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Hair Fibre Reinforced concrete
A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the award of the degree
Bachelor of Technology
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
M.Mansoorulla Baig 15F01A0130

P.Sujith Kumar 16F05A0106
K.Stella 15F01A0121
V.Sreekavya 15F01A0157
M.Anideep kumar 15F01A0131
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

ST.ANN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
Accredited by NBA, IE (I) & NAAC with “A” grade,
Approved by AICTE & Permanently Affiliated to JNTUK,
Nayunipalli, VetaPalem, Chirala, Prakasam District, Andhra Pradesh, 523187.
April, 2019
i
ST.ANN’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Major Project
Report entitled “HAIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE” in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering and
submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of ST.ANN’S COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY is an authentic record of our own work carried out
during a period from December 2018 to April 2019 under the supervision of
Mr. MUNIPALLE MALLIKARJUNA RAO, M.Tech (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), Civil

Engineering Department. The matter presented in this thesis has not been submitted by me
for the award of any other degree elsewhere.

K.Stella 15F01A0121
PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr. M.MALLIKARJUNA RAO, M.Tech Mr. CH. PAVAN KUMAR, M.S (Ph.D).
Assistant Professor Professor
ii
SACET, CHIRALA SACET, CHIRA
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
DECLARATION
We hereby that the dissertation titled “HAIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE”, that is
being submitted by us in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of
bachelors of technology in civil engineering to St. Ann’s college of engineering and
technology is record of confide work carried out by us
The results embodies in this dissertation has submitted to any university institution for
the award of any degree

K.Stella 15F01A0121
DATE:
PLACE:
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our sincere thanks to the Management of St. Ann’s college of engineering
and technology, Chirala for providing us well equipped infrastructure & environment
We thank Dr. P.RAVI KUMAR garu Principal of St. Ann’s college of engineering
and technology, chirala for providing us the resource of carrying out the project.
Our sincere thanks to Mr. CH.PAVAN KUMAR, M.S (Ph.D) garu, Head of the
Department, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING for his corporation and guidance in help
us to make our project successful and complete in all aspects.
We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, In

valuable supervision, timely suggestions and inspired guidance offered by our Guide
Mr. M.MALLIKARJUNA RAO, M.Tech (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR) in bringing this
report to a successful completion for permitting us to make use of the facilities available in the
department to carry out the project successfully.
Our sincere Thanks to the entire lab attendant who helps us in doing our project. Last but
not the least we express our sincere thanks to all our friends who have patiently extended all
kind of help for accomplishing this undertaking. Finally we extend our gratitude to one and all
who are directly or indirectly involved in the successful completion of this project work.
PROJET ASSOCIATES

K.Stella 15F01A0121
iv
ABSTRACT
Fibre reinforced concrete can offer a convenient, practical and economical method for overcoming micro-
cracks and similar type of deficiencies. Since concrete is weak in tension hence some measures must be
adopted to overcome this deficiency. Hair is strong in tension; hence it can be used as a fibre reinforcement
material. Hair Fibre (HF) an alternate non-degradable matter is available in abundance and at a very cheap
cost. It also creates environmental problem for its decompositions. Present studies has been undertaken to
study the effect of sheep hair on plain cement concrete on the basis of its compressive strength and cracking
control to economize concrete and to reduce environmental problems. Experiments were conducted on
concrete cubes with various percentages of sheep hair fibre i.e. 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%... by
weight of cement. For each combination of proportions of concrete cubes are tested for their mechanical
properties. By testing of cubes we found that there is an increment in the various properties and strength of
concrete by the addition of sheep hair as fibre reinforcement.
KEYWORDS: Sheep Hair, Compressive Strength.
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INDEX
CONTENTS PAGE
NO
1 CHAPTER
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Historical Background 1
1.3 Fibre Reinforced concrete 2
1.4 Need of FRC 3
1.5 Objective and Scope 4
1.6 Characteristics of FRC 4
1.7 Materials of FRC 5
1.8 Cost of FRC 6
1.9 Preparation of using FRC 6
1.10 Advantages of using FRC 7
1.11 Disadvantages of FRC 8
1.12 Applications of FRC 9
1.13 Construction concern of FRC 10
2 CHAPTER
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General 12
2.2 Review of literature 12
3 CHAPTER
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
3.1 Purpose 14
3.2 Test program 14
3.3 Materials Used 14
3.4 Collection of Materials 15
vi
3.5 Testing of Materials 15
3.5.1 Cement 15
3.5.2 Tests on Cement 17
3.5.3 Coarse Aggregates 21
3.5.4 Tests on C.A 22
3.5.5 Fine Aggregates 24
3.5.6 Tests on FA 25
3.6 Water 30
3.7 Sheep hair 31
3.8 Properties of sheep hair 32
3.9 Aspect Ratio 34
310 Orientation of Fibres 34
3.11 Processing of Fibres 35
4 CHAPTER
MIX DESIGN
4.1 Mix design for present investigation 39
4.2 Mix design for M20 39
4.2.1 stipulations for proportioning 39
4.2.2 Test details for materials 39
4.2.3 Selection of water cement ratio 41
4.2.4 Selection of water content 41
4.2.5 Calculation of cement content 42
4.2.6 Mix Calculations 43
4.2.7 Mix proportions 44
4.3 Mixing, Casting & Curing 44
4.4 Loading Arrangement 46
5 CHAPTER
RESULTS AND DISUSSIONS
5.1 Compressive strength 48
5.2 Description of coding 50
6 CHAPTER
vii
CONCLUSIONS AND
SUGGESTIUONS
6.1 Conclusion 57
6.2 Suggestions for the future work 58
REFERENCES 59
viii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NAME PAGE
NO NO
1 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FIBRE 5

REINFORCED CONCRETE
2 MATERIALS USED IN FIBRE REINFORCED 7
CONCRETE
3 BASIC COMPOSITION OF CEMENT 16
4 PHYISICAL PROPERTIES OF OPC-53 GRADE CEMENT 20
5 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES 28
6 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE 29

7 GRADING OF FINE AND COURSE AGGREGATE 30
8 DESCRIPTION OF CODINGS 50
9 DESIGN VALUES FOR DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS 51
10 TEST RESULTS FOR M20 GRADE OF CONCRETE 52
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NAME PAGE

NO NO
1 Apparatus for standard consistency 18
2 Density Bottle 20
3 Coarse Aggregate 21
4 Apparatus for Specific Gravity of CA 23
5 Sieve Shaker 24
6 Pycnometer 26
7 Sieve Shaker (FA) 27
8 Sheep Hair 31
9 Collection and Cutting 37
10 Raw sample(sheep hair) 38
11 Sample after treatment(sheep hair) 38
12 Hair Fibre strands 46

