
such as magnesium oxide need to be determined by carrying
out experiment 3.2

Prepared by Pure Science Team 6


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (3.2)
Aim: To determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide

Material: Magnesium ribbon, sand paper

Apparatus: Crucible with lid, Bunsen burner, tongs, pipe clay


triangle, balance, tripod stand

Procedure
1. An empty crucible with lid is weighed.
2. 20cm magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper, rolled and
put into the crucible.
3. The lid and its contents are weighed again.
4. The crucible is heated strongly until the magnesium starts to
burn.
5. The moment the magnesium starts burning, the crucible is
closed with its lid.
6. Heating is continued and the lid of the crucible is opened and
closed quickly every once in a while to ensure the white smoke
is not lost to the surroundings during heating.
7. When the magnesium ribbon is no longer glowing, the lid is
opened and the crucible is heated strongly to ensure
combustion of magnesium is complete.
8. The crucible and its contents is cooled down to room
temperature and weighed again.
9. The crucible and its contents is repeatedly heated, cooled
down and weighed again until a constant mass is obtained.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 7


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Result
Mass of crucible + lid = a g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium = b g
Mass of crucible + lid + magnesium oxide = c g

Calculation

Element Mg O

Mass 9g) b-a c–b

Number if b – a / 24 c – b / 16
moles
Simplest ratio m n

Empirical formula of magnesium oxide = MgmOn

Conclusion
The empirical formula of magnesium oxide is MgmOn

Discussion
1. Magensium reacts with oxygen to produce magnesium oxide

2. Precautions
a. Magnesium ribbon is cleaned with sandpaper to remove the
oxide layer on its surface
b. The crucible needs to be closed with lid when heating the
magnesium to prevent some of the magnesium oxide from being
lost to the surroundings as white smoke
c. The lid of the crucible is open once a while during heating to
allow oxygen (air)from outside to diffuse inside for complete
combustion of the magnesium to take place
d. The process of heating, cooling and weighing is repeated until a
constant mass of product is obtained. This is to make sure the
magnesium reacts completely with oxygen.

3. Inaccurate results may be obtained if


a. Some of the smoke of magnesium oxide is lost to the surrounding
b. Combustion of magnesium maybe incomplete.
Prepared by Pure Science Team 8
Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (4.1)
Aim: To study the reactivity of Group 1 elements (alkali metals) with
oxygen.

Problem statement: Do elements of group 1 show different


reactivities in their reaction with oxygen?

Hypothesis: The further down Group 1, the higher the reactivity of


the metal towards oxygen

Variables:
Manipulated: Type of alkali metal/ Type of Group 1 element
Responding: reactivity of alkali metals
Constant: Size of alkali metal

Materials : Lithium, sodium, potassium, oxygen, filter paper

Apparatus: Gas jar with cover, gas jar spoon, Bunsen burner knife

Procedure
1. A small piece of lithium is cut using the knife.
2. The layer of oil on the lithium is dried using filter paper.
3. The lithium is placed on the gas jar spoon and heated until it
starts to burn.
4. The gar jar spoo is quickly placed into the gas jar filled with
oxygen.
5. The colour of the flame, how vigorous the reaction is, and the
properties of the residue is observed and recorded.
6. The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium

Prepared by Pure Science Team 9


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Observation
Lithium burns slowly with reddish flame.
Sodium burns vigorously with a yellowish flame
Potassium burns very vigorously with a reddish-purple flame.
White fumes and a white solid are formed in all cases.

Analysis
The alkali metals burns in oxygen gas with a bright flame to form
white fumes of metal oxide that becomes a while solid when
cooled.

4Li + O2 → 2Li2O
4Na + O2 → 2Na2O
4K + O2 → 2K2O

Conclusion
The reactivity of group 1 elements with oxygen increases when
going down the group. The hypothesis is accepeted.

Discussion
If the metal oxide formed (combustion
4N product between alkali
metal and oxygen) is mixed with water, an alkali solution is formed.
If the phenolphthalein indicator is dropped into the solution formed,
the colourless solution turns pink.

Li2O + H2O → 2LiOH (lithium hydroxide)


Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH (sodium hydroxide)
K2O +H2O → 2KOH (potassium hydroxide)

Prepared by Pure Science Team 10


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (4.2)
Aim: To study the reactivity of Group 1 elements (alkali metals) with
water.
Problem statement: Do element of Group 1 show different
reactivities in their reaction with water?

Hypothesis: The further down group 1, the higher the reactivity of


the metal with water

Variables
Manipulated: Type of alkali metal/type of group 1 element
Responding: Reactivity of the reaction
Constant: Size of metal

Materials
Lithium, sodium, potassium, water, filter paper

Apparatus
Glass trough, forceps, knife

Procedure
1. A glass trough is half filled with water.
2. A small piece of lithium is cut with a knife
3. The layer of oil on the lithium is dried using filter paper.
4. The piece of lithium is carefully placed on the surface of the
water. The reactivity of the lithium with water is observed and
recorded.
5. The experiment is repeated using sodium and potassium

Prepared by Pure Science Team 11


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Observation
Lithium moves slowly and randomly on the surface of water.
Sodium moves quickly and randomly with a “hssing” sound.
Potassium moves randomly and very quickly with a reddish purple
flame and produce “hiss” ad “pop” sounds.
In each case, a colourless solution if formed.

Analysis
The alkali metals react vigorously with cold water to form colourless
alkali solutions and release hydrogen gas.

2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2


2Na + 2H2O → 2NaO + H2
2K + 2H2O → 2KOH+ H2

Conclusion
The reactivity of Group 1 elements with cold water increases down
the group. The hypothesis accepted.

Discussion
Group 1 element are very reactive 4Nand react with oxygen and
water vapour in the air. Therefore, they need to be kept in paraffin
oil.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 12


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (4.3)
Aim: To study the reaction of halogen with sodium hydroxide
solution

Problem statement: How do chlorine, bromine and iodine react


with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution?

Hypothesis: The halogens show similar chemical properties when


they react with sodium hydroxide solution but the reactivity
decreases down the group from chlorine to iodine.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Types of halogen used
(b) Responding variable: The products of reactions Constant
variable: Concentration of sodium hydroxide solution

Materials: Chlorine gas, liquid bromine, iodine crystals, sodium


hydroxide solution

Apparatus: Test tube, stopper, test tube holder and teat pipette.

Procedure
(A) Reaction of chlorine gas with aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution
1. Chlorine gas is bubbled into aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution.
2. The colour change of chlorine is recorded.

(B) Reaction of bromine with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution


1. Two drops of liquid bromine are added to aqueous sodium
hydroxide solution using a teat pipette.
2. The test tube is tightly closed with a rubber stopper and the
mixture is shaken.
3. The colour change of bromine is recorded.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 13


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

(C) Reaction of iodine with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution


1. Some iodine crystals are added to aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution.
2. The test tube is tightly closed with a rubber and the mixture is
shaken.
3. The colour change of iodine crystal is recorded.

Results
Halogen Observation

Chlorine The greenish chlorine gas dissolves quickly in


NaOH solution to form a colourless solution.
Bromine The brownish liquid bromine dissolves steadily in
NaOH solution to form a colourless solution.
Iodine The dark iodine crystal dissolves slowly in NaOH
solution to form a colourless solution

Conclusion 4N
1. Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with sodium hydroxide
solution to form two types of salts and water.
X2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq) NaX + NaOX + H2O, where X=Cl, Br, I

2. The reactivity of halogens with sodium hydroxide solution


decreases down the group from chlorine to iodine

Prepared by Pure Science Team 14


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (4.4)
Aim: To study the reaction between chlorine(halogen) and iron

Problem statement: How do chlorine, bromine and iodine react


with iron?

Hypothesis: The halogens show similar chemical properties when


they react with iron but the reactivity decreases down the group
from chlorine to iodine.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Types of halogen used
(b) Responding variable: Products of reactions and rate of the
reactions
(c) Constant variable: Iron wool

Materials: Chlorine gas, liquid bromine, iodine crystals, soda lime,


potassium manganate( VII), concentrated hydro-chloric acid and
iron wool

Apparatus: Combustion tubes, Bunsen burner, retort stand and


clamp, conical flask and thistle funnel

Procedure
Reaction of chlorine gas with iron wool

Prepared by Pure Science Team 15


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

1. A small roll of iron wool is placed in the middle of a combustion


tube. The iron wool is then heated strongly.
2. Chlorine gas is prepared in the laboratory by adding
concentrated hydrochloric acid to potassium manganate VII).
3. The chlorine gas produced is allowed to pass through the
heated iron wool.
4. The excess chlorine gas is absorbed by the soda lime.

