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Efficiency analysis and optimal design of a circular loop resonant coil for
wireless power transfer

Article · January 2010

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 Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2010

Efficiency Analysis and Optimal Design of a Circular Loop Resonant

Coil for Wireless Power Transfer
Hyeon-Chang Son #1, Jin-Wook Kim *2, Young-Jin Park #3, and Kwan-Ho Kim #4
#
Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI)
1271-19, Sa 1-dong, Sangrok-gu, An-San city, South-Korea (426-170)
{verdures, yjpark}@keri.re.kr
*
University of Science & Technology (UST)
1271-19, Sa 1-dong, Sangrok-gu, An-San city, South-Korea (426-170)

Abstract — In this paper, wireless power transfer efficiency power efficiency formula presented in [1] is analyzed for the
between two magnetic resonant coils is analyzed for optimal circular single-loop resonant coil.
design of a resonant coil. The power efficiency formula proposed In the next session, the power efficiency formula is
in [1] is simplified, by assuming that source and device resonant
coils are a single circular loop and are identical. It is found that analyzed with the dimensions of the circular single-loop
the efficiency Ș is determined by a coupling coefficient ț of an resonant coil. And the optimal design technique of the
intrinsic decay rate ī and țī is determined by a wire radius (a), resonant coil is proposed. The result of the optimal design
a coil loop radius (r) and a distance (D) between two resonant technique is verified by using ADS 2009[3].
coils. From the relations, the maximum power transfer efficiency
can be calculated by fixing dimensions (a, r, D) of the resonant
coil. In result, the optimal resonant coil can be designed. By II. ANALYSIS
simulation, the efficiency of designed coil is verified. The optimal
Circular loop with
design procedure can be also applied to other resonant coils. a parallel-plate
Source Load
Index Terms — Magnetic resonance, power transmission, Coil Coil(W)
resonators Yˆz Yˆk
™z ™k
I. INTRODUCTION k
Since wireless power transfer via strongly coupled 13.56MHz
magnetic resonances in [1] was reported, it has received much Source Source Resonant Device Resonant
attention because of its properties of high transfer-efficiency Power Coil(S) Coil(D) Load
Supply
and safety. The basic principle is that there is a strong
magnetic coupling between coils of which resonant frequency Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of magnetic resonance wireless power
is the same and high efficient wireless power transmission is transmission.
obtained by the coupling. Thus, it is very important that a
proper resonant coil should be well designed. Fig. 1 shows a schematic drawing of the magnetic
In [1] and [2], a circular single-loop resonant coil as a resonance wireless power transmission using a circular single-
resonator is proposed and for maximum efficiency of power loop resonant coil with a parallel-plate disk. As is shown,
transfer, the load coil is optimized regarding the resonant coil there are two identical resonant coils (Source resonant coil
determined. However, as is shown in [1] and [2], the and Device resonant coil) between the source coil and the
efficiency of wireless power transfer is determined by load coil. The subscripts of S, D and W denote the source,
intrinsic decay rates * of resonant coils and a coupling device resonant coil and the load coil, respectively. The
coefficient N between resonant coils. An intrinsic decay rate parameters of r (rS or rD) and a (aS or aD) are loop radius and
* is determined by the resonant coil itself (shape, material, wire radius of the resonant coil respectively. D is the distance
and so on) and a coupling coefficient N is determined by between the two resonant coils.
inductances of the resonant coils and the distance between the For analysis, the resonant frequency 13.56 MHz is fixed
resonant coils. It means that the optimal design of the and two resonant coils are identical, that is, rS = rD and aS = aD.
resonant coil is more important than optimizing the load coil For a circular single-loop resonant coil, a self inductance
for maximum efficiency of power transfer. (L), an ohmic resistance (RO), a radiation resistance (Rr) and a
In the paper, optimal design technique of a resonant coil is capacitance (C) are defined as follows:
proposed for maximum power transfer. For the purpose, the