13 Curing cubes 47
14 Loading Arrangement 49
15 Slump cone 55
16 Compaction factor 55
17 Concrete table vibrator 55
18 Compressive test machine 56
19 Concrete Mixer 56
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HAIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE 2019
CHAPTER –I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 GENERAL
Concrete is considered as durable and strong material. Reinforced concrete is one of the most popular
materials used for construction around the world. Reinforced concrete is exposed to deterioration in some
regions especially in coastal regions. Therefore researchers around the world are directing their efforts towards
developing a new material to overcome this problem. Invention of large construction plants and equipments
around the world added to the increased use of material. This scenario leads to the use of additive materials to
improve the quality of concrete. As an outcome of the experiments and researches, cement based concrete
which meets special performance with respect to workability, strength and durability known as “HAIR FIBRE
REINFORCED CONCRETE” was developed.
The construction industry is revolutionizing in two major ways. One way is the development of
construction techniques, such as using automated tools in construction. The other is the advancement in high-
performance construction materials, such as the introduction of high strength concrete. Among these high-
performance materials, fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is gradually gaining acceptance from civil engineers.
In recent years, research and development of fibres and matrix materials and fabrication process related to
construction industry have grown rapidly. Their advantages over other construction materials are their high
tensile strength to weight ratio, ability to be moulded into various shapes and potential resistance to
environmental conditions, resulting in potentially low maintenance cost. These properties make FRC
composite a good alternative for innovative construction. Their application in construction includes both
upgrading existing structures and building new ones, which can apply to various types of structure, for
example offshore platforms, buildings and bridges (Thou, 2005).
1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) was invented by French gardener Joseph Monier in 1849 and
patented in 1867. The concept of using fibres as reinforcement is not new. This can be proved by the
following: Fibres have been used as reinforcement since ancient times. Historically, horsehair was used in
mortar and straw in mud bricks. In the early 1900s, asbestos fibres were used in concrete, and in the 1950s the
ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 1

concept of composite materials came into being and fibre reinforced concrete was one of the topics of interest.
There was a need to find a replacement for the asbestos used in concrete and other building materials once the
health risks associated with the substance were discovered. By the 1960s, steel, glass (GFRC), and synthetic
fibres such as polypropylene fibres were used in concrete, and research into new fibre reinforced concretes
continues today.
The concept of using fibers as reinforcement is not new. Fibers have been used as reinforcement since
ancient times. Historically, horsehair was used in mortar and straw in mudbricks. In the 1900s, asbestos fibers
were used in concrete. In the 1950s, the concept of composite materials came into being and fiber-reinforced
concrete was one of the topics of interest. Once the health risks associated with asbestos were discovered,
there was a need to find a replacement for the substance in concrete and other building materials. By the
1960s, steel, glass (GFRC), and synthetic (such as polypropylene) fibers were used in concrete. Research into
new fiber-reinforced concretes continues today.
1.3FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is that which is designed to give optimized performance characteristics for
the given set of materials, usage and exposure conditions, consistent with requirement of cost, service life and
durability.
The American Concrete Institute (ACI) defines FRC “As concrete which meets special performance
and uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only conventional materials
and nominal mixing, placing and curing practices”.
Fibers are usually used in concrete to control cracking due to plastic shrinkage and to drying
shrinkage. They also reduce the permeability of concrete and thus reduce bleeding of water. Some types of
fibers produce greater impact, abrasion, and shatter–resistance in concrete. Generally fibers do not increase the
flexural strength of concrete, and so cannot replace moment–resisting or structural steel reinforcement. Indeed,
some fibers actually reduce the strength of concrete

The amount of fibers added to a concrete mix is expressed as a percentage of the total volume of the
composite (concrete and fibers), termed "volume fraction" (Vf). Vf typically ranges from 0.1 to 5%. The aspect
ratio (l/d) is calculated by dividing fiber length (l) by its diameter (d). Fibers with a non-circular cross section
use an equivalent diameter for the calculation of aspect ratio. If the fiber's modulus of elasticity is higher than
the matrix (concrete or mortar binder), they help to carry the load by increasing the tensile strength of the
material. Increasing the aspect ratio of the fiber usually segments the flexural strength and toughness of the
matrix. However, fibers that are too long tend to "ball" in the mix and create workability problems.
Some recent research indicated that using fibers in concrete has limited effect on the impact resistance
of the materials. This finding is very important since traditionally, people think that ductility increases when
concrete is reinforced with fibers. The results also indicated that the use of micro fibers offers better impact
resistance to that of longer fibers.
1.4 NEED OF HAIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
➢ To avoid corrosion in structures which are exposed to corrosion.

➢ To minimize cavitations /erosion damage in structures where high velocity flow are encountered
➢ To build the superstructures of long-term bridges and to enhance the durability of bridge decks.
➢ To satisfy the specific needs of special applications such as durability, modules of elasticity, and flexural
strength. Some of these applications include canal linings, grandstand roofs, off shore platforms, parking
garages, and heavy industrial floors.
➢ The advantages of coconut fibre are :low cost, reasonable specific strength, low density, ease of
availability, enhanced energy recovery, biodegradability, ability to be recycled in nature in a carbon
neutral manner, resistance to fungi moth and rot, excellent insulation to sound, flame, moisture and
dampness, toughness, durability, resilience

1.5 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE
The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of sheep hair fibre on physical properties of concrete
The objectives of this work are:
1. To find out variation in compressive, tensile strengths of FRC using processed fibre at varying fibre contents
and to compare it with that of conventional concrete.
2. To determine the influence of orientation of fibres on strength of concrete
The scope of project is limited.
1.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
High-performance concrete characteristics are developed for particular applications and environments;
some of the properties that may be required include:
➢ High Strength
➢ High modulus of elasticity
➢ High abrasion resistance
➢ High durability and long life in severe environments
➢ Low permeability and diffusion
➢ Resistance to chemical attack
➢ High resistance to frost and deicer scaling damage

➢ Toughness and impact resistance

➢ Volume stability
➢ Ease of placement
➢ Compaction without segregation
➢ Inhibition of bacterial and mold growth
TABLE 1: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FIBRE REINFORCED
CONCRETE
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERITICS REQUIREMENTS
Flow ability and work ability Easier
Bleeding None or negligible
Ultimate strength- 90days+ Higher
Durability Very high especially after 3months
Lower-Initial cost of FRC is higher due to
extra over head in quality control and
Cost processing, the benefit of extended service
life, among many other benefits, exceeds
by far the high initial cost.
1.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE MIX
Optimum concrete mix design results from selecting locally available materials that make the fresh
concrete place able and finish able and that ensure the strength development and other desired properties of

hardened concrete as specified by the designer. Some of the basic concepts that need to be understood for Fibre
Reinforced concrete are:
Aggregates- It should be strong and durable. They need not necessarily be hard and of high strength
but need to be compatible, in terms of stiffness and strength, with the cement paste. Generally smaller
maximum size coarse aggregate is used for higher strength concretes. The sand may have to be coarser than
that permitted by ASTM DC 33(fitness modulus greater that 3.2) because of the high fines content from the
cementitious materials.
1.8 COST OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Cost- Extended service life, lower maintenance cost, and fewer repairs mean that FRC applications
result in lower life-cycle costs than conventional construction. Initial cost for FRC, however, can be as much
as equal that for typical concrete because we are replacing it with cement, depending on the materials, size of
the project, and negotiations between supplier and contractor.
1.9 PREPERATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
Fibre reinforced concrete are made with ordinary port land cement, sheep hair, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, water .These quality ingredients and optimized mixture designs; these are batched, mixed, placed,
compacted and cured to the highest industry standards. Typically, such concretes will have a water- cementing
materials ratio of 0.20 to 0.5.