(B) Reaction of bromine gas with iron wool

1. A small roll of iron wool is placed in the middle of a combustion


tube and is heated strongly.
2. The liquid bromine is warmed4N up by using a Bunsen burner.
3. The bromine is vaporised and bromine gas passed through the
heated iron wool.
4. The excess bromine gas is absorbed by the soda lime.

(C) Reaction of iodine with iron wool

1. A few crystals of iodine are placed in a boiling tube.


2. A small roll of iron wool is then placed in the middle of a
combustion tube.
3. The iron wool is heated strongly first, followed by the iodine
crystals (sublimation will take place).
4. The iodine vapour produced is allowed to pass through the hot
iron wool.
Prepared by Pure Science Team 16
Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Halogen Observation

Chlorine Hot iron wool glows brightly when chlorine gas is passed
over it. A brown solid is formed.

Bromine Hot iron wool glows moderately bright when bromine gas is
passed over it. A brown solid is formed.

Iodine Hot iron wool glows dimly when iodine vapour is passed
over it. A brown solid is formed.

Conclusion
1. Chlorine, bromine and iodine show the same chemical
properties when they react with iron wool, producing brown
iron (II) halides.
2. The reactivity of the halogen decreases down the group from
chlorine to iodine.
4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 17


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (5.1)
Aim: To prepare ionic compounds

Materials: Magnesium ribbon, sodium, chlorine gas, iron wool and


sodium hydroxide solution

Apparatus: Tripod stand, clay pipe triangle, Bunsen burner, crucible


and lid, sandpaper, gas jar, gas jar spoon, combustion tube, filter
funnel, retort stand , clamp and beaker

(A) Preparation of magnesium oxide


Procedure
1. A 5cm length of magnesium ribbon is cleaned with a piece of
sandpaper.
2. The magnesium ribbon is placed in the crucible.
3. The magnesium ribbon is heated strongly. Any changes that
occur are recorded.

(B) Preparation of sodium chloride


1. A small piece of sodium metal is placed in a gas jar spoon and
is heated carefully until it begins to ignite.
2. The ignited sodium is placed in a gas jar filled with chlorine gas.
Any changes that occur are recorded.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 18


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

(C) Preparation of iron( III) chloride


1. A little iron wool is placed inside a combustion tube.
2. The end of the combustion tube is connected to a filter funnel
inverted into a beaker with some sodium hydroxide solution.
3. The iron wool is heated strongly until it glows.
4. Chlorine gas is passed through the iron wool while being
heated. Any changes that occur are recorded.

Method Observation Inference

Heating of • The magnesium ribbon burns The white powder


magnesium with a bright flame. formed is
in air • White powder is formed.
4N magnesium oxide.

Burning of • Sodium burns with a bright The white powder


sodium in yellow flame. formed in sodium
chorine gas • The yellowish-green colour of chloride.
chlorine gas is decolourised.
• White fumes are produced
and deposited as white
powder.

Heating of • The iron wool continues to The brown


iron in glow brightly in the chlorine powder formed is
chlorine gas gas iron(III) chloride.
• A brown powder is formed

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. Generally, the reaction between metals and non-metals
produces ionic compounds.
2. Ionic compounds such as magnesium oxide, sodium chloride
and iron(III) chloride can be prepared by direct combination of
the metal and non-metal elements.
Metal Non-metal Ionic compound
Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
Sodium + chlorine → sodium chloride
Iron + chlorine → iron(III) chloride

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 20


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.1)
Aim: To identify electrolytes and non-electrolytes

Problem statement: How to identify electrolytes and non-


electrolytes?

Hypothesis: Substances that, in the molten state or in aqueous


solution, conduct electricity and then undergo chemical reactions
are electrolytes. Substances that do not conduct electricity in any
state are non-electrolytes.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Types of compounds
(b) Responding variable: Electrical conductivity
(c) Constant variable: Numbers of batteries, type of light bulb and
amount of substance used

Apparatus: Crucible, spatula, carbon (graphite) electrodes,


batteries, light bulb, switch, rheostat, connecting wires, tripod stand,
clay pipe triangle and Bunsen burner

Materials: Glucose, naphthalene, lead(I1) bromide and potassium


iodide.

Procedure
(A) To investigate the electrical conductivity of substances in the
solid state and in the molten state
1. A crucible is half-filled with lead(II) bromide solid.
2. The crucible with its contents is placed on a clay triangle on a
tripod stand.
3. Two carbon electrodes are dipped in the lead (II) bromide solid
and are connected to the batteries, rheostat, switch and a light
bulb with connecting wires (Figure 6.1.)
4. The switch is turned on and the light bulb is checked if it lights
up.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 21


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

5. The lead(II) bromide solid in the crucible is heated up until itt


melts. The switch is turned on again to check if the light bulb
lights up.
6. Steps 1 to 5 of the experiment are repeated using naphthalene
in place of lead(II) bromide.

(B) To investigate the electrical conductivity of substances in the


solid state and in aqueous solutions
1. Three spatulas of potassium iodide solid are put in a beaker.
2. Two carbon electrodes are dipped in the potassium iodide solid
and then connected to the batteries,
4N rheostat, switch and a
light bulb with connecting wires (Figure 6.2).
3. The switch is turned on and the light bulb is checked if it lights
up.
4. Distilled water is added to the beaker and the mixture is stirred
until all the potassium iodide has dissolved.
5. The switch is turned on again and the light bulb is checked if it
lights up.
6. Steps 1 to 5 of the experiment is repeated using glucose in
place of potassium iodide.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 22


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Chemical Physical Does the Observation Inference
substances state light bulb Does reaction
lights occur?
up?
Lead(II) Solid No No noticeable Non-
bromide change electrolyte
Liquid Yes Brown gas is Electrolyte
(molten) evolved
Naphthalene Solid No No noticeable Non-
change electrolyte
Liquid No No noticeable Non-
(molten) change electrolyte
Potassium Solid No No noticeable Non-
iodide change electrolyte
Aqueous Yes Solution turns to Electrolyte
solution a brown colour
4N
Glucose Solid No No noticeable Non-
change electrolyte
Aqueous No No noticeable Non-
solution change electrolyte

Conclusion
1. Lead(II) bromide is an electrolyte in the liquid but not in the solid
state.
2. Potassium iodide is an electrolyte in aqueous solution but not in
the solid state.
3. Lead(II) bromide and potassium iodide are ionic compound.
Ionic compounds are electrolytes in the molten state or
aqueous solution but are non-electrolytes in the solid state.
4. Naphthalene and glucose are covalent compounds and are
non-electrolytes in any state.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 23


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.2)
Apparatus: Crucible, spatula, graphite electrodes, batteries, light
bulb, ammeter, switch, rheostat, connecting wires, tripod stand,
clay pipe triangle and Bunsen burner.

Materials: Lead(II) bromide.

Procedure
1. A crucible is half-filled with lead(II) bromide solid.
2. The solid lead(II) bromide is heated strongly until it melts to a
molten state.
3. Two carbon electrodes are dipped in the molten lead(II)
bromide and are then connected to batteries, rheostat, switch
and light bulb by the connecting wires (Figure 6.4).
4. Electric current is allowed to flow through for 15 minutes and
the changes that occur at the light bulb, ammeter, cathode
and anode are recorded.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 24


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results

Apparatus Observation Inferences

Light bulb Light bulb lights up Molten lead (II)


bromide conducts
Ammeter Ammeter neddle is deflected. electricity.

Anode Pungent brown gas that Bromine gas evolved


changes damp blue litmus
paper to red is evolved
Cathode Shiny grey metal id disposed Lead metal is formed

Conclusion
1. The lighting up of the bulb and the deflection of the ammeter
needle shows that molten lead(II) bromide is an electrolyte and
can conduct electricity.
2. Electrolysis of molten lead(II) bromide produces bromine gas at
the anode and lead metal at the cathode.
4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 25


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.3)
Aim: To investigate the effect of the concentration of ions on the
selective discharge of ions and the products of electrolysis of
aqueous solutions.

