Gabrielle Antonette Lapinig

11- HUMSS

A.

1. Philosophy of Language
 It refers to an area of philosophy concerned with the syntactic properties
as well as the meaning and reference of linguistic expressions, the things
implied or indicated by linguistic expressions.
 It explores questions concerning the nature of the world and people, and
the general nature of language and its relation to the world and
the human mind, which perceives and describes reality
through language.
 It asks the following questions: "What is meaning?", "Is language learned or
is it innate?"
 Meaning is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds
of things they mean. – Aristotle
 The sense of an expression would be its "mode of presentation." - Frege
 How does context emerge from the meaning of a sentence’s parts?
 It is through the study of sentence structures that we may be able to grasp
our own meanings and assert an overall message from the sentence’s
parts in connection.

2. Philosophy of Science
 It is concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications
of science.
 It is grounded in observation, and campaigned for a
systematic reduction of all human knowledge to logical and scientific
foundations.
 It asks the following questions: "What is science?", "What are the aims of
science?"
 Science is the concerted human effort to understand, or to understand
better, the history of the natural world and how the natural world works,
with observable physical evidence as the basis of that understanding. -
Dr. Sheldon Gottlieb
It is for us to see science as an activity and achievement of the human
mind alongside others. – Dr. Aaron Sloman
 "How should we interpret the results of science?"
 It is in mind that science works in objective ways but evaluation through
the conscience must be placed in consideration, I believe that to obtain
 results in the sciences we must work logically with use of mathematical
formulae, graphs, and experimental techniques.

3. Philosophy of Law
 It investigates the nature of law, especially in its relation to human values,
attitudes, practices, and political communities.
 It aims to distinguish law from other systems of norms, such as morality or
other social conventions.
 It asks the following questions: “What is law?”, "What are the criteria
for legal validity?"
 Law is a unique social-political phenomenon, with more or less universal
characteristics that can be discerned through philosophical analysis. –
Augustine
“Those rules of behavior which are valid according to the system's ultimate
criteria of validity must be generally obeyed, and ... its rules of recognition
specifying the criteria of legal validity and its rules of change and
adjudication must be effectively accepted as common public standards of
official behavior by its officials.” – Hart
 "What is the relationship between law and morality?"
 Rules and laws are a method whereby rule makers and legislators attempt to
regulate behaviors because of some need which can be either real or
perceived hence; the law encompasses the gates of morality.

4. Social and Political Philosophy

 Social philosophy addresses a wide range of subjects, from individual

meanings to legitimacy of laws, from the social contract to criteria
for revolution, and the functions of everyday actions to the effects
of science on culture. Political philosophy is the study of questions about
the city, government, politics, liberty, justice, property, rights, law and the
enforcement of a legal code by authority: what they are, why (or even if)
they are needed and what makes a government legitimate.
 It gives a general view, or specific ethic, political belief or attitude,
about society and politics.
 It asks the following questions: “What should the social world be like?”,
“Should there be a government?”
 Should there be a government?
 I believe it is just for there to be a government in order for people to not
function in chaos as we are born with different views and it is through the
 government that we can establish boundaries as to what can be considered
right for the society.

B. Criteria

Music

Rated through a Likert- scale from 1 to 4 (4 being the highest and 1 being the lowest)

1. Has consistent rhythm and timely transitions that may or may not be spontaneous
that solidifies the overall vibe of the song
2. Sensible lyrics that are constructed for the sake of relaying a message
3. Consists of impactful vocals and fidelity amongst the background instrumentals
4. Wholesome ensemble of vocals, rhythm, and background instrumental

C. Syllogism

1. Deductive Reasoning

Example: The catalog states that all graduates must pass all requirements
before the said date. You are a graduating student. Therefore, you have
to pass all requirements before the stated date.

2. Inductive Reasoning

Example: There have been no given home works for the past classes.
Therefore, there will be no home work to be given in the following class.

References:

 http://publicreason.net/2008/08/21/the-questions-of-social-political-legal-
%E2%80%A6-philosophy/
 https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_philosophy_of_science.html
 Law, Philosophy of | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophywww.iep.utm.edu
 https://philpapers.org/rec/SLOWAT-2
 The Nature of Law (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)plato.stanfo