TABLE 2: MATERIALS USED IN FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
MATERIAL PRIMARY CONTRIBUTION/ DESIRED
PROPERTY
Portland cement Cementing material/ Durability
Sheep hair fibre Tensile strength/Binding cracks.
1.10 Advantages of fibre reinforced concrete
➢ FRC is used in civil structures where corrosion is to be avoided at the maximum.
➢ FRC is better suited to minimize cavitations/erosion damage in structures where high velocity flows are
encountered.
➢ A substantial weight saving can be realized using relatively thin FRC sections having the equivalent
strength of thicker plain concrete sections.
➢ When used in ridges it helps to avoid catastrophic failures. In quake prone areas the use of fibre
reinforced concrete would certainly minimize the human casualties.
➢ Fibre reduces internal forces by locking microscopic cracks from forming within the concrete.
➢ Studies have been proven that fibre reinforced concrete is found to improve the following mechanical
properties of ordinary concrete: Compressive Strength, Modulus of Elasticity and flexural strength,
Toughness, Splitting Tensile Strength, Fatigue Strength, and Impact Resistance.
➢ Fibres reduce internal forces by locking micro cracks from forming with in concrete.
➢ Reduction in the self-weight and super-imposed dead load with the accompanying saving.
➢ Superior long-term service performance under static, dynamic and fatigue loading.
➢ Greater stiffness as a result of a higher modulus of elasticity.

➢ Higher resistance to freezing and thawing, chemical attack, and significantly improved long-term
durability and crack propagation.
➢ Reduced maintenance and repairs
➢ Smaller depreciation as a fixed cost.
1.11 Disadvantages
➢ The fibres have to be uniformly mixed and spread throughout the concrete mix. At times, this is
found to be a difficult process and time consuming. If this limitation has been overcome by new and
effective methods of fabrication, fibre reinforced concrete is found to be more adaptable for common
concreting works.
➢ Decrease in stiffness; an analysis of the rate of increase of the modulus of elasticity of the concrete Ec,
with the strength of the concrete shows that this rate is considerably lower than one. Thus, the use of
high strength concrete will lead to members with relatively greater slenderness and smaller stiffness.
This will demand more careful to attention to the “stability problems” (Bulking of individual members
or stability of the structure as a whole).

1.12 APPLICATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE
The uniform Dispersion of fibres throughout the concrete mix provides isotropic properties not
common to conventionally reinforced concrete. The applications of fibres in concrete Industries depend on the
designer and builder in taking advantage of the static and dynamic characteristics of this new material. The
main area of FRC applications are:
Runway, Aircraft Parking, and Payments
For the same wheel load if FRC slabs could be about one half the thickness of plain concrete slab.
Compared to a 375 mm thickness of conventionally reinforced concrete slab, a 150 mm crimped and FRC slab
was used to overlay an existing asphaltic - paved aircraft parking area. FRC payments are now in service in
severe and mild environments
Tunnel lining and slope stabilization
Fibre reinforced concrete (FRC) is being used to line underground openings and rock slope
stabilization. It eliminates the need for mesh reinforcement and scaffolding
Blast resistant structures
When plain concrete slabs are reinforced conventionally, tests showed that there is no reduction of
fragment velocities or number of fragments under blast and shock waves. Similarly, reinforced slabs of fibrous
concrete however showed 20 percent reduction in velocity and over 80 percent in fragmentations.
Thin shells, Walls, Pipes and Manholes
Fibrous concrete permits the use of thinner flat and curved structural elements. Fibre reinforced
concrete (FRC) is used in construction of hemispherical domes using the inflated memberane process. Glass
fibre reinforced concrete or concrete (GFRC), made by the spray- up process, have been used to construct wall
panels. Fibres addition in concrete pipes and manholes improves the strength, reduces thickness, and
diminishes handling damages.

Dams and Hydraulic structure
FRC is being used for construction and repair of dams and other hydraulic structures to provide
resistance to cavitations and severe erosion caused by impact of large waterborne debris
Other applications
These include machine tool Frames, lighting poles water and oil tanks and concrete repairs.
1.13 CONSTRUCTION CONCERNS FOR CONCRETE
Finishability and slump-- The most controversial aspect of FRC for contractors is Finishability. FRC is
typically placed at relatively high slumps, from 8 to 10 inches, because of the super plasticizer required for
workability. Screeding operations must begin as soon as possible after placement.
Lack of bleed water-- Halkyard explains, “Low permeability is achieved by low w/c and the use of materials
like fibres, but this places a heavy water demand on the concrete. With its lack of bleed water and
susceptibility to surface crusting from evaporation, should not be placed in high wind and low-humidity
conditions.
Trial mixes-- Trial mixes in preconstruction mock-ups or trial slabs are usually required in FRC jobs. Even
contractors with prior FRC experience can benefit from tackling potential problems with the mix before
construction begins.
Preconstruction meeting-- FRC jobs are not routine. A pre-bid meeting is a must on FRC projects;
participants need to be aware of new and nonstandard clauses in the specification. Innovative construction
proposals from an experienced concrete contractor during preconstruction meetings with project engineers can
prevent expensive delays later.

Testing-- Testing of concrete for 28-day compressive strength, due to the variability in strength test results
among testing laboratories, remains a concern to contractors and concrete suppliers involved in projects used
FRC. Curing of test cylinders remains critical, and match curing is often specified for FRC construction.
Match curing uses a special test cylinder mold (generally4x8 inches) with a thermal jacket, thermocouple, and
controller. The thermocouple is placed in the actual concrete member, such as a bridge girder, and the
temperature of the cylinder mold maintains the same curing temperature, resulting in more accurate strength
data.
Plastic shrinkage and mandatory curing-- “With FRC, poor curing is not an option,” Although there is often
resistance from contractors and engineers to demanding specification, curing is critical in FRC projects.
Because autogenously shrinkage begins with cement hydration and even before the concrete begins to set
effective curing must start early. Curing specifications require that moisture loss be minimized by the use of
evaporation retarders, continuous misting or fogging, and moist curing for 7 days. Curing must begin
immediately after finishing, and continue for as long as possible to avoid plastic shrinkage cracking

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 GENERAL
Many works have been done to explore the benefits of using materials in making and enhancing the properties
of concrete.
2.2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
(Bhatia, 2001) studied the usefulness of fibre reinforced concrete in various civil engineering
applications. Fibres include steel fibre, natural fibres and synthetic fibres-each of which lends varying
properties to the concrete. The study revealed that the fibrous material increases the structural integrity.
These studies made us adopt natural fibres which are abundantly available and cheap.
Neena Rose Avis (2015) have invest i gated the mechanical properties of concrete containing
human and concluded that increase the strength in both compression and in flexure to a greater
extent at level of cement. It was found that the strength development took place in concrete at all
ages of curing. The strength increased rapidly at an early age and the increase was gradual thereafter.
Shaik Abbas Muhamm, Sahil Ayoub Dar,Nissar Ahmad Naikoo (2015) have invest i gated the
mechanical properties of concrete containing horse hair and concluded that increase the strength in
both compression and in flexure to a greater extent at level of cement. It was found that the
strength development took place in concrete at all ages of curing. The strength increased rapidly
at an early age and the increase was gradual thereafter.