Problem statement: How does the concentration of ions determine


the types of ions discharged during electrolysis?

Hypothesis: lons of higher concentration will be selectively


discharged during electrolysis.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Concentration of ions in the solution
(b) Responding variable: Types of ions to be discharged at the
anode and cathode
(c) Constant variable: Types of ions in the electrolyte, types of
electrodes, duration of electrolysis

Apparatus: Batteries, electrolytic cell, carbon electrodes, ammeter,


switch, connecting wires with crocodile clips and test tubes

Materials: Aqueous 0.2 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride, CuCl2 solution,


and aqueous 0.001 mol dm-3 copper(II) chloride solution.

Procedure
1. Concentrated aqueous copper(II) chloride solution of 2.0 mol
dm-3 is put into an electrolytic cell with carbon electrodes.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

2. Two test tubes, filled with copper(ll) chloride solution are


inverted over the carbon anode and cathode respectively
(Figure 6.6).
3. The switch is turned on and electric current is allowed to flow for
15 minutes.
4. Any change in colour of the electrolyte and any other changes
that occur around the carbon electrodes are recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 4 of the experiment are repeated using the dilute
copper(II) chloride solution of 0,001 mol dm-3 to replace the
concentrated copper(lI) chloride solution.

Results
Electrolyte Observation Inference

Concentrated At the cathode Copper metal is


copper(II) • Brown deposit is formed produced.
chloride
At the anode Chlorine gas is
solution of 2.0
• Bubbles of pungent produced.
mol dm-3
greenish-yellow gas are
produced. The4Ngas turns
the damp blue litmus
paper to red and then
bleaches it
Colour of electrolyte Concentration of
• The blue colour of the Cu2+ ion in copper(II)
solution becomes paler chloride solution
decreases.
Diluted At the cathode Copper metal is
copper(II) • Brown deposit is formed produced.
chloride
At the anode Oxygen gas is
solution of
• Bubbles of colourless produced.
0.001 mol dm-3
gas are produced.
• The gas lights up a
glowing wooden splint
Colour of electrolyte Concentration of
• The blue colour of the Cu2+ ion in copper(II)
solution becomes paler chloride solution
decreases.
Prepared by Pure Science Team 27
Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. In the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous copper(II) chloride
solution, copper metal is produced at the cathode and
chlorine gas is produced at the anode. At the anode, the Cl-
ions are selectively discharged, producing chlorine gas
because the concentration of Cl- ions is higher than that of OH-
ions.
2. In the electrolysis of dilute aqueous copper(II)chloride solution,
copper metal is produced at the cathode and oxygen gas is
produced at the anode. At the anode, OH- ions are selectively
discharged, producing oxygen gas because the concentration
of Cl- ions is low.
3. The type of ions that is selectively discharged at the electrode is
determined by the concentration of the ions. The hypothesis is
accepted.

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 28


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.4)
Aim: To investigate the effect of the types of electrodes on the
selective discharge of ions and the products of electrolysis of
aqueous solution.

Problem statement: How do the types of electrodes determine the


types of ions discharged during electrolysis?

Hypothesis: The products of electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate


solution with copper electrodes are different from that with carbon
electrodes.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Types of electrodes
(b) Responding variable: Products of electrolysis
(c) Constant variable: Types of ions in the electrolyte and the
concentration of ions

Apparatus: Batteries, electrolytic cell, carbon electrodes, copper


electrodes, ammeter, switch, rheostat, connecting wires with
crocodile clips and test tubes.

Materials: Aqueous 1.0 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate, CuSO4 solution

Procedure

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

1. Aqueous 1.0 mol dm copper(II) sulphate solution is put into an


electrolytic cell with carbon electrodes.
2. A test tube filled with copper(II) sulphate solution is inverted
over the carbon anode (Figure 6.7).
3. The switch is turned on and the electric current is allowed to
flow for 15 minutes.
4. Any change in colour of the electrolyte and any other changes
that occur around the carbon electrodes are recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 4 of the experiment are repeated using copper
electrodes to replace carbon electrodes.

Result
Types of Observation Inference
electrodes
Carbon At the cathode: Copper metal is
Brown deposit is formed deposited.
At the anode: Oxygen gas is
Bubbles of colourless gas are produced.
produced
The gas lights up a4N
glowing
wooden splint
Colour of electrolyte: Concentration of
The blue colour of the solution Cu2+ ion
becomes paler decreases.
Copper At the cathode: Copper metal is
Formation of brown deposit produced.
makes the cathode thicker

At the anode: Copper anode


Anode corrodes and becomes dissolves to form
thinner Cu2+ ions
Colour of electrolyte: Concentration of
The blue colour of the solution Cu2ions in
remains unchanged copper(II)
sulphate remains
constant

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. In the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution:
(a) If a carbon electrode is used as the anode, OH- ions are
discharged and oxygen gas is produced.
(b) If a copper electrode is used as the anode, both OH- ions and
SO42- ions are not discharged. Instead the copper anode
dissolves to produce Cu2+ ions.
(c) Cu2+ ions are discharged at the cathode producing copper
metal whether the cathode used is a carbon electrode or a
copper electrode.
2. The types of electrodes used during electrolysis determine the
types of ions discharged and the products of electrolysis. The
hypothesis is accepted.

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 31


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.5)
Aim: To investigate the electroplating of an iron spoon with copper
using electrolysis

Problem statement: How is electrolysis used to electroplate an iron


spoon with copper metal?

Hypothesis: Electroplating of an iron spoon with copper occurs if the


iron spoon is used as the cathode, copper metal is used as the
anode and aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution as the electrolyte.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : The position of the iron spoon as an
electrode
(b) Responding variable: The deposition of copper on the iron
spoon
(c) Constant variable: Type of electrolyte and arrangement of
apparatus

Apparatus: Batteries, electrolytic cell, beaker, connecting wires with


crocodile clips, ammeter and rheostat.

Materials: 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution, copper plate


and iron spoon.

Procedure
1. About 200 cm 3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution is
poured into a beaker.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

2. An iron spoon is polished using sandpaper and is connected to


the negative terminal of the batteries. The spoon acts as the
cathode.
3. A piece of copper metal, as the anode, is connected to the
positive terminal of the batteries.
4. The circuit is completed using the connecting wires, rheostat
and ammeter. The iron spoon and the copper metal are
immersed in the copper(II)sulphate solution. The solution is
electrolysed for30 minutes using a small current (0.5 A).
5. Steps I to 4 of the experiment are repeated by interchanging
the positions of the iron spoon and copper metal, whereby the
iron spoon is made the anode and the copper metal is made
the cathode.

Results
Set Observation Inference

Set 1: Iron At the cathode The iron spoon is


spoon as • A brown metal is deposited plated with copper
the on the surface of the iron metal
cathode, spoon 4N
copper
metal as At the anode The copper anode
the • The copper anode dissolves to form Cu2+
anode becomes thinner ions
Colour of electrolyte Concentration of Cu2+
• Colour intensity of the blue ions in the electrolyte
solution does not change remains constant

Diluted At the cathode Copper metal is


copper(II) • The copper plate becomes deposited on the
chloride thicker copper electrode
solution of
At the anode Electroplating of
0.001 mol
• No noticeable change in copper on the iron
dm-3
the appearance of the iron spoon does nnot take
spoon place
Colour of electrolyte Concentration of Cu2+
• The blue colour of the ions in the electrolyte
solution becomes paler decreases.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. In electroplating an iron spoon with copper using electrolysis,
the on spoon is made the cathode and a piece of copper
metal is made the anode.
2. Copper metal is transferred from the copper anode to the iron
spoon and is deposited as a thin layer of copper metal.
3. Electroplating does not take place if the iron spoon and is
made the anode. The hypothesis is accepted.

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 34


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.6)
Aim: To investigate the production of electricity from chemical
reactions in a simple voltaic cell

Problem statement: How does a chemical reaction produce


electrical energy in a simple voltaic cell?