Copyright 2010 IEICE

 Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2010
1
ª § 8r · º (1)
L  rP 0 P r «ln ¨ ¸  2 »
¬ ©a¹ ¼
0.8
ZP 0 P r r (2)
Ro
2V a 0.6

Efficiency
2
§ § 2Sf · 2
· 0.4
Rr 20 ¨ ¨ ˜ Sr 2 ¸ (3)
¨ © c ¸¹ ¸
© ¹
0.2
1 , (4)
C
(2Sf ) 2 L 0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
where ȝ0 is the permeability of free space, ȝr is the relative N*
permeability, c is the speed of light, ı is the conductivity and
Fig. 2. The relation between K and țī [2]
f is the resonant frequency [4]. The total resistance of the
resonant coil is R=RO+Rr. The capacitance is determined by
the inductance of the resonant coil and the resonant frequency. III. OPTIMAL DESIGN TECHNIQUE OF THE RESONANT COIL
From Fig. 1, the power of the source resonant coil transfers
For an optimal design of the resonant coil, we analyze țī.
to the device resonant coil by strong magnetic resonant
From (5-2), țī is written as follows:
coupling and the power of device resonant coil transfers to the
load coil. From [1], the power transfer-efficiency Ș is as N ZM
(8)
follows * R
* W N2 From (2), (3), and (6), (8) can be rewritten as
* D *S * D (5-1)
K 2 N A (9)
§ *W · § *W · N2
¨1  ¸  ¨1  * 3
¸
© *D ¹ © *D ¹ *S * D §§ D ·2
· §
2
1·
¨¨ ¨ ¸  1¸¸ ¨ B ˜ r  R S ˜ ¸
3

where ©© r ¹ ¹ © a¹

R ZM
where
* , N . (5-2)
2L 2 LS L D ZSP 0 , S6 ZP 0
A B 320 4 , R S .
2 O 2V
ī is an intrinsic decay rate and ț is a coupling coefficient
between the two resonant coils. When the two resonant coils It can be shown in (9) that țī is determined by the
are arranged in parallel as shown in Fig.1, the mutual parameters a, r, and D because A, B, and RS are constant.
inductance is given by 30 Wire radius(a)
1mm
SP 0  rS rD 
2 2mm
. (6) 25 i 3mm
M 4mm
2(D 2  rS2 )3/ 2 10mm
20mm
20 over 90% 40mm
In (5-1), The efficiency Ș is also maximized when
18.97
* W * D 1  ( N 2 / *S * D ) [2]. By substituting *w, the maximized h
15
N*

efficiency K can be rewritten as over 80%

2
10 8.94
§N·
1 ¨ ¸ 1 over 70%
©*¹ (7) 5.58
K 5
2
§N·
1 ¨ ¸ 1
©*¹ 0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
Fig.2 shows the efficiency Ș according to țī. As shown in Radius(m)
Fig.2, it can be observed that the efficiency Ș increases with Fig. 3. țī according to the radius of the coil loop (D =1.5 m).
țī.
In practical cases, the resonant coils are usually designed at
a specific distance. In this reason, the distance (D) is fixed at
1.5m. When the wire radius (a) is 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 20,and 40 mm,
Fig.3 shows țī according to the loop radius (r) of the

Copyright 2010 IEICE

 Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2010

TABLE I
1.2 30
SAMPLE DATA OF THE OPTIMAL RESONANT COIL
1.1 Over 90% Radius of wire (a) Radius of loop (r) Efficiency
A 2mm 0.9630m 88.48%
25
1 B 10mm 0.6979m 91.91%
Optimal Radius(m)

r(m)
0.9 N*
TABLE II

N*
20
0.8 18.97 SIMULATED S21 AND EFFICIENCY
S21(dB) Simulated Efficiency
0.7 A -0.762dB 83.91%
15
B -0.432dB 90.53%
0.6