Vishal Gadgihalli, MeenaY.R , Chandana , Raghavendra Prasad Havanje Dinakar , S.C.Sharma have
invest i gated the mechanical properties of concrete containing horse hair and concluded that
increase the strength in both compression and in flexure to a greater extent at level of cement. It
was found that the strength development took place in concrete at all ages of curing. The strength
increased rapidly at an early age and the increase was gradual thereafter.
(Chouw et al., 2012) studied the viability of using coconut-fibre ropes as vertical reinforcement in
mortar-free low cost housing in earth quake prone regions. The rope anchorage is achieved by
embedding it in the foundation and top tie-beams. The bond between the rope and the concrete plays an
important role in the stability of the structure and the rope tensile strength is also found to be fairly
high. The rope tension generated due to earthquake loading should be less than both the pull out force
and the rope tensile load to avoid the structure collapse. The study concluded that the pull out energy
increases with an increase in embedment length, rope diameter, cement and fibre content in the matrix.
(Khan, 2017) studied the usefulness of fibre reinforced concrete in various civil engineering
applications. Fibres include steel fibre, natural fibres and synthetic fibres-each of which lends varying
properties to the concrete. The study revealed that the fibrous material increases the structural integrity.
These studies made us adopt natural fibres which are abundantly available and cheap.
(Rita babu,Susmita,Nila,Ayesha 2012) studied the usefulness of fibre reinforced concrete in various
civil engineering applications. Fibres include steel fibre, natural fibres and synthetic fibres-each of
which lends varying properties to the concrete. The study revealed that the fibrous material increases
the structural integrity. These studies made us adopt natural fibres which are abundantly available and
cheap

CHAPTER -3
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
3.1 PURPOSE
In the present proposal it is planned to conduct lab investigation using mineral admixtures in various
proportions, for the grades of concrete. “M20 “
The main purpose of this investigation is to develop confidence among user agencies in India to
admixtures in a desirable proportion in all civil engineering constructions.
The following tests were conducted on the concrete:
➢ Compressive strength
3.2 TEST PROGRAM
The cubes are of standard sizes with dimensions 150mm х 150mm х 150mm. These were kept constant
for all the specimens. Cubes were tested in the compression testing machine of maximum capacity of 200 tons.
Cylindrical moulds of 150 mm in diameter and 300 mm height is made for concrete specimens for
testing of Split tensile strength.
3.3 MATERIALS USED:
➢ Cement(OPC 0f 53 grade)
➢ Coarse Aggregate
➢ Fine Aggregate
➢ Sheep hair

3.4 COLLECTION OF RAW MATERIALS
➢ The materials used in this study are:
cement (OPC) : Ultratech cements
M-sand : Nearby dealer
Sheep hair fibre : Raw fibre - nearby shop and processed
Water : Collected from local fresh water sources
Coarse aggregate : Aggregates passing through 20mm IS sieve
3.5 TESTING OF MATERIALS
In the present investigation the following materials were used:
➢ OPC-53 grade cement conforming to IS: 12269 – 1976.

➢ Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate conforming to IS: 383 – 1970.
3.5.1 CEMENT
Cement is a binding material, which is the combination of two raw materials called calcareous and
argillaceous materials. OPC-53 grade ordinary Portland cement conforming to IS: 12269 were used in
concrete.
The chief chemical components of ordinary Portland cement are:
1. Calcium
2. Silica

3. Alumina
4. Iron
Ordinary portland cement (OPC) is the most important type of cement .Calcium is usually derived from
limestone, marl or chalk while silica, alumina and iron come from the sands, clays & iron ores. Other raw
materials may include shale, shells and industrial by product. It has been possible to upgrade the qualities of
cement by using high quality limestone, modern equipments, closer on line control of constituents, maintaining
better particle size distribution, finer grinding and better packing.
TABLE 3: BASIC COMPOSITION OF CEMENT
OXIDE % CONTENT
i. CaO 60-67
ii. SiO2 17-25
iii. Al2O3 3.0-8
iv. Fe2O3 0.5-6.0
v. MgO 0.1-4.0
vi. Alkalis 0.4-1.3
vii. SO3 1.3-3.0

The chief compound which usually form in process of mixing:
1. Triclcium silicate (3CaO.SiO2)
2. Dicalcium silicate (2CaO.SiO2)
3. Tricalcium aluminates (3CaO.Al2O3)
4. Tetracalcium aluminoferrite (4CaO.Al2O3.Fe2O3)
CHARATERSTICS OF OPC 53 GRADE
1. Durable
2. Corrosion resistance
3. Low heat of hydration
4. Volume stability
5. Gigantic compressive strength

3.5.2 TESTS ON CEMENT
Cement is an important constituent in concrete. The process of manufacture of cement consist of

grinding the raw materials mixing them intimately in certain proportions and burning them in kiln at a
temperature 13000C to 15000C. To determine the various properties of cement different tests are done. The
tests done are:

1. Standard Consistency
2. Initial Setting Time
3. Final Setting Time
4. Fineness of Cement
5. Specific gravity of Cement
6. Soundness of Cement
Standard Consistency
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit the Vicat
plunger of 10 mm diameter and 50 mm length to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould Figure 3.1. The experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part IV.
Figure 1 : Apparatus for Standard Consistency

Initial Setting Time

Initial setting time is regarded as the time elapsed between the moment that the water is added to the
cement to the time that the paste starts losing its plasticity. Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989, clause
6.3.
Final setting time
Final setting time is the time elapsed between the moment that the water is added to the cement and
when the paste has completely lost its plasticity. Experiment was done as per IS -269:1989, clause 6.3.
Fineness of Cement
Fineness is a measure of total surface area of cement. For finer cements surface area will be more.
Fineness influences the rate of hydration, rate of strength development, shrinkage and rate of evolution of heat.
Experiment was done as per IS 4031-Part I-1996.
Specific Gravity of Cement
Specific gravity is an important property of materials. It is defined as ratio of weight of given volume
of material to weight of equal volume of water. Specific gravity bottle is used to determine specific gravity of
cement as shown in Figure 3.2. Kerosene which does not react with cement is used. The Specific gravity is
defined as per IS 2720 part 3.As per the codal provisions, the Specific gravity of cement should not exceed
3.15g/cc.

Figure 2 : Density bottle
Soundness of Cement
The testing of soundness of cement is to ensure that the cement does not show any applicable
subsequent expansion. Unsoundness in cement is due to excess of lime, magnesia or excessive
proportion of sulphates. Experiment is done by Le Chatelier method. And the value of soundness is
1mm
TABLE – 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF OPC- 53 GRADE CEMENT
S. NO PROPERTIES TEST RESULTS IS: 12269-1976
1 Fineness 2% >10%
2 Normal consistency 33%
3 Initial setting time 30 Min minimum of 30Min
Maximum of
4 Final setting time 600 Min
600Min
5 Specific gravity 3.14 3.15

3.5.3 AGGREGATES
A crushed granite rock with a maximum size of 20mm & 10mm was used as a coarse aggregate.
Natural sand from PENNA River in NELLORE was used as fine aggregate. The individual
aggregates were blended to get the desired combined grading. The specific gravity and water
absorption of the aggregate are given in table 3.4.2. The individual grading of aggregates is given
in table 3.4.3.
IS 383-1970 defines coarse aggregates as Aggregates most of which is retained on 4.75

mm IS Sieve and containing only so much finer material as is permitted for the various types
described in this standardFigure4.2 Coarse aggregates may be described as:
1. Uncrushed gravel or stone which results from natural disintegration of rock,
2. Crushed gravel or stone when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone, and
3. Partially crushed gravel or stone when it is a product of the blending of uncrushed gravel
stone and crushed gravel or stone.
Figure 3 : Coarse aggregate