Hypothesis: Electric current is produced when two different metals


connected by wires are immersed in an electrolyte.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Pairs of different metals
(b) Responding variable: Deflection of a voltmeter needle by the
electric
(c) Constant variable: Types of electrolyte and arrangement of
apparatus

Apparatus: Voltmeter, beaker, connecting wires with crocodile clips


and sandpaper.

Materials: 1 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution, copper plates and


magnesium plate.

Procedure

1. A piece of magnesium plate and a piece of copper plate are


polished with sandpaper.
2. Both pieces of the magnesium and copper plates are
immersed in 200 cm3 of aqueous sodium chloride solution in a
beaker as shown in Figure 6.12.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

3. Both plates are connected by the connecting wire to a


voltmeter.
4. The experiment is repeated using two pieces of copper plates
as electrodes.

Results
Type of metal Observation Inference
used as
electrodes
Magnesium • Voltmeter needle • Electric current is
metal and deflects but the produced. The
copper metal deflection decreases voltage produced is
after awhile not constant and
• Magnesium metal decreases rapidly
corrodes • Magnesium dissolves
• Bubbles of colourless to form Mg2+ ions
gas are evolved • Hydrogen gas is
around the copper produced
metal
Two pieces of • 4N does
Voltmeter needle • Electric current is not
copper metal not show a deflection produced
• No noticeable change • No reaction occurs
occurs at the copper
electrode

Conclusion
1. An electric current is produced when a chemical reaction
occurs in a simple voltaic cell consisting of two different metals,
connected by wires externally and immersed in an electrolyte.
2. In a simple voltaic cell, chemical energy released from
chemical reactions is converted into electrical energy.
3. No electric current will be produced if both electrodes are of
the same material because there is no potential difference
between them. The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 36


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (6.7)
Aim: To construct the electrochemical series from displacement
reaction.

Problem statement: How to construct the electrochemical series


based on the ability of a metal to displace another metal from its
salt solution?

Hypothesis: A metal that can displace another metal from its salt
solution is placed at a higher position in the electrochemical series.
The greater the number of metals that can be displaced by a
metal from their solutions, the higher its position in the
electrochemical series.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Different types of metal and their salt
solution
(b) Responding variable: Deposition of metals or colour change in
the salt solution
(c) Constant variable: Concentration of nitrate salt solutions

Apparatus: Test tubes, test-tube rack and sandpaper.

Materials: Pieces of magnesium, zinc, iron, tin, lead and copper


metals, solutions of copper(I) nitrate, lead(lI)nitrate, tin(lI) nitrate,
iron(II) nitrate, zinc nitrate and magnesium nitrate (concentration
and volume of all salt solutions are 0.5 mol dm-3
and 10 dm-3 respectively).

Procedure
1. Pieces of magnesium, zinc, copper, tin, lead and iron metals
are polished with sandpaper.
2. 10 cm of 0.5 mol dm-3 solutions of copper(II)nitrate, lead(lI)
nitrate, tin(I) nitrate, iron(lII)nitrate, zinc nitrate and magnesium
nitrate are placed into separate test tubes.
3. A piece of magnesium metal is placed in the solution of every
test tube except that of its salt solution (Figure 6.21).

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

4. Observations are made after awhile to check if


(a) there is any colour change in the solution,
(b) there are any solid deposits on the magnesium metal
(c) magnesium metal dissolves
5. If any of the above occurrences (a), (b) or (c) is observed,
displacement reaction has taken place: a tick symbol, (√) is
marked in the table of results.
6. If there is no noticeable observation, a cross symbol, (X) is
marked at the table to indicate 4N that displacement reaction did
not take place.
7. The experiment is repeated using different metals and fresh
solutions of ions. The results of the experiment are shown in the
table below.

Results
Solution Cu(NO3) Pb(NO3)2 Sn(NO3)2 Fe(NO3)2 Zn(NO3) Mg(NO3)2
2 2
Metal

Magnesium √ √ √ √ √ -
, Mg
Zinc, Zn √ √ √ √ - X
Iron, Fe √ √ √ - X X
Tin, Sn √ √ - X X X
Lead, Pb √ - X X X X
Copper, - X X X X X
Cu

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. Metals can be arranged according to the number of tick
symbols (√) recorded (or the number of metals displaced in
reactions). The more (√)symbols, the more reactive the metal is
and the position of the metal is placed higher in the
electrochemical series.
2. Magnesium is placed at the highest position in the
electrochemical series because it can displace all the other
metals from their solutions.
3. Copper is placed at the lowest position in the electrochemical
series because copper cannot displace any other metals in this
experiment.
4. The result of the experiment shows that the order of the order of
the positions of the metals in the electrochemical series is:
Mg Zn Fe Sn Pb Cu

Electropositivity of metal decreases

5. The electrochemical series can be constructed from


displacement reactions.
6. The hypothesis is accepted. 4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 39


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (7.1)
Aim: To investigate the role of water in showing the properties of
alkali.

Problem statement: Is water essential for an alkali to show its alkali


properties?

Hypothesis: An alkali will only show its acidic properties when


dissolved in water.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Types of solvents-water and propanone
(b) Responding variable: Change in the colour of red litmus paper
(c) Constant variable: Type of acid and red litmus paper

Apparatus: Test tube and droppers.

Materials: Dry ammonia gas stopped in a test tube, ammonia gas


dissolved in propanone, aqueous ammonia solution and red litmus
paper

Procedure
1. A piece of dry red litmus paper is placed in a stoppered test
tube of dry ammonia gas and the test tube is then stoppered
back immediately (Figure 7.6).
2. The effect of the dry ammonia gas on the red litmus paper is
recorded.
3. Another piece of dry red litmus paper is put in 5 cm3 of aqueous
ammonia solution in a separate test tube.
4. Step 3 of the experiment is repeated using ammonia dissolved
in propanone to replace aqueous ammonia solution.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Condition of Observation Inference
ammonia
Dry No noticeable colour Does not show any
change in the red alkaline properties
litmus paper
Aqueous (dissolves Red litmus paper has Show alkaline
in water) changed to blue properties
Dissolve in No noticeable colour Does not show any
propanone change in the red alkaline properties
litmus paper

Conclusion
1. Aqueous ammonia solution turns the red litmus paper to blue,
indicating its alkaline property.
2. Dry ammonia gas or ammonia gas dissolved in organic solvents
does not show any alkaline property.
3. An alkali shows its alkaline properties only in the presence of
water. When water is present,4N ammonia ionises to produce OH-
ions that are responsible for its alkaline properties.
4. Water is essential for the formation of hydroxide ions that cause
alkalinity in an alkali. The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 41


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (7.2)
Aim: To prepare 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide
solution

Apparatus: Electronic balance, 100 cm3 volumetric flask, filter


funnel, dropper and washing bottle.

Materials: Sodium hydroxide solid and distilled water.

Procedure
1. The mass of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) required to prepare 100
cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide is calculated as
follows:
Mass of NaOH required
MV
=( ) x (23 +16+1)
1000

2.0 x 100
=( ) x 40
1000
= 8.0 g

2. 8.0 g of sodium hydroxide, NaOH solid is weighed accurately in


a weighing bottle using an electronic balance.
3. Sodium hydroxide solid is transferred to a small beaker.
Sufficient distilled water is added to dissolve all the solid sodium
hydroxide.
4. Using a filter funnel and glass rod, the dissolved sodium
hydroxide is transferred to a 100 cm3 volumetric flask.
5. The small beaker, the weighing bottle and the filter funnel are
all rinsed with distilled water and the contents are transferred
into the volumetric flask.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

6. Distilled water is then distilled added slowly until the water level
is near the level mark of the volumetric flask. A dropper is then
used to add water drop by drop to finally bring the volume of
solution to the 100 cm3 graduation
7. The volumetric flask is then closed with a stopper. The
volumetric flask is then shaken several times to mix the solution
completely. The solution prepared is 100 cm3 of 2.0 mol dm-3
aqueous sodium hydroxide.

4N

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (7.3)
Aim: To find the end point of an acid-base titration during
neutralisation using an acid-base indicator cm3

Apparatus: 25 cm3 pipette, pipette filler, 50 cm3 burette, retort


stand, retort clamp, conical flask, filter funnel and white tile.

