WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE

RESEARCH REPORT
HVAC
Submitted To:
SIR M. UMER SOHAIL

Submitted By:

Fahad Riaz

UW-14-ME-BSc-034

ME-4th-B

Department of Mechanical Engineering

WAH ENGINEERING COLLEGE WAH CANTT

 PREFACE
This report starts with the basic concepts of HVAC, components of HVAC, and
modification to these components as cost and energy saving.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am thankful to Mr. Umer Sohail who promoted me to prepare the Report. I am
also thankful to the Departmental Head who provided us such Instructor. More
ever I thank all those who supported me directly or indirectly in preparing this
Report, without these assistances, preparing this Report might have been much
difficult for me.
 NOMENCLATURE
 HVAC : Heat ventilation and air conditioning system.

 US FDA : US Food and Drug Administration

 MASIS : Mobile Aerosol-sealant injection system.

 ASDs : Adjustable speed drives.

 DOE : Department of energy.

 EPA : Enviromental protection agency.

 MERV : Minimum efficiency reporting value.

 Modification in HVAC systems for energy and cost
saving

OBJECTIVE: important way to reduce these costs and to

Review of recent advances in design and
modifications of HVAC systems for energy
and cost saving.
ABSTRACT:
In this report, the new designs as well as the
modifications for enhanced efficiency in
HVAC systems, are reviewed with the
perspective of their applications in Pakistan.
Inan HVAC system the indoor air quality,
comfort as well as the safety of the
equipment is of keen importance. In order to
get high product quality and low production
cost, the application of energy efficient
technologies is highly useful. By doing
some modifications in the HVAC design we
can achieve high efficiency and cost saving.
Optimizing the system design and
operations, such as minimizing laboratory
ventilation, can also direct us to
considerable reductions in energy use. The
get expected output is to introduce energy
efficient improvements, especially in times
of high and unstable energy prices. There
are a different opportunities available to
reduce energy consumption in a cost-
effective manner which are discussed in this
report.
PROBLEM STATEMENT:
Considering the energy crisis and poverty in
Pakistan, it desired to modify the HVAC
system for energy and cost saving.
INTRODUCTION:
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) Systems: The components of
HVAC systems generally include dampers,
supply and exhaust fans, filters, humidifiers,
dehumidifiers, heating and cooling coils,
ducts, and various sensors.
Each component must be evaluate for its
material and practical condition and its
competence in terms of the buildings
planned recycle. The capability of heating
and cooling is often quite one-sided and
depends upon occupant perceptions that are
affected by the distribution of air, the
location of return air vents, air velocity, the
sound of the system in operation, and similar
characteristics. For this reason, past energy
use should not be used as the basis for
estimating future energy use These
packages include materials, procedures and
equipment and are designed to remove some
of the deduction from a builder, contractor,
and installer decisions about how best to
carry out HVAC changes.
Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning is
based on the basic principles of
thermodynamics and heat transfer. HVAC is
sometimes referred to as climate control and
is particularly important in the construction
of most industrial and office buildings, and
in marine environments such as aquariums,
where humidity and temperature must all be
closely regulated whilst maintaining safe
and healthy conditions1,2 .
The systems of HVAC provide ventilation,
diminish air invasion and keep pressure
connection between places. The method for
air removing and addition in spaces is
termed as room air distribution.3
THEORY
Natural Ventilation: The process of
ventilation occurs by the pressure difference
of air exist between the inside rooms or
buildings and relative outside to it is knows
natural ventilation. The pressure difference
is created by natural sources such as wind
and temperature. Air moves in and out of the
naturally ventilated buildings through the
doors, windows, and other openings in the
building via infiltration4,5.
Mechanical Ventilation: Mechanical
ventilation is the handling of air systems by
mechanical means of mechanical systems. In
most commercial buildings mechanical
ventilation is used which is most
controllable and responsive than natural
ventilation in providence of better air
quality6,7.
Modifications in HVAC Systems8,9 : By
properly sizing the equipments and preferring
energy efficient design, this can minimize the
consumption energy and operational cost of the
HVAC plants. These changes cause the
value and energy saving in industries. The
control system and energy monitoring systems
supports the best performance of HVAC systems
by monitoring, controlling, and tracking system
energy consumption. Such systems continuously
manage and optimize HVAC system energy
consumption while also providing building
engineers and energy managers with a valuable
diagnostic tool for tracking energy consumption
and identifying potential HVAC system
problems.
Energy efficient system design: In design of
HVAC systems the greatest opportunities exist.
This open saves money. Later modification in
HVAC systems needs approval from the U.S.
FDA which delays the production10 .
Duct Leakage Repair: Due to leakage of duct
significant amount of energy is wasted in HVAC
systems. For reduction in duct leakage includes,
insulation of duct, inspection of duct, repair and
leak detection. According to studies by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
repairing duct leaks in industrial and commercial
spaces could reduce HVAC energy consumption
by up to 30%. A technique called mobile
aerosol-sealant injection system (MASIS) was
examined in California on a commercial
building. The application of MASIS result in
the reduction of duct leakage from 582 cfm to 74
cfm, leading to a 34% increase in the overall
efficiency of the building’s HVAC system.
(Carrier Aeroseal 2002) 11 .
Adjustable speed drives (ASDs): Installation
of adjustable speed drivers at variable volume
air handlers, recirculation fans, to maintain the
pressure and flow of air in systems. Lowering
the energy consumption by the fans they are not
constantly running at full speed. The speed
drivers can also be used at chiller pumps and
water pumps to minimize the energy
consumption according to demands of systems 12
. to reduce chiller energy consumption. In
Heat Recovery Systems: The heat recovery
systems are used to heat or cool the intake air by
taking the thermal energy from the exhaust air
which causes reduction in the energy required
for heating or cooling of air. The heat recovery
systems commonly include run-around loops,
heat pipes, and recover wheels. From different
studies approach the heat recovery systems can
reduce the heating/cooling cost by about 3% for
each degree (Fahrenheit) that is raised or
lowered of the intake air. The efficiency of heat
pipes is in the 45-65% range (U.S. EPA/DOE
2003), while the efficiency of run-around loops
can be slightly higher, in the 55-65% range (U.S.
EPA/DOE 2001a)13,14 .
Fan modification: Doing modifications in
shape or size of the fans or by changing the
sheaves of the fan helps in optimizing air flow
and efficiency of the fan which reduces energy
consumption. At a Toyota plant, the sheaves of
fans were optimized in installing ASDs on fans.
Toyota found better savings and payback
periods with sheave modification than they
anticipated to experience from ASDs (Toyota
2002) 15 .
Efficient exhaust fans: The standard
components in HVAC systems are exhaust fans.
At the place of centrifugal exhaust fans mixed
flow impeller exhaust fans are used which are
more efficient. They are 25% more efficient than
centrifugal fans and also cheaper to maintain and
install 16 .
Cooling Water Recovery: The municipal
source of secondary cooling water can be used
Washington, Boeing partnered with Puget Sound
Power and Light and the King County
Department of Metropolitan Services to recycle
secondary treated cooling water into its chiller
system. By doing so, Boeing reduced its water
consumption by 48 million gallons per year and
projected savings of 20% in its cooling energy
consumption. (Michaelson and Sparrow 1995).
Additional benefit, also expected to save
chemical coolants and refrigerants for cooling
tower water 17 .
Building Reflection: Inside air conditioning
cost can be saved by use of reflective roof of
buildings in sunny, hot climates. Two medical
offices in Northern California used reflective
roofs on their buildings; one reduced air
conditioning demand by 8%, the other reduced
air conditioning demand by 12% (Konopacki et
al., 1998). Reflective roof materials are available
in market in different forms and colors18 .
Add an Economizer: The use of an economizer
in dry cooling climates can reduce compression
operation and save energy and provide good
ventilation of air. As usually the economizer is
connected to the force air system this will help
to ensure good thermal and fresh air throughout
the building. The operation of the economizer
should be carefully checked to make sure that
flow dampers are working properly 19 .
COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS 20, 21 :
Compressed air system is used in many
applications in HVAC systems. There are many
opportunities to reduce energy consumption in
compressed air systems. Energy saving range
from 20-25% in compressed air system or more
of the total electricity consumption.
PUMPS 22, 23 : The pumping systems account
for about 25% of the electricity used in
manufacturing facilities. The pumping of
coolants such as glycol or chilled water is
common in pharmaceutical manufacturing
facilities and is also a source of significant
energy consumption. Studies have shown that
over 20% of the energy consumed by pumping
systems could be saved through changes to
pumping equipment and/or control systems
(Xenergy 1998).
Table: 1 HVAC Screening Checklist