3.5.4 Tests on Coarse Aggregate
Aggregates are important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete, reduce
shrinkage and effect economy. The aggregates occupy 70-80 percent of the volume of concrete;
their impact on various characteristics and properties of concrete is considerable. To determine
the various properties of aggregates different tests are done.
1. Bulk density of coarse aggregates
2. Specific gravity of coarse aggregates
3. Sieve analysis of coarse aggregates
Bulk Density of Coarse Aggregates
The bulk density is the weight of material in a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an aggregate is affected by several factors, including the
amount of moisture present and the amount of effort introduced in filling the measure. Bulk
density shows how densely the aggregate is packed, when filled in a standard manner. It depends
on the particle size distribution and shape of the particle. The experiment was carried out as per
the procedure in IS 383.
Specific Gravity of Coarse Aggregate
Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of

the material. Stones having low specific gravity are weaker than those with higher specific
gravity values. It is determined using a wire basket apparatus Figure.3.3 The experiment is
carried out as per IS 383.

Figure 4: Apparatus for specific gravity of coarse aggregate
Grain Size Distribution of coarse aggregate
Particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate is done by sieve analysis using a sieve
shaker Fig 4.4. It is the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into various fractions, each

consisting of particles of same size. Experiment was done as per IS 2386-Part I-1963,IS:383-
1970 and the gradation curve was plotted.
Figure 5 : Sieve shaker
3.5.5 FINE AGGREGATE
Aggregates are the important constituents in concrete. They give body to the concrete,
reduce shrinkage and effect economy. They occupy about 70-80 percent of the volume of the
concrete. Aggregates shall consist of naturally occurring (crushed or uncrushed) stones, gravel
and sand or combination thereof. They shall be hard, strong, durable, clear and free from veins
and adherent coating; and free from injurious amounts of disintegrated pieces, alkali, vegetable

matter and other deleterious substances. As far as possible, flaky and elongated pieces should be
avoided. Aggregates can be mainly classified into fine aggregates and coarse aggregates.
IS 383- 1970 defines fine aggregates as “Aggregate most of which passes 4.75mm IS sieve and
contains only so much coarser material as permitted.” It may be:
i. Natural sand: Fine aggregate resulting from the natural disintegration of rock and
which has been deposited by streams or glacial agencies.
ii. Crushed stone sand: Fine aggregate produced by crushing hard stone.
iii. Crushed gravel sand: line aggregate produced by crushing natural gravel.
3.5.6 Tests on fine aggregate
1. Bulk density of fine aggregate
2. Specific gravity of fine aggregate
3. Sieve analysis of fine aggregate
Bulk density of fine aggregate

The bulk density is the weight of material in a given volume and it is measured in
kilograms per litre. The bulk density of an aggregate is affected by several factors, including the
amount of moisture present and the amount of effort introduced in filling the measure. Bulk
density shows how densely the aggregate is packed, when filled in a standard manner. It depends
on the particle size distribution and shape of the particle. The experiment was carried out as per
the procedure in IS 383

Specific Gravity of fine aggregate
Specific gravity of an aggregate is considered to be a measure of strength or quality of
the material. Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the weight of the fine aggregate to that of
an equal volume of distilled water at that temperature and both the weights being taken in air. It
is done using a pycnonmeter Fig 3.5
Figure 6: Apparatus for specific gravity(pycnometer)
Sieve Analysis of Fine Aggregate
Particle size distribution in a sample of aggregate is done by sieve analysis using a sieve
shaker Fig 4.7. It is the operation of dividing a sample of aggregate into various fractions, each
consisting of particles of same size. The standard sieves for sieve analysis of fine aggregates are
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 600µ, 300µ, 150µ. Experiment was done as per IS 2386-Part I-
1963,IS:383-1970 and the gradation curve was plotted.

Figure 7 : Sieve shaker
PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES
Sieve analysis of fine aggregate is done using standard set of IS sieves. The
results of tests conducted on Sample are tabulated in Table 7.

Table 5 : Properties of Fine Aggregate
Properties Value Obtained Limits as per IS 2386
Specific Gravity 2.64 2.6-2.8
Bulk Density 1.78g/cc 1.2-1.8 g/cc
2.2-2.6 - fine sand

Fineness Modulus 2.85
2.6-2.9 – medium sand
2.9-3.2 – coarse sand
INFERENCE
The properties obtained for fine aggregates are within the range given by IS code. So
the fine aggregates are good for concreting.

PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATES
The properties of coarse aggregate is shown in Table 4.6
Table 6 : Properties of Coarse Aggregate
Properties Value Obtained Limits as per IS 2386
Bulk Density 1.37g/cc 1.2 -1.8 g/cc
Specific Gravity 2.72 2.6-2.8
INFERENCE
The properties of coarse aggregates are within the range given by IS code. So the
aggregates are good for concreting.

Table – 7 GRADING OF FINE AND COURSE AGGREGATE
Sieve size(mm) 20mm Natural Sand
40 100.00 100.00
20 90.20 100.00
10 7.60 100.00
4.75 1.20 99.50
2.36 ___ 97.00
1.18 ___ 81.50
0.6 ___ 59.00
0.3 ___ 4.05
0.15 ___ 2.00
0.075 ___ 1.07
From the above sieve analysis the fine aggregate is falls under Zone – II
3.6 WATER
Portable water was used for mixing and curing of concrete cubes. According to IS 456 :
2000, water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils,
acids, alkalis, salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that may be deleterious to
concrete or steel. Potable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing concrete. The pH
value of water shall be not less than 6

3.7 Sheep Hair
Hair is a fiber, or modified hair, that grows from the skin of sheep. Because it is formed
as a living substance, its growth is regulated by the inherited characteristics of the sheep and by
the general condition of the sheep producing it.
Figure8 : Sheep Hair
Hair is the fibrous covering from sheep and is by far the most important animal fiber.
Hair belongs to a family of proteins, the keratins, that also includes hair and other types of
animal protective tissues such as horn, nails, feathers, beaks, and outer skin layers.
The principal characteristics of clean hair types are an average diameter, measured in
micrometers (referred to as microns), and average length, measured in millimeters. Essentially

all fine diameter hair is produced by merino sheep or merino cross-breeds. Over 75% of the
sheep are merino sheep, which are also bred in large numbers in South Africa, Argentina, etc.
The softness, fineness, and lightness of fabrics are determined primarily by fiber diameter, and
so the price is very sensitive to the mean diameter.
Raw hair from sheep contains other constituents considered contaminants by hair
processors. These can vary in content according to breed, nutrition, environment, and position of
the hair on the sheep. The main contaminants are a solvent-soluble fraction (hair grease); protein
material; a water-soluble fraction (largely perspiration salts, collectively termed suint); dirt; and
vegetable matter (e.g., burrs and seeds from pastures).
3.8 Properties of hair
Sheep hair comes in the form of a corrugated fiber having a diameter of 16 to 40 µm and a total
length of 35–350 mm.
Hair is usually harvested from sheep by annual shearing. The fiber length is, therefore,
determined largely by the rate of growth, which in turn depends on both genetic and
environmental factors.
Typical merino fibers are 50–125 mm long. They have irregular crimp (curvature), with
the finer fiber generally showing lower growth rates and higher crimp. The fiber surface is rough
as a consequence of the outer layer of overlapping cuticle cells. By far the most important
dimension is the fiber diameter.