Materials: Sulphuric acid of unknown concentration, 1.0 mol dm-3


potassium hydroxide and methyl orange.

Procedure
1. A clean 25 cm3 pipette is rinsed with distilled water and then
rinsed with a little of the potassium hydroxide solution.
2. 25 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3 potassium hydroxide is transferred using
the pipette to a clean conical flask. Three drops of methyl
orange indicator are added to the alkali and the colour of the
solution is noted.
3. A 50 cm3 burette is rinsed with distilled water and then rinsed
with a little of the sulphuric acid.
4. The burette is then filled with sulphuric acid and is clamped to a
retort stand. The initial burette reading is recorded.
5. The conical flask containing 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide is
placed below the burette. A piece of white tile is placed below
the conical flask for clearer observation of the colour
change(Figure 7.15).
6. Sulphuric acid is added slowly from the burette to the
potassium hydroxide solution in the conical flask while swirling
the flask gently.
7. Titration is stopped when the methyl orange changes colour
from yellow to orange. The final burette reading is recorded.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated until accurate titration values are


obtained, that is, until the difference in the volumes of sulphuric
acid used in two consecutive experiments is less than 0.10 cm3 .

Results
Volume of sulphuric acid Rough Accurate

Final burette reading (cm3) 21.00 40.95 20.15

Initial burette reading (cm3) 0.00 21.00 0.10

Volume of sulphuric acid used (cm3) 21.00 19.95 20.05

Conclusion
1. The volume of sulphuric acid used is calculated as follows:
Volume of sulphuric acid used
= Final burette reading – Initial burette reading
2. Average volume of sulphuric acid used
19.95+20.05
=(
2
) 4N
= 20.00 cm3

Prepared by Pure Science Team 45


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (8.1)
Aim: To prepare potassium chloride by the reaction between an
acid and alkali

Apparatus: 25 cm3 pipette, pipette filler, 50 cm3 burette, retort


stand, retort clamp, conical flask, filter funnel, filter paper, beaker,
tripod stand, wire gauze and Bunsen burner

Materials: 2 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid and 2 mol dm-3 potassium


hydroxide and phenolphthalein indicator.

Procedure
1. 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide is pipetted into a clean conical
flask.
2. Three drops of phenolphthalein indicator are added to the
alkali and the colour of the solution is noted.
3. A 50 cm3 burette is then filled with hydrochloric acid and is then
clamped to a retort stand. The initial burette reading is
recorded.
4. Hydrochloric acid is added gradually from the burette to the
potassium hydroxide solution in the conical flask while swirling
the flask gently.
5. Titration is stopped when phenolphthalein changes from a light
pink colour to colourless. The final burette reading is recorded.
6. The volume of hydrochloric acid used is calculated as follows:
V cm3 = Final burette reading –Initial burette reading

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

7. The experiment is repeated by adding V cm3 of hydrochloric


acid to 25 cm3 of potassium hydroxide in a beaker without
using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
8. The colourless solution in the beaker is evaporated to form a
saturated solution (to about 1/3 of the original volume). This can
be tested by dropping a drop of the solution on a piece of
glass plate. If crystals are formed, then the solution is saturated.
9. The saturated solution is then cooled to allow crystallisation to
occur.
10. The white crystals formed are then filtered, rinsed with a little
distilled water and dried by pressing between filter paper.

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 47


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (8.2)
Aim: To construct a balanced ionic equation for the precipitation of
lead(II) chromate(VI) using the continuous variation method

Problem statement: How to determine the ionic equation for the


precipitation of lead(lI) chromate(VI)?

Hypothesis: The height of precipitate will increase with the increase


in volume of lead(II) nitrate solution until all the potassium
chromate(VI) has reacted.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Volumes of lead(II) nitrate solution
(b) Responding variable : Height of yellow precipitate
(c) Constant variable: Volume of potassium chromate(VI) solution
and the size of test tubes

Apparatus: Test tubes of the same size, test tube rack, 50 cm3
burette, retort stand with clamp and ruler.

Materials: 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution and 0.5 mol dm-3
potassium chromate(VI) solution.

Procedure
1. A burette is filled with 0.5 mol dm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution and
another burette is filled with 0.5 mol dm-3 potassium
chromate(VI) solution.
2. Eight test tubes are labelled 1 to 8 and placed in a test tube
rack.
3. 5.00 cm3 of potassium chromate(VI) solution from the burette is
placed in every test tube. Potassium chromate( VI) solution is
yellow in colour.
4. Using another burette, 1 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 of lead(II) nitrate
solution is added to the first test tube. Progressively increase the
volume of the lead(II) nitrate solution by 1 cm3 to the rest of the
test tubes until 8 cm3 of lead(II) nitrate solution is added to the
eighth test tube (Figure 8.6(a)).

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

5. Every test tube is well shaken in order to mix the solutions


completely. The test tubes are then allowed to stand for 20
minutes for the yellow precipitate, lead(II) chromate(VI) to
settle (Figure 8.6(b))
6. The height of the precipitate formed in every test tube is
measured accurately using a ruler. The colour of the solution
above the precipitation is noted.
7. The result obtained is recorded in Table 8.8.

Test tube 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
number
Volume of 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0
potassium 4N
chromate (IV)
solution (cm3 )
Volume of 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
lead (II) nitrate
solution (cm3 )

Height of 0.6 0.9 1.8 2.2 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8


precipitation
(cm)
Colour of yellow yellow yellow yellow colourless
solution

Conclusion
1. Since the diameter of the test tubes are the same, the height of
the precipitate is directly proportional to the mass of precipitate
formed.
2. The ionic equation for the precipitate of lead(lI)chromate(VI) is
Pb2+ + CrO4 2- → PbCrO 4 . The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 49


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 4 (9.1)
Aim: To compare the hardness of a pure metal and its alloy.

Problem statement: Are alloys harder than pure metals?

Hypothesis: Bronze is harder than copper. When a weight is


dropped onto a ball bearing placed on a metal block made of
copper or bronze, a larger dent will be produced on the softer
copper metal block than on the bronze block

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Types of materials (copper or bronze) to
make the metal block
(b) Responding variable : Diameter of the dent made by a steel
ball bearing
(c) Constant variable: Size of steel ball bearing, mass of weight
used, height from which it is dropped

Materials : Copper block, bronze block, ball bearing, 1 kg weight,


metre ruler, retort stand with clamp, cellophane tape and thread.

Procedure
1. A metre ruler is clamped to a retort stand, and a piece of
copper block is placed on the base of the retort stand.
2. A steel ball bearing is placed on the copper block and a piece
of cellophane tape is used to hold the ball bearing in place.
3. A l kg weight is hung at a height of 50 cm above the copper
block.
4. The weight is dropped onto the ball bearing placed on the
copper block.
5. The diameter of the dent made by the ball is measured.
6. The experiment is repeated three times using different areas on
the surface of the copper block.
7. The average diameter of the dent is calculated.
8. Steps 1 to 7 are repeated using a piece of bronze block.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

5. Every test tube is well shaken in order to mix the solutions


completely. The test tubes are then allowed to stand for 20
minutes for the yellow precipitate, lead(II) chromate(VI) to
settle (Figure 8.6(b))
6. The height of the precipitate formed in every test tube is
measured accurately using a ruler. The colour of the solution
above the precipitation is noted.
7. The result obtained is recorded in Table 8.8.

Metal block Diameter of the dent (mm)


I II III Average
Copper 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.23
4N
Bronze 2.4 22.5 2.5 2.47

Conclusion
1. The average diameter of the dents made by the steel ball
bearing on the copper block is bigger than that on the bronze
block.
2. Hence, bronze, a type of alloy, is harder than pure copper
metal. The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 51


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (1.1)
Aim: To investigate the effect of the surface area of a reactant on
the rate of reaction

Problem statement: How does the surface area of a solid reactant


affect the rate of reaction?

Hypothesis: The smaller the size of the reactant particles, that is, the
larger the total surface area of the reactant particles, the higher
the rate of reaction.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Size of the marble chips
(b) Responding variable : Volume of gas given off at 30-second
intervals
(c) Constant variables : Temperature of the experiment, mass of
marble chips, concentration and volume of hydrochloric acid

Apparatus: Conical flask, delivery tube, retort stand and clamp,


burette, measuring cylinder and stopwatch.