Air filters industry standard rating system MERV determines minimum efficiency value using ASHRAE
standard 52.2.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:

As discussed above the HVAC cost is reduced by modifying parts and

rearranging them properly it also leads high the operational performance of systems. Energy efficiency
change is an essential approach to diminish these expenses and to increment unsurprising income,
particularly in times of high price.

Substantial potential exists for energy efficiency improvement within the enterprise. A centered and
strategic energy management software will assist to become aware of and put in force electricity
performance measures and practices throughout an organization. Many groups have already prevalent the
assignment to improve their electricity performance because of gradually-rising power prices; these
organizations have also begun to gain the rewards of power performance investments.

There are expansions of opportunities to be had at person plants within the industries to lessen electricity
consumption in a fee-powerful manner. This strength guide has identified many energy performance
practices and strength efficient technology that can be carried out at the component, technique, device,
and organizational levels.
Predicted savings in electricity and electricity-related costs were provided for much strength performance
measures, based on case examine facts from real-global business programs

Table 1 summarizes the efficiency measures presented in this Energy Guide & screening check list.

Thus by sizing components of HVAC systems generally include dampers, supply and exhaust fans, filters,
humidifiers, dehumidifiers, heating and cooling coils, ducts, and various sensors properly and designing
energy efficiency into a new facility, an industry can minimize the energy consumption and operational
costs of its plant HVAC systems from the outset.

FIGURE 1: HVAC SYSTEM MODIFICATIONS

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