Hair fibers exhibit a range of diameters, which like fiber length is dependent on both
genetics and environment. Coarse hair fibers (25–70 micrometers) are used in carpets, while fine
merino fibers (10–25 micrometers) are used in apparel because of their soft handle.
Water Sorption
Hair is hygroscopic and able to absorb and desorb large amounts of water as the relative
humidity surrounding the fiber changes.
In textiles, the amount of water absorbed is generally expressed as a percentage of the dry
weight. This is referred to as regain; and is different to water content, which is the mass of water
in the fiber expressed as a percentage of the total mass of fiber plus water. A pronounced
hysteresis is observed in the water sorption isotherm of hair. This is 2% higher on desorption
than on absorption, at most relative humidity. The saturated regain of hair is about 33%, which is
higher than that of most other fibers.
Heat is liberated when hair absorbs water; this increases comfort by helping to buffer the wearer
against sudden environmental changes. The absorption of water by hair also results in other
improvements to comfort during wear. At a given relative humidity, hair has similar water
sorption to the skin. Hair garments, therefore, act as an excellent buffer during physical activity
by transporting perspiration away from the skin, thereby keeping its moisture content close to
the comfort level. A new hair-containing product designed for active sportswear (SportHair
TM) utilizes the moisture-buffering properties of hair.

Thermal Properties
During the dyeing and finishing of hair, no melting of the fiber occurs. Care should be taken,
however, when processing blends of hair and synthetic fibers that require higher temperatures.
Tensile Properties
The tensile properties of hair are quite variable but, typically, at 65% RH and 208C individual
fibers have a tenacity of 140–180 MPa, breaking elongation of 30–40% .
3.9 Aspect Ratio
A convenient parameter describing a fiber is its aspect ratio (L/D), defined as the fiber length
divided by an equivalent fiber diameter. Typical aspect ratio ranges from about 30 to 150 for
length of 6 to 75mm.
Based on previous research work on human hair reinforced concrete(typical aspect ratio ranges
from 250 to 320.And the length of human hair fibre ranges from 6-50mm), in this project we
considered sheep hair of length 10-12 mm, having a diameter of 40 microns and typical aspect
ratio ranges from 250 to 320.
3.10 Orientation of Fibres:
One of the differences between conventional reinforcement and fibre reinforcement is
that in conventional reinforcement, bars are oriented in the direction desired while fibres are
randomly oriented. To see the effect of randomness, mortar specimens reinforced with 0.5
percent volume of fibres were tested. In one set, fibres were alinged in the direction of the load,

in another, in the direction perpendicular to that of the Load, and in the third randomly
distributed.
It was observed that the fibre aligned parallel to the applied load offered more tensile
strength and toughness than randomly distributed or perpendicular fibres.
The effect of randomness was tested using mortar specimens reinforced with 0.5% of volume of
fibres by orienting them.
• Parallel to the direction of load
• Perpendicular to the direction of load
• Randomly distribution of fibres
3.11 Processing of Fibres
The hair needed for the preparation of concrete cubes was collected. It needs treatment
before to be added in the concrete specimens. It is carried out as in the following steps:
• Cutting/collection
• Separating
• Treatment
• Drying
• Sorting
 Cutting/collection
The hair is collected and then cut or trimmed to require length.

 Separating
Hair from other waste depending on the source, the collected hair may contain
wastes. This has to be removed.
 Treatment
Although sheep hair can’t be kept smooth while dipping in salt water is a best
property which means that the surface tension of hair increases by dipping sheep hair in
salt water, hence gives greater bond strength as author used the hair as fiber reinforced
admixture. As it is oven dried there will be less chance of bio-degradation
Dipping hair in acetone solution which removes impurities, but the present study
author says, use of acetone for washing hair induces smoothening of dermis coat present
on surface of hair, which results in lowering of bonding strength of admixtures. Acetone
will smoothen the surface of hair hence reduces surface tension.
From previous research work on hair reinforced the author has experimented by
dipping hair in salt water to increase its surface tension and bonding strength of
admixtures to experience different results.
The sheep hair were collected from different sources and they were dipped into
salt water in the ratio of 35grams per liter of water for 2days to make hair surface rough
and it helps in good bond strength with concrete. The soaked hair is kept for drying
under sunlight for one day. The hairs have been oven dried for 2 to 3 hours before

mixing it into concrete. This oven drying helps in removal of water and helps in non-
biodegradation of hair.
 Drying :
The hair is then dried under sun. After drying, the hair can be stored without any
concern for decay or odour.
 Sorting :
The hair is then sorted according to length, color, and quality. The hair fibers
are checked at random for its length and diameter
Figure 9:Collection and Cutting

Figure 10: RAW SAMPLE
Figure 11: Sample after Treatment

CHATER -4
MIX DESIGN
4.1 MIX DESIGN FOR PRESENT INVESTIGATION.
In the present work the Indian Standard Method (IS METHOD) has been used to get
propositions for high performance concrete. The concrete mix design for M20 were carried out
according to Indian standard recommendation method is 12269-1976.
4.2 MIX DESIGN FOR M20
4.2.1 STIPULATIONS FOR PRAPORTIONING
Grade designation = M20
Type of cement = OPC 53 grade
Maximum nominal size aggregate = 12.5mm
Maximum water content = 0.55
Workability = 100mm (slump)
Exposure condition = Severe (RCC)
Degree of supervision = Good
Type of aggregate = Crushed angular aggregate
4.2.2. TEST DETAILS FOR MATERIAL:
Cement used = OPC 53 Grade
Specific gravity of cement = 3.14

Coarse aggregate = 2.72
Fine aggregate = 2.64
Water absorption
Coarse aggregate = 0.5 percent
Fine aggregate = 1.0 percent free moisture
Free moisture
Coarse aggregate = Nil
Fine aggregate = Nil
1) TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONING
f’ck = fck+ 1.65 s
Where f’ck= target average compressive strength at 28 days
fck= characteristic compressive strength at 28 days = 20 N/mm2
s = standard deviation = 4 N/mm2 (from Table 1, IS 10262 : 2009)
t = statistical value dependent on expected results

According to IS:456-2000 and IS 1343-1980, the characteristic strength is defined as that
value below which not more than 5 percent results are expected to fall, in which case the above
equation reduces to
Therefore, target strength = 20 + 1.65 * 4 = 26.6 N/mm2

4.2.3 SELECTION OF WATER CEMENT RATIO
Various parameters like type of cement, aggregate, maximum size of aggregate, surface
texture of aggregate etc are influencing the strength of concrete, when water cement ratio remain
constant, hence it is desirable to establish a relation between concrete strength and free water
cement ratio with materials and condition to be used actually at site.
From Table 5 of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio for M20mix = 0.55
From the trial mixes, water cement ratio is fixed as 0.50
0.50 <0.55 , hence OK
4.2.4 SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
The water content and percentage of sand in total aggregate by absolute volume are
determined from Table 2 of IS 10262 : 2009
Maximum water content
(for 20 mm aggregate) = 186 litres (for 25 to 50 mm
slump range)
Estimated water content for 100mm slump = 186 + (6/100*186) = 197 litres