Materials: Marble chips, powdered marble and 0.08 mol dm-3


hydrochloric acid

Procedure

1. A burette is filled with water and inverted over a basin


containing water. The burette is clamped to the retort stand.
The water level in the burette is adjusted and the initial burette
reading is recorded.
2. 5.0 g of marble chips are placed in a small conical flask.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

3. 50 cm3 of 0.08 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to the


marble chips.
4. The conical flask is then stoppered and the stopwatch is started
immediately.
5. The burette readings are recorded at 30-second conical flask.

Experiment I
The rate of reaction using large marble chips
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Burette reading (cm3 ) 50.0 45.5 41.5 38.0 35.0 33.0 31.0 29.0 28.0

Volume of gas (cm3 ) 0.0 4.5 8,5 12.0 15.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 22.0

Experiment II
The rate of reaction using powdered marble

Procedure
1. Step 1 to 4 in Experiment I are repeated using 5.0 g of
powdered marble. All other conditions
4N such as temperature,
volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid are kept
constant.
2. The results of the experiment are recorded in the following
table.
Time (s) 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

Burette reading (cm3 ) 50.0 42.0 35.0 29.5 25.5 22.0 19.5 17.5 16.0

Volume of gas (cm3 ) 0.0 8.0 15.0 20.5 24.5 28 30.5 32.5 34.0

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
1. The rate of reaction in Experiment II is higher than the rate of
reaction in Experiment I as powdered marble is used in
Experiment II, Thus, the rate is higher with powdered marble
than with marble chips. Hence, we can conclude that the
smaller the particle size, the larger the total surface area
exposed for reaction and the higher the rate of reaction.
2. The hypothesis is accepted.

4N

Prepared by Pure Science Team 54


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (1.2)
Aim: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction
between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid.

Problem statement: How does the concentration of a reactant


affect the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and dilute
suhphuric acid?

Hypothesis: The more concentrated the sodium thiosulphate


solution, the higher the rate of reaction.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable : Concentration of sodium thiosulphate
solution
(b) Responding variable : Time taken for the cross ‘X’ to disappear
(c) Constant variables : Concentration and volume of dilute
sulphuric acid as well as the temperature of the solutions

Apparatus: 10 cm3 and 100 cm3 measuring cylinders, 100 cm


conical flask, white paper marked with a cross ‘X’ and stopwatch

Materials: 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution, 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid and distilled water

Procedure

1. 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution is


measured out using a 100 cm' measuring cylinder. The solution is
then poured into a clean, dry conical flask.
2. The conical flask is placed on a piece of paper with a cross ‘X'
marked on it (Figure 1.17).

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

3. 5 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is measured out by using a 10 cm3


measuring cylinder. The acid is then quickly poured into sodium
thiosulphate solution. The stopwatch is started immediately
4. The reaction mixture is swirled once and the cross ‘X' is viewed
from above. A yellow precipitate will appear slowly in the
conical flask.
5. The stopwatch is stopped as soon as the cross disappears from
view and the time taken is recorded.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated with different mixtures of sodium
thiosulphate solution and distilled water as shown in the
following table.
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5

Volume of Na2S2O3 50 40 30 20 10
(cm3)
Volume of water 0 10 20 30 40
(cm3)
Volume of 5 5 5 5 5
H2SO4(cm3) 4N
Concentration of 0.20 0.16 0.12 0.08 0.04
Na2S2O3 (cm3)
Time taken (s) 24 30 42 62 111
1
(s-1) 0.042 0.033 0.024 0.016 0.009
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Conclusion
1. The more concentrated the sodium thiosulphate solution, the
higher the rate of reaction.
2. The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 56


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (1.3)
Aim: To study the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction
between sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid

Problem statement: How does temperature affect the rate of


reaction between sodium thiosulphate solution and sulphuric acid?

Hypothesis: The higher the temperature of the reactant, the higher


the rate of reaction.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: The temperature of sodium thiosulphate
solution
(b) Responding variable: The time taken for the cross ‘X’ to
disappear
(c) Constant variables: The concentrations and volumes of both
sodium thiosulphate solution and dilute sulphuric acid

Apparatus: Conical flask, 10 cm3 measuring cylinder, thermometer,


stopwatch, white paper marked with a cross ‘X', wire gauze, tripod
stand and Bunsen burner

Materials: 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution and 1.0 mol
dm-3 sulphuric acid.

Procedure:
1. 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution is poured
into a clean, dry conical flask.
2. The temperature of the sodium thiosulphate solution is
measured with a thermometer.
3. The conical flask is placed on a white paper marked with a
cross 'X' (Figure 1.20).
4. 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is quickly poured into the
sodium thiosulphate solution.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

5. The stopwatch is started immediately and the conical flask is


swirled gently.
6. The cross ‘X' is viewed from above. The stopwatch is stopped as
soon as the cross disappears from view and the time taken is
recorded.
7. The solution in the conical flask is poured out. The conical flask is
washed thoroughly and dried. 50 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium
thiosulphate solution is poured into the conical flask.
8. The solution is heated over a wire gauze until the temperature
reaches about 45 °C (Figure 1.21).

9. The hot conical flask is placed over a white paper with a cross
’X’.
10. 5 cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 sulphuric acid is measured out using a 10
cm3 measuring cylinder.
11. When the temperature of sodium thiosulphate solution falls to
40°C, the sulphuric acid is quickly poured into the thiosulphate
solution .
12. The stopwatch is started immediately and the conical flask is
swirled gently.
13. The cross ‘X, is viewed from the top and the time taken for the
cross to disappear from view is recorded.
14. Steps 7 to13 are repeated at higher temperatures as shown in
the following table.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Experiment 1 2 3 4 5

Temperature (°C) 30 40 50 55 60

Time (s) 52 27 16 12.0 15.0

1
(s-1 ) 0.019 0.037 0.063 0.077 0.100
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Based on the results of the experiment, a graph of temperature of


1
sodium thiosulphate solution against is plotted (Figure 1.22).
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒

Conclusion
The higher the temperature of the experiment, the higher the rate
of reaction.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 59


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (1.4)
Aim: To study the effect of a catalyst on the rate of decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide

Problem statement: How do catalysts affect the rate of


decomposition of hydrogen peroxide?

Hypothesis: Manganese(IV) oxide increases the rate of


decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: The temperature of sodium thiosulphate
solution
(b) Responding variable: The release of oxygen gas
(c) Constant variables: Volume and concentration of hydrogen
peroxide

Apparatus: Test tube and wooden splint

Materials: Hydrogen peroxide and manganese(IV) oxide

Procedure:
1. A test tube is half-filled with hydrogen peroxide.
2. A glowing splint is placed at the mouth of the test tube to test
for the gas evolved (Figure 1.23).

Prepared by Pure Science Team 60


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

3. The changes that take place inside the test tube and on the
glowing splint are recorded.
4. 0.5 g of manganese(IV) oxide, MnO2 is added to hydrogen
peroxide and shaken. The changes that take place in the test
tube and on the glowing splint are recorded.

Experiment Observation

Inside the test tube On the glowing


splint
H2 O2 without MnO2 No effervescence. The glowing splint
does not light up.

H2 O2 with MnO2 Bubbles of oxygen The glowing splint is


gas are produced. rekindled and burns
brightly.

Conclusion
The rate of evolution of oxygen gas increases when manganese(IV)
oxide is added to hydrogen peroxide. This proves that
manganese(TV) oxide acts as a catalyst and speeds up the
decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. The
hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 61


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (2.1)
Aim: To compare the chemical properties of alkanes and alkenes
having the same number of carbon atoms.

Apparatus: Porcelain dish, wooden splint, dropper and Bunsen


burner

Materials: Hexane, hexene, liquid bromine and acidified potassium


manganate(IV) solution. (In this experiment, hexane (C6H12) is used
to represent an alkene)

(A) Combustion of alkanes and alkenes in air

Procedure:
1. About 1 cm3 of hexane and hexene are placed separately in
two porcelain dishes.
2. The organic liquids are ignited with a glowing splint as shown in
Figure 2.8.
3. A filter paper is placed above the flame and the sootiness of
the flame is observed.