0.5 10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
a(mm)
Fig. 4. The optimal radius (rop) and N / * according to the radius
(a) of the wire (D =1.5)

resonant coil. 7KHUHGOLQHVRQ)LJLQGLFDWHțī when the

efficiency is 70%, 80% and 90% from the bottom line. From
)LJ LW FDQ EH REVHUYHG WKDW țī LV PD[LPL]HG IRU D
particular value (rop) of the radius. If the radius is more than
rop, țī is reduced gradually. The reason is that the radiation
resistance Rr increases faster than the mutual inductance M. It
should be noted that there is an optimal radius (rop) of each
coil having arbitrary wire radius (a).
From (9), the optimal radius (rop) is derived as follows:
R S ˜ D2 1
rop 5 ˜
B a
Fig.4 shows the optimal radius (rop) and țī according to the
radius (a) of the wire. The green line on fig.4 indicates the
radius (a) of the wire when the efficiency is 90%. The left
side of the green line means that the resonant coil of high
efficiency (over 90%) can’t be designed although the radius
of the resonant coil is optimized. In contrast, we can design
the resonant coil of high efficiency (over 90%) on right side
of the green line.
Therefore, the optimal radius (rop) is regarded as the
Fig. 5. Equivalent circuit of magnetic resonance wireless power
transmission.
Fig.5 shows the equivalent circuit of the magnetic
resonance wireless power transmission by using ADS 2009[3].
In Fig.5, ‘Term1’ is the input port and ‘Term 2’ is the output
(10)
port. The resonant coils are located between the two ports.
The inductance, capacitance and resistance of the resonant
coils are calculated from (1), (2), (3) and (4). Mutual
inductance between the source resonant coil and the device
resonant coil is calculated from (6). The mutual inductance
between a coil(source or load) and a resonant coil is matched
for maximum power transfer.
In TABLE II, the simulated S21 and efficiency are
presented. The simulated efficiency is calculated by
Ksim 10
standard value of each coil for maximum efficiency. If We
know the wire radius (a) of a coil, the maximum efficiency of
a coil is easily checked by rop. It would be useful to evaluate
the efficiency of a coil.
IV. SIMULATION
For the verification, the sample data A and B are extracted
in Fig.3. TABLE I presents the dimensions of the resonant
coil and efficiency of the sample data A and B. At the point A,
the wire radius (a) of the resonant coil is 2mm and the loop
radius (r) is 0.9630m. At the point B, the wire radius (a) of
the resonant coil is 10mm and the loop radius (r) is 0.6979m.
The efficiencies of A and B are 88.48% and 91.91%
respectively.
dB(S21)/10 
.
The result is in a good agreement with the efficiency of
optimal resonant coil.
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the power efficiency formula proposed in [1]
is analyzed by applying a circular single-loop resonant coil
consisting of a parallel-plate capacitor. From this, it is found
that N / * is affected by the resonant coil loop radius (r), the
wire radius (a) and the distance (D) between the resonant
coils. Through this work, the high efficient resonant coil can
be designed by determining the dimensions (a, r, D). Using
ADS 2009[3], the simulated results are in a good agreement
with the efficiency of optimal designed resonant coil. And if
Copyright 2010 IEICE
 Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference 2010

we can define the resistance, self inductance mutual

inductance of other resonant coils, other resonant coils can be
designed by the procedure of this paper. Thus, the optimal
design procedure can be also applied to other resonant coils.

REFERENCES
[1] Andre Kurs, Aristeidis Karalis, Robert Moffatt, J. D.
Joannopoulos, Peter Fisher, and Marin 6ROMDþLü ³:LUHOHVV
power transfer via strongly coupled magnetic resonances”,
Science express, Vol.317, pp83-86, June 2007.
[2] Aristeidis Karalis, J.D.Joannopoulos, Marin 6ROMDþLü“Efficient
wireless non-radiative mid-range energy transfer”, Annals of
Physics, Vol.323, pp34-48, 2008.
[3] ADS 2009, Agilent.
[4] Warren L. Stutzman, Thiele, Gary A. “Antenna Theory and
Design”, John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

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