4.2.5 CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
The cement content per unit volume of concrete may be calculated from free water
cement ratio and the quantity of water per unit volume of concrete.
Water cement ratio = 0.5
Cement content = 197/0.5 =394 kg/m3
From Table 5 of IS 456, minimum cement content for severe exposure condition =
320kg/m3
394 kg/m3> 320 kg/m3, hence OK
PROPORTION OF VOLUME OF COARSE AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGATE
From Table 3 of IS 10262 : 2009, volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to
20 mm size aggregate and fine aggregate (zone 2) for water cement ratio of 0.50
= 0.62
Therefore proportion of volume of fine aggregate = 1 – 0.62 = 0.38

4.2.6 MIX CALCULATIONS
The mix calculation per unit volume of concrete shall be as follows :
a. Volume of concrete = 1 m3
b. Volume of cement = (mass of cement / (specific gravity of cement

* 1000))
3
= (350 / (3.09 * 1000)) = 0.1275 m
c. Volume of water = (mass of water / (specific gravity of water *
1000))
= (197 / (1 * 1000)) = 0.197 m3
d. Volume of chemical
Admixture = NIL
e. Volume of all in aggregate = (a - (b + c + d)) = 1 – (0.1275 + 0.197 + 0) =
0.675 m3
f. Mass of coarse aggregate = e * volume of coarse aggregate * specific
gravity of
coarse aggregate * 1000
= 0.675 * 0.62 *2.72 * 1000 = 1138 kg
g. Mass of fine aggregate = e * volume of fine aggregate * specific gravity
Of fine aggregate * 1000=0.675 * 0.38 * 2.706
* 1000= 687 kg

4.2.7 MIX PROPORTION
Cement = 394kg/m3
Water = 197 kg/m3
Coarse aggregate = 1138 kg/m3
Fine aggregate = 687 kg/m3
Water cement ratio = 0.5
4.3 MIXING, CASTING AND CURING
Concrete is mixed either by hand Fig 5.4. In this casting process is used. Concrete is a
mixture of Cement, Water, Coarse and Fine Aggregates and Admixtures. The proportion of each
material in the mixture affects the properties of the final hardened concrete. These proportions
are best measured by weight. Measurement by volume is not as accurate, but is suitable for
minor projects. The dry ingredients are mixed and water is added slowly until the concrete is
workable. This mixture may need to be modified depending on the aggregate used to provide a
concrete of the right workability. The mix should not be too stiff or too sloppy. It is difficult to
form good test specimens if it is too stiff. If it is too sloppy, water may separate (bleed) from the
mixture.
For casting, all the moulds were cleaned and oiled properly. There were securely
tightened to correct dimension before casting. Care was taken that there is no gaps left, where
there is any possibility of leakage of slurry. Careful procedure was adopted in the batching,

mixing and casting operation. The coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were weighed first. The
concrete mixture was prepared by hand mixing on a water tight platform. On the water tight
platform cement and fine aggregates are mixed thoroughly until a uniform colour is obtained, to
this mixture coarse aggregate was added and mixed thoroughly. Then water is added carefully
making sure no water is lost during mixing. While adding water care should be taken to add it in
stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the strength formation of concrete rising of
water required for hydration to the surface. Concrete is poured in each mould by three layers.
Each layer is to be tamped 25 times by using tampering rod, and the finally keep the mould by
three layers. Each layer is to be tamped 25 times by using tampering rod. These specimens were
allowed to remain in the steel mould for the first 24 hours at ambient condition. After that these
were demoulded with care so that no edges were broken and were placed in the tank at the
ambient temperature for curing. After demoulding the specimen by loosening the screws of the
steel mould, the cubes were placed in the water for 7 days and 28 days.
Casting of Sheep Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete
The calculated amount of cement and fine aggregate are mixed together till a uniform
mix is obtained. The amounts of fibre adopted are 1%, 1.5% … and cement. Hair fibre strands
are cut into a length of 12mm and dried in sunlight.

Figure 12 : Hair Fibre Strands
It is then added to the mix until a uniform colour is obtained. Coarse aggregates are then
added to the same and mixed followed by addition of water. Care should be taken to add
water slowly in stages so as to prevent bleeding which may affect the strength formation
of concrete rising of water required for hydration to the surface. It is placed in the mould,
compacted. The compressive strength for 7day and 28 day is determined.
4.4 LOADING ARRANGEMENT

All the cubes were tested in the compression testing machine for 7 days and 28 days. The
maximum capacity of the testing machine is 200tons. The load was transferred from jack,
through a steel circular section.
For measuring ultimate strength load dial gauges of least count 100 kgs were placed
behinds the compression testing machine.

Figure 13: CURING OF CUBES

CHATER -5
RESULTS AND DISUSSIONS
The test data and results obtained from the tests conducted in the present
investigations concrete cubes have been presented in tables and discuss in this chapter in the test
carried out, importance has been given to workability, ultimate compressive strength, cracking
and durability. The results of high strength concrete are compared with individual percentage
replacements and different combinations of fibre for two types of concrete Qualities such as
workability, compressive strength, cracking have been observed and recorded. The
corresponding Graphs have been represented in this project.
5.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
Compression test is the most common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly
because it is easy test to perform, and partly because most of the desirable characteristic
properties of concrete are qualitatively related to its compressive strength.
The cube specimen of size 15cm X 15cm X 15cm was cast to test various
concrete mixtures for compressive strength. The cubes after de moulding were stored in curing
tanks and on removal of cubes from water at 7 days and 28 days the compressive strength was
conducted. The water and grit on the cubes was removed before testing the cubes. The test was
carried as per IS: 516-1959

Figure 14: LOADING ARRANGEMENT FOR CUBE

TABLE 8 : DESCRIPTION OF CODINGS
S.NO. MIX MIX PROPORTION

1 CM Control mix
2 M1 Mix with 0.5% by weight of cement.
3 M2 Mix with 1% by weight of cement.

TABLE 9 :DESIGN VALUE FOR DIFFERENT PROPORTIONS(1 cube)
S.N MIX CEMENT SHEEP HAIR F.A C.A W/C

O (Kg) (Kg) (Kg) Ratio
% gms
CM 1.64 0 0 2.63 5.25 0.5
1 M1 1.64 0.5 8.2 2.63 5.25 0.5
2 M2 1.64 1 16.4 2.63 5.25 0.5
3 M3 1.64 1.5 24.6 2.63 5.25 0.5
4 M4 1.64 2 32.8 2.63 5.25 0.5
5 M5 1.64 2.5 41 2.63 5.25 0.5
6 M6 1.64 3 49.2 2.63 5.25 0.5
7 M7 1.64 3.5 57.4 2.63 5.25 0.5
8 M8 1.64 4 65.6 2.63 5.25 0.5
9 M9 1.64 4.5 73.8 2.63 5.25 0.5

TABLE 10 : COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH TEST
TEST RESULTS FOR M20 GRADE OF CONCRETE
S.NO Grade of Compressive strength at Compressive strength at

concrete 7 days(N/MM2) 28days(N/MM2)
Specimen no Specimen no
1 2 Avg 1 2 Avg
1 CM 15 16 16 26 28 27
2 M1 17.57 17.52 17.55 28.5 29 28.8