(B) Reactions with bromine


Procedure
1. About 1 cm3 of liquid bromine is added to a test tube.
2. About 2 cm3 of hexene is the added to the liquid bromine.
3. The mixture is shaken gently.
4. The colour change that takes place in the test tube is recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using hexene.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 62


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

(C) Reaction with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution


1. A few drops of potassium manganate(VII)solution are added to
a test tube. About 1 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is then added
to the KMnO4 solution.
2. About 2 cm3 of hexane is added to the acidified potassium
manganate(VII) solution prepared in step 1.
3. The mixture is shaken gently.
4. The colour change that occurs in the test tube is recorded.
5. Steps 1 to 4 are repeated using hexene.

Result

Test Observation

Hexane Hexene

(A) Combustion Burns in air with a Burns in air with a


sooty yellow flame. yellow flame which
is more sooty.
(B) Reaction with The brown colour of The brown colour of
liquid bromine liquid bromine liquid bromine is
remains decolourised.
unchanged.
(C) Reaction with The purple colour of The purple colour of
acidified potassium potassiunm potassiun
manganate (VII) manganate(VIl) manganate(VIl) is
solution
Conclusion remains decolourised.
The chemical properties unchanged.
of alkenes are different from those of
alkanes in terms of the sootiness of flame, reactions with liquid
bromine and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 63


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (2.2)
Aim: To investigate the properties of ethanol.

Apparatus: Evaporating dish, wooden splint, test tubes, boiling tube,


glass wool, porcelain chips, retort stand with clamp and test tube
holder.

Materials: Ethanol, concentrated sulphuric acid, potassium


dichromate(VI), blue litmus paper and liquid bromine.

(A) Combustion of alkanes and alkenes in air

Procedure:
1. About 1 cm3 of ethanol is added to an evaporating dish.
2. The ethanol is ignited using a lighted wooden splint as show in
Figure 2.12.
3. The flammability of ethanol and the nature of the flame are
recorded.

Results

Test Observation
Flammability Flammable

Colour of flame Burns with pale blue flame

Sootiness of flame Non-sooty flame

Prepared by Pure Science Team 64


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
Ethanol undergoes complete combustion to form carbon dioxide
and water.

(B) Oxidation of ethanol

1. The boiling tube is filled with approximately 5 cm3 of potassium


dichromate(VI) solution, K2C2O7(aq).
2. About 5 cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid is added to potassium
dichromate(VI) solution.
3. About 5 cm3 of ethanol is added to the acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution.
4. A rubber stopper fitted with a delivery tube is inserted into the
boiling tube. The delivery tube is inserted into a test tube
placed in a beaker half-filled with ice-cold water (Figure 2.13).
5. The mixture of ethanol and acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
is boiled slowly. The distillate is collected in the test tube.
6. The colour and the odour of the distillate are recorded.
7. The distillate is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper.

Results

Test Observation on the distillate


Colour Colourless

Smell Vinegar smell

Action on blue litmus paper Turns blue litmus paper red

Prepared by Pure Science Team 65


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Conclusion
When ethanol is boiled with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
solution, it is oxidised to ethanoic acid which has the smell of
vinegar.

(C) Dehydration of ethanol

1. About 2 cm3 of ethanol is put into a dry test tube.


2. A small amount of glass wool is inserted into the test tube to
absorb ethanol.
3. Some porcelain chips are placed in the middle section of the
test tube.
4. The test tube is closed with a rubber stopper fitted with a
delivery tube. Another test tube is filled with water and inverted
into a beaker as shown in Figure 2.14.
5. The porcelain chips are heated strongly. The Bunsen burner
flame is then shifted to the glass wool to vaporise the ethanol
absorbed in it.
6. The gas released is collected in two test tubes. The following
tests are carried out on the gas collected.
(a) The flammability of the gas
(b) The reaction of the gas with liquid bromine.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 66


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results

Test Observation
Flammability of the gas Burns easily with a yellow
and sooty flame.
Liquid bromine Decolourise liquid bromine
immediately.

Conclusion
When ethanol vapour is passed over porcelain chips(aluminium
oxide), dehydration occurs and ethene is produced.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 67


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (2.3)
Aim: To prepare ethyl ethanoate

Apparatus: Round-bottomed flask, Liebig condenser, tile chips,


retort stand with clamp and oil bath.

Materials: Pure ethanol, glacial ethanoic acid and concentrated


sulphuric acid

Procedure

Procedure:
1. About 30 cm3 of pure ethanol is placed in a round-bottomed
flask, followed by about 25 cm3 of glacial ethanoic acid and 2-
3 pieces of tile chips. The tile chips are added to prevent
bumping and to ensure smooth boiling.
2. About 5 cm3 of concentrated sulphuric acid is added
cautiously (slowly and carefully) to the reaction mixture. The
mixture is shaken gently.(Caution! Concentrated sulphuric acid
is very corrosive).
3. The Liebig condenser is fitted vertically to the round-bottomed
flask as shown in Figure 2.21. The mixture of ethanol, ethanoic
acid and concentrated sulphuric acid is boiled under reflux for
about 30 minutes.

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Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

4. After boiling, the mixture produced contains ethyl ethanoate


together with the impurities: ethanol, ethanoic acid and
concentrated sulphuric acid (the catalyst).
5. The impurities are then removed from ethyl ethanoate by
distillation. Pure ethyl ethanoate is obtained.
6. From the ethyl ethanoate obtained, the following tests are
carried out:
a) The physical state, colour and odour of ethyl ethanoate are
determined.
b) By using a dropper, a few drops of ethyl ethanoate are added
to a test tube filled with 2 cm3 of distilled water. The mmixture is
shaken gently.

Conclusion
Ethyl ethanoate is produced when ethanoic acid and ethanol are
heated in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid as a
catalyst.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 69


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (2.4)
Aim: Comparing the properties of vulcanised rubber with
unvulcanised rubber.

Apparatus: Clip, retord stand with clamp, weight, ruler and thread

Materials: One strip each of vulcanised rubber and unvulcanised


rubber.

Procedure

Procedure:
1. The original length of the vulcanised rubber strip is measured.
2. A weight of 50 g is hung on the strip of the vulcanised rubber.
3. The increase in the length of the vulcanised rubber strip is
measured.
4. The weight is removed and the final length of the vulcanised
rubber strip is measured.
5. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using unvulcanised rubber strip
instead of vulcanised rubber strip.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 70


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
Type of Original Final Increase Final length
rubber length length in length when weight is
when (cm) removed (cm)
weight is
hung
(cm)
Unvulcanise 𝑥 𝑥1 𝑥1-𝑥 = y2 𝑥1 where 𝑥2 > 𝑥
d rubber

Vulcanised 𝑥 𝑥3 𝑥3 -𝑥 = y2 𝑥4 where 𝑥4 = 𝑥
rubber
Conclusion
Vulcanised rubber is more elastic than unvulcanised rubber.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 71


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (3.1)
Aim: To investigate the effect of other metals with different
electropositivity on the rusting of iron

Problem statement: What is the effect of other metals with different


electropositivity on the rusting of iron?

Hypothesis
a) A metal more electropositivity than iron will protect iron from
rusting.
b) A metal less electropositivity than iron will increase the rate of
rusting.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Different metals used to wrap around
iron nails
(b) Responding variable : Colour change in the gelatin solution
(c) Constant variable: Iron nails

Apparatus: Test tubes

Materials: Iron nails, magnesium, zinc, tin and copper foils, gelatin,
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III),phenolphthalein indicator and
sandpaper.

Procedure
1. Five pieces of iron nails are cleaned using sandpaper.
2. The first clean iron nail is placed in test tube A.
3. Strips of magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), tin (Sn) and copper (Cu)
foils are cleaned with sandpaper.
4. Each iron nail is wrapped with a different metal foil and placed
in test tubes B, C, D and respectively.
5. A solution of gelatin in hot water is prepared. A few drops of
potassium hexacyanoferrate(III) solution, K3Fe(CN)6, and
phenolphthalein indicator are added to the hot gelatin
solution.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 72


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

6. The mixture is stirred and then poured into each of the test tubes
(Figure 3.14).
7. The test tubes are set aside for three days and then examined.
The observations are recorded in the table below.