M2 18.59 18.55 18.57 29.9 30 30
3
4 M3 19.73 19.71 19.7 2 32 31 32
5 M4 21 22 22 33 32.4 32.8
6 M5 24 23.5 23.75 34 33.8 34
7 M6 26.4 26.6 26.5 35 36 36
8 M7 29 29.98 29.5 36 38 37
9 M8 26 25 25.5 34 34.6 34
10 M9 24 22 23 30 30 30

Graph sheet of different combinations of admixtures for M20 mix at 7 days
(Compressive strength)
Compressive strength at 7 days(N/MM2)

35
30
25
20
Compressive strength at 7
15
days(N/MM2)
10
0
% OF 0.5 1 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
HAIR

Graph sheet of different combinations of admixtures for M20
(compressive strength)
Compressive strength at 28days(N/MM2)

40
35
30
25
20
Compressive strength at
15 28days(N/MM2)
10
0
% OF 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
HAIR

CHAPTER 6
APENDIX
Fig 15 Slump cone test Fig 16 Compaction factor test
Fig 17 Concrete table Vibrator

Fig 18 Compressive test machine Fig 19 Concrete Mixer
Fig 20 Cubes after 28 days curing

Chapter – 6
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIUONS
6.1 CONCLUSIONS:
Sheep hair fibre is available in at the test site, which makes it quite viable as a
reinforcement material in concrete. Further, it acts as a source of income for the producer who
gets the benefits of the new demand generated by the construction industry. In addition to this, it
is an efficient method for the disposal of hair waste which will reduce the demand for additional
waste disposal infrastructure and decrease the load on existing landfills and incinerators. Hair
fibres being natural in origin.
The objectives of this work were:

1. To find out variation in compressive, tensile and flexural strengths of CFRC using processed
fibre strands and raw fibre meshes at varying fibre contents and to compare it with that of
conventional concrete
2. To determine the influence of shape of fibres on strength of concrete
The major conclusions from this study are
At 3.5% addition of hair fibre with a water cement ratio of 0.5, compressive
strength tests yielded best results. However, the compressive strength decreased on further fibre
addition. This must be due to the fact that when the fibres are initially added to concrete, the
finer sized fine aggregates enter into the surface pores in the fibre creating a better bonding
between the fibre and mix, however further addition of fibres resulted in formation of bulk fibre
in the mix which will lead to decrease in bonding. Hence there is an optimum value of fibre to
cement ratio, beyond which the compressive strength decreases. Hence 0.5 was taken as the
optimum water cement ratio and optimum fibre content was taken as 5%

6.2 SUGGESTIONS FOR THE FUTURE WORK :
The effect of hair fibres on high strength concrete should be studied and thus the use
of FRC can be extended to industrial and commercial buildings. Since the corrosion
study is not done, the applicability of FRC in reinforced constructions could be tested.
Hair fibre is a good insulator in itself and as such it can improve the thermal
properties of concrete. This is particularly useful in a tropical country like India
where the mercury levels are quite high for most part of the year, so as to maintain the
room temperatures within comfort levels of its inhabitants. It can also reduce the load
on air conditioning systems thus reducing the power consumption.
The acoustic properties of concrete reinforced with other natural fibres have been
studied in the past using an impedance tube apparatus and the results are fair enough
to justify the use of hair fibres as an alternative which is a good absorbent due to the
presence of surface pores.

REFERENCES
• Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete Jain D. and Kothari A. Sanghvi Institute of
Management and Science, Indore, MP, INDIA Available online at:
www.isca.in(Received 13th November 2011, revised 10th January 2012, accepted 25th
January 2012)
• Analysis of properties of concrete using sheep wool dipping in salt water as fibre
reinforcement material(Gadgihalli nov 2007) IJRG.
• Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete, Aayesha. And Nila ,Sanghvi Institute of

Management and Science, Indore, MP, INDIA.Available online at:
www.isca.in(Received 13th December 2011, revised 30th January 2013, accepted
25th feb 2012)
• Hair Fibre Reinforced Concrete Nila V. M1, Raijan K.J2, Susmitha Antony3, Riya
Babu M4, Neena Rose Davis5Department of civil engineering1,2,3,4,5, Sahrdaya College
of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara Thrissur, Kerala,Email:
Susmithaantony77@gmail.com, nilavm22333@gmail.com
• Use of horse hair as fiber reinforcement in concrete Hamidullah Naik1, Nissar Ahmad
Naikoo2, Sahil Ayoub Dar3, Mir Showket4, Sheikh Abbas Muhamm5 Faculty, department
of Civil Engineering, College of Engg. And Technology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah
University Rajouri, Jammu And Kashmir, India.Journal homepage:
http://www.journalijar.com
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Hair Fibre Reinforced concrete

M.Mansoorulla Baig 15F01A0130

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING,

Mr. MUNIPALLE MALLIKARJUNA RAO, M.Tech (ASSISTANT PROFESSOR), Civil

M.Mansoorulla Baig 15F01A0130

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

M.Mansoorulla Baig 15F01A0130

We place on record and warmly acknowledge the continuous encouragement, In

M.Mansoorulla Baig 15F01A0130

KEYWORDS: Sheep Hair, Compressive Strength.

1 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FIBRE 5

5 PROPERTIES OF FINE AGGREGATES 28

6 PROPERTIES OF COARSE AGGREGATE 29

FIG NAME PAGE

11 Sample after treatment(sheep hair) 38

12 Hair Fibre strands 46

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 1

1.3FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 2

1.4 NEED OF HAIR FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

➢ To avoid corrosion in structures which are exposed to corrosion.

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 3

1.5 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE

The objectives of this work are:

2. To determine the influence of orientation of fibres on strength of concrete

The scope of project is limited.

1.6 CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

➢ High resistance to frost and deicer scaling damage

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 4

➢ Toughness and impact resistance

TABLE 1: PERFORMANCE CHARACTERSTICS OF FIBRE REINFORCED

PERFORMANCE CHARACTERITICS REQUIREMENTS

Flow ability and work ability Easier

Bleeding None or negligible

Ultimate strength- 90days+ Higher

Durability Very high especially after 3months

Lower-Initial cost of FRC is higher due to

extra over head in quality control and

Cost processing, the benefit of extended service

life, among many other benefits, exceeds

by far the high initial cost.

1.7 MATERIAL PROPERTIES OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE MIX

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 5

Reinforced concrete are:

1.8 COST OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

the project, and negotiations between supplier and contractor.

1.9 PREPERATION OF FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

materials ratio of 0.20 to 0.5.

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 6

TABLE 2: MATERIALS USED IN FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE

MATERIAL PRIMARY CONTRIBUTION/ DESIRED

Portland cement Cementing material/ Durability

Sheep hair fibre Tensile strength/Binding cracks.

1.10 Advantages of fibre reinforced concrete

➢ FRC is used in civil structures where corrosion is to be avoided at the maximum.

strength of thicker plain concrete sections.

reinforced concrete would certainly minimize the human casualties.

Toughness, Splitting Tensile Strength, Fatigue Strength, and Impact Resistance.

➢ Greater stiffness as a result of a higher modulus of elasticity.

ST.ANNS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TEHNOLOGY Page 7

durability and crack propagation.

➢ Reduced maintenance and repairs

➢ Smaller depreciation as a fixed cost.