Results

Test tube A B C D E
Observation

Metal Fe Fe + Fe + Zn Fe + Sn Fe + Cu
Mg
Intensity of Low None None High High
blue colour
Intensity of pink None High High Low Low
colour
Gas bubbles None Plenty Plenty Few Few

Conclusion
1. The rusting of iron can be prevented if iron is in contact with
more electropositive metals such as magnesium or zinc.
2. The rusting of iron is speeded up if iron is in contact with less
electropositve metals such as tin or copper. The hypothesis is
accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 73


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (3.2)
Aim: To deduce the reactivity series of metals

Problem statement: How is the reactivity series of metals deduced


from the reactions of metals with oxygen.

Hypothesis
The more reactive a metal, the more brightly and more rapidly the
metal will burn in oxygen.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Type of metal
(b) Responding variable : The intensity of the flame
(c) Constant variable: The amount of metal and potassium
manganate (VII) used

Apparatus: Combustion tube, retort stand with clamp, spatula and


Bunsen burner

Materials: Potassium manganate (VII), powdered zinc, iron, lead,


copper, magnesium, glass wool and asbestos paper.

Procedure
1. Two spatulas of potassium manganate(VII) crystals are placed
in a combustion tube. A small quantity of glass wool is then
placed inside the combustion tube to prevent potassium
manganate(VI)from spilling over. (Caution! If potassium
manganate(VII) is mixed with metal powder, an explosion may
occur during heating).
2. A spatula of zinc powder is placed on a sheet of asbestos
paper and put inside the combustion tube. The combustion
tube is then clamped to a retort stand.
3. The zinc powder is heated strongly (Figure 3.20).

Prepared by Pure Science Team 74


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

4. When the zinc powder has become very hot potassium


manganate(VII) is heated strongly to produce oxygen gas. The
intensity of the flame or glow is recorded in the following table.
5. When the reaction has been completed, the combustion tube is
set aside to cool and the contents of the combustion tube taken
out.
6. Steps 1 to 5 are repeated using (a) iron powder (b) lead powder,
(c) copper powder and (d) magnesium powder.

Results

Metal Intensity of flame / glow Observation


Colour of Colour of
hot oxide cold
oxide
Zinc • Burns rapidly Yellow White
• Bright glow
Iron • Burns less rapidly Reddish- Reddish-
• The glow id less bright brown brown
than the burning of zinc
Lead • Burns slowly High Yellow
• Faint glow
Copper • Faint glow Black Black

Magnesiu • Burns very rapidly White White


m • Very bright white flame
Conclusion
produced
1. Based on the results obtained in this experiment, the reactivity of
the five metals with oxygen is as follows:
Mg > Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu
(Very reactive) (Very unreactive)
Reactivity decreases
The hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 75


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (4.1)
Aim: To determine the heat of precipitation of silver chloride

Apparatus: Measuring cylinders, thermometer and plastic cup.

Materials: 0.5 mol dm-3 silver nitrate solution and 0.5 mol dm-3
sodium chloride solution

Procedure

1. 25 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3 sodium chloride solution is measured and


poured into a clean and dry plastic cup using a measuring
cylinder.
2. The initial temperature of sodium chloride solution is measured
and recorded.
3. Using another measuring cylinder, 25 cm3 of 0.5mol dm-3 silver
nitrate solution is measured. The initial temperature of the silver
nitrate solution is measured and recorded.
4. The silver nitrate solution is poured quickly and carefully into the
sodium chloride solution(Figure 4.17).
5. The mixture is stirred with a thermometer throughout the
experiment and the highest temperature obtained is recorded.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 76


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Temperature NaCl (aq)

Highest temperature obtained (°C) 32.0

Initial temperature sodium/ potassium chloride 29.0


solution(°C)
Initial temperature of silver nitrate solution(°C) 28.0

Conclusion
The heat of precipitation of silver chloride is -58.87 kJ mol-1.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 77


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (4.2)
Aim: To determine the heat of neutralisation between an acid and
an alkali

Hypothesis: How are heats of neutralisation determined and


compared?

Hypothesis: The heat of neutralisation between hydrochloric acid


and sodium hydroxide is higher than the heat of neutralisation
between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Different types of acids
(b) Responding variable: Heat of neutralisation
(c) Constant variable: Concentrations and volumes of acid and
alkali used

Apparatus: Thermometer, plastic cup and measuring cylinder.

Materials: 2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid, 2.0 mol dm-3 ethanoic
acid and 2.0 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution.

Procedure
1. 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide solution into a plastic
cup by using a measuring cylinder. The initial temperature pf
the acid is recorded.
2. Using another measuring cylinder, 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid is measured. The initial temperature of the
acid is recorded.
3. The hydrochloric acid is then poured quickly and carefully into
the sodium hydroxide solution. The mixture is stirred with a
thermometer and the highest temperature obtained is
recorded.
4. Steps 1 to 3 are repeated using 100 cm3 of 2 mol dm-3 acid
instead of hydrochloric acid.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 78


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Results
(A) Reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide
solution

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution 30 °C

Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid 31°C

Highest temperature obtained 43.5 °C

Average initial temperature of solutions before neutralisation


30+31
= = 30.5 °C
2
Rise in temperature during neutralisation
= 43.5 – 30.5 = 13 °C

(B) Reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide


solution

Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution 30 °C

Initial temperature of ethanoic acid 30°C

Highest temperature reached 42 °C

Average initial temperature of solutions before neutralisation


= 30 °C
Rise in temperature = 42 – 30 = 12 °C

Conclusion
The heat of neutralisation for strong acids and strong alkalis in higher
than the heat of neutralisation for weak acids and strong alkalis. The
hypothesis is accepted.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 79


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

Form 5 (4.3)
Aim: To determine the heat of combustion of various alcohols

Hypothesis: How does the number of carbon atoms per molecule of


an alcohol affect the heat of combustion?

Apparatus: As the number of carbon atoms per molecule in an


alcohol increases, so does the heat of combustion.

Variables
(a) Manipulated variable: Type of alcohol
(b) Responding variable : Heat of combustion
(c) Constant variable: Volumes of water and alcohol, metal
container (calorimeter) and spirit lamp

Apparatus: Copper container, spirit lamp, measuring cylinder,


thermometer, stirrer, electronic balance, tripod stand, asbestos
screen, wooden block and Bunsen burner.

Materials: Methanol, ethanol, propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol

Procedure

Prepared by Pure Science Team 80


Paper 3 experiment spm chemistry

1. Using a measuring cylinder, 250 cm3 of water is measured into a


copper container.
2. The copper calorimeter is placed on the tripod stand. The initial
temperature of water is measured and recorded.
3. The spirit lamp is halt-filled with ethanol. The spirit lamp and
ethanol are weighed and the mass is recorded.
4. The spirit lamp is placed below the copper calorimeter and the
wick is lighted (Figure 4.31). The flame of the spirit lamp is
shielded from the draught (blow of wind) by using an asbestos
screen.
5. The water in the calorimeter is stirred throughout the experiment.
6. When the temperature of water increases by about 30 ℃ the
spirit lamp is extinguished.
7. The spirit lamp and ethanol are weighed again and the mass is
recorded.
8. The experiment is repeated using other alcohols as shown below
to replace ethanol:
(a) Methanol (b) Propan-1-ol (c) Butan-1-ol

Results

Alcohol Volum Initial Highest Rise in Initial Final


e of temperatur temperatur temperatur mass mass of
water e of water e of water e (°C) of lamp +
(°C) (°C) lamp + alcohol
alcoho (g)
l (g)
Ethanol 250 30.5 (t1) 59.5 (t2) t2 – t1 218 216.6
(m1) (m2)

Methanol 250 t3 t4 t4 – t3 m3 m4

Propan-1- 250 t5 t6 t6 – t5 m5 m6
ol

Butan-1-ol 250 t7 t8 t8 – t7 m7 m8

Conclusion
1. The heat of combustion of ethanol = -1371 kJ mol-1
2. The heat of combustion increases as the number of carbon
atoms per molecule in the alcohol increases.

Prepared by Pure Science Team 81

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